MODULE: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

TOPIC: GENETIC ENGINEERING, APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

Below is the structure of a chromosome. Use it to answer questions that follow.

1.
(a) Identify part labeled X?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Match each word with its correct meaning.

DNA Part of DNA responsible for a particular

characteristic ( unit of inheritance)
Gene Thread like structure in the nucleus

Chromosome Very long twisted molecule

(c) What is the function of genes in organisms?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(d) In which part of a cell do we find chromosomes?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(e) What is genetic engineering?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
2. Give two examples of how genetic engineering can be significant to people of Botswana.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
3. Explain one way by which genetic engineering can be helpful in:
(a) Farming

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

(b) Medicine

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

(c) Identifying a burnt up body

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

4. Explain how genetically engineered crops can help to reduce global warming.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
5. Do societies accept genetic engineering? Why or why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

6. Tomatoes are, easily destroyed by frost. Describe how genetic engineering, can be used to solve this.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

7. State any TWO limitations of genetic engineering.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
 TOPIC: ADAPTATION

The diagram below shows an organism that is adapted to its environment. Use it to answer
questions that follow.

1. a) State two features of a giraffe that enables it to survive in this environment?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

2. Camels can survive for a long period of time in the desert without drinking water, explain how is
this possible?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

3. State two features likely to be found in plants in the desert that helps them to reduce water loss.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

4. Explain one important feature of a chameleon that helps it to survive in its environment.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

5. a) State any two human activities that can have a negative impact on plant and animal adaptation.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

b) Explain how any of the activities listed above impact on the plant and animal adaptations.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

6. State two changes that are likely to occur to adaptation of species as a result of global warming.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

7. Figure 5 shows a camel and a llama.

Camels live in hot environments. Llamas live in cold environments.

Figure 5
Camel Llama

Table 2 gives information about stored fat in a camel and in a llama.

Table 2
Percentage of body mass Part of the body where
which is stored fat most fat is stored

Camel 21 In the hump

Llama 20 In a layer under the skin

(a) Suggest why most of the fat is found in different parts of the body of the two animals.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b) Name and explain another adaptive characteristic of a Llama to cold environments.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
 8. Polar bears live in the Arctic. Seals are their main food source.

Figure 4 shows some adaptations of polar bears.

Figure 4

(a) Explain how the polar bear is adapted to survive in its environment.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

The polar bear is a threatened species. The main threat to its survival is global
warming.

(b) Explain how global warming can affect the survival of polar bears.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
MODULE:ECOSYSTEMS

TOPIC: CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ECOSYSTEM

1. Define an ecosystem.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

2. Give any two examples of:

a. Biotic factors:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

b. Abiotic factors:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

3. Explain how the following climatic factors affect type and population of organisms in the ecosystem?

a. Rainfall

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

b. Sunlight

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

c. Temperature

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
4. The diagram below shows some organisms that live in and around the pond.

Each box below contains a description of a term and to the right of the boxes are terms. Use a
line to join each box to the correct term.
5. The diagram below shows a jigsaw representing energy transfer between organisms in an
ecosystem. Use it to answer question 4.

(a) in which form is energy transferred between the organisms in the jigsaw.

………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………….. (1)

(b) Use the organisms from the jigsaw to draw a food chain showing three energy levels.

(2)

(d) A student is given a jigsaw piece of decomposers. On the jigsaw diagram above, show by
drawing, where the piece should be placed. (1)
TOPIC: FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS

1. Fig. 9.1 shows some parts of an ecosystem.

zebra eats
grass

energy

Fig. 9.1

(a) (i) In what form is energy passed from the Sun to the grass?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(ii) In what form is energy passed from the grass to the zebra?

………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) When the zebra dies, the energy in its body is released by decomposers.

(i) Name one group of microorganisms involved in this process.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(ii) Suggest in what form most of the energy is finally passed to the environment.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
 2. Fig. 8.1 shows a food chain in Africa.

(a) From the food chain in Fig. 8.1 name one

(i) consumer,

...........................................................................................................................................

(ii) one carnivore.

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Use the statements below to add labels and arrows to the food chain in Fig. 8.1 to build up a
food web.

A lion also eats a hyena and impala.

A hyena eats a zebra and impala.

Impala eats grass.

[3]
Use words rather than drawings.

(c) Energy is transferred along the food chain in Fig. 8.1.

(i) Describe how energy is transferred from the zebra to the lion.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Not all the energy in the zebra is transferred to the lion.

State two reasons why some of the energy in the zebra isnot transferred to the lion.

1 .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]
3. Use the information below to answer question 3.

In an ecosystem, an ecologist found amophane tree to be having 10 000 leaves

which are food for 1 000 mophane worms. On the same tree, there were 2 owls
which were depending on 100 weaver birds for their food. The weaver birds
feed on mophane worms.

(a) Name the habitat in this ecosystem.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… (1)

(b) Draw a labeled pyramid of numbers for the ecosystem described above.

(3)
(c) All mophane worms were harvested from the tree.

Suggest two ways in which the ecosystem will be affected.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)
 4. Fig. 5.1 shows different organisms in an ecosystem.

organisms
X

bird of
prey

small
bird

mice
caterpillar

plants
Fig. 5.1

(a) State what is represented by the arrows between the organisms in this ecosystem.

.................................................................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Which organisms will exist in the largest numbers?

.................................................................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Which organisms would be most likely to exist in the smallest numbers? Give reasons for your
answer.

organisms ........................................................................................................................

reasons ..........................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) Explain the importance of organisms X to the other living organisms in the ecosystem.

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................. [2]
 5. Fig. 9.1 shows part of a food web for the South Atlantic Ocean.

Killer
whale
Leopard
seal
Ross
seal

Adelie
penguin squid
fish
Crabeater
seal
krill

algae
Fig. 9.1

(a) (i) Name the top carnivore in this food web.

[1]

(ii) Name a member of this food web that is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

[1]

(b) Use the information from the food web to complete the food chain of five organisms.
algae → → → → [2]

(c) In the future the extraction of mineral resources in the Antarctic might occur on a large
scale. This could destroy the breeding grounds of the Ross seal.

(i) State and explain what effects this might have on the population of Leopard seal.

…………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………………………………….. [2]

(ii) State and explain what effects this might have on the population of fish.

[3]
 6. Fig. 7.1 shows a food web from farmland in Europe.
foxes

kestrels
toads & lizards

carnivorous
spiders stoats
insects

herbivorous voles rabbits

insects

vegetation

Fig. 7.1

(a) (i) Name an organism from the fourth trophic level of this food web.

…………………………………………………….............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b)(i) State the source of energy for this food web.

……………………………………………………............................................................................................................................ [1]

(c)In the food web the herbivorous insect population receives the same total amount of energy as the
rabbit population. The rabbits pass a smaller percentage of this total energy to the next trophic level
compared with the herbivorous insects. Suggest reasons for this difference.

……………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [3]

7. Fig. 4.1 shows a pyramid of biomass.

trophic level
4

3 .......................................

1 .......................................

Fig. 4.1

(a) On Fig. 4.1, name trophic levels 1 and 3. [2]

(b) Fig. 4.2 shows a food web of a freshwater pond and Fig. 4.3 shows the same pyramid of biomass
as was shown in Fig. 4.1.

Water dragonfly
boatmen (A) larvae (B)
sticklebacks (C)

mosquito
hydras (D) larvae (E) leeches (F)

water pond
fleas (G) protozoas (H) snails (I)

Microscopic
Green larger
algae (J) plants (K)

Fig. 4.2

trophic level

........... 4
3

........... 2
1

Fig. 4.3

(i) In the boxes for trophic levels 2 and 4 in Fig. 4.3, write the letters (A to K) of all the
organisms that are members of these trophic levels. [2]

(a) Tropic level 2

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Tropic level 4

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) An outbreak of a bacterial disease that affects only mosquito larvae occurred in the pond.
Predict and explain two of the effects this might have on the hydra population.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [4]

8. Fig. 6.3 shows the food chain after the arrival of another primary consumer, E.
 primary secondary tertiary
consumer consumer consumer
B C D
producer
A
primary
consumer
E

Fig. 6.3

(a) Explain the effect caused by the arrival of primary consumer E on primary consumer B.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

(b) Farmers often use chemicals to try to control an organism that is part of the food web, shown in
Fig. 6.3.

(i) State which stage in the food web will be directly affected if a herbicide is used.

……………………………………………………...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) An insecticide, which is a type of pesticide, may be used. State which trophic level in this
food web will accumulate the highest concentration of the insecticide.

…………………………………………...............................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Suggest what adverse effects could occur from the use of insecticides.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................[2]
 9. Fig. 9.1 shows changes in the population of rabbits after a few of them were released into a new
habitat.

population
size

A B C D E

time periods
Fig. 9.1

(a) (i) On the graph mark with an X a point when the birth rate is much greater than the
death rate. [1]

(ii) On the graph mark with an Z a point when the birth rate and the death rate are the
same. [1]

(b) During time period D there is a decrease in the size of the population. Outline

the factors that may have caused this decrease in population.

[4]
MODULE: SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS
TOPIC: REPRODUCTIVE PARTS OF A FLOWER

1. A flower that has been cut in half is shown in Fig. 4.1.

petal

Z Y

Fig. 4.1

(a)Name the structures labelled X, Y and Z.

X..............................................................

Y ..............................................................

Z …………………………………………… [3]

(b)State and explain the main function of the petals of the flower.

...........................................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c)In which part of the flower is pollen produced?

............................................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
 2. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows a flower which is pollinated by insects.

Fig. 1.1

(a) On Fig. 1.1, draw label lines to each of the following:

 a place where pollen grains are made, and label it M
 a place where pollen grains are deposited, and label it D. [2]
(b) Describe two structures, visible in Fig. 1.1, which indicate that this is an
insect-pollinated flower and not a wind-pollinated flower.

1. .................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ............................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
 3. Fig. 12.1 shows a section through a flower.

A
D

Fig. 12.1

(a) Suggest one use for each of the labelled parts.

A ...................................................................................................................................................................................

B ..................................................................................................................................................................................

C ..................................................................................................................................................................................

D ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

(b) On Fig. 12.1, mark with a cross (X) a place where fertilisation occurs.
[1]

(c)After fertilisation, what do the ovule and the ovary become?

(i) The ovule becomes a ………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) The ovary becomes a ………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

TOPIC: POLLINATION AND FERTILISATION
1. Fig. 3.1 shows a section through a flower and also what happens to some of its parts during the
plant’s life.

stigma stigma magnified

x6

young flower x 2
ovule

fruit x 2

Fig. 3.1 x2

(a) Identify structures M.

………………………………………......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Structures M have come from another flower. Describe how structures M have been transferred
and become attached to this stigma.

……………………………………............................................................................................................................................

……………………………………...........................................................................................................................................

………………………………….........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Describe what happens to the ovule inside the young flower for it to develop into structure N
inside the fruit.

...........................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Name the process occurring at P.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................[1]

2. Define the following terms:

(a) Cross pollination

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Self pollination

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
3. Fig. 5.1 shows two flowers of the same species.

(a) On Fig. 5.1 draw an arrow to show the transfer of pollen from flower A to flower B during
pollination. [2]

(b) Which type of pollination is shown above?

…………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) From Fig. 5.1 describe two adaptations of this flower for insect pollination. Use
only features visible in Fig. 5.1.

1 .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2
 Form II worksheet
2018

The diagram below shows stages of fertilization in a flower, use it to answer questions that
follow.

(c) (a) Describe stage 1 and 3 above.

Stage
1……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Stage2
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

(b)Label with letter X the part that grows and develop into a fruit. [1]

(d) Distinguish between wind and insect pollinated flower.

Wind pollinated Insect pollinated

1.

2.

3.

TOPIC: SEED DISPERSAL

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1. Define the term seed dispersal.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

2. State two advantages of seed dispersal.

1. ......................................................................................................................................

2. ..................................................................................................................................[2]

Fig. 4.1 shows two fruits, W and X, in longitudinal section.

R
x10 x2
Q
W X

Fig. 4.1

3. (i) Name the structure R in the two fruits. .....................................................................

(ii) From which part of the parent plants have the structures labelled Q developed?

......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

4. Suggest and explain how each of the fruits might be dispersed.

Fruit W

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Method of dispersal ..........................................................................................................

Explanation .................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

4. Below is the diagram showing different types of fruits. The fruits are, dispersed
differently. Use them to answer questions that follow.

a. Name the method of dispersal for fruitsX and Y.

X ………………………………………………………………………..

Y ………………………………………………………………………. [2]

b. Why Z would be most likely self-dispersed?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

c. State any other characteristic of fruits that are, dispersed as fruit X.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

MODULE: NATURE OF MATTER

TOPIC: DISSOLUTION OF MATTER, TYPE OF SOLUTIONS
1. A boy puts some sugar in a beaker full of water and stir. The sugar dissolved.

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a. What term is, used to refer to sugar because of its property observed above?

…………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

b. What term is used to refer to water because of its property observed above?

………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

c. What term is, used to refer to the resultant mixture of salt dissolving in water?

………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

2. In the table below, give examples of the solutions listed.

Solution Example
a. Liquid- solid Salt solution

b. Liquid- liquid

c. Solid- solid

d. Liquid- gas

3. Define the term dissolution.

…………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

.................................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

4. Water, is referred to as a, universal solvent. Explain why.

…………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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…………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

5. Describe how you would make a solution of sodium chloride (salt) that had a final volume of
500 ml and a final concentration of 0.75 g/ml. (show calculations that you make)
Calculations:

………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………………………. [3]

6. What is the percentage concentration of a solution that contains 50g of sugar in 400g of a
solution?

…………………………..% [3]

7. List two factors affecting solubility.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

8. State whether the solutions below are saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated.

a. Coffee completely dissolved in cold water.

………..…………………………………………………………….
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b. Coffee completely dissolved after increasing the temperature of water.

……………………………………………………………………….

c. Coffee did not completely dissolve in water under room temperature.

………………………………………………………………………. [3]

9. Define the following terms:

a. Supersaturated solution.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………. [1]

b. Unsaturated solution.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

10. Explain the concept of saturated and supersaturated solution in the following everyday life
activities:

a. Formation of rain:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..
[2]

b. Carbonated/ fizzy drinks:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………….
[2]

c. Sea diving:

……………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

MODULE: COMPONENTS OF AIR

TOPIC: CARBON DIOXIDE

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The pie chart below shows the percentages of different components of clean air by mass. Use
it to answer question 1a.

1. a) Name the components labeled X and Y.

X………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(1)

Y……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….(1)

2. Which component is needed for burning?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

3. Which component contributes to global warming?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

4. Which component is needed for photosynthesis?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

5. Which component is needed for the production of proteins?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

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The experiment below shows one property of air, as the candle burns, the water level
rises slowly from point X. When the candle goes off, the water level has risen to point Y.

6. Use the diagram to answer question 6.

(a) Name the gas present in jar A and Jar B.

A……………………………………………………………………………………..

B…………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

(b) What is air?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(c) Explain why the water level kept on rising from X to Y when the candle was burning?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………….. [2]

(d) Which property of air is proven by the rising of water in jar B?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

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In the experiment below, lime water was used to test and prove that carbon dioxide is
produced when candle burns in air.

7. Use the diagram to answer question 7.

(a) After a while what will happen to the burning candle inside an enclosed gas jar?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(i) Explain your answer in 7 (a).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(b) Write your conclusion with reference to the observations made on gas jar B.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(c) State the importance of the gas produced above to living things.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. [1]

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Figure 8.1 shows two candles burning, candle A is on an open space while candle B is covered
with large beaker.

Fig. 8.1

8. (a) Which of the two candles (A,B) will burn for the longest time?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(d) Explain your answer in 8 (a).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(e) Compare combustion (burning) to respiration and show how the two processes are similar.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

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9. The set- ups X and Y below were used to investigate the burning of fuels in the air. Use
it to answer question 9.

(a) In which set- up will the candle burn the longest?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(i) Explain your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(b) Burning of fuels is similar to respiration. What will appear on the walls of both jars after the
candle has gone off?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(i) Explain your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(c) What observations would be made on the lime water after the candles have gone off?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(i) Explain your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

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10. Figure 9.1 shows production of Gas X in the laboratory using hydrogen peroxide and
catalyst X.

(a) Label the following:

(ii) Catalyst X …………………………………………………………………….

(iii) Gas X ………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

(b) Describe how you would carry out the experiment to produce Gas X you named at 9 (a) (ii).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(c) Explain the role of catalyst X in the experiment above.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

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(d) Complete the word equation below. [2]

………… ………………………..
Hydrogen peroxide ………………………………. + water

(e) Describe how you would test for the gas produced from the experiment in figure 9.1.

Test ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Results …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(f) State one useful property of the gas produced fig 9.1 and state where it is applied.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

11. The diagram below shows a set-up used to react hydrochloric acid with calcium
carbonate.

(a) Explain why bubbles were formed.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1

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(b) complete the word equation below.

Hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate ………………………………….. + …………………….. [2]

(c) Describe the test for the gas produced on the reaction on 10 (b).

Test ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Result ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]

(d) State one useful property of the gas produced and state where it is applied.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

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MODULE: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND CARE

TOPIC: PREGNANCY

Figure 1.1 shows a reproduction process in humans. Use it to answer questions that follow.

Fig. 1.1

1. (a) Name and describe the process show in fig. 1.1.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

(a) Where in the female reproductive system does the process named above take place?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… [1]

(b) Label the following sex cells:

(i) X ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) Y ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

(c) State one difference between the cells listed above.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

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Figure 2.1 below shows part of the development of the zygote. Use it to answer questions that
follow.

Fig. 2.1

2. (a) Describe the morula stage of development.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(c) What term is used to refer to the embryonic stage Y?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(d) Where in the female reproductive system will the embryo attach itself?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(e) What term is used to refer to embryonic stage Z?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

3. What is the meaning of “gestation period?”

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

4. State two signs of pregnancy.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

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The diagram below shows a model used represents the development of a foetus in the
uterus. Use it to answer question 6.

1. (a) What structures in a human being do the stone and the water in the model represent?

Stone…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Water ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..(2)

(b) What is the function of the part represented by the plastic bag?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..(1)

(c) How long is the gestation period of a human being?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………(1)

(d)Complete the flow chart below representing the main stages of birth in human beings.

Contraction of Breaking of the

the uterus waters

Expulsion of the
placenta

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5. Fig. 4.1 shows a fetus developing in a uterus.

Fig. 4.1.
(a) Label the following parts:

(i) A ………………………………………………………………

(ii) B ………………………………………………………………. [2]

(b) Name and state the function of the fluid found in the amnion sac.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………………………………….. [2]

(c) Describe the structure of the placenta on how it helps it to carry its function?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………….. [2]

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6. The diagram below shows a foetus attached to the placenta.

(b) Name the part labelled X.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) Complete the table below to compare the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood
moving in and out of the foetus. Use words “less, more or equal.”

(d) Give two reasons why blood of a mother should not mix with that of the foetus.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

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8. Figure 8.2 shows conditions leading to birth of both identical and fraternal twins. Use it to
answer questions that follow.

Fig. 8.2

(e) Name the type of twins formed at:

(i) A ……………………………………………………………………….

(ii) B ………………………………………………………………………. [2]

(f) Explain what happens to the zygote at stage A.

…..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(g) Distinguish between fraternal and identical twins.

Fraternal Identical
(i)

(ii)

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7. Name two ways in which a pregnant woman can keep her baby healthy.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

8. State and explain two nutritional needs of a pregnant woman.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

9. Complete the table to compare breastfeeding and bottle-feeding. (4)

Advantage Disadvantage

Breastfeeding

Bottle-feeding

12. Suggest one reason why a mother could be advised not to breastfeed.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

13. Explain why it is important for pregnant mothers to be tested for HIV.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

14. Define the following terms:

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(a) Ante Natal Care.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(b) Lactation.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

15. Complete the following table about immunisation against diseases. (5)

Disease Method of immunisation

Hepatitis B

Polio

Tuberculosis

Tetanus

Measles

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MODULE: INVESTIGATING FORCES

TOPIC: TYPES OF FORCES, EFFECTS OF FORCE

8. Classify the following forces as contact (C) or action-at-a-distance forces (AD).

(a) (b) (c)

(a) ………………………. (b) ……………….. (c) ……………………

9. Figure 9.3 shows application of contact force between two cars colliding at different speeds.

Fig. 9.3.

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(a) Calculate the resultant force.

…………………………………..[2]

(b) State the two effects of force demonstrated on fig. 9.3 above.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

(c) Name two ways in which we apply the effects of force in everyday life.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

1O. The car in Fig. 10.1 is on a level road.

500 N 2000 N force

Force A APPLIED FORCE

Fig. 10.1

(a) Name Force A.

…………………………………………………………………………….
[1]

(b) Force A increases to 2000 N when the car is moving. What will happen to the car?

........................................................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(i) Explain your answer in 10 (b).

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

11. The diagram below shows a car moving along a level road. Use it to answer question
11.

(a) State whether the speed of the car will increase, decrease or remain constant when the
driving force and the backward force are equal.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(b) The diagram below shows the forces acting on the car later in the journey.

Calculate the resultant force and state the direction.

Resultant force…………………………. [1]

Direction …………………………. [1]

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(c) The mass of a car is 1 000kg.

Calculate the acceleration of the car.

Acceleration …………………………….. [2]

(d) At the end of the journey, the driver applied some brakes and the car stopped. Name the
force that helped the car to stop?

……………………………………………………………………………………………...……….. [1]
TOPIC: FORCE OF FRICTION

1. Fig. 1.1 shows demonstration of movement of two metal balls in two different liquids. The
aim is to find out which of the two liquids has high viscosity.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Name any two constant variables in the experiment on fig. 1.1.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b) State your observations.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) Write your conclusion.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………….. [2]

(d) Define the term viscosity.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….. [1]
2. When a parachutist falls to Earth, he experiences a gravitational force thatmakes him
accelerate towards the ground.

(a) Name the force that opposes the gravitational force when the parachutist was still in the
air.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Before the parachute was open, the parachutist was accelerating downwards at high
speed but his speed decreased after opening the parachute.
(i) Explain why?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

3. State two ways by which force of friction can be reduced.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

4. State two ways by which force of friction is applied in everyday life.

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

TOPIC: MEASURING FORCE

1. State the SI unit of force.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

2. In the set- up below a ruler is placed next to a spring to measure the changes in the
length of the spring when various weights are hung on it.

The table below shows weights and the corresponding readings on the ruler as shown by
the pointer.

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(a) Calculate the weight which would correspond to a reading of 31mm. (show your working)

Weight= ……………………………. [2]

3. Fig. 11.1 shows a boy pulling a box on the ground using a rope.

Fig. 11.1

(a) Using an arrow show the direction of the force exerted by the box on the ground. [1]
(b) Name the force shown on 10 (a).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….. [1]

(c) Calculate the weight of the box(gravity on Earth 9.8N, Moon 1.33N)
i. On earth

______N [2]
ii. At the moon

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_____N [2]

(d) Name the instrument used to measure force.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. [1]

(e) State any two differences between weight and mass. [2]

Weight Mass
i)

ii)

(f) State the relationship between weight and mass.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

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TOPIC: ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

1. Fig. 1.1 shows a metal can with air at different temperatures.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Briefly explain why the metal can kept its original shape when the air inside was still hot
but collapsed when the air inside was cold.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
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(b) Define the term atmospheric pressure.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

2. Describe the effect of atmospheric pressure on breathing.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

3. State any other two effects of atmospheric pressure.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

4. On a hot day, a child drinks all the water in a plastic bottle. She then screws the capback
tightly on the bottle, so that the bottle contains only air.

cap screwed on tightly

air

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Fig. 5.1
She throws the bottle into a waste basket, where the Sun shines on it.After a while in the Sun’s
rays, the air in the bottle is much hotter than before.
(a) State what has happened to the pressure of the air in the bottle.

..................................................................................................................................

(b) In terms of the behavior of the air molecules, explain your answer to (a).

..................................................................................................................................

5. The diagram below shows a set-up used by a farmer to investigate the rate at
which water was dripping from a tank with a hole at the bottom. Use it to answer
question 5.

When the lid is closed, there is no dripping and when the lid is open, water drips through the
hole.

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(b) The farmer used the stop watch to measure the time between any two drops of water.
The farmer repeated the measurement one more time. The stopwatch was starting from
zero for both measurements.

The displays of the measurements are shown below.

(i) Record the time for the first measurement.

First measurement …………………………. Seconds

(ii) State one reason why the two measurements are different.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

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6. What is atmospheric pressure?

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

7. The set- up below is used to investigate the effect of atmospheric pressure on liquids.

(a) What would be observed when the cap is loosened?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Explain your answer in (a).

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………...…………………………………………………………………………. [2]

8. The diagram below shows a measuring instrument. Use it to answer questions that
follow.

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a. Name the instrument shown.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

b. What is, the instrument used for?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

c. What is the reading in mmHg in the instrument above?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

d. On a hot day the reading increased to 80 cm. What could have brought this effect?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

e. Calculate the reading on the instrument given that the density of mercury is
13.5cm³ and force of gravity is 9.8N/kg

________ kPa [3]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a simple mercury barometer, drawn 1/10 full size.

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glass tube

mercury

reservoir

Fig. 3.1

(c) On Fig. 3.1, use your rule to make an appropriate measurement, and then use it to
calculate the atmospheric pressure.

atmospheric pressure = ..................................... mm Hg [2]

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2. Fig. 2.1 shows the map of Southern Africa, the two areas L and H experiences two different
atmospheric pressure.

a. On the map, mark with letterXan area that will most likely have a cyclone. [1]

b. Mark with letterYan area that would have a quiet and settled weather. [1]

c. In which of the two areas, X and Y would it most likely rain?

………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

3. Define the term ISOBARS.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

4. The following are two satellite images that show different weather patterns.
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a) State whether each map represents an area of high pressure or an area of

low pressure. (2)

Map A: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Map B: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b) State the type of weather that the people who live in the area represented
by map B are experiencing. (1)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

d) Explain what happens to the atmospheric pressure when the isobars

are close together. (1)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

MODULE: MOTION

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TOPIC: LINEAR MOTION

1. Fig. 1.1 below shows a path followed by a marathon runner to

complete his race. He took 240 seconds to complete 800m race from
point A to B.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Calculate the runners:

(i) Total distance covered

………………………………………… [1]

(ii) Displacement

…………………………………………….. [1]

(b) Distinguish between distance and displacement.

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Distance Displacement
i)

ii)

(c) Calculate the runner’s:

(i) Average speed

………………………………… ……………. [2]

(ii) Average velocity

………………………………………………………….. [2]
(d) Distinguish between speed and velocity.

Speed Velocity
i)

ii)

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2. Study the fig. 2.1 and answer the questions that follow.

Fig. 2.1

An object moves from A to C, then to D and finally to B in 4 minutes.

(a) What distance did the object travel?

………………………………………………. [2]
(b) What was the final displacement of the object?

……………………………………………………. [1]
(c) What was the average speed of the object in m/s?

……………………………………… m/s [3]

(d) If the object came back to A, what would its velocity be?

………………………………………………. m/s [1]

(e) Explain your answer in 2 (d).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………….. [1]

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3. While traveling along a highway a driver slows from 24 m/s to 15

m/s in 12 seconds. What is the automobile’s acceleration?

………………………………………….. [3]
4. The table below includes data for a ball rolling down a hill. Fill in the
missing data values in the table and determine the acceleration of
the rolling ball.

Time (seconds) Speed (km/h)

0 (start) 0 (start)

2 3

10 15

Acceleration = ……………………………………….. [5]

5. Define the term acceleration.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

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TOPIC: UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM MOTION

1. What does the graph tell you about velocity?

distance

time

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

2. Compare the velocity of car A and car B below?

A
Distance B

Time

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

3. What does the graph tell you about velocity?

Distance

Time

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... [1]

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4. What does the graph tell you about acceleration?

velocity

time

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

5. What does the graph tell you about the acceleration of car A below?

velocityA

time

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

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(c) During the motion shown, describe what happens to

(i) the speed of the lorry,

................................................................................................................................................................................
.

................................................................................................................................................................................
.

......................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) the acceleration of the lorry.

................................................................................................................................................................................
.

................................................................................................................................................................................
.

......................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
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2. Fig. 1.2 shows a free-fall parachutist falling vertically downwards. Fig. 1.2 shows how the
speed of the parachutist varies with time.

speed
downwards
B

0 A
0 time

Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2

(d) (i) State the name of the downward force acting on the parachutist.

......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(i) State the name of one upward force acting on the parachutist.

......................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) Explain why the acceleration decreases from A to B.

................................................................................................................................................................................
.

................................................................................................................................................................................
.

......................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

(f) Explain why the parachutist falls at a constant speed after B.

................................................................................................................................................................................
.

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................................................................................................................................................................................
.

......................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

3. Fig. 3.1 shows the speed-time graph of part of a short journey made by a cyclist.

25
spee
d P Q
20
m/s
15

10

5
R
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time/s

Fig. 3.1

(a) Which part of Fig. 3.1 shows when the cyclist is travelling at constant speed?

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) State what is happening during the rest of the journey shown in Fig. 3.1.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Calculate the distance travelled during the first 50 s.

distance travelled = …………………... m

(d) Calculate the distance travelled between 50 s and 100 s.

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distance travelled = …………………... m

4. A cyclist starts from rest. He accelerates and then travels at a constant speed. At 12 s, the
cyclist applies the brakes and slows down. Photographs are taken of the cyclist at 4 s
intervals. Fig. 2.1 shows the results.
distance / m
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0s 4s 8s 12 s

Fig. 2.1

(a) On Fig. 2.1, put X on the position of the front wheel of the cycle at 16 s. [1]

(b) On Fig. 2.2, plot a distance-time graph of the cyclist for the first 16 s. [4]

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(c) Calculate the average speed of the cyclist during the first 12 s.

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average speed = ................................... [2]

120

B
100
A

80

distance /m

60

40
A

20 B

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
time / s

Fig. 1.1

(a) Describe the motion of athlete A during the first 8 s of the race.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

(b) Which runner finished the race first? Explain.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(e) Calculate the speed of athlete A between t = 4 s and t = 15 s.

speed = ................................................ [2]

5. Fig. 1.1 shows how the height h above the ground varies with the time t.

4.0

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h/ m

3.0

2.0

1.0

0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
t/ s

Fig. 1.1

(f) State what happens to the speed of the paper as it falls.

...........................................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(g) Calculate the speed of the paper at time t = 1.5 s.

speed = ………………………………… [2]

6. Fig. 1.1 shows a car travelling at a uniform speed of 18 m/s. At time t = 0, the driver sees a
child run out in front of the car.

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Fig. 1.1

At time t = 0.6 s the driver starts to apply the brakes. The car then decelerates uniformly,
taking a further 3.0 s to stop.

(a) (i) On Fig. 1.2, draw a graph to show how the speed of the car varies witht.

20
speed
m/s
15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
t/ s
Fig. 1.2

(iii) Calculate the distance travelled in the first 0.6 s of the motion.

Distance=...................................... [5]

(b) The braking distance is the distance travelled by the car after the driver starts to apply the
brakes. The braking distance is not the same each time that the car stops.

(i) State two factors that could increase braking distance.

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

7. Fig. 1.1 represents the motion of a car along a straight road. As the car approaches a small
town, it slows down. The car travels at a constant speed from the start of the town to the
end of the town. After passing through the town, the car speeds up.

30
speed
m/s car reaches car reaches
start of end of
20
town town

10

0
10 20 30 time /
s

Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) Determine the speed of the car in the town.

speed = ................................................. [1]

(b) Determine the time taken by the car to pass through the town.

time taken = .......................................... [1]

(c) Calculate the distance travelled by the car in the town.

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distance = .............................................. [1]

(d) The car accelerates after passing through the town.

Calculate the acceleration. Give the unit of your

answer.

acceleration = ........................................ [3]

8. Fig. 3.2 shows a graph of the man’s speed as he goes down the hill.

30
B C

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20
speed
m/s

10

0 A D
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time / s

Fig. 3.2

(a) Describe the motion of the man between points:

A and B ………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

B and C ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

(b) Calculate the distance travelled by the man between points B and C.

distance = ..................................................... m [2]

(c) The man on the snowboard wants to go faster down the hill.

(i) Explain in terms of the forces acting on the man and his snowboard why

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1. he covers the underside of the snowboard with wax to make it smooth,

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]

2. he bends down low on the snowboard while going down the hill.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]

9. The diagram below shows a marble falling through a liquid soap in a transparent
container. Letters X and Y represent forces acting on the marble.

(a) Name the forces X and Y.

X ………………………………………………..

Y ………………………………………………... [2]

(b) What happens to magnitude of force Y as the marble falls through the liquid
soap?

…………………………………………...……………………………………………………… [1]

(c) The distance- time graph below represents the motion of the marble as it falls
through the liquid soap.

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Explain the motion of the marble in region AB in terms of force X and Y.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………...………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

MODULE: PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

TOPIC: REFLECTION OF LIGHT

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1. This question requires the use of a ruler or other straight edge. Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of light
striking a plane mirror.

ray of
light

mirror

Fig. 7.1

(a) On Fig. 7.1,

(i) draw the normal to the mirror at A, [1]

(ii) draw the path of the reflected ray, [1]

(iii) mark and label the angle of incidence, i, [1]

(iv) mark and label the angle of reflection, r. [1]

(b) State the equation that links i and r.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

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2. Two apartment blocks are one each side of a road, as shown in Fig. 7.1. A beam of light from a
police helicopter is hitting the top window H of the left-hand apartment block.

beam of light

H Z

G Y

F X

E W

D V

C U

B T

apartment apartment
A S
block block

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Fig. 7.1

(a) (i) On Fig. 7.1,

1. draw the normal at the point where the beam hits window H, [1]

2. label the angle of incidence of the beam of light on window H. [1]

3. A girl looks into a bathroom mirror to brush her hair. Fig. 12.2 shows what she sees in the
mirror.

reflection seen
in mirror

Fig. 12.2

(a) In which hand is she holding the brush? Tick one box.

left hand

right hand

(b) She has a spot on her skin just below her left eye.
Mark clearly on Fig. 12.2 where this will appear on the reflection

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4. Fig. 4.1 shows an old coin displayed in a museum.

mirror

M
coin

0.17 m

stand

Fig. 4.1

The coin is vertical and is supported by a transparent stand. A vertical mirror 0.17 m behind
the coin ensures that the back of the coin can be seen by a visitor looking from the line P.

M is a point on the back of the coin.

(h) On Fig. 4.1,

(i) draw two rays of light from M to show how its image is produced, [2]
(ii) label the image I. [1]

(i) State the distance from point M on the coin to its image.

distance = .................................................. [1]

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5. (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a ray of light incident on a mirror at X. The incident ray makes an angleof 50°
with the surface of the mirror.

air
50

X
mirror

Fig. 4.1

(i) Complete Fig. 4.1 to show the normal and the reflected ray at X. [1]
(ii) State the values of

1. the angle of incidence, ............................................... [1]

2. the angle of reflection. ............................................... [1]

6. The diagram below shows two light rays P and Q from a burning candle. The light rays are
falling on a plane mirror. Use the diagram to answer question 6.

(a) On the diagram draw the reflected rays of P and Q. [2]

(b) On the diagram draw the image of the candle. [3]
(c) State the relationship between the candle and its image.

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………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… [1]

7. Fig. 4.1 shows part of an optical fibre.

glass

R
Fig. 4.1

The ray PQ undergoes total internal reflection in the optical fibre.

(a) On Fig. 4.1, continue the path of ray PQ until it reaches end R. [1]

8. Fig. 2.1 shows a ray of light PQR passing along a simple optical fibre to its end at R.

60° 60°

glass
P

15°
air

x
R
Fig. 2.1

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(b) (i) Explain why the ray PQ does not leave the optical fibre at Q.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(ii) Explain why the ray QR changes direction at R.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

9. Figure 3 below shows two sides of a spoon, outside bowl and inside bowl.

(a) State which side is concave or convex mirror? Give explanation below.

(i) Concave …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Explain ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(ii) Convex …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Explain ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

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10. (a) Explain why convex mirrors are used in shops as security mirrors to prevent people from
stealing things.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

(b) Give another use of convex mirror because of the property stated above.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

11. (a) Explain why concave mirrors are used as cosmetic mirrors.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(c) Give another use for concave mirror because of the property you stated above.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

12. Fig. 7.2 shows another example of reflection. The drawing is incomplete.

Mirror mirror

card

Fig. 7.2

(a) The horizontal card with the letter P on it is being reflected in the vertical mirror.

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On Fig. 7.2, draw the reflection of the letter P.

The diagram below shows an optical instrument used by a student to view an object. Use it to
answer question 11 (a) (b)(c).

13. (a) Name the type of the mirrors used in the optical instrument.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

(j) On the diagram, show how the light rays reach the student’s eye. (2)

(k) Name the instrument above and state its use.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

14. State any of two laws of reflection.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

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TOPIC: REFRACTION AND DISPERSION

1. Figure 1.1 shows a fisherman seeing a fish under water in a pond.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Complete the diagram to show where the image will be formed? (2)

(b) Define the following terms:

(i) Real depth ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….. [1]

(ii) Apparent depth ………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

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2. Fig. 2.1 shows a ray of light travelling through different media of different optical densities.

(a) Complete the diagram to show how a ray of light will move through those different
media. [1]

(b) Which medium bends the light ray the most? ……………………………………………………….
……….……. [1]

(i) Explain why? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

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3. In Fig. 7.1, a ray of light is shown passing into water from air. The angle of the refracted ray
tothe normal is 40°.

(a) On Fig. 7.1, mark clearly the angle of incidence i. [1]

ray of
light
air

40° water

Fig. 7.1

(b) Explain why the angle of the refracted ray is smaller than the angle of incidence?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

(c) State the two media light is travelling through in fig. 7.1.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

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4. In Fig. 7.2, a ray of light is shown in water and reaching the surface with the air at an angle of
40° to the normal.

(a) On Fig. 7.2, draw accurately the path of the ray in the air. [2]

The angle in the water in Fig. 7.2 is increased from 40° to 70°, and the ray no longer emerges into
the air.

(c) State what happens to the ray at the surface of the water.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

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5. Light passes through a glass block as shown in Fig. 13.1. Some of

the light is reflected from the surface of the glass block.

(a) The angle of incidence is 44⸰, calculate angle X.

…………………………………………………………………………….
[1]

(b) Label the following:

 Incident ray as (IR)
 Refracted ray as (RR)
 Angle of refraction as (r) [3]

(c) Draw and label the emergent ray and its normal line. [2]

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6. Complete Fig. 2.2 to show how white light is refracted when it passes
through a glass prism. [3]

prism

white light

fig. 2.2

(a) From the diagram label the normal, refracted ray and emergent ray.

7. Fig. 5.1 shows two parallel rays of light, AB and CD, in a symmetrical glass block.

glass block

A B

C D

Fig. 5.1

10. On Fig. 5.1,

(a) draw the normal at B,

(b) draw a ray which could emerge into the air at B,

(c) draw the normal at D,

(d) draw a ray which could emerge into the air at D. [4]

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5. Below are diagrams of concave and convex lenses. Complete the ray diagrams.

(a) Diagram A

(b) Diagram B

(c) Show the focal length of the lens on diagram B.

[1]

(d) Name the lens on

(i) Diagram A ……………………………………………………………

(ii) Diagram B …………………………………………………….. [2]

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6. Fig. 2.1 shows the lens of a simple camera being used to photograph an object.

Lens
object film

camera

Fig. 2.1

The lens forms a focused image of the object on the film.

(a) Draw two rays, one from the top the other from the bottom of the object to show
how the lens forms the image. [2]

(b) State two characteristics of the image formed on the film.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

(c) The object moves closer to the camera. State how the lens is adjusted to keep the image in
focus.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

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The diagram below shows a simple camera. Use it to answer question 7.

7. (a) Name the type of lens used.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

(b) State one similarity between the human eye and a camera.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………….. (2)

(c) A simple camera was not working properly such that it formed blurred images. Suggest any
two reasons why it formed blurred images.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (2)

8. Compare the function of a camera and an eye by completing the table below.

Function The part of the The part of the eye

camera that does this that does this

Controls amount of
light entering

A real image forms on

this

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9. The camera uses a thin converging lens to focus light rays coming from the athlete onto
the light sensor inside the camera.

(a) Complete the ray diagram in Fig. 3.3 to show how this happens.

(b) The distance from the lens to the light sensor is 15 cm.

(i) State the focal length of the lens.

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(c) The camera is moved along the rails by an electric motor powered by a battery.

(i) Complete the energy transfers that take place while the camera is moving.
chemical
From ........................ energy stored in the battery
to ............................................ energy supplied to the motor

to ............................................ energy of the moving camera. [2]

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TOPIC: THE EYE

1. Fig. 7.1 shows a section through an eye.

Ciliary muscles

B
C

Fig. 7.1

(a) Name the parts labelled A to D.

A ……………………………………………………………………………….

B ……………………………………………………………………………….

C ………………………………………………………………………………...

D ……………………………………………………………………………….. [4]

(b) Name the part of the eye that changes light energy to nerve impulses.

...................................................................................................................................................................................[1]

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(c) State and explain how the ciliary muscles help to produce a focused image when looking at a
near object.

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................... [2]

2. Complete the table below about parts and functions of the eye.

PART FUNCTION
Cornea

It controls the size of the pupil

Pupil

Focuses light rays on the retina

Ciliary body

When stimulated by light the receptor cells produce nerve

impulses. Image is formed.
Optic nerve

[6]

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3. Fig. 7.2 shows two external views of the eye.

changes

to

Fig. 7.2

The change shown in Fig. 7.2 happens due to the effect of light.

(a) Describe the actions taking place in the eye in fig. 7.2.

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................................................[3]

4. (a) The diagram below shows the appearance of the eye lens of a person when
looking at a nearby object. On the space, draw the appearance of the eye lens when a
person is looking at a distant object.

(2)

(b) Name the part of the eye that controls the thickness of the eye lens.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………. (1)

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(d) Name the process that enables the eye lens to change its shape.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… [1]

Use the information below to answer question 8 (c).

The average diameter of a human eye is 25 mm and the focal length of its lens is
15 mm when looking at an object which is 50 meters away.

(a) What will happen to the focal length of the eye lens when looking at an object 200
meters away?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

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TOPIC: EYE DEFECTS

1. A short-sighted person can see near objects clearly but not far objects.
Fig. 7.2 shows how the lens of an eye with this defect would focus rays from a far object.

rays from
far object

Fig. 7.2

(a) State what type of lens is used to correct this defect.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) On Fig. 7.3, show how this type of lens is used to focus rays from the far object.
[3]

rays from
far object

Fig. 7.3

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2. Fig. 5.2 shows a normal eye viewing an object close to it. Fig. 5.3 is a long-sighted
eye viewing an object at the same distance.

normal long-sighted
eye eye

Fig. 5.2 Fig. 5.3

(a) Complete Fig. 5.3 to show the rays travelling through the eye. [1]

(b) State what type of lens is used to correct this defect.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) On Fig. 5.4, show how this type of lens is used to focus rays from the near object.
[3]

rays from
far object

Fig. 5.4

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MODULE: HEAT ENERGY

TOPIC: EFFECTS OF HEAT

1. Two metal teapots are identical except that one is black on the outside and the other is
white on the outside, as shown in Fig. 3.2.

Fig. 3.2

The teapots each contain the same amount of hot water.

(a) State and explain which teapot will cool down more quickly.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................ [3]

2. Heat is transferred by conduction, convection and radiation.

(a) State which of the three methods is responsible for the transfer of heat from theSun to the
Earth.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(b) Explain why the other two methods cannot be involved in this transfer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

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3. Fig. 5.1 shows the arrangement of atoms in a solid block.

X Y

Fig. 5.1

(a) End X of the block is heated. Energy is conducted to end Y, which becomes warm.

Explain how heat is conducted from X to Y by the atoms.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(b) Explain why the solid block expands when it is heated.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(c) The block is heated and becomes a liquid.

Describe the changes that occur to the arrangement and the motion of the atoms.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [3]

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(d) A hand feels hot when placed above a lighted match, as shown in Fig. 2.1. Explain
in detail how convection causes this to happen.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.

...........................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
Fig. 2.1 [2]
4. The electric kettle shown in Figure 2 is used to boil water.

Figure 2

Metal casing

After the water has boiled, the temperature of the water decreases by 22 °C.

(a) Explain how this is possible?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

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A new type of electric kettle is made from two layers of plastic separated by a vacuum.After the
water in the kettle has boiled, the water stays hot for at least 2 hours.The new kettle is shown in
Figure 3.

(a) Which energy transfers does a vacuum reduce?

Tick () one box.
Tick ()

conduction and radiation

conduction and convection

convection and radiation

(b) Which other feature of the kettle reduces heat loss?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(i) Explain …………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

Using the new kettle may reduce the householder’s energy bill.
(c) Suggest one reason why.

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

5. Fig. 2.1 shows a metal pan containing water on a cooker. The hotplate heats the water.

handle
water

X
metal pan
cooker
hotplate

Fig. 2.1

(a) State the method of heat transfer through the metal pan.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Describe how the molecules transfer heat through the metal pan.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(c) On Fig. 2.1, draw an arrow to show the direction of movement of the water at point X.[1]

(i) Explain why the water moves in this direction.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [3]

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6. An electric soldering iron is used to melt solder, for joining wires in an electric circuit. A
soldering iron is shown in Fig. 7.1.

metal cylinder plastic handle

with heater coil
copper tip
inside
lead to

electricity
supply
Fig. 7.1

Solder is a metal which melts easily. The heater coil inside the metal cylinder heats the copper
tip.
(a) Suggest why the tip is made of copper.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Suggest why the handle is made of plastic.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(c) The heater coil is switched on. When the tip is put in contact with the solder, some of the
heat is used to melt the solder.

(i) State the process by which the heat is transferred from the copper tip to the solder.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(d) By which process or processes is the rest of the heat transferred to the surroundings? Tick
the boxes alongside any of the following (you may tick as many as you think are correct).

conduction

convection

evaporation

radiation [2]

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7. The main parts of a cold store are shown in Fig. 4.1.

cooling tubes cold store

refrigeration
unit

Fig. 4.1

(a) Explain why the cooling tubes are positioned at the top of the store.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) The walls are made of thick thermal insulating material. Explain the importance of this?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

(c) Suggest why the refrigeration unit is outside the cold store.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

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8. Here are five words relating to the transfer of heat energy.

conductor, convection, evaporation, insulator, radiation

Complete each of the following sentences by writing in the appropriate word from the list.

(a) Cooking pots often have a wooden handle, because wood is a good heat

…………………………………………… [1]

(b) Heat energy reaches Earth from the Sun by means of ................................................................ [1]

(c) Copper is a good ............................................of heat energy. [1]

(d) The heating element is put at the bottom of an electric kettle, so that

...................................... can rapidly transfer heat energy throughout the water. [1]

9. Logs of wood are burning in a camp-fire on the ground. A person is sitting nearby.

Fig. 4.1

(a) (i) State two types of energy that the burning logs possess.

1. ...............................................................................................................................

2. ............................................................................................................................... [2]

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(ii) State the main method of heat transfer by which energy from the fire reaches the
person sitting nearby.

.................................................................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A spark jumps out of the fire.

(i) State the name of the type of energy that the spark possesses due to its movement.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) The spark lands on the person’s hand.

State which method of heat transfer causes the person to feel the spark.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) The pain caused by the spark makes the person stand up.

State the type of energy that has increased, now that he is standing.

………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………..…………

(iv)State the type of energy stored in his body that enabled him to stand.

……………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [4]

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10. Water is a poor conductor of heat. A beaker of water is heated as shown in Fig. 6.1.

water

heat

Fig. 6.1

(a) All the water heats up quite quickly.

State the process by which heat spreads most rapidly through the water.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) State why the heating element is always placed near the bottom of an electric kettle.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

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11. Fig. 6.1 shows two experiments to investigate energy transfer in water.

(a) Name the process by which thermal (heat) energy travels through the glass.

…………………………………………............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Name the process in Experiment 1 which takes the energy from the water at thebottom to
the ice at the top.

………………………………………………..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Describe how the process in (b) occurs.

………………………………………………...........................................................................................................................................

………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................

…………………………………………........................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(d) Suggest two reasons why the ice in Experiment 2 does not melt, even when the water at the top
begins to boil.

1. .....................................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

2. .....................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................. [2]

12. The diagram below shows an electric kettle with the body made of metal. The kettle
is filled with water. Use it to answer question 11(a) to (c).

(a) Explain why the heating element is placed near the base of the kettle.

……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(b) The heating element of the kettle has a power rating of 2500 W.

(i) Explain this statement in terms of energy.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... (1)

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(ii) The cost of 1 unit of electrical energy (1 kWh) is P0. 60.

Calculate the cost of using the kettle for 15 hours.

Cost= …………………………………………… (3)

(a) Suggest an improvement that can be made to the kettle to reduce heat loss.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. (1)

(b) State any two methods of heat transfer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (2)

13. Three horizontal rods are placed with one end just above a Bunsen flame. The other end of
each rod is coated with wax, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

wax copper
brass
wax
glass
wax

Fig. 3.1

(a) Describe how you would use the apparatus to discover which rod is the best conductor of
heat.

...................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................ [2]

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14. Fig. 6.2 shows the bulb of the thermometer placed in hot water at 80 °C.

The bulb and stem of the thermometer are made of glass.

(a) When the thermometer is placed in the hot water, the top of the stem of the thermometer
remains cold to touch, but the liquid level rises to the 80 °C mark.

(i) Name the method of thermal energy transfer that takes place in the liquid.

...................................................[1]

(ii) Suggest why the top of the thermometer stem remains cold to the touch.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

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15. A student investigated four insulating materials, A, B, C and D.

Figure 9 shows four identical beakers, each wrapped in one of the materials.

The student:
 poured the same volume of water at 90 °C into each beaker
 placed a lid on each beaker
 measured the temperature of the water in each beaker after 10 minutes
 calculated the temperature change.

(a) What was the dependent variable in the investigation?

Tick () one box.

change in temperature of the water

starting temperature of the water

thickness of material

volume of water

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(b) Figure 10 shows the student’s results.

(i) Which material, A, B, C or D, is the best insulator?

Tick () one box.

A B C D

(ii) Give a reason for your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

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16. Fig. 4.1 shows equipment placed on top of a house that uses solar energy to produce hot
water.

coil
hot-water
black tank
base

hot water
out

valve

solar
cold water in
collector

Fig. 4.1

(a) Explain why the solar collector has a black base.

………....................................................................................................................................................................................................

………………………………………….......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Fig. 4.1 does not show any insulation.

(j) Explain why it is important to insulate the hot-water tank.

………………………………………………………..................................................................................................................................

……………………………………………………............................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Explain why the pipes are coiled?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

17. The diagram below shows a fire place in a house.

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Use it to answer question 14.

(a) Through which method is heat transferred from the fire place to the rest of the house?

………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

(b) Explain why the smoke cannot spread inside the house.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......

………………………….....................................................................................................................................................

…………………………….............................................................................................................................................. (3)

(c) What energy change takes place when firewood burns?

………………………. ____ …………………. + Heat (2)

18. Thermal expansion can be a problem.

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gap in
bridge
Fig. 3.1

Small gaps are left in railway lines and in bridges, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

(a) Explain in detail why the gaps are needed.

………………………………………………………..........................................................................................................................................

………………………………………………………..........................................................................................................................................

………………………………………………………...........................................................................................................................................

…………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................ [3]

(b) State one other problem caused by thermal expansion and explain how it can be solved.

………………………………………………………..........................................................................................................................................

…………………………………………………........................................................................................................................................... [1]

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Use the diagram and the information below to answer question 16.

A company installed electric cables between pylons P, Q and R as shown. The installation was done
during a hot day.

19. During an inspection of the installed electric cables, it showed that the company had made a
mistake.
(a) From the diagram, identify the mistake made by the company in installing the
electric cables.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

(b) Describe how the mistake can be of danger to people.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (3)

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20. In buildings in hot desert countries, where days are hot and nights can be very cold,
windows with steel frames are often used.

Fig. 8.3 shows how a space is left between the steel frame and the mudbricks of the
surrounding wall.

space between frame and

surroundingmudbrick

Fig. 8.3

(a) Explain why it is necessary to leave this space between the window frame and the
mudbricks.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

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TOPIC: TEMPERATURE REGULATION

1. Describe a way by which your body regulate temperature when it is:

(a) Cold

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... [2]

(b) Hot

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

2. In an experiment it was reported that an obese man was able to swim for 2hrs in cold water of
temperature 16°C with no change in his body temperature. A thinner man could only swim for
30 minutes in the same water and his body temperature dropped to 34°C.

(a) Explain what brought the difference in temperature drop?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

3. State two behavioral changes animals do in extreme temperatures to regulate body

temperature?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

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MODULE: COMMUNICATION IN HUMANS

TOPIC: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Name two human sense organs and an environmental stimulus that each detects.

sense organ 1

stimulus it detects

sense organ 2
……………...........................................................................................

stimulus it detects [2]

2.Fig. 8.1 shows a generalised reflex arc.

neurone
Y

central nervous
system
neurone neurone
X Z

receptor Effector

Fig. 8.1

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(a) (i) Identify the three neurones labelled X, Y and Z.

X ...............................................................................................................................

Y ...............................................................................................................................

Z ............................................................................................................................ [3]

Use the information and the diagram below to answer question 3.

3. Tebogo was pricked by a sharp thorn on her finger. The diagram below shows the electrical
pathways for messages to and from the central nervous system.

Fig. 3.1
(a) Name the parts labeled P and Q

P………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q………………………………………………………………………………………..….…. (2)

(b) What type of action is demonstrated in the diagram?

…………………………………………………………………………………................. (1)

(c) On the diagram, use arrows to show the path followed by the message. (1)

(d) Briefly describe the events that occur in the nervous system for to Tebogo respond to the
pain.

……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………………..... (4)

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(d) Name the parts that represent the following in fig. 3.1.

(i) Receptor …………………………………………………………………………….

Effector …………………………………………………………………………… [2]

4. The diagram below shows parts of the nervous system which are used to coordinate
the response of a hand as it accidentally touches a hot object. Use it to answer
questions 4 (a) and (b).

(a) Name the neurons X and Y.

X…………………………………………….

Y……………………………………………. (2)

(b) Describe what happens when nerve impulses arrive at point Z?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (2)

(c) From the list below, circle the two voluntary actions.
playing swallowing blinking

singing breathing (2

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5. Imagine that you are walking home and you suddenly hear a loud bark and you see a big,
vicious dog running towards you. You get a fright and immediately jump backwards, turn
around and run away as fast as you can.

(a) Do you think your body would have performed the following actions automatically or do
you think that you would have made a conscious decision to:

(i) Jump backwards? ……………………………………………………………………….

(ii) Run away? ………………………………………………………………………………... [2]

6. What is a learned reflex action?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……….. [1]

(a) Give two examples of learned reflex actions.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

7. Suggest whether the following are voluntary or involuntary actions:

(a) Knee jerking ……………………………………………………………………………

(b) Blinking ………………………………………………………………………………….

(c) Reading ………………………………………………………………………………….

(d) Salivating (production of saliva when smelling food) …………………………………..

(e) Sleeping ………………………………………………………………………………..

(f) Catching a ball ……………………………………………………………………… [7]

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8. Figure 1 shows the part of the nervous system involved in the rapid response to a
stimulus.

(a) What is this type of rapid response called?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

Features of the nervous system are labelled A, B, C, D and E on Figure 1.

(b) Draw one line from each feature to the correct label from Figure 1.

TOPIC: HORMONES
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1. Below is a list of hormones and the functions of some of them.

Draw a line to connect a hormone with its function. One has already been done for you.

Hormone Function

Insulin

Prepares the body for action

Testosterone

Stimulates liver cells to convert excess glucose to

glycogen

Progesterone

Controls the development of secondary sexual

characteristics

Adrenaline

Promotes development of a deep voice

Oestrogen

2. Name the hormone, released after a meal, which controls the level of glucose in the blood.

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……………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(a) Fig. 5.1 shows some organs in the body of a woman.

Fig. 5.1

(b) On Fig. 5.1, label and name the gland which produces the hormone you mention in question
2. [2]

(c) On fig. 5.1, show where the growth hormone is produced and label it Y. [2]

MODULE: ELECTRICAL ENERGY

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1. Fig. 12.1 shows an electric circuit.

ammeter

battery

lamp

15 resistor
Fig. 12.1
(a) The lamp lights, but the ammeter needle moves the wrong way. What

change should be made so that the ammeter works correctly?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) What does an ammeter measure?

............................................................................. [1]

(c) In the space below, draw a circuit diagram of the circuit in Fig. 12.1, using correct circuit
symbols.

[2]

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(d) Name the instrument that would be needed to measure the potential difference(p.d.) across
the 15 resistor.

............................................................. [1]
(e) Using the correct symbol, add this instrument to your circuit diagram in (c), in a position to
measure the p.d. across the 15 resistor.

2. The diagram below shows a simple circuit.

(a) On the space below draw a circuit diagram to represent the above circuit.

[3]

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(b) The diagram below shows the reading on the ammeter when the switch is closed,

Record the ammeter reading ………………………………A

3. The motorcycle headlight contains two identical filament lamps F and G. Filament lamp F is
always lit but filament lamp G is turned on and off by switch D.

Fig. 7.1 is the circuit diagram.

switch D

filament
battery lamp G
filament
lamp F

Fig. 7.1

When switch D is open, the battery supplies a current of 4.6 A.

(a) Complete the table of Fig. 7.2.

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current current in current in

supplied by filament lamp filament lamp
battery / A F/A G/A

switch D
4.6
open

switch D
closed

Fig. 7.2 [3]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows three lamps and switches connected to a cell. All the switches are open.

switchA

lampP

switchB
lampQ

switchC
lampR

Fig. 4.1

(a) State which lamp or lamps, if any, light when switch A only is closed.

.......................................[1]

(b) State which switches must be closed to make lamp Q light but not lamp R.

.......................................[1]

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(c) When all the lamps are lit, the current through each lamp is 0.25 A.
Calculate the current from the cell.

........................................A [1]

(d) An ammeter is used to measure the current from the cell.

On Fig. 4.1, mark with the letter X a suitable position for the ammeter. [1]

(e) Potential difference from the cell is 12V.

a. What will be the p.d across each lamp?

………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

b. Explain

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

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5. The diagram below shows a circuit with two bulbs connected in parallel.
Use it to answer question 5.

(a) State the reason why the current passing through the bulbs is not equal.

……………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(b) On the diagram, draw the voltmeter measuring the voltage across bulb F.
(2)

(C)The two bulbs are then connected in series.

(i) What will happen to the brightness of the bulbs?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (1)

(i) Explain your answer in (c) (i).

………………………………………………………………………………………. (1)

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6. Fig. 3.2 shows a cell and lamp taken from the torch.

1.5 V Magicell
3.0 V
1.2 A

Fig. 3.2

(a) State how many cells are needed to light up this lamp. Give a reason for your answer.

9. Number of cells needed ……………………………………………… [1]

10. Reason …………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………….…….………………………. [1]

(b) State what is meant by the quantity 1.2 A on the lamp.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………...…………………………………………………………………………. [1]

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(b) Draw a circuit symbol of an ammeter in the space below.

[1]

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