Lecture Slide: Complex Variable, Laplace Transform and

z-transformation

MD Hassan Faruk

January 30, 2024

MD Hassan Faruk Lecture Slide: Complex Variable, Laplace Transform

January
and z-transformation
30, 2024 1 / 28
Laplace Transform I

definition
If f (t) is a function defined for all t ≥ 0, its Laplace transform is the
integral of f (t) times e −st from t = 0 to ∞. It is a function of s, say,
F (s), and is denoted by L (f ); thus
Z ∞
F (s) = L (f ) = e −st f (t)dt
0

MD Hassan Faruk Lecture Slide: Complex Variable, Laplace Transform

January
and z-transformation
30, 2024 2 / 28
Examples I

Problems
1 Let f (t) = 1 when t ≥ 0. Find F (s) = L (f ).
2 Let f (t) = e at when t ≥ 0, where a is a constant. Find L (f ).
3 Let f (t) = t when t ≥ 0, where a is a constant. Find L (f ).
4 Let f (t) = t 2 when t ≥ 0, where a is a constant. Find L (f ).

MD Hassan Faruk Lecture Slide: Complex Variable, Laplace Transform

January
and z-transformation
30, 2024 3 / 28
Linearity of the Laplace Transform
The Laplace transform is a linear operation; that is, for any functions f (t)
and g (t) whose transforms exist and any constants a and b the transform
of af (t) + bg (t) exists, and

L {a · f (t) + b · g (t)} = a · L {f (t)} + b · L {g (t)}

Example
Find the transforms of cosh at and sinh at.

MD Hassan Faruk Lecture Slide: Complex Variable, Laplace Transform

January
and z-transformation
30, 2024 4 / 28
Table of Laplace Transform I

Table: Some Functions f(t) and Their Laplace Transforms L (f)

f (t) L (f )
1 1 1/s
2 t 1/s 2
3 t2 2!/s 3
n!
4 t n (n = 0, 1, · · · )
s n+1
Γ(a + 1)
5 t a (a positive )
s a+1
1
6 eat
s −a

MD Hassan Faruk Lecture Slide: Complex Variable, Laplace Transform

January
and z-transformation
30, 2024 5 / 28
Some more I

f (t) L (f )
s
7 cos ωt
s + ω2
2

ω
8 sin ωt
s 2 + ω2
s
9 cosh at
s 2 − a2
a
10 sinh at
s 2 − a2
s −a
11 e at cos ωt
(s − a)2 + ω 2
ω
12 e at sin ωt
(s − a)2 + ω 2

MD Hassan Faruk Lecture Slide: Complex Variable, Laplace Transform

January
and z-transformation
30, 2024 6 / 28
Exercise I

Find the Laplace Transform

1 Simple transforms
3 12
1 3t + 12 Ans: 2
+
s s
2 a2 2ab 2b 2
2 (a − bt) Ans: − 2 + 3
s s s
s
3 cos (πt) Ans: 2
s + π2
s 2 + 2ω 2
4 cos2 (ωt) Ans: 3
s + 4sω 2
5s 3
5 5 cosh(2t) − 3 sinh(t) Ans: 2 −
s − 4 s2 − 1
 πt  π2
6 sin2 Ans:
2 2s + 2π 2 s
3
ω
7 sin(ωt) cos(ωt) Ans: 2
s + 4ω 2

MD Hassan Faruk Lecture Slide: Complex Variable, Laplace Transform

January
and z-transformation
30, 2024 7 / 28
Exercise II
2 Application of s-shifting
1
1 e2t sinh t Ans:
s 2 − 4s + 3
4
2 e−t sinh 4t Ans: 2
s + 2s − 15
3 e −t (cos(4t) − 2 sin(4t)) Ans: s 2 +2s+17
s−7

12
4 12t exp(−3t) Ans:
(s + 3)2
2!
5 t 2 e −3t Ans:
(s + 3)3
k(s + a)
6 ke −at cos(ωt) Ans:
(s + a)2 + ω 2
π
7 0.5e −4.5t sin(2πt) Ans:
(s + 4.5)2 + (2π)2
8 sinh(t) cos(t) Ans: 2(s 2s−1 s+1
−2s+2) − 2(s 2 +2s+2)
2
9 t 2 e 2t Ans: (s−2) 3
3t 12
10 12te Ans: (s−3)2

MD Hassan Faruk Lecture Slide: Complex Variable, Laplace Transform

January
and z-transformation
30, 2024 8 / 28
Exercise III

2 3
11 e t (t 2 + sin (3t)) Ans: (s−1)3 + (s−1)2 +9
12 e −3t (t + 4)2 Ans: 16 8 2
s+3 + (s+3)2 + (s+3)3

MD Hassan Faruk Lecture Slide: Complex Variable, Laplace Transform

January
and z-transformation
30, 2024 9 / 28
Exercise IV
3 Laplace Transform by unit step function
f (t) = t (0 < t < 2) Ans: s12 − e −2s s12 + 2s


1
−2s
2 f (t) = t − 2 (t > 2) Ans: e s 2
−πs
s
3 f (t) = cos(4t) (0 < t < π) Ans: s 2 +16 − se2 +16s
1
π 1−e − 2 π(s−1)
4 f (t) = e t (0 < t < 2) Ans: s−1
πe −4s (e 2s −1)
5 f (t) = sin(πt) (2 < t < 4) Ans: s 2 +π 2
−πt e −4(s+π) (e 2(s+π) −1)
6 f (t) = e (2 < t < 4) Ans: s+π
−2s s
7 f (t) = t 2
(1 < t < 2) Ans: e (−4s(s+1)+e s3
(s(s+2)+2)−2)

− 3s
2
8 f (t) = t 2 (t > 32 ) Ans: e (3s(3s+4)+8)
4s 3  
e4
9 f (t) = sinh(t) (0 < t < 2) Ans: s 21−1 + 12 e −2(s+1) s+1 1
− s−1
πs
e− 2 s+e −πs
10 f (t) = sin(t) ( π2 < t < π) Ans: s 2 +1
32e −s/4 8e −s/4 −s/4
11 f (t) = 16t 2 u(t − 14 ) Ans: s3 + s2 +e s
3
t e 2 −3s
12 f (t) = e u(t − 3)
2 Ans: s− 12

MD Hassan Faruk Lecture Slide: Complex Variable, Laplace Transform

January
and z-transformation
30, 2024 10 / 28
Exercise V

e −2πs
13 f (t) = u(t − 2π) sin(t) Ans: s 2 +1
4 Laplace Transformation by differentiation
s 2 −16
1 t cos 4t Ans: (s 2 +16)2
2 t 2 e−3t Ans: 2
(s+3)3
2s 2
3 t cos(t) + sin(t) Ans: (s 2 +1)2

MD Hassan Faruk Lecture Slide: Complex Variable, Laplace Transform

January
and z-transformation
30, 2024 11 / 28