JANUARY 2023 TERM 1 WORK STUDY GUIDE FOR PROGRESSED LEARNERS BY MAKHONYA (TC CELE ) BANQOBILE HIGH SCHOOL THER IN SUMMARY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE CELLS LOW PRESSURE GH PRESSURE — ‘Cold /sinking air/heavy air ( winter) Hotfight/ rising air (summer) Divergence occurs in a high pressure Convergence occurs in a low pressure Tiighest air pressure in the Center Lowest air pressure in the centre ‘Air movement is anticlockwise in the S.H & clocKwise in NH in S.H and in anticlockwise in N.H Stable conditions (calm ,clear) UNSTABLE WEATHER conditions (rain wind ) MIDLATITUDE CYCLONE CONCEPT ~ 1.a large lowpressure system made up of warm and cold front also calkled extra tropica cyclone /extra tropical cyclone , temperate depression/ frontal system 2. it’s a low pressure system develops a long polar front in the westerly wind belt its is also associated with unstable weather conditions (2) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Moves from west to east / east ward Steered by the westerlies in the westerly wind belt Made up of cold front and warm front Occur throughout but affect south Africa in winter Polar front is found at 60...... degress (1) Define polar front -a zone where cold polar air mass ( easterlies ) &warm tropical air mass meet (2) Cyclone family is — formation of cyclones in groups in a quick succession (2) Midlatitude cyclone they affect in winter because - its shift to the north with the apparent movement of the sun (2)CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR ITS FORMATION * Warm and cold air meets at the polar front ‘* Both air masses moves at opposite direction . Frictional drag takes place ( differences I speed/an uneven surface over which ‘they move/ temperature differences in land and sea surface ) ITS STAGES Initial stage ‘Wave formation Mature stage Occlusion stage 4xi=4 BRIEFLY DISCUSS THE MATURE AND OCCLUSION STAGE * MATURE STAGE * Cold and warm front are fully developed & form v shape * Lowest air pressure in the centre with a steep pressure gradient 2 X 2 (4) OCCLUSSION STAGE. * Cold front catches up with warm front at the apex * Occurs because cold air moves faster than warm air 2X 1-2 DRAW AND LABEL THE CROSS SECTION OF A MID LATITUDE CYCLONE (4) cumulonimbus DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT == Easterly‘THE IMPACTS OF A MID LATITUDE CYCLONE THE PHYSICAL ( ENVIRONMENTAL ) POSITIVE More water restores natural environ More water fill up dams and rivers NEGETIVE Flooding destroys ecosystem Flooding affect biodiversity Ecosystem and biodiversity is established Allows under ground water to increases Aesthetic appeal over the environment Soil erosion affect / pollutes the rivers and fertile soil is washed away Disruption of the habitat by strong flooding SOCIAL (6X1)6 POSITIVE NEGETIVE Sufficient water for domestic usage Flooding kills people More water to encourage daily activities eg farming practise Flooding destroy peoples property Flooding affect the dail human activities eg farming activities ‘Approaching cold front cause serious flooding which damages infrustructures and affects crops ECONOMICAL (6x1)6 POSITIVE NEGETIVE Generating of hdro electricity Practice of water sport games Recreational use and attracts tourist to enjoy games Flo0ding destroy communication structures like roads hence trade is affected Insurance claims increses and has a negative impact on the economy (2x1)2BRIEFLY DISCUSS THE MATURE AND OCCLUSION STAGE * MATURE STAGE Pressure at the centre is below 1000mb ‘+ Isobars closed together ( steep pressure gradient) 2X 2 (4) DISSIPATING STAGE. * Decay when pressure increases to 1000mb * When it moves to land -less moister and more friction which decrease wind speed * Itenters cold ocean moisture supply is cut off due to less evaporation2 x 2=4 ‘What happens if the eyclone approaches in terms of the following * CLOUD COVER- overcast conditions * WINDS: strong gale force winds + PRECITIPATION- torrential rain fall appears Conditions associated with an eye Y Calm ,windless,rainless, lowest air pressure subsiding air Reason — strong sinking air prevent .surface air from ring to from clouds thus artificial wall is created DRAW AND LABEL THE CROSS SECTION OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE (4) subsiding yyTHE PHYSICAL ( ENVIRONME [PosiTi Pe Heavy rain fill up dams and rivers Rainfall replenish underground water ¢ and rock falls on on jlandstic p slopes give a rise to storm surges that reshape the coastline Floods and salt water destroy erops Uproot trees and destroys vegetation Flooding destroys ecosystem ,biodiversity k of clean water amaged sewerage pipes result in pollution SOCTAL [POSITIVE NEGETIVE Torrential rain results in risk of flooding Loss and damage of homes More water for domestic usage Rain replenish water in dams ‘Outbreak of deseases eg cholerha,typhoid ete Death and injuries on people and animals because of wind, floods and storm surge More water for irrigation (farming area) Strong winds damage and shatter windows and rip off roofs ECONOMICAL (6x1)6 POSITIVE NEGETIVE Generation of hydroelectricity since dams will be filed with water/ Crop production with yield increases to benefit GDP/ Outdoor activities takes place like boating, canoeing due to sufficient water in dams and rivers Floods can damage crops and impact economy negative / Insurance companies suffer heavy losses due to large amount of money being paid out! Businesses shut down ,damage in harbor and airports thus no trading is possible (x1j2place sand bags along the rivers to prevent flood in tock more essentials Ike canned food, water attertes Avold to construct houses In the lower lylng arens avold severe damage from flooding © Move the castle in people Into higher ground to avald flooding © Listen to weather forecast from time fo time and remain Indoors until weather clears or storm passes TROPICAL CYCLONE CONCEPT -1.low pressure system occurs between 5 and 25 degrees of N/S In the easterly wind belt Its also associated with harsh unstable weather conditions 2. a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by low pressure centre,strong spiraring winds and thunderstorm clouds that produce heavy rain fall(2) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Eye in the centre they are named alphabetical Developed between 5 & 25 og N/S of the equator Occur in the easterly wind belt and moves east to west or westward Ocean temp must at 27 degress and above to develop intense low pressure system(5 x1) =5 Local name in America-HURRICANES Madagascar- TROPICAL CYCLONES eee CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR ITS FORMATION Sea surface must be at 27 degrees and above for evaporation to take place . ‘© Developes at 5 and 25 of N/S because Coriolis force is higher © Calm conditions © With upper divergence x 1 = 4 ITS STAGES * Initial, immature, mature, dissipating 4x1=4ST a ‘TRATEGIES AND PRE CAUTIONAL MI TROPICAL CYCLONE (4x1) 4 HE, IMPACTS OF Stock up canned food and water supplies + Move cattl * Place sa and other stock to higher grounds of the river to prevent flooding ut for lower lying areas peoples me to ensure the safety low lying arcas to protect people against flooding * Evacuate ADVANTAGES OF USING SATELI ¥ Data received on real time Used to predict the path of cyclones to prepare for arrival of cyclones Y Data collected in very inaccessible areas (2 x 1)2 HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEMS OVER SOUTH AFRICA Kalahari high Found over the interior of country& domina summer / : tes in winter but shrinks in any cra iis South atlantic high | South indian high Located on the west coast of SA over | On the east coast of S.A | atlatic ocean | Produce clear dry and stable weather | In summer found away from land in conditions along the west (namib dessert south on shore winds carry moist air \ due to...winds diverge are dry since inland the eastern part of S.A receives there’s a little evaporation over cold | more rain fall in summer ocean In winter found closer to land in the north / grater path is dry since wind has | | a small fetch it carries to the interior Cold air over Atlantic ocean is associated | Blocking high- because its lies in the path with sinking air that prevents air form | of midlatitude cyclone its blocks it and rising and cooling to produce rain pushes it further south before it passes Fog and mist precipitation is found Ridging is indicated by elongated isobars from high pressure cell, diverts moist air from over indian ocean onto land , rain occurs along south east coast and eastern LL platewer to the land because- they moves with the « itez shift to the north Both high pressure in winter pparent movement of the su TRAVELLING DISTURBANCES DRAW A CROSS SECTION OF LINE THUNDERSTORMS dryai cold ay a te22+ moisture front ANNA ine thunderstorms Line thunderstorms concept ...its a gusty storm with a heavy rainfall or hail which takes place along a moisture front. (2) Moisture front - a boundary over the interior where warm , moist air blowing from the north east ( indian ocean) meets cool, dry air from the south west (atlatic ocean). (2) How do they formed- forms over the interior where cold and dry air masses (south- westerly winds) from Atlantic ocean meets the warm ,moist(north easterly winds ) masses from indian ocean...(4) Kalahari shift because-they move in a north easterly direction and this causes Kalahari to shift Q) They takes place on the east of moisture front because ¥ High moisture content Airis unstable Y Strong upliftment of warm ,moist arePhysical (environmental ) impacts. [positive negetive Fill up the dams and rivers Lightning produce nitrates which are needed by soil for some plants to grow Well (natural fertilizer of soi Heavy rain promotes flooding which destroys the ecosystem Restore back the environment (greening the environment through more rain which irrigates the environment Relief drought in the interior Flooding destroys the biodiversity Food chain / food web they also affected by flooding Lightning destroys crops Silt deposited into rivers and this pollutes the rivers / fertile soil washed away by soil erosion Increase the aesthetic appeal of the environment ( they beautify the environment ) Socio /economic impacts Positive Negative More water for domestic use Flooding destroys people’s property Lightning can Kill livestock cause a huge loss to the farmer More water for human activities e.g farming practice More water to generate hydro electricity More water for water sports games e.g boating and canoeing Sufficient water for recreational use Enough water for industrial use Through flooding some people drown and die in the process Soil erosion and silt deposited into rivers This affect outdoor activities and limits water sport gamesFOLLOWING Warm, moist air can reach plateau > ‘weakly developed with to descends inversion layer below the thus warm ,mosist air is able to rise higher above the escarpment to form Indian coulds and rainfall (4) Ocean [On agriculture Positiv Dams and rivers are thus more water for Flooding destroy the crops increased Soil erosion removes fertile soil Crop production increases with a yield | Flooding decreases the yield with a crop production More jobs in the farming area Social Flooding affect human act like farming / More water for domestic usage and human activities / some people's property is affected due to more water to generate hydro elect flooding Flooding destroys the natural environment? Physical - more water fill up dam and rivers | ecosystem / biodiversity Aesthetic appeal of the environment is Food chain and food web is affected by the improved flooding :AFRICA IS INFLUENCED BY THE FOLLOWING Descending air of Kalahari HP r eiouacess iit U | 1 DRY Raa nas {CONDITIONS feTmoeNs Warm, Moist aC air blocked Cold (rc) why rainfall is lacking in WINTER -Kalahart is fully developed with lower temperatures ,strong subsiding air descends the inversion layer below the escarpment smosit warm air from indian ocean is blocked to creates rainfall (4) Its impacts on agricultural activity — less water for irrigation of crops, crops will fail to grow well/ less yield with less crop production (2x 2)4Pens WINDS - are hot/ & dry gusty winds that blows from interior of the country to '€ coast during winter months of April to September . They occur if when pressure cells present. - degree/100m) raises the temperatures of coastal areas I Subsiding air WINTER Escarpment Surface. > 9 winds \ cftoon Subsides D- ALA warmer Warm dry ‘They are hot and dry — because they are originating on land/over interior where there is & le moisture They are eliminated by- cold front When they reach the coast — hot and dry conditions experienced because they warms up adiabatically / descending air is stable and condensation does not occur Steep gradient influence S.A bergwinds — its increases wind speed stronger & the air heats up quickly Linked to fires due to — lack of moisture makes it easier for grass to burn / unusually high temperature in winter / vegetation in winter is dry due to lack of rain Its physical impacts - positive ~ PROMOTES seed germination / ash from veld fires act as a fertilizer for the development and growth of new vegetation / raises the temperature of coastal areas in winter Negative - plants ( natural vegetation /pasturage / grazing land ) dry out due to the hot dry winds / high evaporation rate reduce moisture content / veld fires disrupt the ecosystem food chain and food web networks / natural vegetation is destroyed by veld fires a4. Coastal low pressure creases / aged and young ty levels / poultry srg winds conditions (stand ,. skin burns and smoke can cause dehydration of ty of motorists is affected and s before thrown it away (o reduce fires / install sprinklers to reduce burning of crops / ‘dams in farms to reduce veld fires / watch ers {o scan fires as early detenction minimizes fires meter of 100 km / develops on west interact with Kalahari high to form berg-winds Thermal /heat low — in summer land is heated intensely over the central / cumulonimbus clouds cause convective thunder storms over interior Cut off low- its forms when cold front arm is cut off from the rest of the cyclone n over land , it’s a temporal condition . cause moist air from sea to land and cause rain fall for several days Isobarie patterns Wedge! ‘Trough — outward curve / elongation of isobars away from low pressure cell {ge - outward curve /elongation of isobars away from high pressure cell Saddle — zone of constant pressure between 2 cyclones (lows Jor antclones (high)cells 2. Thermal Heat low (3. Cutoff lowDe (el In southern hemisphere north facing slope- receives direct sunrays /slope is warmer (higher temperatures) Higher evaporation rates will be higher /drier Farming — north facing slopes favour the growth of crops require sunlight /less moisture ( deciduos fruits/sun loving /thin skinned layer ) eg grapes /apples /pear requires sunlight to be ripen and sweetened People prefer to settle on warmer north facing slope /save energy on north facing slope On south facing slope — receives indirect /oblique sun rays Cooler south facing slope are not favorable for human settlement (colder and not ideal for human settlement due to receiving more precipitation and fog not which is not favorable for settlement Encourages product that that require cooler conditions with more moisture ( thick skinned /citrus / lemons /oranges / Dense vegetation /forest are on south facing slope due to moist and cool conditions /higher moisture content/indirect sun rays Sparse vegetation /grass and succulents found on warm /dry north facing slopeValley winds Katabatie /downslope/gravitational | Anabatie (upslope) winds Winds Occur at night when slopes| Occurs durin the day when cools through earth radiation, the slope are heated causing cold air sinks under influence the warm air to rise against of force of gravity to valley the slopes floor ¥ Its gentle movement of air up Cold air undercut warm ai the slope and forces to rise resulting in| | ¥ Its importance is that they an inversion (thermal release pollutants into lower belty/warmest part of valley atmosphere by industries Dew point temperature drops located within the valley to freezing t (frost pockets forms) Radiation froms due to calm condition,clear skies stable atmosphering conditions Influence on katabatic on farming Y Oranges on valley floor due to cold conditions suit maturing of crops before harvesting and destroy insect pests Y Deciduous apples and pears plant on warmest part since require sun shine to be pen ¥ Frost resistant crops on valley floor like tubers. /soil is kept moist by melting snow Settlement — land and property value are higher on warm middle slope next to (thermal belt) Cold valley floor is not suitable for valley floor /transport — fog occurs on calm cloudless night in valley its reduce visibility motorists cause the accidents