vk;.V.>jkpo; - Kjyhkhz;L - Kjw;gUtk;.

31914 - ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;

ghlj; jpl;lk; - nghUslf;fk;.

Nehf;fk;:
fiyapd; tbtKk; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jpwdha;itAk;>fw;gidgw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijAk;
khzhf;fh;fSf;FmwpTWj;Jjy;

gpupT– 1 :jpwdha;Tk; tiffSk; gf;fk;

$W 1 ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gk; Nehf;fKk; - --- 1

jpwdha;thshpd; jFjpfs; - jpwdha;tpd; gad;

$W 2 : ,yf;fpaf; fy;tp- ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tj; njhlh;Gfs;- -- 16

njhy;fhg;gpaKk; jkpo;j; jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gilfSk;
jkpo;j;jpwdha;tpd; tsh;r;rpAk; tuyhWk;

$W 3 : jpwdha;T tiffs; - tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T --- 31

kjpg;gPl;LKiwj; jpwdha;T

$W 4 : xg;gPlL
; Kiwj; jpwdha;T– -- 38
ghuhl;LKiwj; jpwdha;T- ,tw;iwvLj;Jf;fhl;Lld;mwpjy;

gpupT– 2 : fw;gid>czh;r;rp

$W 5 : fw;gid -vd;wnrhy;ypd; tpsf;fKk; Ml;rpAk; - --- 50

fw;gidgw;wpmbrd;- tpy;ypak;ja;yh;.
Nth;l]
; ; xh;j;.- Nfhyphpl;[;- .hpr;rh;l;];MfpNahhpd; tpsf;fq;fs;

$W 6 : fw;gidapd; tiffs; - --- 74

tho;f;ifAk; fw;gidAk; - ,y;ydgilj;jy; -
cyfpaw; fw;gid– my; ,aw;iff; fw;gid
$W 7 : ,yf;fpaKk; czh;r;rpAk; -
,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ey;yczh;r;rpfs; --- 96

$W 8 : ,yf;fpak; nebJtho;tjw;Fj; jf;fczh;r;rpfs; --- 111

njhy;fhg;gpanka;g;ghLfs;

gpupT– 3 : czu;r;rptbtk;

$W 9 : fiyAk; tbtKk; -
,yf;fpaKk; fUj;Jk;- xypeaj;jpd; rpwg;G --- 127

$W 10 : xypeaKk; czh;r;rpAk; -
czh;r;rpf;Nfw;wgb tbtkhw;wk; --- 151

$W 11 : jpwdha;T : Itifg; ghh;itfs; -mwtpay; -r%ftpay;- --- 167

gpupT– 4 : ,yf;fpa ,af;fk;;

$W 12 : cstpay; - njhy;gbktpay; - khdpltpay; - --- 190

$W 13 : ,yf;fpa ,af;fq;fs; - elg;gpay; -

Gidtpay; - nrt;tpay; - Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpmwpjy; --- 205
-
$W 14 : jkpo; Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;Jjy; -
FwpaPl;bay; - cUj;Njhw;wtpay; --- 221

khjphp tpdhj;jhs; --- 234

 gpupT-1 : jpwdha;Tk; tiffSk;

$W: 1 ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gk;Nehf;Fk;

jpwdha;T vd;w nrhy;> ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;vj;jifaJ vt;thW mJ

ntsp;g;gLfpwJ vd;gij ikakhff; nfhz;L> mj;jifa jpwid
;Ma;jy;;’ vd;w nghUspy; xU njhifr;nrhy;yhf cUthf;fk;
ngw;wJ. ‘Critic’ vd;w nrhy;iyKjd;Kjyhf ,yf;fpaj;NjhL
njhlh;GgLj;jp Ngrpath;> Mq;fpy ehl;bd; kpfr;rpwe;j
ciueilahrpupaUk;>rpe;jidahsUkhd/gpuhd;rp];Ngf;fd;Mthh;.
kdpjd; jd;idr; #o;e;Jk; jd;dplKk; fhzg;gLfpd;w epfo;rr ; pfs;
Fwpj;J cUthf;Fk; vjph;tpid my;yJ gpujpgypg;G vd;gdNt
jpwdha;tpd; njhlf;fkhf mikfpd;wd. ,e;j vjph;tpid my;yJ
gpujpgypg;G ,yf;fpak; Fwpj;jjhf mikfpw NghJ mJ ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;T vd;w ngaiug;ngWfpwJ.

Nehf;fk;:
jpwdha;tpd;Nehf;fk;> mbg;gilapy; ,yf;fpaj;ij ikakpl;lJ.
NkYk;> ,yf;fpaj;ij xU jskhff; nfhz;L> jpwdha;T xU
mwpTj; Njlyhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,yf;fpak; vjid
ikakpl;lJ? jpwdha;T>,g;gb tpdhf;fis vOg;GfpwJ. tpdhf;fis
vjph;nfhz;L tpilfisAk; jUfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;ij tpsf;fp
kjpg;gPL nra;fpwJ. jpwdha;T> nghUj;jkhd jsq;fspy; fhYhd;wp>
,yf;fpaj;jpd; ,aq;FepiyfisAk; Nfhzq;fisAk; gFj;J
Muha;tij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. jpwdha;T vd;gJ xU
njhFjpahf mike;Js;s> ghuk;ghpak; kpf;f xU nkhopapd;
,yf;fpar; nry;tq;fSs; rpwe;jtw;iwj; njhpT nra;J
$WtJ.rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fspd; rpwg;ghd gz;Gfs; Kjypy; xU
jpwdha;thsdhy; czug;gLfpd;wd. ,J Kjy; epiy. gpd;dh;
rpwg;Gf;fs; mwptpd; Jiz nfhz;L mwpag;ngWfpd;wd. %d;whtJ
xU gilg;gpd; rpwg;Gf;fSk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk;
tpsf;fg;ngWfpd;wd. vdNt xU jpwdha;T vd;gJ czh;jy;>
mwpjy;> tpsf;Fjy; vd;w %d;W gzpfisr; nra;tjhf
mikfpd;wJ.xU gilg;igg; gd;Kiw gbj;J> xU jpwdha;thsd;>
mg;gilg;G $Wk; nra;jpfspd; nghUj;jKilik my;yJ
nghUj;jkpd;ik Kjypatw;iw kjpg;gPL nra;fpwhd;.,yf;fpaj;jpy;
ntspg;gilahfg; Gyg;gl;Lj; Njhd;Wfpw> rpy $Wfs; cz;L.
kiwnghUshfj; Njhd;Wfpw rpy ,ay;Gfs; cz;L.
kiwnghUshfj; Njhd;Wfpw nra;jpfspy; ftpQdpd; gilg;G
Nehf;fk;> fiyAs;sk; Gije;J fplf;Fk;. kiwe;J fplf;fpd;w
ftpQdpd; cs;sj;ij ntspf;nfhzh;tJ jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gfspy;

1
xd;whFk; vd jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gfshf Kidth; jh.V.Qhd%h;j;jp;;
$Wfpwhh;.

tpthjpj;J mwpjy;
,yf;fpak; gw;wpg; Nghfpw Nghf;fpy; NkNyhl;lkhff; $wg;gLk;
fUj;Jf;fisj; jtph;j;Jk; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ,ay;Gfis Kiwg;gb
tpthjpj;J mwpjYk; jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;ghFk;.gilg;ghspiaAk;
thrfidAk; neUf;fkhf ,Uf;FkhW ,izj;J itf;fpwJ. rpy
gilg;ghspfs; jq;fs; kdepiyf;F Vw;wthW vOJthh;fs;|
gilg;ghsp vOjf;$ba midj;ijAk; xU thrfd; Ghpe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;w eph;;ge;jk; vJTkpy;iy. xU Fwpg;gpl;l gilg;ghsp
jdJ ftpij xd;wpy; vd;d nra;jpiaf; $w tUfpwhh; vd;gNj xU
rpy rkaq;fspy; Ghpahky; Ngha;tplf;$Lk;. ,jdhy; gilg;gpd;
Nehf;fk; Ghpahky; thrfd; kdf;Fog;gk; miltJz;L| ‘,th; vd;d
vOj;J vOjpapUf;fpwhh; Ghpatpy;iyNa’ vd;W kd tpuf;jp
miltJz;L. thrfdpd; ,f;Fog;gj;ij ePf;fp> Ghpahj
,lq;fisg; Ghpa itj;J mtidg; gilg;ghspf;F kpf
neUf;fj;jpy; nfhz;L nry;Yk; gzpiaj; jpwdha;T nra;fpwJ.
gilg;gpd; rpwg;Gf;fs; midj;Jk; xNu thrpg;gpy; thrfdhy; Ghpe;J
nfhs;sg;ngWtjpy;iy. ,j;jifa jUzq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l
,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; rpwg;Gf;$Wfisj; jpwdha;T vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ
vd czuyhk;.

jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gfs;:
 Kd;dNu gilf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
czh;r;rp> fw;gid> tbtk; Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L rpy Nfhl;ghLfis cUthf;fyhk;.

 ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpw;Fhpa cz;ik| moFNghd;w %y

Mjhu Cw;Wf;fisf; fhl;Ljy;.

 ,yf;fpa Efh;Tf;Fhpa topKiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;LtJ|

,yf;fpar; RitQDf;Fhpa jFjpfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;LtJ.

 ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspahf;Fk; thrfDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

,ilntspiaf; Fiwj;jy;.

 ,yf;fpaq;fspd; epiwFiwfisf; fz;lwpe;J $WtJ.

2
  rpwe;j ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fhpa
mbg;gilfisg; gilg;ghspfSf;F czh;j;JtJ
(R.ghyr;re;jpud;> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T> g.9.)
Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nray;ghLfis Mw;WtJjhd;
jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;G| “,it midj;ijAk; mwptpay;
Kiwapy; Mw;WtJ vJNth mJNt ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;T” vd;W R.ghyr;re;jpud; $Wfpwhh;| ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gfs; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW
nra;jpfisf; fhZk;NghJ jpwdha;T vd;gJ
gilg;ghspiaj; jf;f Kiwapy; ,dq;fhl;LtijAk;
thrfDf;Fj; jf;f gilg;Gf;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;LtijAk;
gy rkaq;fspy; gilg;ghspfl;Nf topfhl;Ltjhfj;
jpwdha;T mikfpwJ vd;w cz;ikia czuyhk;.
RUq;ff; $Wtjhf ,Ue;jhy; “ftpQdpd; Ntiy
ntspg;gl;Lf; fplg;gdtw;iw cs;Ns kiwj;J itg;gJ|
jpwdha;tpd; Ntiy kiwe;J fplg;gdtw;iw
ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ” jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gfs; gw;wpg;
Nguhrphpah; R.ghyr;re;jpud; fUj;Jk; ,q;F
Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.(R.ghyr;re;jpud;> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T>
g.9.)

jpwdha;thsd;- jFjpfs;:

jpwdha;thsd; xUey;y thrfdhfTk; nghWg;Gs;s kdpjdhfTk;

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.. jhd; jpwdha;tpd; eilKiwapy; Kjw;gzp>
jFjpahd ,yf;fpaj;ijj; Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;tjhFk;. xU
ey;yjpwdha;thsd;> nghWg;Gs;s ,yf;fpathjpahfTk; xU
jpwdha;thsd; vd;w czh;TlDk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
fiy> ,yf;fpak; Kjypad vd;W Kjd; Kjypy;
Njhd;wpdNth md;Nw mJ Fwpj;j kjpg;gPLfis ciuf;Fk;
KiwAk; Njhd;wpaJ vd;W $wyhk;. ftpQh; xUtiuf; Fwpj;J
kw;nwhUth; cah;thff; $wpAs;sikf;Fr; rhd;Wfs; kpFjpahff;
fhl;lyhk;.

Nrukhd; khe;juUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw vd;w kd;ddpd;

ntw;wpr; rpwg;igg; ghl Kaw;rp nra;j Gyth; nghUe;jpy;,sq;fPudhh;
ghba GwehDhw;Wg; ghlypd; fUj;J ,q;Ff; Fwpg;glj;jf;fJ> Nru
kd;ddpd; ngUikfisj; jd;dhy; KOikahfg; Gide;J ghbtpl
,ayhJ vd;Wk; mj;jifa Mw;wYilath; fgpyh; vd;w Gyth;jhd;
vd;Wk; nghUe;jpy; ,sq;fPudhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;| mg;ghly; thpfs;
tUkhW:

3
 “nrWj;j nra;As; nra;nre;ehtpd;
ntWj;j Nfs;tp tpsq;F Gfo;f; fgpyd;
,d;Wsdhapd; ed;Wkd; vd;w epd;
MLnfhs; thpirf;F xg;gg;
ghLtd; kd;dhy; ghpftiuf; flh;Ng”
(Gwk; : 53)

,g;ghly; thpfspy; fgpyhpd; ftpijj; jpwd; Fwpj;J Nrukhd;

fUj;Jk;> mjid mt;thNw Vw;Wf; nfhz;L topnkhopAk; Gythpd;
$w;Wk; vz;zpg; ghh;f;fj;jf;fit| ,Uthpd; rpe;jidfSk; fgpyhpd;
Gyikj;jpwk; Fwpj;j kjpg;gPL vd;why; kpifahfhJ. vdNt
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfl;F Kd;Ng jkpopy; jpwdha;T Njhd;wptpl;lJ
vd;why; mJ kpifay;y vdyhk;.

xU Gytuhy; mtuJ ftpijiaf; Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;J

$wtpayhJ vd;gJ rhf;uB]; fz;l KbT. Mdhy; ftpijiag;
gbf;Fk; mwpQd; xUtDf;F mf;ftpijapd; El;gq;fis vspjhf
tpsf;fpf; $wptpl ,aYk;. ,t;tifapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ
gilg;ghspiatpl> jpwdha;thsd; kpf ,d;wpaikahjtdhf
,Uf;fpd;whd; vd;W $wyhk;. xU gilg;ghsp kdpj tho;f;if jUk;
mDgtq;fisj; jd; Nghf;fpy; tphpj;Jiuf;fpwhd;| ,d;dtifapy;
jhd; gilg;ghsp jd; ftpijia cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
tpjpKiwfs; ,y;iy| gilg;ghsp Rje;jpukhdtd;| mtdJ
kNdhjh;kNk mtDf;F msTNfhy;. Mdhy; jpwdha;thsd; xU
Nfhzj;jpy; gilg;ghsp Nghy czh;Tj; jsj;jpy; ,aq;Fgtdhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;| mNj rkaj;jpy; czh;Tj; jsj;jpy; Kw;wpYk;
jd;idf; fiuj;Jf; nfhs;shky;> Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhz;l
gilg;ig eLTepiyikAld; epd;W mwpthuha;r;rpf;F cfe;jthW
jpwdwpe;J kjpg;gplTk; Ntz;Lk;.
jpwdha;thsd; vd;gtd; fiyQdhfTk;> fiyQid
tpl> Nkk;gl;ltdhfTk;> xNu rkaj;jpy; jpfo Ntz;badtdhfpwhd;.
vdNt jpwdha;thsd; gzp kpfTk; fLikahdjhf cs;snjd;W
$wyhk;| ,j;jifa fLikahd gzpfSk; nghWg;Gk; kpf;f
jpwdha;thsDf;Fr; rpy jFjpfs; ,d;wpaikahJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.;
mit> rhpahd gilg;Gf;fisj; njhpT nra;Ak;
Mw;wy;>eLTepiyik> gd;Dhw;Gyik>Ez;zpamwpT> JzpTilik
>Ehyhrphpahpd; czh;TfSld; xj;jpirjy;> Neub mDgtk;
cilik> mwptpay; ghh;it>. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; kjpg;ig mse;J
$We;jpwd;> fLikahd gzpfSk; nghWg;Gk;kpf;f
jpwdha;thsDf;F ,j;jifa jFjpfs; ,d;wpaikahJ ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

4
,yf;fpag; gilg;igj; njhpT nra;Ak; jpwd;:

jpwdha;thsd; jhd; gilg;gpidg; gue;Jgl;l thrfh;

cyfj;ij Nehf;fpf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; gzpiar; nra;fpd;wtd;.
vdNt xU jpwdha;thsd;> jd; fUj;Jf;fs; r%fj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa
cyfpYk; rpy khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jf; $bait vd;w
czh;r;rpAld; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdNt xU jpwdha;thsd;
Ma;;tpw;Fhpa Ehypidj; njspT nra;tjpy; jFe;j
gapw;rpAiladhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xU Ehypid Vd; Ma;T
nra;a Ntz;Lk;? ,jdhy; r%f tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ,yf;fpa
tsh;r;rpf;Fk; tpisaf; $ba ed;ikfs; vd;d? gilg;ghspfspd;
r%fg; ghh;it vt;tifapy; jdJ Ma;tpdhy; khw;wkilaf; $Lk;
vd;gJ gw;wpnay;yhk; rpe;jpj;J xU jpwdha;thsd; Ma;Tf;Fhpa
,yf;fpag; gilg;igj; njhpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. rhd;whf> jkpo;j;
jpwhdha;Tyfpy; khw;wq;fis cUthf;fpa Ma;Tfs; rpytw;iwf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. jkpo; nkhop Fwpj;j Ra Nkd;ik czh;Tfs; jkpof
,yf;fpa> murpay; cyfpy; epytpa NghJ fyhepjp
f.ifyhrgjpapd; jkpo; tPuAfg; ghly;fs; gw;wpa Ma;T
ntspte;jJ| ,jd; gpd;dh; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fisf;
fz;%bj;jdkhfg; Nghw;whky;> mwptpay; topepd;W rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspd; Nkd;ikia vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Nghf;F jkpo;
Ma;Tyfpy; Njhd;wpaJ.;. jpwdha;thsd; jdJ Ma;Tf;F chpa
Ehypid Kjw;fz; njhpT nra;tjpy; cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
ed;F czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

jpwdha;thsdpd; jiyaha gzp:

,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;ghfj; jkpof tuyhw;wpy;

nkhopAzh;tpdhy; Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lq;fSk; tpisTfSk; gythFk;.
vdNt ve;jj; jdpkdpjDf;Fk; mtdJ jha;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;
cah;thdJjhd;. Mdhy; xU jdpkdpjd; jpwdha;thsdhf
cUkhWk;NghJ Kjypy; mtd; jpahfk; nra;a Ntz;baJ tpUg;G
ntWg;Gzh;rr; piaj;jhd; vd;W $wyhk;. jdJ jha;nkhop
,yf;fpak;jhd; cah;e;jJ vd;Wk; gpw jho;e;jdntd;Wk; ve;ehSk;
xUtd; fUjptplyhfhJ| midj;jpyf;fpaq;fSk; kdpj ,dj;jpd;
Kd; nghJ vd;w czh;Tld;jhd; jpwdha;thsd; ,yf;fpaj;ij
mZf Ntz;Lk;.

xU jpwdha;thsDf;F vj;jidNah tifahd fUj;Jr;

rhh;G epiyfs; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;| mitaidj;ijAk;
nfhz;byq;Ffpd;w ,yf;fpaq;fs; jhd; cah;e;jit vd;Wk;
Vidait jho;e;jit vd;Wk; fUjpf; nfhz;L jpwdhag; GFjy;
jtW. jdJ fUj;Jr; rhh;Gf;F khwhd nfhs;iffis

5
vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Ehy; vdpDk;> mjd; rpwg;Gf;fis kiwf;fhky;
vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJjhd; jpwdha;thsdpd; jiyaha gzp.
eLTepiyik vd;gJ jpwdha;thsdpd; mbg;gilj; NjitahFk;.

gd;Dhw; Gyik:

jpwdha;thsd; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kl;Lkpd;wp> kdpj ,d tuyhW>

kdpj czh;Tfs;> kdpj Mw;wy;fs; Gyg;gl;Lj; Njhd;wf; $ba gy
JiwfspYk; Gyik ngw;wtdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gy
Ehy;fspYk; Mokhd gl;lwpT cilatdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
jpwdha;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhz;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd; rpwg;ig>
mjw;Fs;NsNa epd;W nfhz;L tpsf;FtJ rpwe;j Kiwjhd;:
vdpDk; rpw;rpy rkaq;fspy; xU Ehypd; rpwg;Gf;fis tpsf;f gpw
Ehy;fs; gw;wpa Mokhd mfykhd mwpTk; Njitjhd; vd;gJ
jpwdha;Tyfpy; epyTk; NgUz;ikahFk;.

jkpo;r; rpWfijg; gilg;ghsp xUth; kpfTk; rpwg;ghd

Kiwapy; r%fr; rpf;fy;fisf; ifahz;L rpWfijfs; Gide;J
tUfpwhh; vd;W $w tUtij NkYk; jpUj;jKwf; $w
Ntz;Lkhapd;> mtiu xj;j Mw;wYk; GfOk; cila gpw nkhopg;
gilg;ghspAld; ,izj;Jf; $w Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fg; gd;Dhw;
Gyik Njit.

ftpijj; jpwdha;tpy; rpy mhpa nra;jpfisj; njspthf

czh;tjw;Fk; tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; gd;DhywpT mtrpak; Njit.

Mokhd mwpT :

xU jpwdha;thsDf;Fg; gy; Jiwfs;> gy Ehy;fs; Fwpj;j

gue;Jgl;l mwpT ve;j msTf;Fj; NjitNah mNj mstpw;F
Ez;zpa mwpTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. Ez;zpa mwpntd;gJ xU
Jiw gw;wpa Mokhd mwpthFk;. xU Jiw gw;wpa Ez;zwpT
vd;gJ r%fj;jpd; gy Jiwfspy; tsh;e;J tUk; Nghf;fhFk;.
Kw;fhyj;jpy; nghJ kUj;Jth; vd;w xUtNu gy Neha;fSf;Fk;
rpfpr;ir mspj;jhh;| ,d;W r%f tsh;r;rpapy; fz;> fhJ> %f;F>
njhz;il> tapW> vYk;Gfs;> %is vd;Ws;sthW gy
cWg;Gf;fSf;Fk; jdpj;jdp kUj;Jth;fSk; kUj;Jt mwpTk;
ngUfpAs;sik vjidf; fhl;LfpwJ! Ez;zwptpd; Njit cUthfp
,Ug;gijj; jhNd!.

6
 rpWfij> GJf;ftpij> Gjpdk;> ehlfk;> fhg;gpak; Nghd;w
ve;j ,yf;fpa tifia Muhaj; jiyg;gLk;. jpwdha;thsd;
Kjw;fz; mt;tt; ,yf;fpa tifapd; ,ay;Gfs;> Njhw;wk;>tsh;r;rp>
tuyhw;W epiyfs;> khw;wq;fs; Kjypa $Wfs; midj;ijAk;
Mokhff; fw;Wzu Ntz;baJ mbg;gilj; NjitahFk;. If;$
ftpij gw;wp Muhaj;jiyg;gLgtd; mJ njhlh;ghd tuyhW>
nrd; Gj;j rkaf; Nfhl;ghLfs; Kjypa midj;ijAk;
mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

JzpTilik :

xU ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsd; jhd; vOjpa gilg;ig

kjpg;gpLk; gzpiar; nra;gtdy;yd;| gpwh; xUth; gilj;j
,yf;fpaj;ij kjpg;gpLgtd;| jdJ kjpg;gPLfis mwptpay;
topepd;W elj;Jgtd; mwptpay; topepd;W nra;ag;gLk; jpwdha;tpy;
tpisAk; fUj;J my;yJ kjp;g;gPL midtUf;Fk; cfe;jjhf
,Ue;Nj jPu Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;iy| rpy rkaq;fspy; Kuz;gl;l
KbTfs;> vjph;kiw KbTfs; $l ntspg;glyhk;. vdpDk;
jpwdha;thsd; jhd; Ma;e;J fz;l cz;ikfisj; njspTglf;
$wj;jf;f JzpTilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kf;fspd; xU Kfkhd Vw;gpidg; ngw;w nrt;tpay;

,yf;fpaq;fis MuhAk; NghJk;> rpy rkaq;fspy; ,yf;fpa
urpfh;fs; nghJ kf;fs; tpUk;ghj cz;ikfs; ntsptuf;$Lk;|
mj;jifa #oy;fspYk; xU jpwdha;thsd; ‘kf;fspd; xUKf
mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw;w Ehyhapw;Nw> ehk; khWgl;l fUj;ijf;
$wyhkh’ vd;w jaf;fj;ijf; fhl;lf; $lhJ. JzpTld; jhd;
fz;lwpe;j cz;ikfisf; $w Ntz;Lk;.

Ehyhrphpadpd; czh;TfSld; xj;jpirT :

,yf;fpa uridf;Fk; Ma;Tf;Fk; Kjw;gb

czh;r;rpabg;gilapyhd xj;jpirTjhd;. jdf;Fg; gpbf;fhj
,ayhj xd;wpid vt;thW Efu KbAk;? Muha KbAk;! vdNt
xU jpwdha;thsd; Kjw;fz; Ma;Tf;Fhpa gilg;ig cUthf;fpa
Gytdpd; czh;rr ; pfisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

rq;fg; ghly;fs; Gyg;gLj;Jk; ctif> tPuk;> fhjy;> gphpT>

mtyk; Kjyhd czh;r;rpfisj; jpwdha;T me;jg; Gyth;fspd;
czh;r;rpfSld; xj;jpirT nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

7
,yf;fpa mDgtk;:

,yf;fpaf; fiy kdpj tho;tpd; mDgtq;fspypUe;J

gpwf;fpwJ vd;gNj mjd; jdpr; rpwg;ghFk;. vdNt Ks;is
Ks;shy;jhd; vLf;ftpaYk; vd;gijg; Nghy> mDgtj;ijg;
gpwpnjhU mDgtj;jpd; %yk; jhd; tpsf;fTk; Muha ,aYk;
vd;gJ cz;ik. vdNt xU jpwdha;thsd; gue;Jgl;l
tho;f;ifaDgtKk; ,yf;fpa mDgtKk; cilatdhf ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. czh;r;rpfis czh;e;J nfhs;s ,jaKk; Muha
mwpTk; xU jpwdha;thsDf;Fj; Njit vd;gJ jpz;zk;.

mbg;gil msTNfhy;:

xU jpwdha;thsdplk; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mbg;gil

msTNfhy; mtdJ mwptpay; ghh;itjhd;. mwptpay; ghh;it
vd;why; vd;d? cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpAk; Kaw;rpf;Fg; ngah;jhd;
mwptpay; ghh;it| Vida Ma;Tfspy; cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpAk;
Kaw;rpfs; ,y;iyah? vdpy; Vidatw;wpYk; cz;ik fhZk;
Kaw;rp cz;L| vdpDk; mwptpaypy; Ma;Tf;Fhpa topKiwahFk;
mwptpay; mwpQidg; nghUj;jtiu vj;jifa KbTfs; jdf;F
kfpo;rr
; p juf;$bait vd;W vjph;ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;L Ma;itj;
njhlq;f khl;lhd;| KbTfs; gw;wp mtDf;F mf;fiwapy;iy.
Muha;r;rp KiwNa mtDf;F Kf;fpak;. Nrhjidapd; NghJ
mwptpay; mwpQd; vt;tpjkhd tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;Fk; jd;id
cl;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy;iy| mtd; eLTepiyapy; ,Uf;fpwhd;.
,Nj Nghy; Xh; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsDk; eLTepiyapy; epd;W>
tpUg;G ntWg;Gfl;F ,lk; juhky; njspthd Ma;T Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;jp cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpAk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;.

“vg;nghUs; ahh;ahh; tha;fN

; fl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gjwpT”
vd;W ts;StUk; $wpdhh;.

Vndd;why; mwptpay; mwpQd; xUtdpd; fz;Lgpbg;G

rKjhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLtijg; Nghy> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsd;
fz;lwpe;J $Wk; nka;k;ikfSk; rKjhaj;jpw;Fg;
gad;glf;$bait jhd;| vdNt jpwdha;thsDk; mwptpay; ghh;it
cilatdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mwptpay; ghh;itapd; $Wfshfg; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;:
 .jw;rhh;gpd;ik
 Ma;T Kiwfl;F Kjd;ik jUjy;

8
  cz;ik Njly;
 KbTfs; Fwpj;j tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;ik
 jpwe;j cs;sk;
 jdJ KbNt ,Wjpahdnjd;W gpbthjk; nra;ahky;>
jUf;f hPjpahf czUk; NghJ khw;Wf;
fUj;Jf;fisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;| jdJ Nrhjid
KbTfs; jtnwd;W njhpa tUk; #o;epiyfspy;
mtw;iw khw;wpf; nfhs;sj; jaq;fhik.

,f;$Wfs; Xh; mwptpay; Ma;thsdplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsDk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,yf;fpa kjpg;ig mse;J $Wjy;:

,yf;fpaj;ijg; gutyhf thrfh; kl;lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L

nry;y tpUk;Gk; xU jpwdha;thsh;> Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy;
kjpg;gpid czh;e;J vLj;Jf; $w ty;ytdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nkiy ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thshuhd I.V.upr;rh;l]
; ; xU
jpwdha;thsd; kjpg;gpLtjpy; ty;ytdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
tw;GWj;Jfpd;whh;. “kjpg;ig mse;J $Wjy; vd;why; vd;d?
,yf;fpaj;jpd; fw;gid vj;jifaJ czh;r;rp vj;jifaJ>
mike;j nrhw;fSk; xyp eaKk; vj;jifad vd;gdtw;iw Ma;e;J
kjpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;” vd;W K.tujuhrdhh; $Wfpwhh;. RUq;ff;
$Wtjhf ,Ue;jhy;> Xh; ,yf;fpa Mrpupad; jhd; $w tpioe;j
nra;jpia mg;gilg;gpy; jpwk;glf; $wpAs;shuh vd;W fhZtNj
kjpg;gpLjypd; mbg;gilf; $whFk;. rpWfij> ftpij> Gjpdk;>
ehlfk; vd;w ve;j tbtj;jpy; xU gilg;G mike;jpUe;jhYk;>
mJ czh;j;j tpUk;gpa nra;jpia thrfDf;F czh;j;jp tpl;lhy;
NghJk;| mJ ntw;wpfukhd ,yf;fpag; gilg;G vd;W $wyhk; vd;W
n[afhe;jd; Xhplj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s nra;jpAk; ,q;F
vz;zj;jf;fJ.

xU jpwdha;thsd; jd; rhh;G epiyf;F khwhd fUj;ij xU

gilg;gpy; fhzNeh;e;jhYk;> mjidAk; kjpg;gpl;L tpsf;FtNj
mtd; flik| jdf;Fg; gpbf;fhj fUj;J vd;W mjid
xJf;fptplf; $lhJ| mf;fUj;ijAk; mg;gilg;ghsp jf;f ctik>
cUtfq;fs;> nrhy;tsk; Kjypatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp Mw;wYld;
$wp ,Uf;fpwhuh vd;gijj; jhd; mse;J kjpg;gpl;Lf; $w Ntz;Lk;.
,jid>

“Fzk; ehbf; Fw;wKk; ehb mtw;Ws;

kpif ehb kpf;f nfhsy;” (Fws;> 504)

9
vd;w Fwl;ghTk; ,Nj fUj;ij ekf;F czh;j;JfpwJ.
xU ey;y jpwdha;thsd; vd;gtd; ,yf;fpaj;ijj; Njh;T
nra;tjpy; Mw;wYilik> eLTepiyik> gd;Dhw;Gyd;> gpw
JiwawpTilik> Ez;zpa mwpTilik> JzpTilik> czh;rr ; p
xj;jpirT> mDgtKilik> mwptpay; ghh;it> ,yf;fpaj;ij
mse;J kjpg;gpLk; jpwd;> type;J fUj;Jf;fisj; jpzpj;Jf;
$whik> ,yf;fpag; gilg;ig mjd; #oypy; itj;Jf; fhZjy;
gFj;jwpTk; jpwDilik Kjyhd gz;GfSk; jFjpfSk;
cilatdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

jpwdha;tpd; gad;:

,yf;fpak; kdpj tho;tpd; mDgtq;fspypUe;J

fpisj;njOfpwJ. tho;f;if mDgtq;fisf; fiyahfg; gilf;Fk;
gilg;ghsp ,t;tifapy; xU fUtp kl;LNk. mDgtq;fs;
gilg;ghsp vDk; fUtp my;yJ Clfj;jpd; topahf> xU
gilg;ghsp cUkhwp> kPz;Lk; thrfidr; nrd;wilfpwJ. MjhtJ
thrfdpd; tho;f;if mDgtk; gilg;ghspapd; %ykhf thrfidNa
kPz;Lk; nrd;wilfpwJ. vdNt ,jpy; gilg;ghsp thrfd; njhlh;Gk;
Ghpe;J nfhs;SjYNk ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,jpy; jpwdha;tpd;
gq;F vd;d? vd;w tpdh ,ay;ghf vOfpwJ. jpwdha;tpdhy; ve;jg;
gaDk; cldbahf thrfDf;Nfh gilg;ghspf;Nfh Vw;glg;
Nghtjpy;iy vd;w fUj;J gy;yhz;Lfshf ,yf;fpa cyfpy;
epytp tUfpwJ. jpwdha;T Njitaw;wJ vd;Wk; mjdhy; ve;jg;
gaDk; tpisag; Nghtjpy;iy vd;Wk; $WNthh; gpd;tUk;
fhuzq;fs; rpytw;iw Kd;itf;fpd;wdh;.

 xU thrfd; jhd; tpUk;Gk; ,yf;fpaq;fis

NeubahfNt gapd;W nfhs;syhk;. mJ Fwpj;Jg; gpwh;
jUk; topfhl;Ljy;fs; ,yf;fpar; Ritg;Gf;F cjtg;
Nghtjpy;iy| Vndd;why; $wg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs; mtuJ
kdepiyf;F cfe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;| mJ gpwpnjhU
thrfDf;F Vw;Gilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Ltjpy;iy.

 Xh; ,yf;fpa Ehy; gw;wpa jpwdha;Tfs; thrfid %y

Ehiyf; fw;f tplhky; nra;JtpLfpd;wd| %y
Ehypidg; gbf;fhkNyNa jpwdha;T Ehy;fis kl;Lk;
gbj;J %y Ehy; Fwpj;j jtwhd fUj;jpid xU
thrfd; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sf;$Lk;.

10
  jpwdha;Tfs; eLTepiyAzh;r;rpAld; gy Neuq;fspy;
nray;gLtjpy;iy| jpwdha;thsd; jFjpaw;w
Ehypidr; rpwe;j Ehyhf ,dq;fhl;btpl Kaw;rp
nra;tJk; cz;L. vdNt jpwdha;T Ehy;fsidj;Jk;
ek;gfkhdit vd;W $wptpl ,ayhJ.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l fhuzq;fshy; jpwdha;T vd;gJ Njitaw;wJ

vd;w fUj;J epyTfpwJ. jpwdha;T vd;gNj fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;l tPL
gw;wpf; fUj;Jf; $Wtjw;Fr; rkkhdJ| $Wgthpd;
fUj;Jf;Nfw;wthW tPl;ilj; jpUj;jpaikf;f tpayhJ| mNj Nghy
vOjp Kbf;fg;gl;l xU Gjpdk; my;yJ fhg;gpak; Fwpj;Jj;
jpwdha;thsh;fs; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fshy; vt;tpjg; gaDkpy;iy|
vOjp Kbf;fg;gl;l xU Ehiyf; Fwpj;Jj;jhd; jpwdha;T
nra;atpaYk;! mNj rkak; vOjp Kbf;fg;gl;l Ehiyf; Fwpj;Jf;
$wg;gLk; jpwdha;Tf;F Vw;wthW mNj Ehiy kPz;Lk; jpUj;jp
vOj ,ayhJ: vdNt jpwdha;tpdhy; vt;tpjg; gaDkpy;iy
vd;gJ gy ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspfs; $l mbf;fb $Wk;
fUj;jhFk;| thrfh;fs; gyUf;Fk; me;j vz;zk; cz;L.

jpwdha;T Njitaw;wJ vd;W $wg;gLtjw;F El;gkhd

gpwpnjhU kdepiyAk; fhuzkhFk;. nghJthf kdpjh;fl;F
mtuth; fUj;Jf;fNs Kjd;ikahfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd| kw;wth;
fUj;jpidf; Nfl;fNth Ghpe;J nfhs;sNth ehk; gy rkaq;fspy;
jahuhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy| jpwdha;T Njitapy;iy vd;W $Wtjw;F
,JTk; xU ,d;wpaikahj fhuzkhFk;. Xh; ,yf;fpa Ehiyg;
gw;wpa gpwpnjhUtdpd; fUj;ij tpl> jd; fUj;Nj rpwe;jJ vd;W
xU kdpjd; fUJtJk; jpwdha;T Njitaw;wJ vd;W $wf;
fhuzkhFk;. jpwdha;tpdhy; gad; VJTkpy;iy: vdNt mJ
Njitaw;wJ vd;W Mapuk; fhuzq;fs; $wp thjpl;lhYk;>
jpwdha;tpdhy; tpise;j ew;gad;fis xU NghJk; kWf;fNth
kwf;fNth kiwf;fNth ,ayhJ.

jpwdha;Tk; fiyg;gilg;Gf;F epfuhdJ gilg;gpyf;fpak;

tho;f;if mDgtq;fspdpd;W gpwf;fpwJ vd;gJ cz;ikahdhy;>
jpwdha;Tk; mNj Nghd;W tho;T mDgtj;jpdpd;Wjhd; gpwf;fpwJ.”
cz;ikapy; jpwdha;thsDk; ,yf;fpa Mrphpaidg; Nghy
tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpNa tpsf;fk; jUfpwhd;. jpwdha;T Vd;
Njit? mjd; gad;fs;jhk; vd;d? gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fis EZfp
Nehf;fpdhy; jpwdha;tpd; gaid ed;F czh;e;J nfhs;syhk;.

 xU rhjhuz thrfDf;F ,yf;fpaj;ijf; fw;WzuTk;

EfuTk; Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tj;ijj; jpwdha;T
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

11
 xU Kiw gbg;gjpy; my;yJ ghh;g;gjd; %yk; Xh;
,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; gy jdpr; rpwg;Gf;fs; ekf;Fg;
Gydhfhky; jtwpg; Ngha;tplf;$Lk;| Mdhy; jpwdha;itg;
gbg;gjd; %yk; jtwtpl;L tpl;lijj; jpUk;gg;
ngw;Wtplyhk;.

 ,yf;fpaj;ij ed;F fw;Wj; jpwdha;T nra;tjd; %yk;

Fwpg;gpl;l gilg;ghspapd; MSik vj;jifaJ vd;W
czu KbAk;. jpwdha;tpd; %yk; kl;LNk ,J ,aYk;|
ntw;Wthrpg;gpy; xU gilg;ghspapd; MSikia
czutpayhJ.

 xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ehiyg; gw;wp xU jpwdha;thsh; kjpg;gPL

nra;J fUj;Jiu toq;Fk; NghJ> mtd; jd; fUj;ij
epWTtjw;Fg; gy Ehy;fspypUe;J rhd;Wfs; fhl;Lthh;|
,jdhy; xU jpwdha;T Ehiyg; gbf;Fk; thrfd; xNu
rkaj;jpy; gy Ehy;fisf; fw;w gad;fis Efu KbAk;.

 ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fspy; rpy nra;jpfs; kiwKfkhff;

$wg;gLfpd;wd| xU thrfd; jhNd mtw;iwg; gbj;J
Efh;tijtpl> xU jpwdha;thsh; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fspd;
topahf mjid EfutpaYk;| ,jdhy; ,yf;fpa urid
my;yJ ,yf;fpar; RitAzh;T Nkk;gLk;.

 jpwdha;thsh; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fspd; %yk; xU thrfd;>

Gjpa Ehy;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;stpaYk;.
,t;tifapy; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fs; thrfidr;
nrd;wiltjw;Fk; jpwdha;T cjTfpwJ. jpwdha;T
Ehy;fisg; gbf;Fk; thrfd; xUtd; Gjpjhf
ntspte;Js;s Gjpdk;> rpWfij my;yJ ftpij
Ehypidg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;L> mjidg; gbf;f Kaw;rp
nra;ayhk;.

 xUtd; vy;yh Ehy;fisAk; jd; tho;ehspy; gbj;J

Kbj;Jtpl ,ayhJ. Vnddpy; fy;tp fiuapy;yhjJ|
fw;gth; ehl;fNsh rpy. vdNt xUtd; jhd; gbg;gjw;Fhpa
Ehy;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;sj; jpwdha;T
cjTfpwJ! fw;git fw;f vd;W ts;Sth; $Wtjw;F
Vw;wthW elf;fj; jpwdha;T xUtifapy; cjTfpwJ
vd;Nw $wyhk;.

12
  Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ed;ikfs; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; gad;
vd;W $wyhk;. Mapd; ,it midj;ijAk; tpl> kpf
,d;wpaikahj ed;ik jpwdha;tpdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. xU
ey;y jpwdha;thsdpd; vOj;Jf;fs;> fUj;Jiufs;
mj;jpwdha;thsd; rhh;e;j nkhopapd; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gr;
#oy; Kjypatw;iwr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; cUthf;FfpwJ
vd;W $wyhk;.
xU gilg;ghspapd; jdpj; jpwd;fis ntF rpwg;ghf
vLj;Jf; $wp> gilg;ghspf;fhf thjpLk; tof;fwpQdhfTk;
jpwdha;thsd; nray;gLfpwhd;. gilg;gpd; ,ay;Gfisr;
rPh;Jhf;fpf; fhl;Ltjd; %yk;> Fiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjd; %yk;
gilg;ghspapd; vjph;fhyj;ijAk; ey;y Kiwapy; jpwdha;thsd;
tbtikf;fpwhd;.

.gilg;ghspf;Fj; jpwdha;T Xu; ,d;gk;. gy rkaq;fspy;

Njhod;. thrfDf;Fj; jpwdha;T xU ghpzhkk;. mtDf;F ,e;j
cyfj;ijf; fhl;Lk; FU thrfDf;Fr;.Rfkhd Rw;Wyh.
jpwdha;T xd;Wjhd; xU gilg;gpd; rpwg;Gf;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;b
xspgha;r;RfpwJ. gilg;igg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpy; thrfDf;Fk;
jpwdha;Tjhd; cjTfpwJ

tpdh tpilfs;:

1. jpwdha;tpd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?

jpwdha;T Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,yf;fpaj;ij ikakpl;lJ.
NkYk;> ,yf;fpaj;ij xU jskhff; nfhz;L> jpwdha;T xU
mwpTj; Njlyhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,yf;fpak; vjid
ikakpl;lJ? jpwdha;T>,g;gb tpdhf;fis vOg;GfpwJ. tpdhf;fis
vjph;nfhz;L tpilfisAk; jUfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;ij tpsf;fp
kjpg;gPL nra;fpwJ. jpwdha;T> nghUj;jkhd jsq;fspy; fhYhd;wp>
,yf;fpaj;jpd; ,aq;FepiyfisAk; Nfhzq;fisAk; gFj;J
Muha;tij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
2. ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T vd;gJ ahJ?
kdpjd; jd;idr; #o;e;Jk; jd;dplKk; fhzg;gLfpd;w epfo;rr ; pfs;
Fwpj;J cUthf;Fk; vjph;tpid my;yJ gpujpgypg;G vd;gdNt
jpwdha;tpd; njhlf;fkhf mikfpd;wd. ,e;j vjph;tpid my;yJ
gpujpgypg;G ,yf;fpak; Fwpj;jjhf mikfpw NghJ mJ ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;T vd;w ngaiug;ngWfpwJ.

3. jpwdha;thsdpd; jiyaha gzp ahJ?

,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;ghfj; jkpof tuyhw;wpy;
nkhopAzh;tpdhy; Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lq;fSk; tpisTfSk; gythFk;.

13
vdNt ve;jj; jdpkdpjDf;Fk; mtdJ jha;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;
cah;thdJjhd;. Mdhy; xU jdpkdpjdpd; jpwdha;thsdhf
cUkhWk;NghJ Kjypy; mtd; jpahfk; nra;a Ntz;baJ tpUg;G
ntWg;Gzh;rr; piaj;jhd; vd;W $wyhk;. jdJ jha;nkhop
,yf;fpak;jhd; cah;e;jJ vd;Wk; gpw jho;e;jdntd;Wk; ve;ehSk;
xUtd; fUjptplyhfhJ| midj;jpyf;fpaq;fSk; kdpj ,dj;jpd;
Kd; nghJ vd;w czh;Tld;jhd; jpwdha;thsd; ,yf;fpaj;ij
mZf Ntz;Lk;.

xU jpwdha;thsDf;F vj;jidNah tifahd fUj;Jr;

rhh;G epiyfs; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;| mitaidj;ijAk;
nfhz;byq;Ffpd;w ,yf;fpaq;fs; jhd; cah;e;jit vd;Wk;
Vidait jho;e;jit vd;Wk; fUjpf; nfhz;L jpwdhag; GFjy;
jtW. jdJ fUj;Jr; rhh;Gf;F khwhd nfhs;iffis
vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Ehy; vdpDk;> mjd; rpwg;Gf;fis kiwf;fhky;
vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJjhd; jpwdha;thsdpd; jiyaha gzp.
eLTepiyik vd;gJ jpwdha;thsdpd; mbg;gilj; NjitahFk;.
4. jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gfs; - tpsf;fk; jUf.

Kd;dNu gilf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; czh;r;rp>

fw;gid> tbtk; Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rpy
Nfhl;ghLfis cUthf;fyhk;.,yf;fpag; gilg;gpw;Fhpa cz;ik|
moFNghd;w %yMjhuCw;Wf;fisf; fhl;Ljy;.,yf;fpa
Efh;Tf;Fhpa topKiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;LtJ| ,yf;fpar;
RitQDf;Fhpa jFjpfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;LtJ.,yf;fpag;
gilg;ghspf;Fk; thrfDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,ilntspiaf;
Fiwj;jy;.,yf;fpaq;fspd; epiwFiwfisf; fz;lwpe;J $WtJ.

rpwe;j ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fhpa

mbg;gilfisg; gilg;ghspfSf;F czh;j;JtJ
Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nray;ghLfis Mw;WtJjhd; jpwdha;tpd;
,ay;G. “,it midj;ijAk; mwptpay; Kiwapy; Mw;WtJ
vJNth mJNt ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T” vd;W R.ghyr;re;jpud;
$Wfpwhh; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gfs; gw;wpf;
$wg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW nra;jpfisf; fhZk;NghJ jpwdha;T vd;gJ
gilg;ghspiaj; jf;f Kiwapy; ,dq;fhl;LtijAk; thrfDf;Fj;
jf;f gilg;Gf;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;LtijAk; gy rkaq;fspy;
gilg;ghspfl;Nf topfhl;Ltjhfj; jpwdha;T mikfpwJ vd;w
cz;ikia czuyhk;. RUq;ff; $Wtjhf ,Ue;jhy; “ftpQdpd;
Ntiy ntspg;gl;Lf; fplg;gdtw;iw cs;Ns kiwj;J itg;gJ|
jpwdha;tpd; Ntiy kiwe;J fplg;gdtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jpf;

14
fhl;LtJ” vd;W $wyhk;. (R.ghyr;re;jpud;> ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;T>g.9.)

5.. jpwdha;tpd; gad;fisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wf.

xU rhjhuz thrfDf;F ,yf;fpaj;ijf; fw;WzuTk; EfuTk;

Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tj;ijj; jpwdha;T Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.xU Kiw
gbg;gjpy; my;yJ ghh;g;gjd; %yk; Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; gy
jdpr; rpwg;Gf;fs; ekf;Fg; Gydhfhky; jtwpg; Ngha;tplf;$Lk;|
Mdhy; jpwdha;itg; gbg;gjd; %yk; jtwtpl;L tpl;lijj;
jpUk;gg; ngw;Wtplyhk;.

,yf;fpaj;ij ed;F fw;Wj; jpwdha;T nra;tjd; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l

gilg;ghspapd; MSik vj;jifaJ vd;W czu KbAk;.
jpwdha;tpd; %yk; kl;LNk ,J ,aYk;| ntw;W thrpg;gpy; xU
gilg;ghspapd; MSikia czutpayhJ.

xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ehiyg; gw;wp xU jpwdha;thsh; kjpg;gPL nra;J

fUj;Jiu toq;Fk; NghJ> mtd; jd; fUj;ij epWTtjw;Fg; gy
Ehy;fspypUe;J rhd;Wfs; fhl;Lthh;| ,jdhy; xU jpwdha;T
Ehiyg; gbf;Fk; thrfd; xNu rkaj;jpy; gy Ehy;fisf; fw;w
gad;fis Efu KbAk;.

,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fspy; rpy nra;jpfs; kiwKfkhff;

$wg;gLfpd;wd| xU thrfd; jhNd mtw;iwg; gbj;J Efh;tijtpl>
xU jpwdha;thsh; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fspd; topahf mjid
EfutpaYk;| ,jdhy; ,yf;fpa urid my;yJ ,yf;fpar;
RitAzh;T Nkk;gLk;.

jpwdha;thsh; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fspd; %yk; xU thrfd;> Gjpa

Ehy;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;stpaYk;. ,t;tifapy; ,yf;fpag;
gilg;Gf;fs; thrfidr; nrd;wiltjw;Fk; jpwdha;T cjTfpwJ.
jpwdha;T Ehy;fisg; gbf;Fk; thrfd; xUtd; Gjpjhf
ntspte;Js;s Gjpdk;> rpWfij my;yJ ftpij Ehypidg; gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhz;L> mjidg; gbf;f Kaw;rp nra;ayhk;.

xUtd; vy;yh Ehy;fisAk; jd; tho;ehspy; gbj;J Kbj;Jtpl

,ayhJ. Vnddpy; fy;tp fiuapy;yhjJ| fw;gth; ehl;fNsh rpy.
vdNt xUtd; jhd; gbg;gjw;Fhpa Ehy;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;Jf;
nfhs;sj; jpwdha;T cjTfpwJ! fw;git fw;f vd;W ts;Sth;
$Wtjw;F Vw;wthW elf;fj; jpwdha;T xUtifapy; cjTfpwJ
vd;Nw $wyhk;.

15
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ed;ikfs; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; gad; vd;W
$wyhk;. Mapd; ,it midj;ijAk; tpl> kpf ,d;wpaikahj
ed;ik jpwdha;tpdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. xU ey;y jpwdha;thsdpd;
vOj;Jf;fs;> fUj;Jiufs; mj;jpwdha;thsd; rhh;e;j nkhopapd;
,yf;fpag; gilg;Gr; #oy;> Kjypatw;iwr; rpwe;j Kiwapy;
cUthf;FfpwJ vd;W $wyhk;.

$W:2 (gpupT-1 :njhlh;r;rp)

,yf;fpaf; fy;tp> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T> ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if>

,yf;fpa tuyhW:

,yf;fpaf; fy;tp:

,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf; fiyapd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; vd;d?

xU gilg;ghsp Vd; xU ftpij> rpWfij> Gjpdk;> ehlfk;
Nghd;wtw;iwg; gilf;f Ntz;Lk;? vd;w tpdhf;fs; kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahjit. ve;j xU nghUSk; mJ kdpjDf;F
vt;tifapy; gad;gLfpwJ vd;gijg; nghUj;Nj kjpf;fg;ngWfpwJ:
kf;fshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ vd;W $Wfpwhh;fs;
nudpnty;yf;Fk; M];bd; thuDk;. ePs; rJu tbtpy;
mike;jpUf;Fk; Mh;Nkhdpag; ngl;b> ,iria vOg;Gk; gad;
Fiwe;J Nghdhy;> mJ Mh;Nkhdpag; ngl;b vd;W
miof;fg;gLtjpy;iy| fz;fhl;rpapy; ,lk; ngWk; xU ePs;rJu
mikg;G kl;LNk. vdNt ve;jg; nghUSk; mjd; gad;ghl;il
itj;Nj kjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mt;thnwdpy;>

“ahkwpe;j GythpNy fk;gidg; Nghy;

ts;Sth; Nghy;> ,sq;Nfhitg; Nghy;
G+kpjdpy; ahq;fDNk gpwe;jjpy;iy
cz;ik ntWk; Gfo;rr ; papy;iy ….. “
vd;Wk;
“ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;Nf – je;J
thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL – neQ;ir
ms;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhunkd; Nwhh; kzp
ahuk; gilj;j jkpo;ehL”

vd;nwy;yhk; Gyth; ngUkf;fis kf;fs; ftpQh; ghujpahh; Gfo;e;J

$Wfpd;wikf;Fk; xU fhuzk;> gad; cz;nld;W cWjpahff;
$wptplyhk;.

16
 fk;gh;> ts;Sth;> ,sq;Nfh Kjypath;fs; jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy;
vd;Nwh xU ehs; Njhd;wp ,wthg; Gfo; gilj;j ,yf;fpaq;fisg;
gilj;J kiwe;j NghJk; ,d;Wk; mth;fsJ gilg;Gf;fspd; topNa
tho;fpd;wdh;. mth;fsJ vz;zq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs; Kjypad
,d;iwa kdpjDf;Fk; gad;gLfpd;wd| vdNt mth;fs; 21Mk;
Ehw;whz;L kdpjh;fshYk; kjpf;fg;ngw;W tUfpd;wdh;. ,yf;fpaf;
fy;tpapy; kdpjd; njhlh;e;J jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
,j;jifa gad;ghl;L kjpg;Ng fhuzk;.

,yf;fpak; kdpj tho;f;ifiaNa kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; glk;

gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. kdpj mDgtq;fisNa kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. vdpDk; xt;nthU Kiw gapYk; NghJk;
kdpjd; mjpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpfisg; GJikahf czh;fpwhd;.
“,yf;fpak; gapy;NjhWk; Ritf;fpwJ. Vida Ehy;fSf;F
mj;jd;ik ,y;iy. ,yf;fpaj;jpw;NfAhpa jdpg; ngUe;jd;ik mJ”
vd;W lhf;lh; jh.V.Qhd%h;j;jp $WtijAk; fhzyhk;. ,yf;fpak;
kdpjDf;Fj; jUk; nra;jpfSf;fhfNt kdpjd; mtw;iwf;
fhyq;fhykhfg; gapd;W tUfpwhd;. rhd;whf>

“flKz;L thohik fhz;ly; ,dpNj

epiw khz;kpy; ngz;biu ePf;fy; ,dpNj
kdkhz;gpy;yhjtiu mQ;rp mfwy;
vid khz;Ge; jhd; ,dpJ ed;F”

(,dpait ehw;gJ> 10)

vd;w ghliyf; fhz;f. fld; ml;ilf; fyhr;rhuk;> jtizKiwf;

fyhr;rhuj;jpy;> gw;whf;Fiw tUkhdj;jpy; thOk; kdpjDf;Fk;
fld; thq;fpf; fl;l Kbahky; capiu kha;j;jy; nfhs;Sk;
kdpjDf;Fk; ,g;ghly; vj;jifa mhpa cz;ikiaf; $WfpwJ.
,jdhy;jhd; 2000 Mz;Lfl;Fg; gpwFk; jpUf;FwSk; ,d;dgpw
Ehy;fSk; gbf;fg;ngWfpd;wd. Ngrg;ngWfpd;wd.

,yf;fpak; gad;juf;$ba nra;jpfisAk; epiyNgWila

cz;ikfisAk; $WfpwJ vd;gJ ve;j msTf;F cz;ikNah>
mNj mstpw;F mJ ,d;g czh;r;rpia kdpjDf;F Cl;LfpwJ
vd;gJk; cz;ik. vdNt kdpj kdj;jpd; czh;Tfisf; fpsh;j;jp
tsh;j;J Kiwg;gLj;jp kfpo;rr; pA+l;LfpwJ ,yf;fpak; vd;W $wyhk;.
Ehw;whz;Lfs; thpirahff; fle;J nry;fpwNghJk; kdpjd; ,e;j
,d;gj;jpw;fhfTk; jhd; ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gapy;fpwhd;.

17
 “kq;fpaNjhh; epytpdpNy fdtpdpJ fz;Nld;
taJ gjpdhwpUf;Fk; ,staJ kq;if
nghq;fp tUk; ngUepyT Nghd;w nthsp KfKk;
Gd;difapd; GjepyTk; Nghw;w tUe;Njhw;wk;
Jq;fkzp kpd; NghYk; tbtj;jhs; te;J
Jhq;fhNj vOe;njd;idg; ghnud;W nrhd;dhs;
Mq;fjdpw; fz; tpopj;Njd; mllhNth! mllh!
monfDk; nja;te;jhd; mJntd;Nw mwpe;Njd;”

vd;w ghly; ,d;Dk; gy Ehw;whz;Lfl;Fg; gpwF ,Nj Kiwapy;

xU thrfDf;F kfpo;rr ; piaj; juf;$Lk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
moFj; nja;tk; Fwpj;j ghujpahhpd; ghly;jhd; NkNy
nfhLf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ.

,yf;fpaf; fy;tpapd; mbg;gilfs; jhk; vd;d? ,yf;fpak;>

GJik> ngUik> nghJik> nghUz;ik vd;w ehd;F gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;L jpfo;tjhy; mJ Ehw;whz;Lfs; NjhWk; njhlh;e;J
gapyg;ngWfpwJ (m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;> ,yf;fpaf;fiy> g.29).
,yf;fpak; cz;ikiaj; jdf;Fhpa gz;ghff;
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;fpwhh;fs; nudpnty;yf;> M];bd; thud;
KjypNahh; (,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if> g.25). ,jd; fhuzkhfTk;
,yf;fpaf; fy;tp mikfpwJ.

,yf;fpaq;fs; jdpj;j Fzq;fisAilait vd;W

nudpnty;yf;> M];bd; thud; KjypNahh; $Wfpd;wdh; (,yf;fpaf;
nfhs;if> g.6). xNu nra;jpiaf; Fwpj;j ftpijfs; gy
vOjg;gl;bUg;gpDk; mit xt;nthd;Wk; jdpj;jdpg; gz;Gfs;
nfhz;lit. rq;f mfg;ghly;fspy; jiytp gphpe;J Mw;wpapUf;Fk;
Ky;iyj; jpizj; jiytp gw;wpa ghly;fs; nghJf;
fUj;JKiwahy; Ky;iy vd;w xd;whf ,Ue;jhYk;> mit
nfhz;bUf;fpw jdpg; gz;Gfshy; NtWgl;lit vd;gJjhd;
cz;ik. ,jd; fhuzkhf>mjhtJ ,yf;fpaq;fspd; jdpj;
jd;ikfisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w Kaw;rpapYk;
,yf;fpa fy;tp mikfpwJ.

vdNt ,yf;fpaf; fy;tp vd;gJ gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy;

mikfpwJ.

 ,yf;fpak; r%fg; gad;ghLk; tho;f;ifg; gad;ghLk;

cilajhf ,Uj;jy;.

18
  epiyahd ,d;g czh;r;rpiaAk; mofpay;
czh;r;rpiaAk; Jhz;Ljy;

 GJik> ngUik> nghJik> nghUz;ik Kjypa

gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

 cz;ikapid ,yf;fpak; jdf;Fhpa gz;ghff;

nfhz;bUj;jy;.

 ehSk; GJg;GJg; gilg;Gf;fs; Njhd;wpf; nfhz;Nl

,Ue;jhYk;> Njhd;wpa xt;Nthh; ,yf;fpaKk; jdpj;jdpr;
rpwg;Gf; nfhz;L epfo;jy; - vd;w gy;NtW
fhuzq;fspdhy; ,yf;fpaf; fy;tp njhlh;e;J mikfpwJ
vd;W $wyhk;. ,dp> ,f; fy;tpapd; gad; my;yJ
ntspg;ghL vd;wikAk; jpwdha;T gw;wpf; fhzyhk;.

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T njhlh;Gfs; :

,yf;fpaf; fy;tp vd;gJ Fwpj;J Kd;dh; tpsf;fg;gl;lJ.

,yf;fpaf; fy;tp vd;gJ ,yf;fpak;> jdpnahU thrfDld;
my;yhky; nghJ epiyapy; gyUld; njhlh;G gl;liktJ. ,jpy;
gutyhd ,yf;fpa mDgtq;fSk; kdg; gjpTfSk; Nghplk;
ngWfpd;wd. jpwdha;T vd;gJ ,yf;fpaf; fy;tpapdpd;W
fpisj;njOtJ| mNj rkak; mjdpd;Wk; NtWgl;lJ my;yJ
tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. ,yf;fpaf; fy;tpapd; newpKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l
tsh;r;rp epiyjhd; jpwdha;T vd;W $wyhk;| ,t;tifapy;
,yf;fpaf; fy;tp ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T vd;w ,uz;Lk;
njhlh;Gilad.

,d;iwa mwptpay; Jiwfspy; Ntjpapay;> ,aw;gpay;>

tpyq;fpay;> gaphpay;> caphpj; njhopy;El;gtpay; vd;W
jdpg;gphpTfs; tsh;e;jpUg;gijg; Nghd;Nw ,yf;fpaj; Jiwapy;
jpwdha;T jdpg;gphpthf tsh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. “cyfpy; rpwe;jnjd;W
czh;e;J rpe;jpf;fg; ngWtijj; jd;dykw;w Kiwapy; mwpe;J
gug;Gtjw;F Kaw;rp nra;tJ jpwdha;thFk;.” vd;W Nkj;A
mh;dhy;L $Wfpwhh; (jh.V.Qhd%h;j;jp> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;>
g.8). jpwdha;T vd;gJ ftpQdpd; mwr;rpe;jidia czh;tJk;
mijg; gphpj;J mwptJk; tpsf;FtJk; Mfpa gzpfisr; nra;fpwJ
vd;W thy;lh; Ngl;lh; vd;ghh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. Vwj;jho ,Nj Nghd;w
tpsf;fq;fis tpf;lh; `;A+Nfh> I.,.];gpq;fhd;> rp.b.tpd; nr];lh;>
`l;rd; KjypNahUk; $Wfpd;wdh;. vdNt jpwdha;T vd;gJ
Fwpj;Jr; RUf;fkhff; $wNtz;Lkhdhy; gpd;tUkhW $wyhk;.

19
  ,yf;fpaf; fy;tpapd; newpKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;l tsh;r;rp
epiy
 jdpg;gl;l kdpjdpd; mwpthw;wYld; njhlh;GilaJ
 ,yf;fpaj;ij KOik Nehf;fpy; kjpg;gPl;Lf;F
cl;gLj;JtJ
 ey;y ,yf;fpaq;fisj; jf;f fhuzq;fSld; tpsf;fp>
thrfh; cyfpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tJ
 gilg;ghspapd; gilg;Gj; jpwidAk; thrfdpd; Ritj;
jpwidAk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; tbtikg;gJ

,f;$Wfisg; ngw;wpUf;fpd;w jpwdha;T eilKiwapy;

nray;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; mjw;Fr; rpy Njitfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
mtw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;ifahFk;| mJ
Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.

,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if:

,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if vd;gJ ,yf;fpaf; fy;tp> ,yf;fpaj;

jpwdha;T Mfpa ,uz;LlDk; njhlh;G cilajhFk;. jpwdha;T
,y;fpaj;ij mse;J kjpg;gpLjyhfpa nraiyr; nra;fpwJ
vd;why;> ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;ifahdJ mjw;Fhpa fUtpfisf;
nfhLj;J cjTfpwJ vd;W $wyhk;. Nriyia msg;gjw;F –
Kok; NghLtjw;F – Kok; vd;w mstpw;Fhpa if mjhtJ
Koq;if Njitay;yth? mijg;Nghy!. vdNt Kok; NghLk;
nraypy; if vt;thW gphpf;ftpayhj cWg;ghf cs;sNjh> mNj
Nghy ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpy; ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if gphpf;f
tpayhjthW cs;sJ.

,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;jpd; mbg;gil

,ay;Gfs;> nghJg; gz;Gfs;> msitfs;> nray;Kiwfs;
Kjypad gw;wpg; NgRtJ vd;W $wyhk;. xU jpwdha;thsd;
,f;nfhs;iffisf; ifapy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;Ljhd; jpwdha;tpw;fhf
,yf;fpa cyfj;jpw;Fs; Eioa ,aYk;. ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if
vd;gJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; “ypl;luhp jpahp’ vd;w nrhy;ypdhy;
Fwpf;fg;ngWk.; nghJthfj; jkpo; kuignahl;bf; $wpdhy;>
,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if vd;gij ,yf;fzf; $WfSld; ,izj;Jf;
fhz KbAk;. gue;Jgl;l nkhopapd; mikg;gpidj; jkpo; ,yf;fz
Ehy;fs; vOj;jjpfhuk;> nrhy;yjpfhuk; vd;w gphpTfspy;
tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ftpijapaiyj; njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuk;
tpsf;FfpwJ.

20
 rq;f mf ,yf;fpaq;fis Muhag; GFk; xU
jpwdha;thsDf;F> njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhu mfj;jpiz> fsT>
fw;G> nka;g;ghL njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs; Ngustpy; cjTfpd;wd.

“kf;fs; Ejypa mfide;jpizAk;

Rl;b xUth;g;ngah; nfhsg; ngwhmh;”

vd;gJ mfg;ghly;fspd; mbg;gil ,ay;gpid tpsf;Fk; ,yf;fpaf;

nfhs;ifahFk;. ,NjNghy; mfkhe;jh; $w;Wf;fs;> cs;Siw>
,iwr;rp Nghd;wdTk; ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffs; jhk;!

ehty; ,yf;fpak; gw;wpj; jpwdha;T Nkw;nfhs;gtd; ehtypd;

fU> fijg;gpd;dy;> fijkhe;jh; gilg;G> cj;jpfs; edNthil>
$w;W Kiwfs;> Nehf;Fepiyfs; Kjypadtw;iwg; gw;wpa
nfhs;iffspd; JizAld; jpwdha;T nra;atpaYk;. ,yf;fpaf;
nfhs;iffs; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilfspy; cUthf;fg;ngWfpd;wd.

 ,yf;fpa cUtk;>tbtk;
 ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghLnghUs;
 fUj;Jg; Gyg;ghl;L cj;jpfs;
 gilg;ghsp> thrfd; KjypNahh;
 ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; gad;.

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l Ie;J epiyfspy; nfhs;iffs;

tFf;fg;gl;Lg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;fpwhh; e.gpr;rKj;J
(jpwdha;Tk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffSk;).

,j;Jiz Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffs;

vt;thW cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ RitahdnjhU tpdhthFk;.
,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffs; ve;jj; jdpkdpjdpd; mwptpdpd;Wk;
Njhd;Wtdty;y| mit ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;Nj Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
nghJthf ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilf;fg;gLtjw;F fl;Lg;ghLfs; vJTk;
,y;iy. gilg;ghspfspd; kdepiyfs;> kdepiyfisr; nray;glj;
Jhz;Lk; kdpj tho;f;if epfo;rr ; pfs;> mDgtq;fs;> GwTyfj;jpd;
epfo;Tfs;> gilg;ghspapd; kdj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; mjph;Tfs;
Kjypatw;wpd; fhuzkhfg; gilg;Gf;fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,yf;fpag;
gilg;Gf;fs; fhl;L ky;ypifg; G+f;fs; Nghy> ,ay;ghf kyh;fpd;wd.
ve;jg; gilg;ghspAk; ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffisg; gbj;Jtpl;Lg;
gilg;Gr; nraypy; <LgLtjpy;iy. ,ay;ghfj; Njhd;Wk; kyh;fspy;
nghJg; gz;Gfs; Vw;gl;L tpLfpd;wd| mg;gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy;
mtw;iw Ky;iy> ky;ypif> Nuhrh vd;W ehk; tifg;gLj;jp
mikg;gijg; Nghd;W ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fspYk; nghJg; gz;Gfs;

21
cUthfptpLfpd;wd| ,g; nghJg; gz;GfNs mt;tpyf;fpaq;fisj;
jd;Dzh;r;rpg;gh> fhg;gpak;> ehlfk;> GJf;ftpij> Gjpdk; vd;wthW
thpirg;gLj;j cjTfpd;wd. ,g;nghJg; gz;GfNs mt;tpyf;fpa
tiffs; Fwpj;j ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffshfTk; cUntLf;fpd;wd.
,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffs; ,t;thW ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J jhd;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ijg; nghUj;j tiu
njhy;fhg;gpak;> ghl;bay; Ehy;fs;> mzpapyf;fz Ehy;fs;>,yf;fz
Ehy;fs; Kjypatw;iw ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if Ehy;fshff;
nfhs;syhk;.

,yf;fpa tuyhW:

,yf;fpak; vd;gJ mJ Njhd;Wfpd;w nkhop> mk;nkhop

NgRk; kf;fspd; rpe;jidfs;> vz;zg; Nghf;Ffs; Kjypatw;Wld;
njhlh;GilajhFk;. vdNt ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F xU njhlh;rr ; pahd
tuyhW cz;L> vOjg;gLfpd;w ,yf;fpag; gilg;G ve;j
tbtj;jpdjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> mJ jdf;F Ke;jpa ,yf;fpag;
gilg;Gf;fSld; njhlh;G nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. ,jidr; rpwpJ
tpsf;fyhk;: rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; Nth;> mtw;Wf;F Ke;jpa
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; cz;L. rq;fk; kUtpa fhy
,yf;fpaq;fl;Fhpa mbg;gilfs; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;sd|
,t;thNw xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fhpa
tpj;Jf;fs;> mt;ttw;Wf;F Ke;jpa fhyg;gFjpfspy; cs;sd.
vdNt ve;j nkhopapd; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilawTglhj
njhlh;r;rpahd tuyhW cz;L vd;gij czuyhk;.

,yf;fpa tuyhW vd;gJ fhythpir Kiwapyike;j

gl;bay; md;W| gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; Njhd;Wfpd;w gy;NtW
,yf;fpa tiffs; Fwpj;j mwptpay; Kiwg;gbahd tuyhWjhd;
,yf;fpa tuyhW| vdNt ,yf;fpa tuyhW vd;gJ cz;ikapy;
,yf;fpa tiffspd; tuyhNwahFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpa
tiffspd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp> Gfo;ngw;wpUf;fpd;w
epiy>nry;thf;Fk; Fiwfpd;w epiy. ,it Fwpj;j nra;jpfs;>
,tw;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; Kjypatw;wpd;
njhFg;Ng ,yf;fpa tuyhwhFk;. vdNt ,yf;fpaj; Njhw;wk;>
gz;Gfs; Fwpj;j Ma;tpy;> ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffs;> ,yf;fpa
tiffs; ngWkplk; gw;wpa nra;jpfisf; nfhz;l ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;Tk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

nudpnty;yf;Fk; M];bd;thuDk; $Wtijg; Nghy>

,yf;fpaf; fy;tp> ,yf;fpaf;nfhs;if> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T>
,yf;fpa tuyhW vd;git xd;Wld; gpwpnjhd;W gpd;dpg;
gpize;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;W $wyhk;.

22
njhy;fhg;gpaKk; jkpo;j; jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gilfSk;:

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T vd;w JiwNa ,Ugjhk;

Ehw;whz;bw;FhpaJ vd;w fUj;J etPdj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;thsh;fs; rpyhplk; cz;L| vdpDk; mJ Kiwahd
Kbty;y. jkpopd; Kjy; Ehyhd njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;
jpwdha;Tf;F chpa nra;jpfs; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd vd;gij vtUk;
kWf;ftpayhJ. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; %d;W mjpfhuq;fs; vd;w
ghFghLk; xt;Nthh; mjpfhuj;jpYk; ,ay;fs; vd;w cl;gFg;gpy;
itj;Jr; nra;jpfis tpsf;Fk; KiwAk; gFg;GKiwj; jpwdha;tpd;
ghw;ghl;litfs; vd;W $wyhk;.

njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; nra;As; cWg;Gf;f

; s; gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fs; mtuJ jpwdha;Tg; ghh;itf;Fj; jf;f rhd;whFk;.
nra;As; cWg;Gf;fshf Kg;gj;J ehd;fpidj; njhy;fhg;gpah;
$Wfpwhh; (njhy;fhg;gpak;-nra;Aspay;> Eh.1) ,tw;iwf; $Wk;
NghJ>

“ey;ypirg; Gyth; nra;As; cWg;ngd

ty;ypjpd; $wp tFj;Jiuj;jdNu” - vd;W jhk; Ma;T
nra;J KbT nra;jpUg;gjhff; $Wfpwhh;.,t;TWg;Gf;fs; nrwpthd
Kiwapy; ghlypy; ,izT ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpid
nra;Aspay; ,Wjp Ehw;ghtpy;>

“nra;As; kUq;fpd; nka;ngw ehb

,ioj;j ,yf;fzk; gpioj;jd Nghy
tUNt cs vd;Dk; te;jtw;W ,ayhd;
jphpgpd;wp Kbj;jy; njs;spNahh; flNd”

vd;W $Wfpd;whh;. ftpijapd; cWg;Gf;fs; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpah;

nfhz;bUe;j Mokhd vz;zq;fs; ,e;Ehw;ghf;fspy; Gyg;gLfpd;wd.
ftpij gw;wpa njhy;fhg;gpah; fUj;Jf;fs; ,d;iwa Nkiy
,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; $Wk; cWg;gpaw; nfhs;ifAld;
xj;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

,yf;fpak; gy;NtW gphpTfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpw xU KOik

vd;w fUj;J njhy;fhg;gpaUf;F ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy;
jhd; ,yf;fpaq;fis mfj;jpiz> Gwj;jpiz vd;w ,U ngUk;
gphpTfshfg; gFf;fpwhh;. mfj;jpizf;Fhpa Kjw;nghUs;>fUg;nghUs;
chpg;nghUs;fs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ffpd;whh;. ftpijapd; mbf;fUj;J
(chp) Jizf; fUj;J (fUg;nghUs;)> gpd;dzp (Kjw;nghUs;)
vd;wthW ftpijia tpsf;Ffpwhh;. ftpijapy; ,lk; ngWk;
fijkhe;jh;fshd jiytd;> jiytp> Njhop> nrtpyp> ghq;fd;>

23
fz;Nlhh; gw;wpf; $wp> gpd;dh; mth;fs; NgRjy;> ,aq;Fjy; Fwpj;j
nra;jpfisf; $Wfpwhh;| mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngwj; jf;f rpy
,d;wpaikahj cj;jpfisAk; XJfpwhh;.

mfj;jpizapd; gpwpnjhU ntspg;ghLjhd; Gwk; vd;gij>

“mfj;jpiz kUq;fpd; mhpy;jg czh;e;Njhh;
Gwj;jpiz ,yf;fzk; jpwk;glf; fpsg;gpd;”

vd;W njspTglf; $Wfpwhh;. ,t;thW xU rpwe;j jpwdha;thsd;

Nfhl;ghLfis xUq;fpizj;J tpsf;fk; jUk; Kiwiaf;
filg;gpbg;gJ Nghyj; njhy;fhg;gpaUk; Nfhl;ghLfis
xUq;fpizj;J tpsf;Ffpwhh;. “ntl;rpjhNd FwpQ;rpaJ
GwNd”>‘tQ;rpjhNd Ky;iyaJ GwNd” (njhy;.nghUs;.
Gwj;jpizapay;> Eh.1> 6)vd;gd Nghd;W tUtdtw;iwAk; ,jw;Fr;
rhd;whff; $wyhk;.

njhy;fhg;gpah; nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; ftpijapd; ,ay;G gw;wpf;

$Wkplj;J>
“ehlf tof;fpDk; cyfpay; tof;fpDk;
ghly; rhd;w Gyndwp tof;fk;
fypNa ghpghl;L MapU ghtpDk;
chpaJ MFk; vdkdhh; Gyth;”
(njhy;.nghUs;.mfj;.56)

vd;W $WtJk; mtuJ jpwdha;Tg; ghh;itia tpsf;FfpwJ

vdyhk;. ftpijapy; cyfj;jpy; eilngWk; midj;ijAk; Ngr
,ayhJ| mNj rkak; cyf epfo;tpy; cs;stw;iw xJf;fp
itj;Jtpl;L Kw;wpYk; fw;gidahf midj;ijAk; NgrtpayhJ.
vdNt cyf elg;gpy; cs;stw;wpy; ftpijf;F chpadtw;iwj;
Njh;T nra;J> mtw;iwr; rpwpJ Kiwg;gLj;jpf; ftpijg; gilg;gpy;
,lk;ngwr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;| mJNt ‘Gyndwp tof;F’ vd;W
njhy;fhg;gpah; $WtJ mhp];lhby; $Wk; “Nghyr; nra;jy;’
nfhs;ifia xj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

njhy;fhg;gpah; nra;Aspaypy; gh> Ehy;> ciu> gprp>

KJnkhop> tha;nkhop> mq;fjk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtd midj;Jk;
jdpj;jdp ,yf;fpa tiffs; vd;W $wyhk; (njhy;. nra;Aspay;>
Eh.75).

njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; Nehf;F> Kd;dk;> ctikazp>

nka;g;ghL. cs;Siw> ,iwr;rp Nghy;td mtw;Wld; njhlh;Gila
cyf ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffSld; xg;gplj;jf;fdthf ,Ug;gij

24
Nehf;fj; njhy;fhg;gpahplk; Mokhd jpwdha;Tg; ghh;it
,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gij czuyhk;. njhy;fhg;gpah; njhlq;fp itj;j
jpwdha;Tj; Jiw KO tPr;Rld; thh;j;njLf;fg;ngwtpy;iy|
mjdhy;jhd; jpwdha;T Nkiy ehl;bypUe;J ,wf;FkjpahdJ vd;w
fUj;J epyTfpwJ. Mo;e;J Nehf;fpdhy; njhy;fhg;gpah; jkpopd;
Kjy; jpwdha;thsh; vd;W $w ,aYk;.

jkpopy; jpwdha;T tsh;r;rpAk; tuyhWk; :

jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyk; Kjy;

,d;W tiu gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; jpwdha;T jj;jpj;
jsph;eilapl;L tsh;e;J te;Js;sJ. “kpfr; rpwe;j ,yf;fpak;
Njhd;wp tsh;e;j jkpo; nkhopapy; vd;d fhuzj;jhNyh jpwdha;T
Ehy;fs; Njhd;whky; Ngha;tpl;ld” vd;W m.r. Qhdrk;ge;jd;
tUe;jpf; $Wfpwhh; (,yf;fpaf;fiy> g.133). vdpDk; Kw;wpYk;
ek;gpf;ifaw;Wg; Ngha; tplf;$ba msTf;Fj; jkpopy; jpwdha;T
twz;L Ngha;tpltpy;iy. jpwdha;Tfs; jkpopy; ‘jpwdha;T’ vd;w
ngahpy; vOjg;gltpy;iyNa jtpu> ciufs;> ,yf;fzq;fs;
%ykhfj; jpwdha;T tsh;e;J jhd; te;jpUf;fpwJ.

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; jpwdha;T njhlh;ghd

vz;zq;fs; Kd;dh; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;ld. rq;f fhy
,yf;fpaq;fspYk; ,t;thW Ehy;fis kjpg;gPL nra;tJ njhlh;ghd
Fwpg;Gf;fs; cs;sd.

 Ehy;fisg; Gyth; gyh; Kd;dpiyapy; muq;Nfw;wk;

nra;Ak; kuG fhzg;gl;ljhfr; nra;jpfs;
mike;jpUf;fpd;wd.
 gz;ilj; jkpo; Ehy;fspy; mike;jpUf;fpd;w
gjpfq;fs;>ghapuq;fs; Nghy;tdTk; jpwdha;T
Nghd;wit.
 jpUts;Stkhiyapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s jpUf;Fws;
gw;wpa fUj;Jiufs;
 rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwfspy;
nghjpe;J fplf;Fk; msitfs; fhuzq;fs; -
Nghd;wit gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; jkpoh;fsplk;
jpwdha;Tr; rpe;jidfs;gutpapUe;jikiaf;
fhl;Lfpd;wd.

25
 ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fSf;F ciu tiue;j
ngUkf;fsplKk; jpwdha;Tg; Nghf;Ff; fhzg;gl;lJ vd;W Jzpe;J
$wyhk;. jkpopy; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T ciuahrphpah;fspd; fhyk;
njhl;Lj; njhlq;fpajhf rp.R.nry;yg;gh $WtJk; ftdpf;fj;jf;f
nra;jpahFk; (jkpopy; ,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;> g.9). ciuahrphpah;fshd
,sk;G+uzh;> Nguhrphpah;> er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;> Nrdhtiuah;> mbahh;f;F
ey;yhh; Kjypath;fs; jq;fs; ciufspd; %yk; jpwdha;T
tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpdh;.

 ,yf;fpaq;fisg; Gfo;e;J jpwd;fis tpaf;Fk; ghuhl;L

Kiw

 jilfis vOg;gp tpil $Wk; gz;G

 eLTepiyikAilik

 Ehyhrphpah; cs;sf; fplf;ifia mwpjy;

 %y Ehyhrphpaiu kjpj;jy; Nghw;Wjy;

 xg;gPlL
; g; ghh;it

 Njitahd ,lq;fspy; %y Ehyhrphpah; fUj;ij eakhf

kiwKfkhf kWj;Jiuj;jy;.

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ,g;gz;Gfs; midj;Jk; jpwdha;thsd; xUthplk;

fhzj;jf;f gz;Gfs; MFk;.

ciuahrphpah;fSf;F mLj;j epiyapy; rkathj Ehy;fSk;

,yf;fztpthj Ehy;fSk; kpFjpahfj; Njhd;wp jpwdha;Tg;
gz;Gfis tsh;j;jd.

gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; ,yf;fpa

,yf;fzq;fs; njhlh;ghd fl;Liufis nry;tf;Nfrtuha
Kjypahh; kiwkiyabfs; Nghd;Nwhh; vOjpdh;| Mq;fpyj;
jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liufspd; jhf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhfj; jkpopYk;
fl;Liufs; vOJk; Nghf;F tsh;e;jikf;F ,it rhd;WfshFk;.
njhlh;e;J MWKf ehtyhh;> tpGyhde;j mbfs;> ghpjpkhw;
fiyQh; Nghd;Nwhh; jpwdha;Tf; fiyiag; gy Nghf;Ffspy;
tsh;j;jdh;.

26
 ,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;by; mbikj; jisahy;
gpzpf;fg;gl;bUe;j ghuj ehl;bd; gpuNjr nkhopfs; Fwpj;j
ngUkpj czh;T mt;tk; kf;fspilNa Njhd;wpaJ. ,jdhy;
jpwdha;Tfs; Njhd;wp tsh;e;jd.

jpwdha;Tf;Fhpa Ehy;fisj; Njbg;gpbj;J gjpg;gpf;Fk;

Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,t;tifapy; njhd;ikahd
,yf;fz> ,yf;fpaq;fshd rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;> fhg;gpaq;fs;>
njhy;fhg;gpak; Nghy;td gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;ld| ,g;gzpapy; gyUk;
<Lgl;ldh;. ,jpy; MWKf ehtyh;> gpd;dj;Jhh; ehuhazrhkp
Iaq;fhh;> gthde;jk; gps;is> c.Nt.rhkpehijah; Nghd;Nwhh;
<Lgl;ldh;. ,th;fshy; %yghlj; jpwdha;T vDk; jpwdha;T newp
tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.

jpwdha;Tf;Fhpa Ehy;fs; fpilj;jgpd;dh;> mtw;Wf;F ciu

tiuAk; gzp njhlq;fpaJ. ,jpy; b.Nf.rp.> e.K.Ntq;flrhkp
ehl;lhh;> xsit R.Jiurhkp gps;is> ngh.nt.NrhkRe;judhh;
Kjypath;fs; mUe; njhz;lhw;wpdh;. ,th;fSila ciufSk;
xU tifapy; jpwdha;Tfs; Nghy mike;jpUe;jd.

Mq;fpyf; fy;tp Kiw mwpKfkhd gpwF fy;Yhhpfs;>

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk; gzpapd;
tpisthfj; jpwdha;Tk; Njhd;wpaJ. nry;tf;Nfrtuha Kjypahh;>
kiwkiyabfs;> G+uzypq;fk; gps;is Nghd;NwhUk; nj.ngh.kP.>
K.tujuhrd;> f.ifyhrgjp> fh.rptj;jk;gp> m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;>
e.Rg;Gnul;bahh;> jkpoz;zy; Nghd;w gyh; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;
fhg;gpaq;fs; Fwpj;j Ma;Tfspy; <Lgl;ldh;. ,th;fSila
jpwdha;Tfs; nghpJk; Nkiy ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tf;
Nfhl;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhZk; Kiwapy; mike;jpUe;jd.

fy;tpj; Jiw rhuhjth;fshf rpyh; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;

jpwdha;tpy; <Lgl;ldh;. rp.R. nry;yg;gh> f.eh.Rg;gpukzpak;>
ntq;fl;rhkpehjd; Nghd;Nwhh; ,t;tifapy; vz;zj; jf;fth;fs;.
,th;fsJ jpwdha;T nghpJk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fspd; tbt
Neh;j;jpia kl;Lk; ikag;gLj;Jtdhf mike;jpUe;jd|
,yf;fpaj;jpy; vt;tifapYk; r%f Kd;Ndw;wk;> Kw;Nghf;F gw;wpa
gpur;rhuq;fs; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ vd;W tw;GWj;jpdhh;| mt;tifahd
Kw;Nghf;F ,yf;fpaq;fis ,th;fs; nghpJk; Cf;Ftpf;ftpy;iy.

nghJTilikr; rpe;jidfs; murpay; cyfpy; Nth; nfhz;l

gpd;dh;> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpYk; ,lk; ngw;wJ.
gz;ila>,ilf;fhy> ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fisr; r%ftpaw;
fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; mZfpg; Gjpa te;jidfis Kd;itj;jth;fs;
vd;w tifapy; uFehjd;> jp.f.rptrq;fud;>

27
v];.uhkfpU\;zd;>eh.thdkhkiy> f.ifyhrgjp> rptj;jk;gp>
Nfh.Nfrtd;> m.khh;f]
; ; Kjypath;fs; Fwpg;gplj; jf;fth;fs;.

jkpopy; mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; jypj;jpak;> ngz;zpak;>

mikg;gpay;thjk;> gpd;ida mikg;gpay; thjk;> gpd; etPdj;jtk;
Nghd;w Nfhl;ghLfs; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tyfpy; GFe;Js;sd.
xg;gpyf;fpak; jdpj;j Jiwahf tsh;e;Js;sJ.

tpdh tpilfs;:

1. .,yf;fpaf; fy;tp vt;thW mikjy;Ntz;Lk;?

,yf;fpak; r%fg; gad;ghLk; tho;f;ifg; gad;ghLk;

cilajhf ,Uj;jy;.epiyahd ,d;g czh;r;rpiaAk; mofpay;
czh;r;rpiaAk; Jhz;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. GJik> ngUik> nghJik>
nghUz;ik Kjypa gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.cz;ikapid
,yf;fpak; jdf;Fhpa gz;ghff; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.ehSk;
GJg;GJg; gilg;Gf;fs; Njhd;wpf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhYk;> Njhd;wpa
xt;Nthh; ,yf;fpaKk; jdpj;jdpr; rpwg;Gf; nfhz;L epfo;jy; - vd;w
gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy; ,yf;fpaf; fy;tp njhlh;e;J mikfpwJ
vd;W $wyhk;.

2. ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if vd;gJ ahJ?

,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;jpd; mbg;gil

,ay;Gfs;> nghJg; gz;Gfs;> msitfs;> nray;Kiwfs;
Kjypad gw;wpg; NgRtJ vd;W $wyhk;. xU jpwdha;thsd;
,f;nfhs;iffisf; ifapy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;Ljhd; jpwdha;tpw;fhf
,yf;fpacyfj;jpw;Fs; Eioa ,aYk;. ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if
vd;gJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; “ypl;luhp jpahp’ vd;w nrhy;ypdhy;
Fwpf;fg;gLk

3. ,yf;fpa tuyhW vd;why; vd;d?

,yf;fpa tuyhW vd;gJ fhythpir Kiwapyike;j

gl;bay; md;W| gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; Njhd;Wfpd;w gy;NtW
,yf;fpa tiffs; Fwpj;j mwptpay; Kiwg;gbahd tuyhWjhd;
,yf;fpa tuyhW| vdNt ,yf;fpa tuyhW vd;gJ cz;ikapy;
,yf;fpa tiffspd; tuyhNwahFk;. Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpa
tiffspd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp> Gfo;ngw;wpUf;fpd;w epiy>
nry;thf;Fk; Fiwfpd;w epiy. ,it Fwpj;j nra;jpfs;>
,tw;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; Kjypatw;wpd;
njhFg;Ng ,yf;fpa tuyhwhFk;.

28
4. jpwdha;thsdplk; fhzj;jf;f gz;Gfs; ahit?
,yf;fpaq;fisg; Gfo;e;J jpwd;fis tpaf;Fk; ghuhl;L
Kiw.jilfis vOg;gp tpil $Wk; gz;G >eLTepiyikAilik>
Ehyhrphpah; cs;sf; fplf;ifia mwpjy;> %y Ehyhrphpaiu
kjpj;jy; Nghw;Wjy;> xg;gPlL
; g; ghh;it> Njitahd ,lq;fspy; %y
Ehyhrphpah; fUj;ij eakhf kiwKfkhf
kWj;Jiuj;jy;.Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ,g;gz;Gfs; midj;Jk;
jpwdha;thsd; xUthplk; fhzj;jf;f gz;Gfs; MFk;.

5. jkpopy; jpwdha;T tsh;r;rpAk; tuyhWk; tpsf;Ff.

jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyk; Kjy; ,d;W tiu

gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; jpwdha;T jj;jpj; jsph;eilapl;L
tsh;e;J te;Js;sJ. “kpfr; rpwe;j ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wp tsh;e;j
jkpo; nkhopapy; vd;d fhuzj;jhNyh jpwdha;T Ehy;fs;
Njhd;whky; Ngha;tpl;ld” vd;W m.r. Qhdrk;ge;jd; tUe;jpf;
$Wfpwhh; (,yf;fpaf;fiy> g.133). vdpDk; Kw;wpYk;
ek;gpf;ifaw;Wg; Ngha; tplf;$ba msTf;Fj; jkpopy; jpwdha;T
twz;L Ngha;tpltpy;iy. jpwdha;Tfs; jkpopy; ‘jpwdha;T’ vd;w
ngahpy; vOjg;gltpy;iyNa jtpu> ciufs;> ,yf;fzq;fs;
%ykhfj; jpwdha;T tsh;e;J jhd; te;jpUf;fpwJ.

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; jpwdha;T njhlh;ghd

vz;zq;fs; Kd;dh; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;ld. rq;f fhy
,yf;fpaq;fspYk; ,t;thW Ehy;fis kjpg;gPL nra;tJ njhlh;ghd
Fwpg;Gf;fs; cs;sd.

,ilf;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fSf;F ciu

tiue;j ngUkf;fsplKk; jpwdha;Tg; Nghf;Ff; fhzg;gl;lJ vd;W
Jzpe;J $wyhk;. jkpopy; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T ciuahrphpah;fspd;
fhyk; njhl;Lj; njhlq;fpajhf rp.R.nry;yg;gh $WtJk;
ftdpf;fj;jf;f nra;jpahFk; (jkpopy; ,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;> g.9).
ciuahrphpah;fshd ,sk;G+uzh;> Nguhrphpah;>
er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;>Nrdhtiuah;> mbahh;fF; ey;yhh; Kjypath;fs;
jq;fs; ciufspd; %yk; jpwdha;T tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpdh;.

,yf;fpaq;fisg; Gfo;e;J jpwd;fis tpaf;Fk; ghuhl;Lk;

Kiw.jilfis vOg;gp tpil $Wk;
gz;G>eLTepiyikAilik>Ehyhrphpah; cs;sf; fplf;ifia
mwpjy;>%y Ehyhrphpaiu kjpj;jy; Nghw;Wjy;>xg;gPlL
; g;
ghh;it>Njitahd ,lq;fspy; %y Ehyhrphpah; fUj;ij eakhf
kiwKfkhf kWj;Jiuj;jy;.Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ,g;gz;Gfs;
midj;Jk; jpwdha;thsd; xUthplk; fhzj;jf;f gz;Gfs; MFk;.

29
 ciuahrphpah;fSf;F mLj;j epiyapy; rkathj Ehy;fSk;
,yf;fztpthj Ehy;fSk; kpFjpahfj; Njhd;wp jpwdha;Tg;
gz;Gfis tsh;j;jd.gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy;
,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fs; njhlh;ghd fl;Liufis nry;tf;Nfrtuha
Kjypahh; kiwkiyabfs; Nghd;Nwhh; vOjpdh;| Mq;fpyj;
jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liufspd; jhf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhfj; jkpopYk;
fl;Liufs; vOJk; Nghf;F tsh;e;jikf;F ,it rhd;WfshFk;.
njhlh;e;J MWKf ehtyhh;> tpGyhde;j mbfs;> ghpjpkhw;
fiyQh; Nghd;Nwhh; jpwdha;Tf; fiyiag; gy Nghf;Ffspy;
tsh;j;jdh;.

,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;by; mbikj; jisahy;

gpzpf;fg;gl;bUe;j ghuj ehl;bd; gpuNjr nkhopfs; Fwpj;j
ngUkpj czh;T mt;tk; kf;fspilNa Njhd;wpaJ. ,jdhy;
jpwdha;Tfs; Njhd;wp tsh;e;jd.

jpwdha;Tf;Fhpa Ehy;fisj; Njbg;gpbj;J gjpg;gpf;Fk;

Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,t;tifapy; njhd;ikahd
,yf;fz> ,yf;fpaq;fshd rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;> fhg;gpaq;fs;>
njhy;fhg;gpak; Nghy;td gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;ld| ,g;gzpapy; gyUk;
<Lgl;ldh;. ,jpy; MWKf ehtyh;> gpd;dj;Jhh; ehuhazrhkp
Iaq;fhh;> gthde;jk; gps;is> c.Nt.rhkpehijah; Nghd;Nwhh;
<Lgl;ldh;. ,th;fshy; %yg;ghlj; jpwdha;T vDk; jpwdha;T newp
tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.

jpwdha;Tf;Fhpa Ehy;fs; fpilj;jgpd;dh;> mtw;Wf;F ciu

tiuAk; gzp njhlq;fpaJ. ,jpy; b.Nf.rp.> e.K.Ntq;flrhkp
ehl;lhh;> xsit R.Jiurhkp gps;is> ngh.nt.NrhkRe;judhh;
Kjypath;fs; mUe; njhz;lhw;wpdh;. ,th;fSila ciufSk;
xU tifapy; jpwdha;Tfs; Nghy mike;jpUe;jd.

Mq;fpyf; fy;tp Kiw mwpKfkhd gpwF

fy;Yhhpfs;>gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk;
gzpapd; tpisthfj; jpwdha;Tk; Njhd;wpaJ. nry;tf;Nfrtuha
Kjypahh;> kiwkiyabfs;> G+uzypq;fk; gps;is Nghd;NwhUk;
nj.ngh.kP.> K.tujuhrd;> f.ifyhrgjp>
fh.rptj;jk;gp>m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;> e.Rg;Gnul;bahh;> jkpoz;zy;
Nghd;w gyh; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhg;gpaq;fs; Fwpj;j Ma;Tfspy;
<Lgl;ldh;. ,th;fSila jpwdha;Tfs; nghpJk; Nkiy ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;Tf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fhZk; Kiwapy;
mike;jpUe;jd vdyhk;.

30
 $W :3 jpwdha;T tiffs;;(gpupT-1:njhlh;r;rp)
tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T:

“,yf;fpak; fz;ljw;F ,yf;fzk;” vd;gJ kuG topahff;

$wg;gl;L te;jhYk;> tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;itg; nghUj;j
tiuapy;>‘,yf;fzk; fz;ljw;Fj; jhd; ,yf;fpak;;’ vd;w epiy
fhzg;ngWfpd;wJ. ,t;tifj; jpwdha;tpy; ,yf;fpak;> gilg;ghsp>
r%fk;> thrfd; Mfpath;fs; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijtpl>
,yf;fz tpjpfNs Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. KbGKiw
jpwdha;tpw;Fk; tpjpKiwj;jpwdha;tpw;Fk; ngUj;j
NtWghby;iy.,uz;Lk; ngUkstpy; xj;jit. KbGKiw jpwdha;T
Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpak; KbGfis toq;FtjhFk;.
tpjpKiwj;jpwdha;T vd;gij
tiuaiwfisAk; ;msTNfhy;fisAk; mg;gbNa Xh;,yf;fpaj;jpy;
nghUj;jpf;fhzKw;gLfpwJ.Mdhy; ,jd; %yk; KbGfisNah
jPhTfisNah nrhy;tjw;F ,J Kw;gLtjpy;iy.khwhff;Fwpg;gpl;l
Xh; ,yf;fpaj;ijr; rpy tiuaiwfisf; nfhz;L tpsf;Ftjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;ngWfpwJ. vdNt tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T vd;gJ mjd;
ngah; ntspg;gilahfj; njhptpg;gijg; Nghy> rpy Fwpg;gpl;l
tpjpKiwfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,yf;fpaj;ij mZFk;
xU jpwdha;T KiwahFk;.

tpjpfNs msTNfhy;fs;:
fiy ,yf;fpaq;fl;Fhpa tpjpfs;> ,yf;fzq;fs; Kjypad fiy>
,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;Nj cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd| ,yf;fpaq;fs;
gilf;fg;gLk; NghJ epyTk; r%fr; #oy;fs;> gilg;ghspapd;
kNdhjh;kk;> kdepiyfs; Kjypad ,yf;fpaq;fspd; kPJ
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd| vdNt fhjw;ftpij GidAk; xU
ftpQDf;Ff; ftpijapd; czh;r;rpjhd; Kf;fpakhf ,Uf;FNk
jtpu> ftpijapy; ,d;dpd;dthW Kjy;> fU> chpg; nghUs;fs;
,Uf;f Ntz;LNk vd;w vz;zk; NkNyhq;fp ,uhJ| Mapd;
tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T nra;Ak; xUth; fhjy; czh;r;rpfSf;Fj;
jUk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijtpl> fhjw;ftpijapd; ,yf;fzq;fs;
mjpy; KOikahfg; nghUe;jp cs;sjh? ,y;iyah? vd;gijf;
fz;lwptjpNyNa kpFjpahd ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jthh;. Fwpg;gpl;l
tpjpfis msTNfhy;fshff; nfhs;Sjy; tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;tpd;
mbg;gilg; gz;G vdyhk;.

er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; neLey;thil Fwpj;J vOg;gpa tpdhTk;

mtuJ jPh;Tk; ,q;F vz;zpg; ghh;f;fj;jf;fJ. neLey;thilapy;
jiytidg; gphpe;J Mw;wpapUf;fpd;w jiytpapd; kd czh;Tfs;>

31
Ntjidfs; mw;Gj Xtpakhfj; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd| Mapd; ghl;bd;
,Wjpg; gFjpapy; tUfpd;w “Ntk;G jiy ahj;j Nehd;fho;
v/fnkhL” vd;w njhliuf; nfhz;L> ,g;ghliyg; Gwg;ghl;L vd;W
er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; $wptpLfpwhh;. Ntk;G mjhtJ Ntg;gk;G+>
ghz;baidf; Fwpj;jJ vd;gJ mth; thjk;| ghl;Lilj;
jiytidr; Rl;bf; $wpdikahy;> mfg;ghly;fSf;Fhpa tpjpfis
kPwptpl;ljhf ciuahrphpah; fUjpAs;shh;>

,j;jifa #oy;fspy; ghl;bd; Ritia Efh;tijtpl

tpjpfisg; nghUj;jpg; ghh;g;gNj Kjd;ikahf khwp tpLtij
czuyhk;.,t;thW Kd;Ndhh; nkhope;j nghUis-tpjpKiwahff;
nfhs;fpd;wijAk; ghhf;;fpNwhk;.tpjpfisg; nghUj;jpf;fhZfpd;w
ghh;it fy;tpahsh;fsplk; nghpJk; ;fhzg;ngWfpwJ.

tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gilg; gz;G:

Xu; ,yf;fpag; gilg;G mjw;nfd tFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;s

tpjpKiwfSf;F Vw;wthW mike;J fhzg;gLfpwjh?
,y;iyah?vd;W fhz;gNj ,t;tifj; jpwdha;tpd; Kjd;ik
Nehf;fkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs;
gpd;tUkhW:

 Fwpg;gpl;l tpjpfis msTNfhy;fshff; nfhs;Sjy;

 ,yf;fpaq;fSf;fpilNa ju NtWghL fhZjy;
 epiyahd ,yf;fpa tpjpfis cUthf;Fjy;
 gilg;ghspfSf;Ff; fl;lisapLk; Nghf;F
 rpy tpjpfspd; topahf ,yf;fpaj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fk;> ,yf;fzj;ij

thrf cyfpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;Yjy;| Mdhy; tpjpKiwj;
jpwdha;tpd; topr; rpy Ntisfspy; mJ gpiogl;L tpLtJk;
cz;L. ekJ Gyd;fs; fhz ,aw;ifad;id gy tpe;ijkpF
nghUs;fis gilj;J ek; Kd;Nd cyt tpl;bUf;fpwhs;. vj;jid
tz;zkpF kyh;fs;> kzkpF kyh;fs;> rpwpJk; nghpJkhd
nghUs;fs;> kuq;fs;> nfhbfs;! ,it midj;Jk; xd;iwg; Nghy
gpwpnjhd;wpUg;gjpy;iy. xt;nthd;Wk; jdpj;jdpg; gz;Gfs; nfhz;L
rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wd| ,ijg; Nghd;Nw ,yf;fpaKk; jdpj;jdpg;
gz;Gfs; nfhz;lit| mjdjd; mstpy; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; rpwg;Gk;
cilait. tWikiaf; Fwpj;Jr; rq;fg; GytUk; ghbAs;shh;|
,f;fhyg; GJf; ftpQUk; ghbAs;shh;. ,uz;Lk; mjdjd; mstpy;
rpwe;jdNt. tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T top Nehf;Fk; xUtDf;F
,j;jdpj; jd;ikfs; Gyg;gLtjpy;iy| vf;ftpij tpjpKiwfis

32
mOj;je;jpUj;jkhfg; gpd;gw;wpAs;sNjh> mf;ftpij juj;jpy;
cah;e;jnjd;W tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T fUJfpd;wJ. ,t;thW
tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T ju NtWghl;Lf;F top tFj;J tpLfpwJ.

tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;tpd; gad;fs;:

,yf;fpaq;fis> mtw;wpd; cs;shh;e;j rpwg;Gf;fs;>

El;gq;fs; nfhz;L tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mapd; tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T>
gy;NtW ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fis xUq;F itj;J cw;W Nehf;fp>
rpy tpjpKiwfis cUthf;FfpwJ. Gwg;ghly;fs; KOtijAk;
xUq;Nf itj;J Nehf;fp> ntl;rp> tQ;rp> copiQ> Jk;ig> thif>
fhQ;rp> ghlhz; vd;W tifg;gLj;jp> mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfis
tpjpfshf cUthf;f tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T Kaw;rp nra;fpwJ.
,Nj Nghy;> mfg;ghly;fs; gw;wpa tpjpfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fhg;gpak; gw;wpa tpjpfs; Njhd;Wk; Kd;dNu fhg;gpaq;fs;
Njhd;wpapUf;fpd;wd. gy;NtW fhg;gpaq;fis xUq;F itj;J cw;W
Nehf;fp> mtw;wpd; nghJg; gz;Gfisf; fz;lwpe;J mitNa
tpjpfshf cUthf;fg;gl;ld vd;W $wyhk;. ,it tpjpKiwj;
jpwdha;tpd; gad;fs;.

gilg;ghspapd; vOr;rp:

ftpijf; fiyapd; gilg;G+f;fk; gilg;ghspapd; kdj;jpy;

Njhd;Wk; mfj;J vOr;rpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. cs;sj;jpy;
cs;sJ ftpij ,d;g cUntLg;gJ ftpij vd;W Gyth;fs;
Fwpg;gpLth;. kfhftp ghujpahUk; jkJ Fapy; ghl;by;>
“Kd;dpf; ftpijntwp %z;Nl edtopag;
gl;lg; gfypNy ghtyh;f;Fj; Njhd;Wtjhk;
nel;ilf; fdtpd; epfo;rr ; papNy – fz;Nld; ahd;”
vd;W $wpdhh;. ftpijg; gilg;ig nel;ilf; fdT vd;W ghujpahh;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. vdNt fiyg;gilg;Gr; nray; vd;gNj cstpay;
hPjpahdjhFk;| ,jpy; njspthd tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wtw;F
tha;g;gpy;iy. Mdhy; tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T> xU gilg;ghspia
,yf;fpaj;ij ,t;thW jhd; gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tw;GWj;JfpwJ. ,j;jpwdha;T Kiw thrfidg; gw;wp kpFjpahff;
ftiyg;gLtijtpl> gilg;ghspiag; gw;wpNa mjpfk;
ftiyg;gLfpwJ.

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; ika Nehf;fk;:

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; KJnfYk;ghd ika Nehf;fk;

,yf;fpaj;ij tpsf;FtJjhd;| vdpDk; tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T
,t;thW tpsf;Fk; gzpiaNa tiuaiwAld; nra;fpwJ vdyhk;.

33
“Fwpg;gpl;l Xh; ,yf;fpaj;ijr; rpy tiuaiwfisf; nfhz;L
tpsf;Ftjw;F ,J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ” vd;W jp.R.eluhrd;
$Wfpwhh; (jpwdha;Tf;fiy> g.34).
etPd ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspfSs; Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
vDk; gilg;ghsp Fwpg;gplj;jFe;jth;. Fkhp khtl;lj;jpd; Nkw;F
vy;iyapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; Njq;fha;g;gl;bdk; vd;w fpuhkj;Jg;
gpd;dzpapy;> ,Ryhkpa r%f kf;fspd; gz;ghL> gof;f
tof;fq;fis tpkhprpf;Fk; Kiwapy; ,tuJ gilg;Gf;fs;
mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,tuJ gilg;Gf;fspd; gy $Wfs;
thrfUf;Fg; Ghptjpy;iy| Mapd; elg;gpay; vd;w ,yf;fpa
,af;fj;jpw;Fhpa msTNfhy;fisf; nfhz;L Njhg;gpy;KfkJ
kPuhdpd; gilg;Gf;fisr; rpwg;ghf tpsf;fyhk;| mg;NghJ njsptw;w
gFjpfs; njspthfg; Gyg;gLfpd;wd.
tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;tpy; rpy Fiwfs; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;>
,yf;fpaj;ijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;F mJ kpfTk; cjTfpwJ. fy;tp
epiyaq;fspy; gl;lq;fs; ngWk; Nehf;Fld; nra;ag;gLk;
Ma;Tfspy; ,k;Kiw kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T:

jpwdha;tpd; gzp ,yf;fpaj;ij mjpYs;s gz;GfisAk;

Neh;j;jpfisAk; kjpg;gPL nra;fpw mtrpaj;ij
mbnahw;wpajhFk;.,yf;fpaj;ij gFj;jha;tJk; tpsf;fpAiug;gJk;
mjd; cstpaiyNah rKjha cz;ikiaNah mstpl;Liug;gJ
kl;Lky;yhJ>mNj jsq;fspypUe;J mt;tpyf;fpaj;ij kjpg;gplTk;
KbAk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>Fwpg;gpl;l Xh; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
rKjhatpaNyh> rKjhak; gw;wpa nra;jpfNsh> vt;tsT
MokhfTk;> cz;ikahfTk;> jpwk;glTk; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd
vd;w mbg;gilapy; mt;tpyf;fpaj;ij kjpg;gplyhk;.
Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;igj; jpwdha;T nra;fpd;wth;
vtuhapDk; mth; mt;tpyf;fpag; gilg;gpidf; Fwpj;j jkJ
fUj;jpid ,Wjpapy; vLj;Jf; $Wfpwhh;. cz;ikapy; ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;tpd; gad;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ ,yf;fpag; gilg;G gw;wpa
kjpg;gPlhFk;.
,yf;fpaq;fs; nghJthf VNjDk; xU kjpg;gpid tpje;J
$Wfpd;wd. ,k;kjpg;gpidg; nghJkf;fSk; gpwUk; czUkhW
vLj;Jiuf;f Ntz;LtJ jpwdha;thsdpd; flikahFk;| vdNt
kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;thsdpd; flik kpfTk; rpwg;Gf;Fhpajhf
MfpwJ. Kjypy; mtd; kjpg;gPLfisf; fz;lwpfpwhd;|
mk;kjpg;Gf;fs; vt;thW ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd
vd;gijg; gFj;jwpfpwhd;| gFj;jwpe;j kjpg;gpid mJ vt;thW
kf;fl;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ vd;W $Wfpwhd;. vdNt kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj;
jpwdha;tpy;>

34
  kjpg;Gf;fis czh;jy;
 kjpg;Gf;fisg; gFj;J mwpjy;
 kjpg;Gf;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;b epWTjy;

vd;w %d;W gbepiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;W $wyhk;.

,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk; kjpg;Gf;fisg; gw;wpa kjpg;gPl;L

Kiwj; jpwdha;tpy; ,uz;L $Wfs; ftdpf;fj;jf;fd| mit
tUkhW:

 ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tbtj;jpYk; fl;likg;gpYk; fhzg;gLk;

jd;ikfis kjpg;gpLjy;
 ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpy;> nra;jpapy; fhzg;gLk;
kjpg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLjy;.

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ,uz;L mbg;gilf; $Wfis tpsq;;fpf; nfhs;s

,uz;L rhd;Wfisf; fhzyhk;.

ftpijapd; nrhy;> Xir> mikg;G> tbtk;> mzp

myq;fhuq;fspy; mf;ftpijapd; kjpg;G vt;thW czh;j;jg;gLfpwJ
vd;gij xU ghly; nfhz;L fhzyhk;. jpUts;Sth; ‘JwT’ vDk;
mjpfhuj;jpy;>

“ahjdpd; ahjdpd; ePq;fpahd; Nehjy;

mjdpd; mjdpd; ,yd;”
(Fws;: 341)

vd;w Fwisg; gilj;jpUf;fpwhh;. ,jd; nghUs;> xUtd; ve;j

mstpw;Fg; nghUs;fspd; kPjhd gw;wpid mjhtJ xl;Ljiy
tpLfpd;whNdh> me;j mstpw;F mtDf;Fj; Jd;gk; ,y;iy
vd;gjhFk;. ,f;Fwis ts;Sth; ahj;Js;s jpwk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. xl;Ljy; (gw;Wjy;) ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wk;
Fwl;ghit xUKiw tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;Jg; ghh;j;jhy;> cjLfSk;
xl;lhky; ,Ug;gij czuyhk;. xl;Ljy; $lhJ vd;W $Wk;
Fwl;ghtpd; nrhw;fSk; cjLfs; xl;lhky; xypf;ff; $ba
Kiwapyike;jpUf;fpd;wd.

,Nj Nghd;W fk;guhkhazj;jpy; cwq;Fk; Fk;gfUzid

vOg;Gk; tPuh;fspd; nraiy tpthpf;Fk; ghliyf; fhz;f:
“cwq;Ffpd;w Fk;gf d;d cq;fs; kha tho;T vyhk;>
,wq;Ffpd;w jpd;W fhz; vOe;jpuha; vOe;jpuha;

35
 fwq;F Nghy; tpy; gpbj;j fhy Jhjh; ifapNy
cwq;Ftha; cwq;Ftha; ,dpf;fple;J cwq;Ftha;”

,g;ghlypd; Xir eaKk; ghlypd; fUj;NjhLk; czh;r;rpNahLk;

,ize;J kjpg;gpid cz;lhf;Ftijf; fhz;f.

,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; nra;jpfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;w

vz;zq;fs;> rpe;jidg; Nghf;Ffs; Kjypad mt;tpyf;fpaj;ijj;
Njhw;Wtpj;j r%fj;Jld; ,izj;J vz;zj;jf;fit| Fwpf;Nfhs;
gz;G tha;e;j xU rKjhak; Fwpj;j GwehDhw;Wg; ghly; xd;iwf;
fhzyhk;.

“ahz;L gy Mf eiu,y MFjy;

ahq;F Mfpah; vd tpdTjph; Mapd;
khz;l vd; kidtpnahL> kf;fSk; epuk;gpdh;
ahd; fz;lidah; vd; ,iwaUk;> Nte;jDk;
my;yit nra;ahd; fhf;Fk;> mjd;jiy
Md;W mtpe;J mlq;fpa nfhs;ifr;
rhd;Nwhh; gyh;> ahd; thOk; csNu”
(GwehDhW 191)

ftiyfshy; #og;gl;Lj; Jd;GWk; ,d;iwa kdpjdpd;

ghh;itapy; Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l Gwg;ghly; kpfTk; kjpg;G tha;e;jjhFk;.
khl;rpikAila kidtp> gps;isfs;> Fwpg;gwpe;J cjTk; ,isah;>
ey;yNj nra;Ak; kd;dd;> rpwe;j mwpQh;fs; epuk;gpa Cupy;> ehl;by;
xU kdpjDf;Ff; ftiy vd;gJ JspAkpy;iy vd;gNj ,g;ghly;
$Wk; nra;jp. ,jd; topg; GydhFk; yl;rpa r%fk;> yl;rpa
tho;f;if gw;wpa kjpg;ig czuyhk;.

gzk; my;yJ nry;tj;jpd; kjpg;ig czh;j;Jk; tpNtf

rpe;jhkzpg; ghly; xd;iwf; fhz;f:

“nghd;ndhL kzp cz;lhdhy; GiyQDk;

fpisQd; vd;W
jd;idAk; Gfo;e;J nfhz;L rhjpapy; kzKk; nra;thh;
kd;duha; ,Ue;jNgh;fs; tifnfl;Lg; Nghthh; Mfpy;
gpd;idAk; ahNuh vd;W NgRthh; VRthNu”
(tpNtf rpe;jhkzp> 25)

nry;tk; ,Ue;jhy; vj;jifa kdpjidAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;

r%fg; gz;igAk; nry;tk; ,y;yhtpby; vj;jifa kdpjidAk;

36
,opthff; fUJk; r%fg; gz;igAk; ,g;ghly; Fwpf;fpwJ.
r%fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfis tpje;NjhJk; ,g;ghly; fUj;jbg;gilapy;
ajhh;j;jk; vd;w kjpg;Gkpf;fJ vd;W kjpg;gplyhk;.

‘,t;thW> ghlypd; tbt Neh;j;jp> cs;slf;f Neh;j;jp vd;w’

,uz;L epiyfspYk; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T nray;gLfpwJ.

tpdh tpilfs;:
1. tpjpKiwj;jpwdha;T – tiuaW.

tpjpKiwj;jpwdha;T vd;gij tiuaiwfisAk;

msTNfhy;fisAk; mg;gbNa Xh;,yf;fpaj;jpy;
nghUj;jpf;fhzKw;gLfpwJ.Mdhy; ,jd; %yk; KbGfisNah
jPhTfisNah nrhy;tjw;F ,J Kw;gLtjpy;iy.khwhff;Fwpg;gpl;l
Xh; ,yf;fpaj;ijr; rpy tiuaiwfisf; nfhz;L tpsf;Ftjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;ngWfpwJ. vdNt tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T vd;gJ mjd;
ngah; ntspg;gilahfj; njhptpg;gijg; Nghy> rpy Fwpg;gpl;l
tpjpKiwfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,yf;fpaj;ij mZFk;
xU jpwdha;T KiwahFk;.

2.tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; vit?

Xu; ,yf;fpag; gilg;G mjw;nfd tFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;s

tpjpKiwfSf;F Vw;wthW mike;J fhzg;gLfpwjh?
,y;iyah?vd;W fhz;gNj ,t;tifj; jpwdha;tpd; Kjd;ik
Nehf;fkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs;
gpd;tUkhW:

 Fwpg;gpl;l tpjpfis msTNfhy;fshff; nfhs;Sjy;

 ,yf;fpaq;fSf;fpilNa ju NtWghL fhZjy;
 epiyahd ,yf;fpa tpjpfis cUthf;Fjy;
 gilg;ghspfSf;Ff; fl;lisapLk; Nghf;F
 rpy tpjpfspd; topahf ,yf;fpaj;ij tpsf;Fjy;
tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs MFk;.

3.kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T vd;why; vd;d?

Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;igj; jpwdha;T nra;fpd;wth; vtuhapDk; mth;

mt;tpyf;fpag; gilg;gpidf; Fwpj;j jkJ fUj;jpid ,Wjpapy;
vLj;Jf; $Wfpwhh;. cz;ikapy; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd;
gad;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ ,yf;fpag; gilg;G gw;wpa

37
kjpg;gPlhFk.;.,yf;fpaj;ij gFj;jha;tJk; tpsf;fpAiug;gJk; mjd;
cstpaiyNah rKjha cz;ikiaNah mstpl;Liug;gJ
kl;Lky;yhJ>mNj jsq;fspypUe;J mt;tpyf;fpaj;ij kjpg;gplTk;
KbAk;.

4. kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;tpy; ,uz;L $Wfs; vit?

,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk; kjpg;Gf;fisg; gw;wpa kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj;

jpwdha;tpy; ,uz;L $Wfs; ftdpf;fj;jf;fd. mit tUkhW:

 ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tbtj;jpYk; fl;likg;gpYk;

fhzg;gLk; jd;ikfis kjpg;gpLjy;
 ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpy;> nra;jpapy;
fhzg;gLk; kjpg;Gf;fis kjpg;gpLjy;.

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ,uz;L mbg;gilf; $Wfis tpsq;;fpf; nfhs;s

,uz;L rhd;Wfisf; fhzyhk;.

5. tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;tpd; gad;fs; vit?

,yf;fpaq;fis> mtw;wpd; cs;shh;e;j rpwg;Gf;fs;>

El;gq;fs; nfhz;L tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mapd; tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T>
gy;NtW ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fis xUq;F itj;J cw;W Nehf;fp>
rpy tpjpKiwfis cUthf;FfpwJ. Gwg;ghly;fs; KOtijAk;
xUq;Nf itj;J Nehf;fp> ntl;rp> tQ;rp> copiQ> Jk;ig> thif>
fhQ;rp> ghlhz; vd;W tifg;gLj;jp> mtw;wpd; ,ay;Gfis
tpjpfshf cUthf;f tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;T Kaw;rp nra;fpwJ.
,Nj Nghy;> mfg;ghly;fs; gw;wpa tpjpfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

fhg;gpak; gw;wpa tpjpfs; Njhd;Wk; Kd;dNu fhg;gpaq;fs;

Njhd;wpapUf;fpd;wd. gy;NtW fhg;gpaq;fis xUq;F itj;J cw;W
Nehf;fp> mtw;wpd; nghJg; gz;Gfisf; fz;lwpe;J mitNa
tpjpfshf cUthf;fg;gl;ld vd;W $wyhk;. ,it tpjpKiwj;
jpwdha;tpd; gad;fs; MFk;.

$W :4 xg;gPl;LKiwj; jpwdha;T.
(gpupT-1 :epiwT)
,yf;fpaj;jpd; gz;Gfisr; rhpahfTk; epiwthfTk;
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk gpwh;fF
; tpsf;Ftjw;Fk;> jpwdha;Tyfpy;

38
mwptpaypd; jhf;fk; Vw;gl;l gpwF fpisj;njOe;j GjpanjhU
gphpTjhd; xg;gPl;LKiwj; jpwdha;T vd;gjhFk;. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
nghUs;fis xU Nru itj;J xg;gpl;L Nehf;fp> xg;gplg;gl;l ,uz;L
nghUs;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikiaAk; gFj;Jzh;tJjhd; xg;gPlL ; Kiw
vd;gjhFk;. xg;gPl;L Kiwapd; %yk; xg;gplg;gLk; nghUs;fspd;
jdpj;jd;ikfs;> rpwg;Gf;fs; ed;F Gydhfpd;wd.

Xg;gpLtJ rpy $Wfspy;NtWgl;Lk; rpytw;wpy; xd;Wgl;Lk;

,Uf;fpd;w ,uz;L nghUl;fspd; Nky; epfo;j;Jfpd;w xUnrayhFk;.
Neh;Kuzhd cs;s nghUs;fis xg;gpLtJ rhj;jpakpy;iy. ,e;j
mbg;gilapy; xg;gPlL
; Kiwj; jpwdha;T mikfpd;wJ.

xg;gPl;LKiwj; jpwdha;tpd; fUJNfhs;:

xj;j rKjha tuyhw;Wr; #oy;fspy; gpwf;Fk;

,yf;fpaq;fs; xj;j jd;ik ngw;wpUf;ff;$Lk;. Vw;Gj;jpwidr;
rhh;e;J Xh; ,yf;fpak; ,d;Ndhh; ,yf;fpaj;ijj; jdJ
nry;thf;fpw;F cl;gLj;jf;$Lk;. nkhopahYk; ,dj;jhYk; murpay;
Gtpapay; gug;ghYk; NtWghl;lhYk; mj;jifa tiuaiwfis
kPwp>,yf;fpaq;fs; jkf;Fs; xd;Wgl;l gz;GfisAk; gad;fisAk;

ngw;wpUf;ff;$Lk;. xd;Wgl;Lk; NtWgl;Lk; mikfpw

gpd;Gyq;fspypUe;J ghh;f;fpwNghJ> Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
gz;GfSk; $WfSk; njspthfTk; tpsf;fkhfTk; fhzf;$Lk;.
,e;jf; fUj;JepiyfNs xg;gPlL
; Kiwj; jpwdha;tpd;
fUJNfhs;fshFk;>,yf;fpag;nghJikg;gz;Gfspd;gpd;dzpapy;>xg;gpl;
Lj;jpwdhfpd;w NghJ me;j ,yf;fpak; Vw;gilanjhU
jsj;jpypUe;J jpwdha;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ. NtNwhd;wpd; gpd;dzpapy;-
,aq;fpay; Kiwapy; mJrhpahf ,dq;fhzg;gLfpwJ.vdNt
xg;gPlL
; Kiwj; jpwdha;T> Vida jpwdha;T tiffisg; Nghd;W
xU rpwe;j Kiwapidr; rhh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. NkYk; ,J gue;j
jsj;ijAk; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.

kdpjd; rpe;jidNa xg;gPl;bd; njhlf;fk;:

,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilg;ghspfis – xg;gpl;Lg;ghh;g;gJ

vd;gJ kpfg; goq;fhye;njhl;Nl ,Ue;Jte;jpUf;fpwJ. jkpo;
ciuahrphpah;fsplk;> jhk; ciu$Wk; Ehw;fSf;Fk; ghly;
thpirfSf;Fk; ,izahd gpw ,yf;fpa- ,yf;fz
Nkw;Nfhs;fis xg;gPlL; Kiwapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;w Nghf;Fk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.,J ghuhl;lj;jf;f mstpypUf;fpwJ. jkpo;ehl;bd;
tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpfs; Njhd;wp tsuj;njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpypUe;Nj

39
,f;fz;Nzhl;lk; NkYk; tsh;e;J te;Js;sJ .[p..A.Nghg; (1885).
gioa jkpo;f;fhg;gpq;fisg;ghhf;;fpwNghJ> mtw;wpw;Fk;>;
mtw;wpw;f;Fr; rkkhd fpNuf;f ,yf;fpaq;fSf;FKs;s xw;Wik
Gydhfpd;wJ. cUtj;jpYk; cs;slf;fj;jpYk; rKjha
epiyikfspYk; ,tw;wpw;fpilNa ngUk; xw;Wikfs;
fhzg;ngWfpd;wdvd;W $Wfpd;whh;. (f.ifyhrgjp>. xg;gpay;
,yf;fpak; g.36);. kdpjd; rpe;jpf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ ve;j ehNsh>
me;j ehspy; xg;gPLk; njhlq;fptpl;ljhf ‘nkf;fhNy ghRndl;’ vd;w
mwpQh; $Wfpwhh;. vdNt xg;gpLjy; vd;gJ kpfg; goikahd
mZFKiw vd;W $wyhk;.

xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;Ttpd; tsh;rr

; p:

xg;gPlL
; Kiwj; jpwdha;T vd;gJ ,U ,yf;fpag;
gilg;Gf;fis xg;gpl;L mtw;wpd; jdpj;jd;ikfisAk;
rpwg;Gf;fisAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LtjhFk;. ,J ,yf;fpak; vd;w
vy;iyf;Fs; kl;Lk; epfo;tjhFk;. ,e;j xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;T Kiw
gbg;gbahf tsh;e;J xg;gpyf;fpakhf tsh;e;J ,d;W jdpj;jnjhU
Jiwahfg; ghpzkpj;jpUf;fpwJ| ,jd;gb ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gpw
,yf;fpaq;fSld; xg;gpLfpd;w epiy tsh;r;rpaile;J
,yf;fpaj;ijg; gpw mwpTj;JiwfSld; xg;gplf;$ba #o;epiy
Vw;gl;L cs;sJ. ,t;tifapy; xg;gpyf;fpak; gue;Jgl;l
Ma;Tf;fsj;ij ,d;W ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.

xg;gPlL
; j; jpwdha;tpd; tpj;Jf;fis [p.A.Nghg;; Jhtpdhh;
vd;W $wyhk;. jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fl;Fk; gz;ila fpNuf;ff;
fhg;gpaq;fl;Fk; ,ilapyhd xg;Gikfis mth; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhh;.
Nguhrphpah; v];.fpU\;zrhkp ma;aq;fhh;> v];.itahGhpg;gps;is>
f.ifyhrgjp KjypNahh; xg;gPlL
; j; jpwdha;tpd; fsq;fis
tphpTgLj;jpdhh;. t.Nt.R. Iahpd; fk;guhkhazk; Fwpj;j Ma;T
,t;tifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. fk;gid thd;kPfpAlDk;
kpy;lDlDk; xg;gpLfpd;wJ ,e;j Ehy;.

jkpopy; xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;T :

jkpopy; xg;gPlL
; j; jpwdha;T rpwg;ghd tsh;r;rpapid
mile;jpUf;fpwJ. xU tifapdjhfpa rq;f mfg;ghly;fis
Mo;thh; ghRuq;fSld; xg;gpLjy;> jpUf;Fwspd; nry;thf;fpidg;
gpe;ija fhyj;J ,yf;fpaq;fspy; NjLjy;> fhg;gpaq;fspy; rq;f
mfkuGfspd; nry;thf;F vd;wthW xg;gPlL
; j; jpwdha;T
eilNghLfpwJ.

40
 ,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;L ,yf;fpaq;fisg; nghUj;j mstpy;
kfhftp ghujp> Gul;rpf;ftp ghujpjhrd; MfpNahh; gpw;fhyf;
ftpQh;fspd; kPJ Vw;gLj;jpAs;s nry;thf;F> ghujpahhpd; kPJ
,e;jpar; rpe;jid kuG Vw;gLj;jpAs;s nry;thf;F Nghd;w
fsq;fspy; Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

Gjpdk;> rpWfij ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fisg; nghUj;j

mstpy; GJikg; gpj;jd;> n[afhe;jd; Nghd;Nwhh; gpw;fhyg;
gilg;ghspfspd; kPJ Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;F Muhaj;jf;fjhf
cs;sJ.jkpopy; xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;Tf;Fr; rpwg;ghd fsq;fs;>
tha;g;Gf;fs; cs;sd.

ehl;Lf;F ehL xg;gP;L :

nrd;w Ehw;whz;by; gpuhd;R ehl;by; xg;gPlL

; j; jpwdha;T
njhlq;fpaJ. rpy khw;wq;fSld; mnkhpf;fhtpy; tsh;r;rp
ngw;wJ. gpuhd;R ehl;by; ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpapd; xU mq;fkhf ,J
fUjg;gl;lJ. mnkhpf;fhtpy; gue;j jsj;ij ,J thpj;Jf;
nfhz;lJ. xg;gpyf;fpak; vd;gjw;F mnkhpf;f - ,e;jpahdhg;
gy;fiyf;fofg; Nguhrphpah; H.H.hPkhf; $wpa tiuaiwNa nghpJk;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. mtUila tiuaiwapd;gb> xg;gpyf;fpak;
vd;gJ xU ehl;bd; ,yf;fpaj;ij ,d;ndhU ehl;L ,yf;fpaj;NjhL
xg;gpLtJ. ,yf;fpaq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s cwTfis xUgf;fKk;>
rKjhatpy; jj;Jtk; Nghd;w gpw Jiwfis ,d;ndhU gf;fKk;
xg;gpl;Lf;$WtJ: ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; ,ir> Xtpak;>$j;J Nghd;w
fiy tbtq;fSf;FkpilNaahd cwTfisf; $Wtnjd;W ,J
tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

xg;gPlL
; j; jpwdha;T vd;gJ ,yf;fpaq;fis xg;gpLtjpy;
kl;LNk ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. xNu nkhopapYs;s
,yf;fpaq;fisAk;- mJNghy xNu ehl;bYs;s ntt;NtW ehl;L
,yf;fpaq;fisAk;- vd;w jsq;fspy; xg;gpl;L ,yf;fpa Xg;gL P
epfo;j;jg;ngWfpd;wJ. xg;gPlL; Kiwapd; fdpTjhd; mjid NkYk;
,e;j msTf;F mfd;w jsj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wpUf;fpd;wJ vd;why;
mJ kpifahfhJ.

xg;gPl;LKiwj; jpwdha;tpd; gad;fs;:

 ,yf;fpaq;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikfis KOik

Nehf;fpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;F xg;gPL gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,yf;fpaf; fUj;Jf;fs;> tbtq;fs; Nghy;td
ehLtpl;L ehL ,lk;ngah;jy; vt;thW Neh;fpwJ

41
 vd;gij xg;gPl;bd; %yk; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
 ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,lk; ngah;fpwNghJ ,yf;fpaf;
fUj;Jf;fspYk; tbtq;fspYk; Vw;gLfpd;w
khw;wq;fisAk;> mjdhy; Gjpa tbtq;fs;
cUthtJ gw;wpAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
 ,uz;L nkhopfl;Fhpa ,yf;fpaq;fis xg;gpLtjhy;>
xU thrfDf;Fj; jd; jha;nkhop jtpu> Vida
nkhopfspy; cs;s ,yf;fpar; rpwg;Gf;fis
czh;e;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
 xU thrfd; jdJ jha;nkhop gw;wpf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;w FWfpa vz;zq;fisAk; nkhop
ntwpiaAk; khw;wpf;nfhz;L jd; jha;nkhopg;
gw;wpid mwptpay; G+h;tkhdjhf khw;wpf; nfhs;s
,aYk;.
 Njrpa> cyf mstpyhd xUikg;ghL tsuTk;
xg;gPlL
; Kiw cjTfpd;wJ.

ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T:

,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gjw;F mbg;gilj; Njit urid

my;yJ RitAzh;T MFk;. xU gilg;ghsp midj;J
thrfh;fisAk; fth;e;J tplf; $baJ vspjy;y| xUrpy
gilg;ghspfis xU rpy thrfh;fs; nghpJk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;|
urpg;ghh;fs;. ,t;thW urpf;Fk; thrfd; uridf;Fhpa ,yf;fpag;
gilg;gpy; gy;NtW tpjkhd El;gq;fisf; fz;Lzh;thd;| mJ
Fwpj;J tpje;J NgRthd;. ,e;jr; RitAzh;Tjhd; ghuhl;L Kiwj;
jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gilahFk;. vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nghUisAk;>
gDtiyAk; FiwapUg;gpd; Fiw fhzhky;> epiwfis kl;LNk
tpje;J NgRk; epiyNa ghuhl;L KiwahFk;.

ciuahrphpah;fspd; mZFKiw:

jkpo; ,yf;fpa ciufis Fiwfisg; NgRtjpy;iy

vd;gijf; fhuzk; fhl;b- ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;Tf;F
cjhuzkhff; $WtJKz;L. Mapd;> mit mbg;gilapy;
tpsf;fKiwahf miktdNtad;wpg;> ghuhl;Ljy; mtw;wpd;
Nehf;fkd;W. rpwg;Gg; gz;GfisNa tpje;J NgRk; epiyNa
ghuhl;LKiwapy; gutyhff; fhzg;ngWfpwJ.,dW ,yf;fpar;
nrhw;nghopthsh;fs;> fy;tpahsh;fs; Kjypath;fsplKk; ,e;jg;
ghuhl;LKiw> gutyhff; fhzg;gLtijg; ghh;f;fyhk;. rpy

42
tifahd NkilAj;jpfs; rpy tpUg;gq;fs; fhuzkhfTk;.
gf;fr;rhh;Gfs; tpUg;Gfs; fhuzkhfTk: ,e;jg; ghuhl;LKiw
epiwaNt ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

jkpo; ,yf;fpa kugpy; ciuahrphpah;fspd; mZFKiw

ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T MFk;. %yEhyhrphpah;fsplk; mstw;w
kjpg;Gk;> Mh;tKk; nfhz;lth;fs;jhk; ciuahrphpah;fs;> %y
Ehypd; rpwg;Gf;fs; midj;ijAk; gy Nfhzq;fspy; kpf El;gkhf
tpsf;FtJ ,th;fsJ KiwahFk;.

vLj;Jf; nfhz;l ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy; Fiwfs; fhzhky;

mjd; epiwfis kl;Lk; tpje;J NgRk; Kiwjhd; ghuhl;L Kiw
vdg; ghh;j;Njhk;. jpUf;Fwspy; tho;ehs; KOtJk; <Lgl;l xUth;
mjpy; xt;nthU mirapYk; rPhpYk; mhpa cz;ikfs; Gije;J
fplg;gjhff; $WtJz;L. rhd;whf>

“,d;dh nra;jhiu xWj;jy; mth; ehz

ed;dak; nra;J tply;”
(Fws; : 314)
vd;w Fwl;ghtpw;F ,d;W jug;gLk; gy;NtW tpsf;fq;fs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. ciuahrphpah;; ghpNkyofh;>“jkf;F
,d;dhjdtw;iwr; nra;jhiuj; Jwe;jhh; xWj;jyhtJ mth;jhNk
ehZkhW mth;f;F ,dpa cjtpfisr; nra;J mt;tpuz;ilAk;
kwj;jy;. kwthtopg; gpd;Dk; te;J fpisf;Fk; Mjypd;>
kwf;fw;ghythapd. mtiu nty;Yk; cghak; $wpathW ,it
%d;W ghl;lhDk; nrw;wk; gw;wpr; nra;jy; tpyf;fg;gl;lJ” vd;W
ciu $Wfpwhh;.
xU Jwtp> jdf;Fj; jPik nra;jtDf;Fk; ed;ik nra;tjd;
%yk; mtidj; jz;bj;jy; jFk; vd;gJk; gpwd; jdf;Fj; nra;j
jPik> jhd; gjpYf;Fr; nra;j ed;ik ,uz;ilAk;
kwe;JtplNtz;Lk; vd;gJk; ghlypd; fUj;J. ,jid tpsf;Fk;
,d;iwa Nguhrphpah;fs; gyh;>“ed;dak; nra;J tply;” vd;gjpYs;s
,Wjpr; rPuhd ‘tply;’ vd;gJ tpl;LtpLjy; vd;w nghUisf;
Fwpg;gjhf tpsf;Fth;. ,t;tpsf;fj;jpdhy; “tply;” vd;w ,Wjpr;
rPh; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ.

ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;tpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gz;G:

ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;tpd; jd;ikf;F NkYk; xU rhd;W

fhzyhk;.

43
 “ghnyhL Njd; fye;jw;Nw gzpnkhop
thnyap Whhpa ePh;”
(Fws; : 1121)

‘fhjw; rpwg;Giuj;jy;’ vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s

,f;Fws;> jiytpapd; vopy; eyj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ| mtsJ
gw;fspy; CWk; ePh; ghy;> Njd; ,uz;bd; Ritia xj;jdthf
cs;sd vd;W $WtJ kuG. ,f;Fwl;ghtpw;F ciu vOjpa
kfhtpj;Jthd; r.jz;lghzp Njrpfh; ts;Sth; jiytpapd; tha;
ePUf;Fg; ghiyAk; NjidAk; Vd; ctik $wpdhh;? vd;w tpdhit
vOg;gpf; nfhz;L> tpil NjLfpwhh;. ghypy; Rz;zhk;Gr;

rj;Jk; Njdpy; rhk;gw; rj;Jk; kpFjpahf ,Ug;gjhy; mit

clYf;F ed;ik gaf;fpd;wd vd;W $wp> jiytpapd; thaKjKk;
,t;thNw ed;ik gag;gJ vd;gjhy; ts;Sth; ghiyAk; NjidAk;
ctik $wpdhh; vd;W eak; fz;Liuf;fpwhh;. ghuhl;L Kiwj;
jpwdha;tpy; ,J kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gz;ghFk;| mjhtJ
,ay;ghd tUzidfl;Ff; $l> Mokhd fhuzq;fisj; Njbf;
fz;lwpe;J $wp %y Ehyhrphpaidg; ngUikg; gLj;Jk; Nghf;F
ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;tpy; ,lk; ngWfpwJ.

jkpopy; ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T:

jkpopy; ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;Tf;Fhpajhf

kpFjpahd mstpy; Ngrg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fSs; fk;guhkhazk;
xd;whFk;. fk;guhkhazg; ghly; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; kpf ePz;l
tpsf;fTiufs; ,JfhWk; vOjg;ngw;Ws;sd. Nkilg;
Ngr;rhsh;fSk; fk;guhkhazg; ghly;fs; gytw;iw urpj;J gy
kzp Neuq;fs; NgRtijf; Nfl;bUf;fpNwhk;. rhd;whf>

“va;jpdd; mDkDk; va;jp ve;jy;jd;

nkha;foy; njhOfpyd; Kshp ePq;fpa
ijaiy Nehf;fpa jiyad; ifapdd;
itafk; joP, nebJ ,iwQ;rp tho;j;jpdhd;”
(fk;guhkhazk;> Re;jufhz;lk;> 11268)

mDkd; ,yq;ifapypUe;J
,uhkd; KjypNahh; ,Uf;Fk; kNfe;jpu kiyf;Fj; jpUk;gp te;jJk;>
Ngrhky; njd;jpir Nehf;fpj; jiuapy; tPoe;J tzq;Ftijr;
rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wtjhf ,g;ghly; mikfpwJ. mDkd;> jhd;
rPijiaf; fz;lijAk; njd;jpirapy; mts; ,Ug;gijAk;> gpwuhy;
tzq;fj; jf;f eyj;Jld; mts; ,Ug;gijAk; jd; nray;fspd;
%yk;; Fwpg;gpdhy; czh;j;JtjhfTk; ,uhkd;> ,yf;Ftd;

44
KjypNahh; ,f;Fwpg;gpid czh;e;J kfpo;rr
; paile;jjhfTk;
ghuhl;LKiwj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; ,g;ghly; Fwpj;J
tpje;NjhJthh;fs;.

mDkd; rPijiaf; fz;lijf; Fwpj;Jg; NgRk; gpd;tUk;

ghly; fk;guhkhaz urpfh;fshy; gd;Kiw Ngrg;gl;ljhFk;|
mg;ghly; tUkhW:

“fz;lndd; fw;gpDf;F mzpiaf; fz;fshy;

njz;jpiu miyfly; ,yq;ifj; njd;efh;
mz;lh; ehaf ,dpJwj;jp IaKk;
gz;Ls JaUk;vd;W mDkd; gd;Dthd;”
(fk;guhkhazk;> Re;jufhz;lk; : 1271)
,g;ghlypy; mDkdpd; Ngr;Rj; jpwidg; gyglg; NgRth;
ghuhl;LKiwj; jpwdha;thsh;fs;. ,jpy; nrhw;fs; gads;s
tifapy; nrwpthf vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sij gyh; gd;Kiw ,JfhWk;
tpsf;fpAs;sdh;. Kjypy; rPij ,Uf;fpwhsh? ,y;iyah? vd;w
tpdhtpw;Ff; “fz;ldd;” vd;w tpil. rPij vt;thwpUf;fpwhs; vd;w
tpdhtpw;F “fw;gpDf;F mzp” vd;gJ tpil. mDkd; rPijia
Nehpy; fz;lhdh? my;yJ gpwf; $wf; Nfl;l nra;jpiaf;
$Wfpwhdh vd;w tpdhtpw;F “fz;fshy;” vd;gJ tpil! vq;Nf
rPij ,Uf;fpwhs; vd;w tpdhtpw;F “njz;jpiu miyfly;
,yq;ifj; njd;efh;” vd;gJ tpil! - ,t;thW gy
tpdhf;fSf;Fhpa tpilfis mDkd; $Wtjhf mike;jpUf;Fk;
fk;gdpd; ftpj;jpwj;ijg; Gfo;e;Jiuf;fg; ghuhl;LKiwj;
jpwdha;thsh;fs; ,g;ghliyg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUg;gijj; jkpo;
,yf;fpa cyfk; ed;fwpAk;.

gz;ilj; jkpoh;fspd; tho;f;ifKiw:

rq;f ,yf;fpag; Gwg;ghly;fs;> mfg;ghly;fs; gytw;Ws;

,lk; ngw;Ws;s nra;jpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gz;ilj;
jkpoh;fspd; tho;f;ifKiwapidr; rpwg;gpj;Jg; NgRk; Nghf;Fk;
ghuhl;LKiwj; jpwdha;thsh;fspilNa cz;L. rhd;whf> xU
Gwg;ghliyf; fhzyhk;:

“ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;

jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;ju thuh
NehjYk; jzpjYk; mtw;Nwhud;d|
rhjYk; GJtJ md;Nw| tho;jy;
,dpJ vd kfpo;e;jd;Wk; ,yNk| Kdptpd;
,d;dhJ vd;wYk; ,yNk| kpd;ndhL

45
 thdk; jz;Jsp jiy,> MdhJ
fy; nghUJ ,uq;Fk; ky;yy; Ngh; ahw;W
ePh; topg; g^ck; GizNghy> MUaph;
Kiwtopg; g^ck; vd;gJ jpwNthh;
fhl;rpahd; njspe;jdk; Mfypd; khl;rpapd;
nghpNahiu tpaj;jYk; ,yNk
rpwpNahiu ,fo;jy; mjdpDk; ,yNk”
(GwehDhW 192)

gz;ilj; jkpo; kf;fs; midj;Jyf kf;fisAk;

Nerp;j;jdh;| ed;ik jPikfs; Fwpj;J mQ;rtpy;iy| rhitf; fz;L
mQ;rtpy;iy| tho;f;ifiaf; fz;Lk; kfpotpy;iy| tho;f;ifapd;
Nghf;fpid cs;sthNw Vw;Wf; nfhz;Lk; nghpa kdpjh;fisf;
fz;L tpag;Gk; rpwpath;fisf; fz;L ,fo;rr ; pAk; milahky;
rkdpiyapy; ,Ue;jdh;. - ,J Nghd;w rpe;jidfis tpje;J
$Wtjw;Fg; ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l
GwehDhw;Wg; ghliy kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ kuG.

ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd;

rpwg;Gf;fis ntspf; nfhzu cjTfpwJ. jpwdha;thsdpd;
rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwid xl;b> ghlypd; rpwg;Gk; kpFfpwJ. El;gkhd
Gjpa tpsf;fq;fs; cUthfg; ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T
cjTfpwJ. vdpDk; jdpkdpj kdg; gjpthfTk; tpUg;G
ntWg;Gfl;F ,lkspg;gjhfTk; ghuhl;LKiwj; jpwdha;T ,Ug;gij
kWf;ftpayhJ. Mapd;> jpwdha;T vd;gJ. Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
tpsf;fq;fisAk; jdpj;jd;ikfisAk; thrfh;
kdjpyhf;Fk;gbahff; nfhz;L nry;yNtz;LNk jtpu> epiwNah>
FiwNah mjidNa fz;L mjidNa tpz;Liug;gijNa
Nehf;fkhff; nfhs;sf;$lhJ. vJTk; msTf;fjpfkhdhy;
rw;Wfhpf;Fk;. rpwg;Gfs; msNthL nrhy;yg;glNtz;Lk;. czh;T
Kf;fpaNk jtpu> ntw;Wiufs; Kfpfpaky;y. vdNt> Fiwfisg;
nghpJgLj;JtJk; ghuhl;Lf;fshy; ge;jy; NghLtJk;. cz;ikia
cjhrPdg;gLj;jptpLk;> jpwdha;Tf;F cz;ik vd;gJ Kf;fpak;.
vjidg;Nghw;Wfpd;NwhNkh mJ tsUk;- vd;w ghujpapd; fUj;Jk;
,q;F Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.

tpdh tpilfs;:

1. xg;gPlL
; Kiwj; jpwdha;T - tiuaW.

,yf;fpaj;jpd; gz;Gfisr; rhpahfTk; epiwthfTk;

tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;gpwh;fF
; tpsf;Ftjw;Fk;> jpwdha;Tyfpy;
mwptpaypd; jhf;fk; Vw;gl;l gpwF fpisj;njOe;j GjpanjhU

46
gphpTjhd; xg;gPl;LKiwj; jpwdha;T vd;gjhFk;. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
nghUs;fis xU Nru itj;J xg;gpl;L Nehf;fp> xg;gplg;gl;l ,uz;L
nghUs;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikiaAk; gFj;Jzh;tJjhd; xg;gPlL ; Kiw
vd;gjhFk;.

2. xg;gPlL
; j; jpwdha;Ttpd; tsh;r;rpia tpthp.

xg;gPlL
; Kiwj; jpwdha;T vd;gJ ,U ,yf;fpag;
gilg;Gf;fis xg;gpl;L mtw;wpd; jdpj;jd;ikfisAk;
rpwg;Gf;fisAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LtjhFk;. ,J ,yf;fpak; vd;w
vy;iyf;Fs; kl;Lk; epfo;tjhFk;. ,e;j xg;gPl;Lj; jpwdha;T Kiw
gbg;gbahf tsh;e;J xg;gpyf;fpakhf tsh;e;J ,d;W jdpj;jnjhU
Jiwahfg; ghpzkpj;jpUf;fpwJ| ,jd;gb ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gpw
,yf;fpaq;fSld; xg;gpLfpd;w epiy tsh;r;rpaile;J
,yf;fpaj;ijg; gpw mwpTj;JiwfSld; xg;gplf;$ba #o;epiy
Vw;gl;L cs;sJ. ,t;tifapy; xg;gpyf;fpak; gue;Jgl;l
Ma;Tf;fsj;ij ,d;W ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.

xg;gPlL
; j; jpwdha;tpd; tpj;Jf;fis [p.A.Nghg;; Jhtpdhh;
vd;W $wyhk;. jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fl;Fk; gz;ila fpNuf;ff;
fhg;gpaq;fl;Fk; ,ilapyhd xg;Gikfis mth; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhh;.
Nguhrphpah; v];.fpU\;zrhkp ma;aq;fhh;> v];.itahGhpg;gps;is>
f.ifyhrgjp KjypNahh; xg;gPlL
; j; jpwdha;tpd; fsq;fis
tphpTgLj;jpdhh;. t.Nt.R. Iahpd; fk;guhkhazk; Fwpj;j Ma;T
,t;tifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. fk;gid thd;kPfpAlDk;
kpy;lDlDk; xg;gpLfpd;wJ ,e;j Ehy;.

3. ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;tpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gz;G vJ?

ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;tpd; jd;ikf;F NkYk; xU
rhd;W fhzyhk;.

“ghnyhL Njd; fye;jw;Nw gdpnkhop

thnyap Whhpa ePh;”
(Fws; : 1121)

‘fhjw; rpwg;Giuj;jy;’ vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;s ,f;Fws;> jiytpapd; vopy; eyj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ|
mtsJ gw;fspy; CWk; ePh; ghy;> Njd; ,uz;bd; Ritia
xj;jdthf cs;sd vd;W $WtJ kuG. ,f;Fwl;ghtpw;F ciu
vOjpa kfhtpj;Jthd; r.jz;lghzp Njrpfh; ts;Sth; jiytpapd;
tha; ePUf;Fg; ghiyAk; NjidAk; Vd; ctik $wpdhh;? vd;w
tpdhit vOg;gpf; nfhz;L> tpil NjLfpwhh;. ghypy; Rz;zhk;Gr;

47
rj;Jk; Njdpy; rhk;gw; rj;Jk; kpFjpahf ,Ug;gjhy; mit
clYf;F ed;ik gaf;fpd;wd vd;W $wp> jiytpapd; thaKjKk;
,t;thNw ed;ik gag;gJ vd;gjhy; ts;Sth; ghiyAk; NjidAk;
ctik $wpdhh; vd;W eak; fz;Liuf;fpwhh;. ghuhl;L Kiwj;
jpwdha;tpy; ,J kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gz;ghFk;| mjhtJ
,ay;ghd tUzidfl;Ff; $l> Mokhd fhuzq;fisj; Njbf;
fz;lwpe;J $wp %y Ehyhrphpaidg; ngUikg; gLj;Jk; Nghf;F
ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;tpy; ,lk; ngWfpwJ.

4. ciuahrphpah;fspd; mZFKiwia tpthpf;f.

jkpo; ,yf;fpa ciufis Fiwfisg; NgRtjpy;iy vd;gijf;

fhuzk; fhl;b- ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;Tf;F cjhuzkhff;
$WtJKz;L. Mapd;> mit mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fKiwahf
miktdNtad;wpg;> ghuhl;Ljy; mtw;wpd; Nehf;fkd;W. rpwg;Gg;
gz;GfisNa tpje;J NgRk; epiyNa ghuhl;LKiwapy; gutyhff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.,dW ,yf;fpar; nrhw;nghopthsh;fs;> fy;tpahsh;fs;
Kjypath;fsplKk; ,e;jg; ghuhl;LKiw> gutyhff;
fhzg;gLtijg; ghh;f;fyhk;. Rpy tifahd NkilAj;jpfs; rpy
tpUg;gq;fs; fhuzkhfTk;. gf;fr;rhh;gfs; tpUg;Gfs; fhuzkhfTk:
,e;jg; ghuhl;LKiw epiwaNt ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

jkpo; ,yf;fpa kugpy; ciuahrphpah;fspd; mZFKiw

ghuhl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;T MFk;. %yEhyhrphpah;fsplk; mstw;w
kjpg;Gk;> Mh;tKk; nfhz;lth;fs;jhk; ciuahrphpah;fs;> %y
Ehypd; rpwg;Gf;fs; midj;ijAk; gy Nfhzq;fspy; kpf El;gkhf
tpsf;FtJ ,th;fsJ KiwahFk;.

vLj;Jf; nfhz;l ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy; Fiwfs; fhzhky;

mjd; epiwfis kl;Lk; tpje;J NgRk; Kiwjhd; ghuhl;L Kiw
vdg; ghh;j;Njhk;. jpUf;Fwspy; tho;ehs; KOtJk; <Lgl;l xUth;
mjpy; xt;nthU mirapYk; rPhpYk; mhpa cz;ikfs; Gije;J
fplg;gjhff; $WtJz;L. rhd;whf>

“,d;dh nra;jhiu xWj;jy; mth; ehz

ed;dak; nra;J tply;”
(Fws; : 314)

vd;w Fwl;ghtpw;F ,d;W jug;gLk; gy;NtW

tpsf;fq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. ciuahrphpah;; ghpNkyofh;>“jkf;F
,d;dhjdtw;iwr; nra;jhiuj; Jwe;jhh; xWj;jyhtJ mth;jhNk
ehZkhW mth;f;F ,dpa cjtpfisr; nra;J mt;tpuz;ilAk;
kwj;jy;. kwthtopg; gpd;Dk; te;J fpisf;Fk; Mjypd;>

48
kwf;fw;ghythapd. mtiu nty;Yk; cghak; $wpathW ,it
%d;W ghl;lhDk; nrw;wk; gw;wpr; nra;jy; tpyf;fg;gl;lJ” vd;W
ciu $Wfpwhh;.
xU Jwtp> jdf;Fj; jPik nra;jtDf;Fk; ed;ik
nra;tjd; %yk; mtidj; jz;bj;jy; jFk; vd;gJk; gpwd;
jdf;Fj; nra;j jPik> jhd; gjpYf;Fr; nra;j ed;ik ,uz;ilAk;
kwe;JtplNtz;Lk; vd;gJk; ghlypd; fUj;J. ,jid tpsf;Fk;
,d;iwa Nguhrphpah;fs; gyh;>“ed;dak; nra;J tply;” vd;gjpYs;s
,Wjpr; rPuhd ‘tply;’ vd;gJ tpl;LtpLjy; vd;w nghUisf;
Fwpg;gjhf tpsf;Fth;. ,t;tpsf;fj;jpdhy; “tply;” vd;w ,Wjpr;
rPh; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ.

5. xg;gPlL
; Kiwj; jpwdha;T gw;wpf; fl;Liuf;f.

,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilg;ghspfis – xg;gpl;Lg;ghh;g;gJ vd;gJ

kpfg; goq;fhye;njhl;Nl ,Ue;Jte;jpUf;fpwJ. jkpo;
ciuahrphpah;fsplk;> jhk; ciu$Wk; Ehw;fSf;Fk; ghly;
thpirfSf;Fk; ,izahd gpw ,yf;fpa- ,yf;fz
Nkw;Nfhs;fis xg;gPlL ; Kiwapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;w Nghf;Fk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.,J ghuhl;lj;jf;f mstpypUf;fpwJ. jkpo;ehl;bd;
tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpfs; Njhd;wp tsuj;njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpypUe;Nj
,f;fz;Nzhl;lk; NkYk; tsh;e;J te;Js;sJ.[p..A.Nghg; (1885).
gioa jkpo;f;fhg;gpq;fisg;ghh;fpwNghJ> mtw;wpw;Fk> ;
mtw;wpw;f;Fr; rkkhd fpNuf;f ,yf;fpaq;fSf;FKs;s xw;Wik
Gydhfpd;wJ. cUtj;jpYk; cs;slf;fj;jpYk; rKjha
epiyikfspYk; ,tw;wpw;fpilNa ngUk; xw;Wikfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdvd;W $Wfpd;whh;.

(f.ifyhrgjp>. xg;gpay; ,yf;fpak; g.36);. nrd;w Ehw;whz;by;

gpuhd;R ehl;by; xg;gPlL ; j; jpwdha;T njhlq;fpaJ. rpy
khw;wq;fSld; mnkhpf;fhtpy; tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ. gpuhd;R ehl;by;
,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpapd; xU mq;fkhf ,J fUjg;gl;lJ.
mnkhpf;fhtpy; gue;j jsj;ij ,J thpj;Jf;; nfhz;lJ.
xg;gpyf;fpak; vd;gjw;F mnkhpf;f - ,e;jpahdhg; gy;fiyf;fofg;
Nguhrphpah; H.H.hPkhf; $wpa tiuaiwNa nghpJk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
mtUila tiuaiwapd;gb> xg;gpyf;fpak; vd;gJ xU ehl;bd;
,yf;fpaj;ij ,d;ndhU ehl;L ,yf;fpaj;NjhL xg;gpLtJ.
,yf;fpaq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s cwTfis xUgf;fKk;>
rKjhatpy; jj;Jtk; Nghd;w gpw Jiwfis ,d;ndhU gf;fKk;
xg;gpl;Lf;$WtJ: ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; ,ir> Xtpak;>$j;J Nghd;w
fiy tbtq;fSf;FkpilNaahd cwTfisf; $Wtnjd;W ,J
tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ

49
  ,yf;fpaq;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikfis KOik Nehf;fpy;
Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;F xg;gPL gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,yf;fpaf; fUj;Jf;fs;> tbtq;fs; Nghy;td ehLtpl;L
ehL ,lk;ngah;jy; vt;thW Neh;fpwJ vd;gij xg;gPlb; d;
%yk; Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
 ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,lk; ngah;fpwNghJ ,yf;fpaf;
fUj;Jf;fspYk; tbtq;fspYk; Vw;gLfpd;w
khw;wq;fisAk;> mjdhy; Gjpa tbtq;fs; cUthtJ
gw;wpAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
 ,uz;L nkhopfl;Fhpa ,yf;fpaq;fis xg;gpLtjhy;> xU
thrfDf;Fj; jd; jha;nkhop jtpu> Vida nkhopfspy;
cs;s ,yf;fpar; rpwg;Gf;fis czh;e;J nfhs;s
KbfpwJ.
 xU thrfd; jdJ jha;nkhop gw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w
FWfpa vz;zq;fisAk; nkhop ntwpiaAk;
khw;wpf;nfhz;L jd; jha;nkhopg; gw;wpid mwptpay;
G+h;tkhdjhf khw;wpf; nfhs;s ,aYk;.
 Njrpa> cyf mstpyhd xUikg;ghL tsuTk; xg;gPlL ;
Kiw cjTfpd;wJ.
xg;gPlL
; j; jpwdha;T vd;gJ ,yf;fpaq;fis xg;gpLtjpy;
kl;LNk ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. xNu nkhopapYs;s
,yf;fpaq;fisAk;- mJNghy xNu ehl;bYs;s ntt;NtW ehl;L
,yf;fpaq;fisAk;- vd;w jsq;fspy; xg;gpl;L ,yf;fpa Xg;gL P
epfo;j;jg;ngWfpd;wJ. xg;gPlL; Kiwapd; fdpTjhd; mjid NkYk;
,e;j msTf;F mfd;w jsj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nrd’wpUf;fpd;wJ vd;why;
mJ kpifahfhJ.

gpupT -2 fw;gid> czh;r;rp

$W: 5 fw;gid – nrhy; tpsf;fKk; Ml;rpAk;.

kdpjid kdpjd; vd;W ,dq;fhl;LtJ mtdplk; Gije;J

fplf;fpd;w fw;gid Mw;wy; MFk;| fw;gid ,y;iy vd;why;
kdpjDf;Fk; tpyq;Ffl;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghLfs; ,y;yhky;
Ngha;tpLk;| fw;gid nra;Ak; Mw;wy; kdpjid tho itf;Fk;
$WfSs; xd;whFk;. XU Kiw ngw;w mDgtk; njhlh;ghf xU
fw;gid Vw;gLk;NghJ> mJ tho;f;if KOtJk; gutp mjw;F

50
,iae;j vy;yhg; gFjpfspYk; nrd;W epuk;GfpwJ. xU gFjpapy;
ngw;w tpsf;fk; kw;wg; gFjpfl;Fk; nrd;W njspT ey;FfpwJ.
njspTila gFjpiaAk; njsptw;w gFjpiaAk; ,izj;J
tpLfpwJ. kwf;fg;gl;l gioa mDgtq;fisAk; mJ jpUk;gf;
nfhzh;e;J njspthf tpsq;fr; nra;fpwJ vd;W $Wfpwhh;
K.t.(,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> g.150). ,t;thW jPa nray;fspd; tpisT
Fwpj;j gioa mDgtq;fs; njhlh;ghf fw;gid kdpjidj; jPik
nra;tjpdpd;Wk; jLf;fpwJ| ey;y nray;fs; Fwpj;j gioa
mDgtf; fw;gidfs; kdpjid NkYk; ed;ik nra;aj;
Jhz;Lfpd;wd. mjdhy; fw;gid kdpj tho;tpy; Nghplk; ngWfpwJ|
kdpj tho;T njhlh;ghd ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; fw;gidf;F kpFjpahd
,lKz;L. ,jidNa “fw;gid kdpjd; Njbg;ngWk; mzpfyd;
Nghd;wJ md;W| ,aw;ifahff; Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; mike;Js;s
moF Nghd;wJ“ vd;W K.t. $Wfpwhh; (,yf;fpaj; jpwd;> 150).
vdNt fw;gid kdpj tho;tpy; Mw;Wk; gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ
MFk;.

fw;gidf;F kdpj tho;tpy; ,d;wpaikahj ,lKz;L

vd;gijf; fz;Nlhk;. mJ vt;thW kdpj tho;tpy;> kdpjg; gz;G
cUthf;fj;jpYk; MSik cUthf;fj;jpYk; ,iltplhJ
fhzg;ngWfpwJ vd;gijf; fhzyhk;.
 fw;gid kdpj kdj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F cWJizahf
mikfpwJ.
 kdpjdpd; vz;zq;fis Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ| fw;gid tsk;
nrwpe;j ghly; my;yJ ,yf;fpak; kdpj r%fj;jpw;F
ed;ik nra;fpwJ.
 kdpjdpd;mwpT tsh;r;rpf;Fk; fw;gid cjTfpwJ. mwpT
jp;l;gKilajhfTk; njspTilajhfTk; tsuf;;
fw;gid cjTfpwJ.
 kdpjdp;d; cz;ik NjLk; Ntl;if epiwtila
fw;gid cjtp nra;fpwJ.

,t;thW fw;gid kdpjg; gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rpf;F cjTtjhf
Mgh; fpuhk;gp Nghd;Nwhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ,yf;fpak; kdpj
tho;f;ifapypUe;J fpisj;njOe;J kPz;Lk; kdpj tho;f;if
mDgtj;jpw;Nf tpUe;jhf mikfpwJ. ,jdhy; kdpj tho;f;iff;Fg;
gad;gLk; fw;gid ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; Nghplk; ngWfpwJ.
,g;gFjpapy; fw;gid Fwpj;Jf; $wg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW
tpsf;fq;fisf; fhzyhk;.

51
fw;gid- nrhy; tpsf;fk;:

tho;tpYk; ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; kpFjpahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;jJ fw;gid vd;gijf; fz;Nlhk;. fw;gid vd;why; vd;d? -
,J Fwpj;J mwpQh;fs; gyUk; gd;Kiw rpe;jpj;J tpsf;fq;fs;
$w Kaw;rp nra;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. xU kdpjd; jd; kdj;jpd;
Mw;wyhy; xd;iwg; Gide;J cUthf;fpg; gpwh; czUkhW
fhl;LtJjhd; fw;gid vd;W nghJthff; $wyhk;. rhd;whfg;
gfy; Neuj;jpy; my;yJ epytpd; xspapy; thdj;ijg; ghh;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; Nkff; $l;lj;jpid> efh;e;J
nfhz;bUf;Fk; Nkfj;jpd; gFjpfisf; fz;L mtw;iw ntt;NtW
tbtq;fs; nfhz;l tpyq;FfshfTk;> kdpjh;fshfTk;> Nghh;
tPuh;fshfTk;> kd;ddhfTk; fw;gid nra;J fz;L kfpo;fpd;wdh;|

ftpijapd; rpwg;G:
xU fiyg;gilg;ig EfUk; thrfd;> rpy Fwpg;gpl;l
fhuzq;fshy; mJ kpfTk; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W czh;fpwhd;.
vd;d fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilahy; mJ rpwg;ghf cs;sJ?
ftpijapd; Xireak;> nrhy;tsk;> czh;r;rpf; $Wfs; vd;w
VNjDk; xd;W rpwg;ghf ,Uf;fyhk;.

“typNahh; rpyh; vspNahh; jik

tijNa GhpFtjh?
kfhuhrh;fs; cyfhSjy;
epiyahk; vDk; epidth?
cyfhs cdJjha; kPJ
caph; thij ailfpwhs;|
cjthjpdp xU jhkjk;
clNd tpop jkpoh!
fiyNa tsh;! njhopy; NktpL!
ftpij Gid jkpoh!
flNy epfh; gilNrh;| fL
tpl Neh; fUtpfs; Nrh;
epyNk cO! etjhdpa
epiwT+jpak; miltha;”

(ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;>gd;kzpj;jpus;)

vd;w ghujpjhrdpd; ghliyf; fhz;f. ,g;ghlypy; rh;thjpfhu

mikg;gpw;F vjpuhfr; rhkhdpa kdpjd; xUq;fpize;J fpsh;e;J vo
Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij kpFe;j Mw;wYld; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.
,g;ghliy xU Kiw cuj;j Fuypy; tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;Jg;
ghh;j;jhy; ,jpy; mike;jpUf;fpd;w Xir eak; Gyg;gLk;.

52
 “nfhiy thspid vllh kpF
nfhbNahh; nray; mwNt”

(ghujpjhrd;; ftpijfs;> gd;kzpj;jpus;)

vd;W ftpij thpfis thrpf;fj; njhlq;fpaTlNdNa czh;r;rpfs;

fpsh;e;njOk; tifapy; ,jpy; mike;Js;s Xir eaj;ij
czuyhk;. ,f;ftpijAk; ,jidg; Nghd;w gpw ftpijfSk; Xir
eaj;jpw;fhfTk; fUj;Jr; nrwptpw;fhfTk; Ritf;fj;jf;fit.

ftpijapy;fw;gidAk; nrhy;tsKk;:

ftpijfs; mtw;wpd; nrhy;tsj;jpw;fhfTk; rpy rkaq;fspy;

thrfh;fshy; Ritf;fg;gLtJz;L. ftpij vd;gNj fUj;Jf;fisr;
RUq;fpa tbtpy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L
Mf;fg;gLtJjhNd! fk;guhkhazj;jpy; Muz;a fhz;lk;
#h;g;gdifg; glyj;jpy; tUk; gpd;tUk; ghliyf; fhz;f:

“gQ;rp xsph; tpQ;R Fsph; gy;ytk; mDq;f

nrQ;nrtpa fQ;rk; epfh; rPwbas; Mfp
mQ;nrhy; ,s kQ;iQ vd md;dk; vd kpd;Dk;
tQ;rp vd eQ;rk; vd tQ;rpte;jhs; kfs;;”
(fk;guhkhazk;> Muz;afhz;lk;> 248)

fk;guhkhaz urpfh;fshy; gd;Kiw tpje;Njhjg;gLk; kpfr;

rpwe;j ghly; ,J. xsp kpFe;j nrk;gQ;R tUe;Jk;gbahd kpFe;j
nrk;ikAiladTk;> Fsph;r;rp kpFe;j jsph;fs; tUe;Jk;gbahd
kpFe;j nkd;ikAiladthfTk; ,Uf;Fk; rpwe;j jhkiu kyiug;
Nghyj; Njhd;Wk; rpwpa mbfis cilatshfp> mofpa
nrhw;fisg; NgRk; ,isa kapy; NghyTk; ngz; md;dk;
NghyTk;> kpd;dypLk; tQ;rpf;nfhb eQ;R NghyTk; me;j tQ;rid
cilatshd #h;g;gdif ele;J te;jhs; vd;W fk;gh; tUzpj;Jf;
$Wtjhf mike;jJ jhd; NkNy fhl;lg;gl;l ghly;| ,jpy; xU
ngz;zpd; tUif $wg;gLtjhy; ,ay;ghfNt nky;ypd
vOj;Jf;fis kpFjpahff; fk;gh; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh; vd;W ,f;
ftpij gw;wpr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wth;. fk;guhkhazj; jpwdha;thsh;fs;.
,J fk;ghpd; nrhy;tsj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W> ,g;ghly; nrhy;
tsj;jpw;fhfTk; fw;gidf;fhfTk; urpf;fj;jf;fjhf mikfpd;wJ.

fw;gid rpwpJkpd;wp ntWk; nrhy; tsj;jpw;fhf kl;Lk;

Ritf;fg;gLk; ghly;fs; gyTz;L| rhd;whfg; gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilahhpd;
gpd;tUk; ghliyf; fhz;f:

53
 “vOjpg;gbf;f mwpahjtd; jhd;
cOJ xsr;R NrhW NghLfpwhd;
vy;yhk; gbr;rtd; VNjNjh Ngrp
ey;yh ehl;ilf; $W NghLfpwhd; - ,td;
NrhW NghLfpwhd; - mtd;
$W NghLfpwhd;”
(gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk; ghly;fs;> g.4)

,g;ghlypy; NrhW> $W vd;w nrhw;fs; ikag;gFjpfshf

mike;J fUj;jpidg; Gyg;gLj;jp tpLfpd;wd. ,g;ghly; nrhy;
tsj;jpw;fhfTk; fUj;jhoj;jpw;fhfTk; Ritf;fj;jf;fjhf
mikfpd;wJ.

ftpijapd; mbg;gilf;$Wczh;r;rp:
ftpijg; gilg;gpd; mbg;gilf; $whd czh;r;rp vDk;
$Wjhd; xU thrfidf; ftpijAyfj;jpw;Fs; ,Oj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.
vdNt gy ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fs; mtw;wpd; czh;r;rpf;
$WfSf;fhfr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;gLfpd;wd. Xireak;> nrhy;tsk;>
czh;r;rpf; $Wfs; vd;w midj;ijAk; fle;j epiyapy; rpy
,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fs; thrfh;fspd; kdj;jpy; epiyahd ,lj;ijg;
ngWfpd;wd. ,j;jifa ftpijfspy; fw;gid vDk; $W
rpwe;jpUf;Fk; vd;gJ jpz;zk;. Fwpg;ghf ahg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghLfis
kPwp epw;Fk; GJf;ftpijfspy; Xir eak;> nrhy;tsk;
Kjypatw;iw kpFjpahf vjph;ghh;f;f KbahJ| fw;gidAk;
Neubahff; fUj;Jf;fisg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; ghq;Fk; jhd; mtw;wpd;
typik. rhd;whf xU If;$f; ftpijiaf; fhz;f:

“fk;G Cd;wpNaDk;
epkph;e;J epw;Fk;
Fiy js;spa thio”
(K.KUNf\;> tpuy; Edpapy; thdk;> 51).

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ftpijapy; nrhy;tsk;> Xireak; vJTk; ,y;iy|

MdhYk; ,f;ftpij mjd; thrfDf;F VNjh xU nra;jpia
czh;j;JfpwJ vd;W vz;zj; Njhd;WfpwJ. mJ vd;d nra;jp!
thio vq;fhtJ fk;G Cd;wpf; nfhz;L jd;id epiyepWj;jpf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwjh? mJ elf;ff; $ba nrayh! ,y;iy!
Rod;wbf;Fk; Rwhtspf; fhw;wpy; thio rha;e;J tplhky; ,Uf;f
tptrhap jhd; fk;Gfis Cd;wp thio kuq;fSf;F Kl;Lf;
nfhLj;Jj; Jhf;fp epWj;Jthd;. Mdhy; ftpQUf;F thio kuk;
jhNd xU fk;gpid Cd;wp epd;wpUg;gjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ| my;yJ
ftpQh; mt;thW fw;gid nra;fpwhh;. ,jdhy; thiof; Fiyapd;

54
ghuk; jhq;fhky; rhpe;J tpof;$ba thio jd;id epiyepWj;jpf;
nfhs;sg; NghuhLfpwJ. XU fk;gpd; JizAld; jd;id
epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,f;fhl;rp my;yJ fw;gid kdpjDf;Fr;
nra;jpiag; Gfl;LfpwJ. thio vd;gJ kdpjd;| thiof;Fiy
vd;gJ kdpj tho;tpd; Rikfs;. thio kukhdJ RikAld;
thog; NghuhLfpwJ| fk;gpd; JizAld; NghuhLfpwJ. mNj Nghy;
kdpjDk; tho;tpd; Rikfs;> Njhy;tpfshy;; Jtz;Ltplf;$lhJ.
VNjDk; xU Nfhl;ghL> ek;gpf;if vDk; fk;gpd; JizAld;
tho;tpd; Rikfis vjph;j;Jg; Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;| jd;id
epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,f;ftpij $Wtjhfj;
Njhd;WfpwJ. ftpQh; ntspg;gilahff; $wpAs;s thiokuk;
gw;wpa fhl;rp> $whky; tplg;gl;l xd;iw Nehf;fp thrfidf;
nfhz;L nry;fpwJ. thio kuk; gw;wpa fw;gidNa thrfdpd;
fw;gidiaAk; Jhz;LfpwJ vd;W $wyhk;. NkNy
vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;l If;$ ftpijapy; nrhy;tsk;> Xireak;>
czh;r;rpf; $Wfs; Nghd;w vitAk; ,y;yhjtplj;Jk; fw;gid
xd;Nw ,f;ftpijia epiyNgWilajhfr; nra;fpwJ.

fw;gidapd; rpwg;ig ed;Fzh;e;J nfhs;sg;> gpwpnjhU

ghliyAk; rhd;whff; fhzyhk;:

“,g;gp <d;wpl;l vwpfjph; epj;jpyk;

nfhs;ifNa my;y gLtJ – nfhw;iff;
FUjpNty; khwd; Fsph; rhe;J mfyq;
fUjpahh; fz;Zk; gLk;”

(Kj;njhs;shapuk;>ghly;.68)

,g;ghlypd; nghUs; tUkhW: rpg;gpfs; <d;W jUk; xspkpFe;j

Kj;Jf;fs; nfhw;ifj; JiwKfj;jpy; jhd; tpisfpd;wd| Mdhy;
nfhw;ifj; Jiwf;Fj; jiytdhfpa ghz;ba kd;ddpd; mfd;w
khh;gpd; mofpidf; fz;l ngz;fspd; fz;fspYk; fz;zPh;j;
Jzpfshfpa Kj;Jf;fs; tpisfpd;wd vd;W ,g;ghly; $WfpwJ.
ghz;ba kd;ddpd; vopiyAk;> mJ fz;l ngz;fspd; kdj;ijAk;
<h;ff
; ty;yJ vd;gijAk; $w te;j Gyth; mjid Neubahff;
$whky; Fwpg;ghff; $Wfpd;whh;. flypy; gpwf;Fk; Kj;Jf;fSld;
ngz;fspd; fz;zPh; Kj;Jf;fis ,izj;Jf; fw;gid nra;J
$wpAs;shh;. ,jdhy; ,f;ftpij thrfdpd; kdj;jpy; nrd;W
jq;fptpLfpd;wJ. fw;gidapd; rpwg;ig> Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;G
ntw;wpfukhdjhfj; jpfof; fw;gid fhuzkhf ,Ug;gij ,jd;

55
top czuyhk;. ‘fw;gidahtJ ftpQh; jhd; czh;e;j
czh;r;rpiaNah ngw;w mofpd;g mDgtj;ijNah my;yJ fz;l
fhl;rpiaNah ehKk; KOikahfTk; njspthfTk; czh;e;Njh>
mDgtpj;Njh fz;Nlh ,d;GWkhW mikj;Jf; fhl;Lk; mhpa
fiyj;jpwdhFk; vd;W R.ghyr;re;jpud; $Wfpwhh; (,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;T> g.92) ,f;$w;wpd; nka;k;ikia NkNy ehk; fz;l
ghly;fs; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd vd;W $wyhk;.;:

fw;gidapd; tpisTfs;:

fw;gid vd;gJ Fwpj;Jg; gy;NtW tpsf;fq;fs;

$wg;gLfpd;wd. gilg;ghsh; gbg;Nghh; kdq;fs; Kd; jd;
mDgtj;ijg; gilj;Jf; fhl;Lk; jpwNk fw;gid MFk; vd;W
rp.b.tpd;nr];lh; fw;gidia tpsf;Ffpwhh;. xU ftpijiaNah>
rpWfijiaNah> Gjpdj;ijNah gbf;Fk; thrfd; mt;tpyf;fpag;
gilg;gpd; fijkhe;jh;fs; milAk; czh;r;rpfis mDgtq;fisj;
jhDk; milfpd;whd;. ,e;j czh;r;rp xj;jpirTf;Ff; fhuzkhf
miktJ fw;gidNa MFk;. fy;fpapd; rptfhkpapd; rgjk;
ehtypd; rptfhkp> eurpk;k gy;ytd;> n[afhe;jdpd; rpy Neuq;fspy;
rpy kdpjh;fs; ehtypd; fq;fh> gpuG Nghd;w fij khe;jh;fspd;
czh;r;rpfSk; mDgtq;fSk; me;ehty;fisg; gbf;Fk;
thrfh;fSf;Fk; Vw;gLtJz;L| mjdhy; jhd; ,J Nghd;w
gilg;Gf;fs; thrfh;fspilNa kpFe;j nry;thf;fpidg; ngw;wd.
,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujpapd; ‘je;jpu G+kp’ ehtiyg; gbf;Fk; thrfd;
xUtd; me;j ehtypd; jiytdhd f];Jhhp gLk; kd
czh;r;rpfisj; jhDk; mDgtpf;fpwhd;. jQ;irg; gFjpf;
fpuhkj;jpypUe;J nrd;w ,isQd; f];Jhhp> gbg;gbahf Kd;NdWk;
NghJ> jhKk; Kd;NdWtjhf czh;fpwhd;. ,itaidj;Jk;
fw;gidapd; tpisTfs; vd;W $wyhk;.

jpwdha;thsh; N[hrg; mbrd;:

N[hrg; mbrd; vDk; jpwdha;thsh; fw;gid vd;gij ‘xU

nghUisf; fz;fshy; fhZk;NghJ> mtw;wpd; thapyhf Kd;dh;
fz;l njhlh;Gila fhl;rpfis kPz;Lk; epidTgLj;jp kfpo;rr
; p
mDgtk; ngWtjhFk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;. ,jid nahl;b mbrd;
fw;gidia ,uz;L tiffshff; $Wfpd;whh;.

 fz;zhy; fhZk; fhl;rpapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; Kjdpiy

,d;gk;
 Kd;dh;f; fz;l fhl;rpfis epidTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;J
mjd;top ,d;gk; miljy;.

56
vd;wthW ,uz;L tifahd fw;gid ,d;gq;fis mbrd;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

Kjy;tifahd Nehpy; fhZk; fw;gid ,d;gk; nghJ

epiyapy; cUthtjhFk;. xU rhjhuz kdpjd; xU nghUis>
,aw;iff; fhl;rpia Nehpy; fz;L kfpo;rr
; pailtJld;
epd;WtpLthd;| Mdhy; xU fiyQdpd; ghh;itapy; mg;nghUs;
,d;g czh;r;rpiaf; fpsh;j;JtJld;> xU fiyg; gilg;ghf
cUthfp tpLtJz;L. vj;jidNah Kiwfs; xU kdpjd; jdJ
tho;ehspy; gy;NtW gUtfhyq;fisf; fle;J mDgtpj;J
te;jpUg;ghd;. Fsph;fhyk;> kiof;fhyk;> ntapy; fhyk;> fhw;Wf;
fhyk;> ,iyAjph;fhyk; vd;w gUt fhyq;fspd; ,d;g Jd;g
mDgtq;fs; xU kdpjDf;F Vw;gl;bUf;ff; $Lk;. Mdhy; ,Nj
gUtfhy mDgtq;fs; fiyAs;sk; nfhz;l xU kdpjDf;F>
Gyth; ngUkfdhd ef;fPuUf;F ,dpa ftpijiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ:
ftpij thpfisf; fhz;f:

“itafk; gdpg;g tyd; Vh;G tis,

ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngay; ngho;e;njd
Mh;fyp Kid,a nfhLq;Nfhw; Nfhtyh;
VWil ,depiu NtW Gyk; gug;gp
Gyk;ngah; Gyk; nghL fyq;fpf; Nfhly;
ePL ,jo;f; fz;zp ePh; miyf; fyht
nka;f;nfhs; ngUk;gzp eypa> gyUld;
iff;nfhs; nfhs;spah; fTs; GilA+c eLq;f
khNkay; kwg;g ke;jp $u
gwit gbtd tPo fwit
fhd;W Nfhs; xopaf; $ba tPrp
Fd;W Fsph;g;gd;d $jph; ghdhs;”.
(neLney;thil> 1-12)

neLey;thilapy; tUk; ,g;gFjp Fsph; fhyj;jpd;

rpukq;fis tUzid nra;fpwJ. Fsph;fhyk; te;Jw;wJ| cld;
kionga;J nts;sk; ngUf> mjidj; jhq;f ,ayhj Nfhtyh;fs;
jhq;fs; tsh;j;JtUk; Mepiufisg; ghJfhg;ghd Ntw;wplj;jpw;Ff;
nfhz;L nry;fpd;wdh;. Gjpa ,lk; Nehf;fpr; nry;tjhy; Vw;gl;l
tUj;jj;Jld;> Fsphpdhy; Vw;gLk; rpukj;ij ePf;f ifapy; neUg;Gf;
Fr;rpfis Ve;jpf; nfhz;L gw;fs; giw nfhl;b eLq;fpa epiyapy;
Jd;Gw;wdh;. tpyq;Ffs; Nka;jy; njhopiy kwf;fpd;wd| Fuq;Ffs;
Fsphpdhy; tpiwj;Jg; Nghapd| gwitfs; kuq;fspdpd;W fPNo
tpOfpd;wd. gRf;fs;> jk; fd;Wfs; ghy; cz;ghd; Ntz;b
kbfspy; tha;itj;jJk; mtw;iw cijj;Jj; js;Sfpd;wd.
kiyAk; FspUk; tz;zk; mike;jpUf;Fk; $jph;fhyk; vd;W

57
ef;fPuh; tUzid nra;fpd;whh;. xU gUtfhyj;jpd; njhlf;fj;ijf;
fz;l Gyth; mjid Xh; xOq;F Kiwf;Fl;gLj;jp mofpa
nrhy;Nyhtpakhfj; jPl;bAs;shh;. ,Nj Fsph; fhyj;ij ef;fPuUf;F
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; ef;fPuUlDk; vj;jidNah Nfhb kf;fs;
mDgtpj;jpUg;ghh;fs;| vdpDk; xUth; $l> jhk; Efh;e;j ,aw;ifr;
nray;fis ,aw;ifaDtj;ij ,t;thW ftpijahfj; jPl;l
Kaw;rp nra;atpy;iy| ef;fPuh; xUtUf;Nf ,J ,ad;wpUf;fpwJ.
,Jjhd; Nehpy;> mjhtJ fhl;rpapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; Kjdpiy
,d;gkhFk;.
,uz;lhk; epiyf; fw;gid ,d;gk; vd;gJ Kd;dh;f; fz;l
fhl;rpia kPz;Lk; epidTgLj;jpf; nfhz;L milAk; ,d;gkl;Lk;.
“Neupy; fz;l ,aw;iff; fhl;rpapidj; jpUj;jpr; nrk;ikg;gLj;jp>
nkU$l;b fw;gidapy; gilg;gJ ftpQdpd; flikahFk;” vd;W
mbrd; ,t;tiff; fw;gid gw;wpf; $Wfpwhh; (jh.V.Qhd%h;j;jp>
,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;> g.139). xU fhl;rpia Nehpy; fhz;gij
tplTk; mjd; gpk;gk; my;yJ efiyf; fhz;gJ mjpf ,d;gk;
gag;gjhf mikfpd;wJ.

fk;guhkhazj;jpy; Mw;Wg; glyj;jpy; tUk; xU ghliyf;

fhz;f:

“jiyAk; MfKk; joP, mjd;

epiy epyhJ ,iw epd;wJ NghyNt
kiyapd; cs;s vyhk; nfhz;L kz;lyhy;
tpiyapd;; khjiu xj;jJ mt; nts;sNk”
(fk;guhkhazk;> ghy fhz;lk;> 18)

Mw;wpy; fiuGuz;NlhLk; nts;sg; ngUf;fpd; ,ay;gpidf;

$Wtjhf ,g;ghly; mikfpd;wJ. tpiykfsph;> jk;kplk; tUk;
fhKfh;fis tpiue;J jOtp> mth;fsJ nghUs;fisf; fth;e;J
nfhz;L> mth;fis tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;tJ Nghy;> ePh;g;ngUf;fhdJ
kiyapy; jiyg;gFjp> eLg;gFjp> filg;gFjpia jOtpf; nfhz;L
rpwpJ Neuk; $lj; jq;fp epw;fhky; kiyapYs;s nghUs;fisf;
fth;e;J nfhz;L tpiuthf Mw;iw Nehf;fpg; gha;fpwJ vd;w
fUj;Jj; Njhd;Wk;gbahff; fk;gh; ,g;ghlypy; mikj;jpUf;fpwhh;.
,g;ghlypy; MW xU tpiykfshff; fw;gid nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mw;wpd; tpiuTg; gha;r;rYk; kiygL nghUl;fs; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;
jd;ikAk; tpiykfspd; Kaf;Fld; ,izj;Jf; fw;gid
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Mw;wpd; ,af;fk; Kjypa gz;Gfis xUtd;
Nehpy; fz;LzUk; NghJ Vw;gLk; mDgtj;ij tpl> ,f;ftpijapd;
%yk; fpilf;Fk; mDgtk; cah;e;jjhfTk; njspT kpf;fjhfTk;
,Uf;fpwJ. mryhff; fz;zpy;gLk; Mw;wpd; gz;Gfs;

58
Gyg;gLtijtpl> ftpijapd; fw;gidapy; Gidag;gl;bUf;Fk; MW.
mjd; gz;Gfs; Kjypad njspthfg; Gyg;gLfpd;wd. “fz;zhy;
Nehpy; fz;lijtpl> kpf cah;e;jJk; GJikahdJk; moF
tha;e;jJkhd fhl;rpiaf; fw;gidapdhy; kdj;jpy; gilj;Jf; fhz
KbfpwJ” (jh.V.Qhd%h;j;jp> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;> g.139) vd;w
$w;wpd; td;ikia ,q;F czuyhk;.

fw;gid vd;gJ Kjd;ikahf kdpjDf;F ,d;g czh;tpid

Cl;Ltjhf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W mbrd; fUjpdhh; vd;W
$wyhk;. fw;gidapy; Kjd;ik Nehf;fk;> gad; MfpaitNa
KUfpay; ,d;gk;jhd; vd;gJ ntspg;gil| xOf;f czh;tpid
Cl;Ljy;> r%f Kd;Ndw;wk; Kjypait fw;gidapy; ,uz;lhtJ
,lj;jpidNa ngWfpd;wd.

jpwdha;thsh; tpy;ypak; nla;yh;:

fw;gid vd;why; ,d;dnjd;W tpsf;fk; $w Kaw;rp

nra;jth;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth; tpy;ypak; nla;yh;. fw;gid
Fwpj;J tpy;ypak; nla;yh; $Wtdtw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW
tifg;gLj;jpf; fhzyhk;:
 fw;gid vd;gJ fhl;rpg; Gyd;fspy; gjpe;j
nra;jpfisj; njspthd nrhw;fspy;
ntspapLtjhFk;.
 fhl;rpapy; gbe;j gjpTfis kPz;Lk;
epidTgLj;jp> nghWikAld; $h;e;J Nehf;fp
kPz;Lk; gilj;jy;.
 fhl;rpapy; gjpe;j gjpTfisj; jtwpd;wp kPz;Lk;
cUthf;Fjy;.
 fhl;rp kl;Lky;yhky; Ik;Gyd;fspdhYk; czh;e;j
xd;iw kPz;Lk; cs;sj;jpy; epidT $h;e;J
,yf;fpakhfg; gilg;gNj fw;gid MFk;.
(,yf;fpaj;jpwdha;tpay;> g.140-141).
fw;gid Fwpj;j tpy;ypak; nla;yhpd; tpsf;fk; kpfTk;
vspikahf mike;jpUg;gij czuyhk;. ,jid ,yf;fpar;
rhd;Wfs; nfhz;L tpsf;fyhk;. gpd;tUk; GJf;ftpijiaf; fhz;f:

“vdf;F
Kfk; ,y;iy
,jak; ,y;iy
Mj;khTk; ,y;iy

59
 mth;fs; ghh;itapy;
,uz;L khh;Gfs;
ePz;l $e;jy;
rpwpa ,il
gUj;j njhil
,itfNs cs;sd.
rikay; nra;jy;
gLf;ifia tphpj;jy;
Foe;ij ngWjy;
gzpe;J elj;jy;
,itNa vdJ flikfs; MFk;
fw;G gw;wpAk;
kio nga;nadg; nga;tJ gw;wpAk;
fijf;Fk;
mth;fs;
vg;NghJk; vd; cliyNa
Nehf;Fth;
fztd; njhlf;fk;
filf;fhud; tiuf;Fk;
,JNt tof;fk;”
(m.rq;fhp> nrhy;yhj Nrjpfs;> g.10)

,d;iwa r%fj;jpy; xU ngz; ve;nje;j Kiwfspy;>

,lq;fspy; Ruz;lYf;Fk; ,opTf;Fk; Mshfpwhs; vd;w
nra;jpia,f;ftpij> tpsf;FfpwJ. r%fj;jpy; Xhplj;jpy;
ngz;zpd; cly; cWg;Gf;fs; ghYzh;Tf; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld;
ghh;f;fg; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. gpwpNjhhplj;jpy; my;yJ tPl;by; ngz;
rikay; nra;Ak; Ntiyf;fhhpahf kjpf;fg;ngw;wpUf;fyhk;| rikay;
ed;whf mikahj NghJ fztdhYk; gpwuhYk; Vr;Rf;Fk;
Ngr;Rf;Fk; MshfpapUf;ff; $Lk;. r%fj;jpd; gpwpnjhU gFjpapy;
mts; gps;is ngWk; ve;jpukhff; fUjg;gl;bUf;fyhk;| gps;is
ngwj; jhkjkhdNghJ> kyb vd;W Jhw;wg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.
r%fj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fs; kl;lj;jpy; xU ngz; fw;gpd; rpwg;ig
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; fUtpahf kjpf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. nghJthfg;
ngz; Xh; capUs;s rk [Ptpahf vtuhYk; ,e;j r%fj;jpy;
kjpf;fg;glhkw; Nghfpwhs;. ,q;F $wg;gl;l nfhLikfs;> r%f
mtyq;fs; midj;Jk; xNu ngz;Zf;F xNu ,lj;jpy;
epfo;e;jdty;y: gy;Ntwplq;fspy; gy;NtW re;jh;g;gq;fspy;
Vw;gl;bUf;ff;$Lk;. vdpDk; ftpQh; m.rq;fhp ,e;j mDgtq;fs;
midj;ijAk; xd;W jpul;b> kpfTk; vspikahfj; njspthd
nrhw;fspy; xU ftpij tbtkhf;fp cs;shh;. tpy;ypak;
fw;gidf;Ff; $wpAs;s tpsf;fj;jpw;F Vw;wthW ,f;ftpij
mike;jpUg;gij czuyhk;.

60
 fhdfj;jpy; tpyq;FfSk; gwitf;Fk; vj;jidNa tpjkhd
nray;fspy; <Lgl;bUf;ff;$Lk;. Gyth; fz;fspy; mr;nray;fs;
jw;nrayhfg; gl;L kdj;jpy; gjpthfp ,Uf;ff;$Lk;| Gyth; gpd;dh;
jiytd; jiytp ghpT gw;wpf; ftpij GidfpwNghJ> jiytd;
gphpe;J nry;ykhl;lhd;> gphpe;J nrd;whYk; fhdj;jpy; tpyq;Ffspd;
md;G tho;f;ifr; nray;ghLfisf; fz;L jpUk;gp tpiutpy;
te;JtpLthd; vd;W jiytp ek;Gtjhff; $Wtjw;F tpyq;Ffspd;
nray;ghLfis ,izj;Jf; fw;gid nra;J $Wfpd;whh;.
rhd;whfg; gpd;tUk; ghly; thpfisf; fhzyhk;.

“mbjhq;Fk; mstpd;wp moypd;d ntk;ikahy;

fbaNt fdq;Foha; fhnld;whh; mf;fhl;Ls;
Jbabf; faj;jiy fyf;fpa rpd;dPiug;
gpbA+l;bg; gpd; cz;Zq; fspnwdTk; ciuj;jdNu”
(fypj;njhif> gh.11)

fhy;fs; jiuapy; nghUe;jtpayhjthW fLk; ntapy;

jtpf;fpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; “ghijapd; Xuj;jpy; fplf;Fk;
rpwpjsTs;s fyq;fpa jz;zPiuj; jhd; Fbf;fhky;> jd;
,izahd ngz; ahidf;F Cl;btpl;L> gpd;dh; vQ;rpa rpwpjsT
ePiu Mz; ahid> jhd; cz;Ztjhf mike;j xU fhl;rp
,g;ghly; thpfspy; rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fhl;rpiag;
Gyth; vd;Nwh xU ehs; Nehpy; fz;L mjid epidtpy;
itj;jpUe;J kPz;Lk; Njitahd jUzj;jpy; jiytd; -
jiytpapd; md;gpd; Moj;jpid czh;j;j tpyq;Ffspd;
nray;fisf; fw;gid nra;J ghLfpwhh;. ,f;fw;gidapy;
epfo;Tfs; kpfTk; nrk;ikahfTk; cah; Nehf;FlDk; Gide;J
$wg;gl;bUg;gij czuyhk;.

Mq;fpyf;ftpQh; Nth;l]
; ; nthh;j;:

fw;gid Fwpj;J tpsf;fq;fs; $wpath;fSs; Mq;fpyf;

ftpQd; Nth;l;];nthh;j; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;. fw;gid Fwpj;J mth;
$Wk; fUj;Jf;fisg; gpd;tUkhW epuy;gLj;jpf; fhzyhk;.
 fw;gid vd;gJ gbkq;fspy; fUj;jpid Vw;wpf;
$WtjhFk;.
 gbkq;fis khw;wpaikg;gJk; KOik
cUtj;jpw;F mtw;iw cah;j;JtJk; fw;gid
MFk;.

61
  gbkq;fs; my;yJ vz;zq;fis ,izg;gJ
fw;gid
 gbkq;fis ,izg;gJld;> mtw;iw xd;Nwhnlhd;W
fyf;fr; nra;tJ fw;gid.
Nthl;]; nthh;j; fUj;Jg;gb> fw;gid vd;gJ> Gytd; jhd;
fz;l fhl;rpfis cs;sthNw gilg;gjy;y vd;gJk; fhl;rpfspy;
khw;wk; nra;J Gjikfisg; GFj;jpg; gilg;gJ vd;Wk;
fUj;jhoKk; cah;thd juKk; nfhz;lJjhd; fw;gid vd;gJk;
czuj;jf;fd (jh.V.Qhd%h;j;jp> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;> g.146>
g.143). fw;gid Fwpj;j Gjikahd tpsf;fk; vd;W
Nth;l]; ;nthh;j;jpd; tpsf;fj;jpidf; nfhs;syhk;.

,iwtd; rptngUkhd; ghk;G mzpia mzpe;jpUf;fpwhd;.

cyifNa Ml;Ltpg;gtd; ,iwtd;| mtd; tpUk;gpdhy;
vj;jidNah nghd;dzpfis mzpe;J kfpoyhk;| gf;jh;fis
kfpo;tpf;fyhk;| MapDk; ,iwtd; Vd; nghd;mzpfis mzpahky;>
ghk;G mzpia mzpe;jpUf;fpwhd;? ,jw;Fhpa fhuzj;ijg;
gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjg;Gyth; fw;gid nra;J xU ghlypy;
$Wfpwhh;. ghliyf; fhz;f:

“xl;lhf xl;bAk; fhw;nghd;dpd; khg;nghd;

njl;lh jpuhd;> gzp nra;ahjpuhd;> nrk;nghd; NkUtpidf;
fl;lhff; fl;b fLfsth epiw fhl;lty;y
jl;lhDf;fQ;rp my;Nyh mzpe;jhd; rptd; rh;g;gj;ijNa”
(jdpg;ghly; jpul;L)

,iwtdhy; $l> nghd; mzpfs; nra;Ak; njhopyhsh;fspd;

je;jpuq;fSf;F <L nfhLf;f Kbahj fhuzj;jpdhy; jhd;> nghd;
mzpfis ntWj;Jg; ghk;gpid Mguzkhf mzpe;jpUf;fpwhh; vd;W
gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjh; Gyth; $WtJ eifr;Rit kpFe;j
fw;gid MFk;. ,jid xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopy; nra;Ak;
njhopyhsh;fs; kPjhd tpkh;rdk; vd;W fUjhky;> ,yf;fpar; Rit
vd;w mbg;gilapYk; fw;gid vd;w mbg;gilapYk; Nehf;fpdhy;
,f;fw;gid eifr;Ritiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; vd;gJ jpz;zk;.
,iwtd; ghk;G mzpfis mzpe;jpUg;gJ ,ay;ghd fhl;rp| nghd;
mzp nra;Ak; njhopyhsh;fspd; njhopy; eilKiwfs;
NtWtifahd cyfpay;. Gyth; ,t;tpuz;bidAk; Ritahf
,izj;Jf; fw;gidia cUthf;fpAs;shh; vd;gij ,f;ftpijapy;
fhzyhk;.

,iwtd; ahidj; Njhiy mzpe;jpUg;gJ> gpl;Lf;F kz;

Rke;J mbgl;lJ> ,ue;Jz;lJ Kjypait midj;Jk; Guhzf;

62
fijfs;. ,it midj;jpw;Fk; jj;Jthh;j;jkhd tpsf;fq;fs;
$wg;gLtJz;L. Mdhy; ,tw;iw cyfpay; eilKiwAld;
,izj;Jf; fz;L> ,itaidj;Jk; ,iwtDf;Fg; ngUik juhj
nray;fs; vd;W gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjh; $Wfpd;whh;. ngUikfs;
VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; ,Ue;j ,iwtd; kPdhl;rpia kze;J
nfhz;l gpwFjhd; ngUikfs; ngw;W thoj; njhlq;fpdhh; vd;w
fUj;Jg; Gyg;gLk;gbahf xU ghliyg; ghbAs;shh;| mg;ghliyf;
fhz;f:

“Mid chpj;Jk; mjsjidg; Nghh;j;jpl;L mbAk; gl;L

khdk; mope;jq;F ,ue;Nj jphpe;j kJiur; nrhf;fh;
Qhdk; kpfg; ngw;W tho;tnjy;yhk; nrhf;f ehafpahh;
ghid gpbj;j K$h;j;jj;jpdhy; te;j ghf;fpaNk”
(jdpg;ghly; jpul;L)

,g;ghlypy;> ,iwtdpd; ngUikfisNa rpWikfshff;

$wp> mit kPdhl;rpak;ikiaj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;likahy;
jhd; ePq;fpd vd;w fw;gid mike;jpUf;fpwJ. cyfpy; fhzf;
fpilf;fpd;w ,iwtidg; gw;wpa ek;gpf;iffs;> ghid gpbj;jts;
ghf;fparhyp vd;w gonkhop Mfpatw;iw ,izj;Jg; Gjpa
Kiwapy; fw;gid nra;J ,g;ghliyg; gygl;lhlr; nrhf;fehjg;
Gyth; ,aw;wpAs;shh;. fz;l fhl;rpfisg; GJikahf kPz;Lk;
Gide;JUthf;FtJjhd; fw;gid vd;w fUj;jpd;
tpsf;fkhf ,jidf; fUjyhk;.

ek;kho;thhpd; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; ,j;jifa

fw;gidapidf; fhzyhk;| ,aw;ifg; nghUs;fis fly;>
gwitfs; Kjypatw;iw Kd;dpWj;jpg; NgRtjhf mike;j
ghRuq;fs; ,q;F ,izj;Jg; ghh;f;fj;jf;fd. rhd;whf xU Gfo;
ngw;w ghRuj;ijf; fhz;f:

“ePaiyNa rpWG+tha;! neLkhyhh;fF

; vd; Jhjha;
NehnadJ Etnyd;d EtyhNj ,Ue;njhope;jha;
rhanyhL kzpkhik jsh;e;Njd; ehd; ,dp cdJ
thayfpy; ,d;dbrpy; itg;ghiu ehlNa”
(ehyhapujpt;tpag; gpuge;jk;> 2122)

ek;kho;thhpd; ,g;ghly; G+itiag; ghh;j;Jj; jiytp

NgRtjhf mike;j fw;gid| jiytpapd; czh;r;rpfisr;
rpwg;ghfg; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. tpOkpa jd;ikAila ,f; fw;gid
czh;e;J ,d;Gwj;jf;fJ.

63
Nfhyphpl;[:;

fw;gidia tpsf;fpath;fSs; mLj;Jf; fUjj; jf;fth;

Nfhyphpl;[; Mthh;. ,tuJ fUj;Jg;gb> fw;gid vd;gJ fiyQd;
jhd; fz;l Gyf;fhl;rpfis cs;sthNw kPz;Lk; gilf;fhky;
mjpy; GJik Njhd;WkhW kPz;Lk; Gide;J Gjpjhf
cUthf;FtjhFk;. Nfhyphpl;[; fw;gidia ,uz;L tifahff;
$Wfpwhh;.

 Kjdpiyf; fw;gid
 ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fw;gid
fw;gid Fwpj;j tiutpyf;fzk; vd;w epiyapy;
Nfhyphpl;[k
; ; Nth;l;]; nthh;j;Jk; xg;Gikahd vz;zq;fisg;
Gyg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;| Mapd; Nfhyphpl;[; xUgb NkNy nrd;W
fw;gidia Nkw;fhl;bathW ,U tifg; gLj;jp tpsf;Ffpwhh;
(,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;> g.147)
Kjdpiyf; fw;gid vd;gJ cyfpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w kf;fs;>
,lq;fs;> nghUs;fs; Kjypatw;iw xU ftpQd; $h;e;J ftdpj;J
kdj;jpy; mtw;Wf;Fj; jf;f ,lj;ij mspj;jy;> mjd; gpd;dh; xU
Fwpg;gpl;l tbtj;jpy; mtw;iwf; fiyg; gilg;ghf ntspapLjy;
MFk;. ,jpy; ftpQdpd; Gyd; czh;T kpFjpahd gq;fpid
Mw;WfpwJ. ,jidg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s xU ghliyr; rhd;whff;
fhzyhk;|

“gyTW eWQ; rhe;jk; gLg;gth;f; fy;yij

kiyANs gpwg;gpDk; kiyf; fitjhk; vd; nra;Ak;
epidAq;fhy; Ek;kfs; Ekf;Fk; Mq;F midaNs!

rPh; nfO ntz; Kj;jk; mzpgth;f; fy;yij

ePUNs gpwg;gpDk; ePh;ff
; it jhk; vd; nra;Ak;
NjLq;fhy; Ek;kfs; Ekf;Fk; Mq;F midaNs!
Vo;Gzh; ,d;dpir Kuy;gth;f; fy;yij
ahONs gpwg;gpDk; aho;f;fit jhk; vd; nra;Ak;!
#Oq;fhy; Ek;kfs; Ekf;Fk; Mq;F midaNs
vd thq;F
,we;j fw;gpdhl;F vt;tk; glud;kpd;
rpwe;jhid topgBr; nrd;wds;
mwe;jiyg; gphpah MW kw;wJNt”
(fypj;njhif> 9)

jiytDld; cld;Nghf;fpy; nrd;w jiytpiaj;

Njbf;nfhz;L gpd; njhlh;e;J nry;Yk; nrtpypj;jha; topapy;

64
vjph;g;gl;lth;fsplk;> Jwtpfsplk; kfs; gw;wpAk; mtsJ fhjyd;
gw;wpAk; $wp tprhhpf;fpwhs;. fz;Nlhh; $w;whf mike;j ghly; ,J.
,jpy; jiytpapd; fhjiyg; ghJfhg;gNj ngw;Nwhh;fspd; flik
vd;w nra;jpia tw;GWj;j tpUk;gpa fz;Nlhh;> ngz;iz
tsh;g;gJjhd; ngw;Nwhh; flik vd;Wk; tho;f;ifj; Jizia mth;
Njb ,ize;J nfhs;Sk; NghJ mjidj; jLf;ff; $lhnjd;Wk;
mwpTWj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,jw;fhf mth;fs; $Wk; ctikjhd; NkNy
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. re;jdk; kiyapy; gpwe;jhYk; mjid miuj;Jg;
G+Rk; kdpjh;fl;Fj; jhd; mJ gad;gLk;| ,ir ahopy; gpwe;jhYk;
ahopid kPl;Lgth;fSf;Fj;jhd; ,ir ,d;gj;jpid ey;FNk jtpu>
ahOf;F ,irahy; ve;j ,d;gKk; tpistjpy;iy| Kj;J flypy;
tpise;jhYk; khiyahff; Nfhh;j;J mzpgth;fSf;Fj; jhd;
mofpidj; jUNk jtpu> flYf;F mjdhy; ve;jg; gaDk;
tpisag; Nghtjpy;iy| ,jidg; Nghd;Nw ngz; gpwe;j ,lj;jpy;
,Ue;J ngw;Nwhh;fSf;Fg; gad;glg; Nghtjpy;iy| mtis kze;J
nfhs;Sk; jiytDf;Fj; jhd; mts; gad;gLths;| rpwg;Gj;
jUths;| rpwg;gpid milths; - vd;w fUj;Jf;fisf; fz;Nlhh;
$Wfpd;wdh;. ,jpy; Kj;J> re;jdk;> ,ir Kjypa nghUs;fs;
ntt;NtW jdpr; rpwg;Gf; Fzq;fisAk; nray;ghLfisAk;
nfhz;lit| ntt;NtW Gyd;fSf;F tpUe;;jhf mikaf; $bait|
,tw;iwg; Gyth; ed;F $h;e;J Nehf;fp> kdj;jpy; ,Uj;jpf;
nfhz;L> jiytd; - jiytp fhjypd;> ,y;tho;f;ifapd;
rpwg;Gf;fSld; ,izj;Jf; $wp> gbkq;fis cz;lhf;fpAs;shh;.
,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nghUs;fisj; jdpj;jdpahff; fhZk;NghJ
Gyg;gLk; mtw;wpd; rpwg;Gf;fis tpl> ,j;jifa fw;gidapy;
mit kpFjpahd rpwg;ig milfpd;wd. nghUs;fs; jdpNa fhl;rp
jUtijtpl> Gytdpd; fw;gidapy; NtW nghUs;fSld;> kdpj
tho;Tld; ,izf;fg;gl;Lf; fw;gid nra;ag;gLk;NghJ kpFjpahd
rpwg;Gk; MoKk; ciladthff; fhl;rp jUfpd;wd.

,uz;lhk; epiyf; fw;gid vd;W Nfhyphpl;[; $WtJ

Kjdpiyf; fw;gidAld; njhlh;GilajhfTk; mjid tpl>
MoKk; tPr;Rk; cilajhf mikfpd;wd. Kjdpiyf; fw;gidapy;
ftpQdpd; $h;e;j Nehf;Fk; mwpTk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd
vdpy;> ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fw;gidapy; Nehf;Fld; jpl;gkhd
czh;r;rpfs;> mwpT Kjypad Njit. ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fw;gid
vd;why; vd;d? GwTyfpd; gy $Wfisf; $h;e;J Nehf;fpj; jd;
gilg;gpy; mtw;iwf; ftpQd; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ Nehf;fpawpag;gl;l
GwTyfpd; $Wfs; gyTk; jj;jk; jdpj;jd;ikfis ,oe;J>
rpije;J xd;Wld; gpwpnjhd;W cUj;njhpahky; fye;JtpLkhW
mtw;iw mikg;gjhFk;. ,JNt ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fw;gid
vdg;gLk;.

65
 ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fw;gidia ed;F Ghpe;Jnfhs;s xU
ghliyr; rhd;whff; fhzyhk;| jiytd; jhd; gphpe;J nry;tijf;
Fwpg;ghy; jiytpf;F czh;j;jptpLfpd;whd;| ,jdhy; jiytp
Jd;Gw> Njhop jiytdplk; mtd; nry;Ytijj; jtph;fF ; khW
$Wfpwhs;| mg;ghly; tUkhW:

“cilapts; cah;thohs; ePePg;gpd; vdg;gy

,il nfhz;L ahk; ,ug;gTk; vk nfhs;sha; Mapid
fil,a Mw;wpil ePh;ePj;j tWQ;Rid
milnahL thba mzpkyh; jifg;gd:

ty;iy eP Jwg;ghNay; tif thLk; ,tnsd

xy;yhq;F ahk; ,ug;gTk; czh;e;jPaha; Mapid
nry;Yk; ePshw;wpilr; Nrh;e;J vOe;j kuk; thlg;
Gy;Ytpl;L ,iwQ;rpa G+q;nfhb jifg;gd|

gpzpb eP tply; #opw; gpwo;jUk; ,ts; vdg;

gpzpG te;J ,ug;gTk; gy #o;tha; Mapid
JzpT eP nryf; fz;l Mw;wpil ak; kuj;J
mzpnry thba me;jsph; jifg;gd|
vd thq;F

ahk; epw; $wTk; vk nfs;sha; Mapid

Mdhjpts; Nghy; mUs; te;jit fhl;b
Nkdpd;W nka; $Wq; Nfsph; Nghy; eP nry;Yq;
fhdk; jifg;g nryT”
(fypj;njhif> 3)

jiytd; gphpe;J nry;Yk; ghiy epyj;J topapy;> ePh;

,y;yhjjhy;> Jhh;e;J Nghd Ridapy; nfhbAld; thbf;
fplf;fpd;wd kyh;fs;. jz;zPh;r; RtL rpwpJ $l ,y;yhjjhy;
kuq;fs; fha;e;J fUfpf; fplf;fpd;wd| kuk; thlhky; capUld;
,Ue;j NghJ kuj;jpy; Rw;wpapUe;j nfhbfs; mit cs;sthNw
kuj;Jld; Nrh;g;gJ fUfp thb> jsh;e;J kuj;jpd; mbapy;
fplf;fpd;wd. nry;Yk; topapy; jz;zPh; ,d;ikahy; kuj;jpd;
jsph;fs; $lf; fha;e;J thbf; fplf;fpd;wd. ,f; nfhbfspy;
Nghd;Nw ,q;F Chpy; jiytpAk; epd; gphptpid Mw;whky; thbj;
jsh;e;J fplg;ghs;| jiytd; jd; fz;fshy; jiytpapd; thba
Njhw;wj;ijf; fhz KbahJ| Mdhy; jiytd; jd; fz;fshy;
thba kuq;fisAk; jsph;fisAk; fhzKbAk;. mtw;iw fhZk;
NghJ jiytDf;Fj; jiytpapd; mty epiy epidTf;F tUk;|
tuhtpl;lhYk; thba gaph;fs;> kuq;fs;> nfhbfs; Kjypad

66
cz;ikia ciuf;Fk; cah;e;j Nfsph;fs; (cwtpdh;fs;) Nghd;W
Fwpg;ghfj; jiytpapd; epiyia czh;j;jty;yd. ,jdhy;
jiytdpd; nryT jtph;ff ; g;gLk;| ,f;fUj;J Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ghly;
thpfspy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ghlypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ,aw;ifg;
nghUl;fs; mtw;wpd; nray;fs; rpwpJrpwpjhf khw;wg;gl;L> mit
jiytpapd; epiyia czh;j;Jfpd;w FwpaPLfshf khwptpLfpd;w
ghq;fpidf; fhzyhk;. mjhtJ ,aw;ifg; nghUl;fs;> ,aw;ifr;
nray;fs; gy gbg;gbahf cUkhwp> jiytpapd; tho;f;ifia
tpsf;fj; jiyg;gLfpd;wd. ,JNt Nfhy;hpl;[pd; ,uz;lhk; epiyf;
fw;gidf;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpd;wJ.

jpwdha;thsh; I.V.hpr;rh;l]
; ;:

fw;gid Fwpj;j tpsf;fq;fisf; $wpath;fSs; mLj;J

vz;zj;jf;fth; I.V.hpr;rh;l]; ; Mthh;. xd;Wf;nfhd;W Kuzhd
gz;Gfs; nfhz;l nghUs;fs; my;yJ elg;Gf;fis ,izj;J
mjd; topg; Gjpajhd xd;iw cUthf;Fjy;jhd; rpwe;j fw;gid
vd;W hpr;rh;l;]; tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh; (jh.V.Qhd%h;j;jp> ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;tpay;> g.156). Vwj;jho ,Nj fUj;jpid K.t.mth;fs;
“nghUs;fis cs;sthNw czUk;NghJ> khWgl;l nghUs;fis
epWj;jpf; fhZjy;” fw;gid vd;W hpr;rh;l;]; $Wtjhfj; jkJ
,yf;fpaj; jpwd; Ehypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; (K.tujuhrd;>
,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> g.107) hpr;rh;l
; ;]; fw;gid gw;wp MW tifahd
tpsf;fq;fisf; $wpdhYk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l nghUs;fspd; ,ilNa
fw;gid vd;w tiutpyf;fzj;ijNa nghpJk; tw;GWj;Jtjhfj;
jpwdha;thsh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;.

hpr;rh;l;]; $Wk; nghUs;fspd; ,izT gw;wpa fw;gidf;Fj;

jkpopy;gd;DhW rhd;Wfisg; Gwg;ghlypYk; mfg;ghly;fspypUe;Jk;
fhl;lyhk;. GwehDhw;wpy; ghlhz; jpizapy; mike;j
xsitahhpd; ghliyf; fhzyhk;.

“,t;Nt> gPyp mzpe;J> khiy #l;b

fz; jpus; Nehd;fho; jpUj;jp nea; mzpe;J
fbAil tpad; efut;Nt| mt;Nt>
gifth;f; Fj;jp NfhL Ejp rpije;J
nfhy;Jiwf; Fw;wpy khNjh – vd;Wk;
cz;lhapd; gjk; nfhLj;J
,y;yhapd; cld; cz;Zk;
,y;Nyhh; xf;fy; jiytd;
mz;zy; vk; Nfhkhd;> ite; Ejp NtNy”
(GwehDhW> 95)

67
 ,g;ghly; mjpakhdpd; rhh;gpy; epd;W njhz;ilkhdplk;
JhJ nrd;w xsitahh; njhz;lkhdpd; gilf;fyf; nfhl;biyg;
ghh;itapl;l NghJ ghbaJ. ,jpy; njhz;ilkhdpd; gilf;fyf;
nfhl;biyj;jhd; xsitahh; Gfo;e;J ghLfpd;whh;. njhz;ilkhdpd;
MAjq;fs; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;L nea; G+rg;gl;Lg; ghJfhg;ghf
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij Kjy; %d;W thpfspy; xsitahh;
tpje;NjhJfpwhh;. ,jDld; epd;W tplhky; njhz;ilkhdpd;
gilf;fyq;fl;F epfuhd mjpakhdpd; gilf;fyq;fs; rpije;j
epiyapy;> nfhy;ydpd; ciyf; fsj;jpy; rhp nra;ag;gLtjw;fhff;
Ftpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gijAk; xsitahh; mLj;j ,uz;L
thpfspy; ghbAs;shh;. gpd;dh; tUgit mjpakhdpd;
nfhilj;jpwidg; gw;wpait. xd;W Kjy; Ie;J thpfspy; ,uz;L
kd;dh;fspd; gilf;fyf; nfhl;by; gw;wpa tUzidapy; Gythpd;
fw;gid rpwg;ghd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. rpwe;j gilf;fyd;fs;
gw;wpg; ghLk; NghNj rpwg;gw;w epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; mjpakhdpd;
gilf;fyf; nfhl;by; xsitapd; epidtpw;F tu mjidg; gw;wpAk;
,uz;L thpfs; ghbAs;shh;. rpwe;jJld; mjw;F vjpuhd
rpwg;gw;wij ,izj;Jg; ghLfpd;whh;. ,t;thW ghLtJ
ntspg;gilahfj; njhpaf;$ba ftpijg; nghUisf; fhl;LtJld;
ntspg;glj; njhpahj kiw nghUs; xd;iwAk; Fwpg;ghfg;
Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mjhtJ njhz;ilkhdpd; gilg;ghsh;fs; rpwe;j
Kiwapy; guhkhpf;fg;gl;Lf; fhty;kpf;f efuj;jpy; ghJfhg;ghf
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd| ,jpYs;s kiwnghUs; vd;d? njhz;ilkhdpd;
fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;glNt ,y;iy| Nghh;f; fUtpfspd; rpwg;G
mit gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;jhd; cs;sdNt jtpu
ghJfhf;fg;gLtjpy; ,y;iy. ,jw;F khwhf mjpakhdpd;
gilf;fyd;fs; vg;NghJk; gad;gLj;jg; gLtjhf mit nrk;ik
nra;ag;gLtjw;fhff; nfhy;ydpd; ciyf; fsj;jpy; Ftpj;J
itf;fg;gl;L cs;sd. vdNt mjpakhdpd; tPuKk; Nghh;fspy;
mtuJ mDgtKk; Fwpg;ghf czh;j;jg;gl;L tpLfpd;wd. ,J
vt;thW Gytuhy; ,ad;wJ? njhz;ilkhdpd; gilf;fyd;fspd;
rpwg;gpid kl;Lk; ghbapUe;jhy; ,e;j Kiwapy; Gjpa nghUs;
tpsf;fq;fs; fpilj;jpUf;fhJ. njhz;ilkhdpd; gilf;fyq;fisg;
gw;wpa nra;jpfSld; mjpakhdpd; gilf;fyf; nfhl;by; gw;wpa
nra;jpfisAk; ,izj;Jg; ghbajhy;jhd; ftpijapd; nghUsikjp
rpwg;ghf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. xU nghUisg; gw;wpj; njspthf
cs;sthNw czh;e;J ghLk;NghJ khWgl;l nghUisAk; cld;
epWj;jpf; fhZtJjhd; cah;thd fw;gidapd; ,yf;fzk; vd;W
hpr;rh;l;]; $wpaij Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l GwehDhw;Wg; ghlypd;
fw;gidr; rpwg;Gk; ekf;F czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.

68
 ,jid NkYk; xU mfg;ghly; nfhz;Lk; czuyhk;.
Iq;FWEhw;wpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; mg;ghliyf; fhzyhk;.

“fUk;G eL ghj;jpapy; fypj;j jhkiu

RUk;G grp fisAk; ngUk;GdYhu!
Gjy;td; <d;w vk; Kaq;fy;
mJNt nja;a epd; khh;G rpijg;gJNt”

(Iq;FWEhW> 65)

fUk;G tpise;jpUf;fpd;w taypy; jhkiuAk; tsh;e;J

G+j;jpUf;fpwJ| mjdhy; tz;bd; grpiaf; fUk;G jPh;g;gjw;Fg;
gjpyhfj; jhkiu kyUk; jPh;f;fpwJ. mj;jifa tay;fs; epiwe;j
Chpidr; Nrh;e;j jiytNd! ehd; kfg;NgW ngw;W tajpy;
%j;Jtpl;Nld;. mjdhy; ,dp eP vd;idj; jOt Ntz;lhk; vd;W
jiytp jiytdplk; fbe;J $Wtjhf ,g;ghly; mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
,g;ghlypd; rpwg;G mjpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ,aw;if tUzidg;
gFjpapy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. fUk;Gld; jhkiuiaAk; ,izj;Jg;
Gyth; $Wk; NghJ> fUk;G jiytpiaAk; jhkiu guj;ijiaAk;
jhkiuapd; jhjpid cz;L cz;gjhfpa nray; jiytdpd;
guj;jik xOf;fj;ijAk; Fwpg;gjhd nghUz;ikr; rpwg;Gk; tsKk;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Gyth; ntWkNd jhkiuia kl;LNkh> fUk;ig
kl;LNkh ghbapUe;jhy; $l ,j;jifa rpwg;G ,f;ftpijf;Ff;
fpilj;jpUf;fhJ. ,uz;L NtWgl;l nghUs;fis ,izj;Jf;
fw;gid nra;tjhy;> Gjpa nghUs;fs; ftpijapy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd
vd;gjw;F ,g;ghliyAk; xU rhd;whff; nfhs;syhk;.

fw;gid vd;w nrhy;Yf;F I.V.hpr;rh;l]

; ; $Wk;
tpsf;fj;jpidf; fz;Nlhk;| mth; $Wk; gpw tpsf;fq;fs; tUkhW:

 kdf; fz;zpy; nghUisf; fhZjy;

 ctik> cUtfk; Kjypatw;why; nghUs;fis
cUthf;fpf; fhZjy;.
 gpwUila kdepiyia - ,d;g Jd;gq;fis czh;jy;
 ntt;Ntwhf cs;s nghUs;fis ,iaj;Jf; fhZjy;
 tho;f;ifapd; mDgtj;ij ntt;NtW tifapy;
mikj;Jf; fhZjy;

Nkw;$wg;gl;l Ie;J nghUs;fSk; fw;gidf;F cs;sjhf hpr;rh;l;];

$Wtij lhf;lh; K.tujuhrdhh; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

69
fw;gid vd;gJ kdpjdpd; ,ay;ghd gz;Gfspy; xd;whFk;.fw;gid
kdpjdpd; MSik tsh;r;rpf;F cjTfpwJ.xUtd; jdJ kdj;jpd;
Mw;wyhy; xd;iwg; Gide;J cUthf;fp> mjidg; gpwh; czUkhW
$WtJjhd; fw;gid.tho;f;ifapy; xU gilg;ghsp ngw;w
mDgtq;fis kPz;Lk; Gjpa Nfhzj;jpy; jdJ kdf;fz;fspd;
topahff; fhZjYk; fz;lij ,yf;fpa urpfDf;F kPz;Lk;
vLj;Jiuf;Fk; jpwDk;; fw;gidapd; ghw;gLk;.

fw;gid tag;gLk; Gytd; Kjw;fz; cyfpay;

eilKiwfshy; czh;r;rpfl;F Mshfpwhd;. gpd;dh; mNj
czh;r;rpfis thrfDk; milAkhW nra;fpwhd;.Xh; ,yf;fpag;
gilg;gpy; Xireak;> nrhy;tsk;> czh;r;rpf; $Wfs;
Kjypatw;Wld; fw;gid rpwe;jpUe;jhy;jhd; mJ ntw;wpfukhd
gilg;ghf mikfpd;wJ.fw;gidapy; gilf;fg;gLk; cyfj;jpy;
Kjypy; gilg;ghsp; Eioe;J Gjpa mDgtq;fisg; ngWfpwhd;|
gpd;dh; thrfDk; mNj Nghy; fw;gid cyfj;jpy; Eioe;J Gjpa
mDgtq;fs; gytw;iw milfpwhd;.

fw;gid vd;gJ xU fiyQd; xU nghUisf; fhZk;

NghJ> mjd; thapyhf Kd;dh; vg;NghNjh fz;l njhlh;Gila
fhl;rpfis kPz;Lk; epidTgLj;jpg; ngWk; kfpo;rr ; paDgtk; vd;W
mbrd; $Wfpwhh;. mth;> Kjdpiyf; fw;gid> ,uz;lhk; epiyf;
fw;gid vd;W fw;gidia ,uz;L tifahff; $Wfpwhh;.fw;gid
vd;gJ fhl;rpg; Gydpy; gjpe;j nra;jpfisj; njspthd nrhw;fspy;
ntspapLtJk; gjpe;j nra;jpfisj; jtwpd;wp kPz;Lk;
ntspapLjYk; MFk; vd;W tpy;ypak; nla;yh; $Wfpd;whh;.
fw;gid vd;gJ gbkq;fspy; fUj;jpid Vw;wpf;$WtJ>
gbkq;fs; khw;wpaikj;J mtw;wpw;F KO cUtk; jUjy;> gy;NtW
gbkq;fis xd;Wld; xd;W ,izg;gJjhd; fw;gid vd;W
Nth;l]
; ;nthh;j; $Wfpwhh;.fw;gid vd;gJ ftpQd; jhd; fz;l Gyf;
fhl;rpfis kpz;Lk; mtw;wpy; GJik Njhd;WkhW kPz;Lk;
gilg;gjhFk; vd;W Nfhyphpl;[; vDk; jpwdha;thsh; tpsf;fk;
jUfpwhh;. ,th; Kjdpiyf; fw;gid> ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fw;gid
vd;w ,uz;L tiffisf; $Wfpwhh;.

tpdhtpilfs;:

1;.fw;gid vd;why; vd;d?

,J Fwpj;J mwpQh;fs; gyUk; gd;Kiw rpe;jpj;J

tpsf;fq;fs; $w Kaw;rp nra;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. xU kdpjd; jd;

70
kdj;jpd; Mw;wyhy; xd;iwg; Gide;J cUthf;fpg; gpwh; czUkhW
fhl;LtJjhd; fw;gid vd;W nghJthff; $wyhk

2; fw;gidapd; gad; ahJ?

Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;G mjpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s cah;e;j

fw;gidapd; tpisthf> thrfidf; fw;gidAyfj;jpw;Fs; vspjhf
,Oj;Jr; nrd;WtpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; kdpjdpd; gz;GfSk;
elj;ijfSk; xU rpwpjsthtJ khwf;$Lk;| cauf;$Lk;
vd;gJjhd; fw;gidapd; gad; vd;W $wyhk;. fw;gid vd;gJ
kdpjdpd; ,ay;ghd gz;Gfspy; xd;whFk;.

3..fw;gid kdpjdpd; tsh;r;rpf;F vt;thW cjTfpwJ ?

fw;gid vd;gJ kdpjdpd; ,ay;ghd gz;Gfspy;

xd;whFk;.fw;gid kdpjdpd; MSik tsh;r;rpf;F
cjTfpwJ.xUtd; jdJ kdj;jpd; Mw;wyhy; xd;iwg; Gide;J
cUthf;fp> mjidg; gpwh; czUkhW $WtJjhd;
fw;gid.tho;f;ifapy; xU gilg;ghsp ngw;w mDgtq;fis kPz;Lk;
Gjpa Nfhzj;jpy; jdJ kdf;fz;fspd; topahff; fhZjYk;
fz;lij ,yf;fpa urpfDf;F kPz;Lk; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; jpwDk;;
fw;gidapd; ghw;gLk;.

4..ftpijAk; nrhy; tsKk; Fwpj;Jr; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.

ftpijfs; mtw;wpd; nrhy; tsj;jpw;fhfTk; rpy rkaq;fspy;

thrfh;fshy; Ritf;fg;gLtJz;L. ftpij vd;gNj fUj;Jf;fisr;
RUq;fpa tbtpy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L
Mf;fg;gLtJjhNd! fk;guhkhazj;jpy; Muz;a fhz;lk;
#h;g;gdifg; glyj;jpy; tUk; gpd;tUk; ghliyf; fhz;f:

“gQ;rp xsph; tpQ;R Fsph; gy;ytk; mDq;f

nrQ;nrtpa fQ;rk; epfh; rPwbas; Mfp
mQ;nrhy; ,s kQ;iQ vd md;dk; vd kpd;Dk;
tQ;rp vd eQ;rk; vd tQ;rpte;jhs; kfs;;”
(fk;guhkhazk;> Muz;afhz;lk;> 248)

71
 fk;guhkhaz urpfh;fshy; gd;Kiw tpje;Njhjg;gLk; kpfr;
rpwe;j ghly; ,J. xsp kpFe;j nrk;gQ;R tUe;Jk;gbahd kpFe;j
nrk;ikAiladTk;> Fsph;r;rp kpFe;j jsph;fs; tUe;Jk;gbahd
kpFe;j nkd;ikAiladthfTk; ,Uf;Fk; rpwe;j jhkiu kyiug;
Nghyj; Njhd;Wk; rpwpa mbfis cilatshfp> mofpa
nrhw;fisg; NgRk; ,isa kapy; NghyTk; ngz; md;dk;
NghyTk;> kpd;dypLk; tQ;rpf;nfhb eQ;R NghyTk; me;j tQ;rid
cilatshd #h;g;gdif ele;J te;jhs; vd;W fk;gh; tUzpj;Jf;
$Wtjhf mike;jJ jhd; NkNy fhl;lg;gl;l ghly;| ,jpy; xU
ngz;zpd; tUif $wg;gLtjhy; ,ay;ghfNt nky;ypd
vOj;Jf;fis kpFjpahff; fk;gh; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh; vd;W ,f;
ftpij gw;wpr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wth;. fk;guhkhazj; jpwdha;thsh;fs;.
,J fk;ghpd; nrhy;tsj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W> ,g;ghly; nrhy;
tsj;jpw;fhfTk; fw;gidf;fhfTk; urpf;fj;jf;fjhf mikfpd;wJ.

5. fw;gid vd;gjw;F N[hrg; mbrd; $Wk; tpsf;fk; gw;wpr;

rhd;Wld; fl;Liu tiuf.

N[hrg; mbrd; vDk; jpwdha;thsh; fw;gid vd;gij ‘xU

nghUisf; fz;fshy; fhZk;NghJ> mtw;wpd; thapyhf Kd;dh;
fz;l njhlh;Gila fhl;rpfis kPz;Lk; epidTgLj;jp kfpo;rr
; p
aDgtk; ngWtjhFk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;. ,jid nahl;b mbrd;
fw;gidia ,uz;L tiffshff; $Wfpd;whh;.

 fz;zhy; fhZk; fhl;rpapypUe;J ngwg;gLk;

Kjdpiy ,d;gk;
 Kd;dh;f; fz;l fhl;rpfis epidTf;Ff; nfhz;L
te;J mjd;top ,d;gk; miljy;.

vd;wthW ,uz;L tifahd fw;gid ,d;gq;fis mbrd;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

Kjy;tifahd Nehpy; fhZk; fw;gid ,d;gk; nghJ

epiyapy; cUthtjhFk;. xU rhjhuz kdpjd; xU nghUis>
,aw;iff; fhl;rpia Nehpy; fz;L kfpo;rr
; pailtJld;
epd;WtpLthd;| Mdhy; xU fiyQdpd; ghh;itapy; mg;nghUs;
,d;g czh;r;rpiaf; fpsh;j;JtJld;> xU fiyg; gilg;ghf
cUthfp tpLtJz;L. vj;jidNah Kiwfs; xU kdpjd; jdJ
tho;ehspy; gy;NtW gUtfhyq;fisf; fle;J mDgtpj;J
te;jpUg;ghd;. Fsph;fhyk;> kiof;fhyk;> ntapy; fhyk;> fhw;Wf;
fhyk;> ,iyAjph;fhyk; vd;w gUt fhyq;fspd; ,d;g Jd;g
mDgtq;fs; xU kdpjDf;F Vw;gl;bUf;ff; $Lk;. Mdhy; ,Nj
gUtfhy mDgtq;fs; fiyAs;sk; nfhz;l xU kdpjDf;F>

72
Gyth; ngUkfdhd ef;fPuUf;F ,dpa ftpijiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ:
ftpij thpfisf; fhzyhk;.

“itafk; gdpg;g tyd; Vh;G tis,

ngha;ah thdk; GJg;ngay; ngho;e;njd
Mh;fyp Kid,a nfhLq;Nfhw; Nfhtyh;
VWil ,depiu NtW Gyk; gug;gp
Gyk;ngah; Gyk; nghL fyq;fpf; Nfhly;
ePL ,jo;f; fz;zp ePh; miyf; fyht
nka;f;nfhs; ngUk;gzp eypa> gyUld;
iff;nfhs; nfhs;spah; fTs; GilA+c eLq;f
khNkay; kwg;g ke;jp $u
gwit gbtd tPo fwit
fhd;W Nfhs; xopaf; $ba tPrp
Fd;W Fsph;g;gd;d $jph; ghdhs;”.
(neLney;thil> 1-12)

neLey;thilapy; tUk; ,g;gFjp Fsph; fhyj;jpd;

rpukq;fis tUzid nra;fpwJ. Fsph;fhyk; te;Jw;wJ| cld;
kionga;J nts;sk; ngUf> mjidj; jhq;f ,ayhj Nfhtyh;fs;
jhq;fs; tsh;j;JtUk Mepiufisg; ghJfhg;ghd
Ntw;wplj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;fpd;wdh;. Gjpa ,lk; Nehf;fpr;
nry;tjhy; Vw;gl;l tUj;jj;Jld;> Fsphpdhy; Vw;gLk; rpukj;ij
ePf;f ifapy; neUg;Gf; Fr;rpfis Ve;jpf; nfhz;L gw;fs; giw
nfhl;b eLq;fpa epiyapy; Jd;Gw;wdh;. tpyq;Ffs; Nka;jy;
njhopiy kwf;fpd;wd| Fuq;Ffs; Fsphpdhy; tpiwj;Jg; Nghapd|
gwitfs; kuq;fspdpd;W fPNo tpOfpd;wd. gRf;fs;> jk; fd;Wfs;
ghy; cz;ghd; Ntz;b kbfspy; tha;itj;jJk; mtw;iw
cijj;Jj; js;Sfpd;wd. kiyAk; FspUk; tz;zk;
mike;jpUf;Fk; $jph;fhyk; vd;W ef;fPuh; tUzid nra;fpd;whh;.
xU gUtfhyj;jpd; njhlf;fj;ijf; fz;l Gyth; mjid Xh;
xOq;F Kiwf;Fl;gLj;jp mofpa nrhy;Nyhtpakhfj; jPl;bAs;shh;.
,Nj Fsph; fhyj;ij ef;fPuUf;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; ef;fPuUlDk;
vj;jidNah Nfhb kf;fs; mDgtpj;jpUg;ghh;fs;| vdpDk; xUth;
$l> jhk; Efh;e;j ,aw;ifr; nray;fis ,aw;ifaDtj;ij
,t;thW ftpijahfj; jPl;l Kaw;rp nra;atpy;iy| ef;fPuh;
xUtUf;Nf ,J ,ad;wpUf;fpwJ. ,Jjhd; Nehpy;> mjhtJ
fhl;rpapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; Kjdpiy ,d;gkhFk;.

,uz;lhk; epiyf; fw;gid ,d;gk; vd;gJ Kd;dh;f; fz;l

fhl;rpia kPz;Lk; epidTgLj;jpf; nfhz;L milAk; ,d;gkl;Lk;.
“Neupy; fz;l ,aw;iff; fhl;rpapidj; jpUj;jpr; nrk;ikg;gLj;jp>

73
nkU$l;b fw;gidapy; gilg;gJ ftpQdpd; flikahFk;” vd;W
mbrd; ,t;tiff; fw;gid gw;wpf; $Wfpwhh; (jh.V.Qhd%h;j;jp>
,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;> g.139). xU fhl;rpia Nehpy; fhz;gij
tplTk; mjd; gpk;gk; my;yJ efiyf; fhz;gJ mjpf ,d;gk;
gag;gjhf mikfpd;wJ.

$W:6.
fw;gid tiffs; (gpupT-2 njhlh;r;rp)
fw;gid kdpjDf;F ,aw;ifahfNt tha;e;j Xh;
mzpfyd;| mJ kdpjdplk; nraw;ifahf cUthf;fg;gl;ljy;y.
fw;gid kdpjdpd; vz;zq;fisr; nrJf;FfpwJ|
nrk;ikg;gLj;JfpwJ| mtdJ MSikia cUthf;FfpwJ.
Mykuj;jpd; jd;ik mjdplkpUe;J Njhd;Wk; vy;yh tpj;Jf;fspYk;
mike;jpUg;gijg; Nghy> ,e;j cyifg; gilj;jtDila jd;ik
vy;yhhplj;jpYk; tpj;jhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. cyfk; mtDila
myfpyh tpisahl;L. cyfg; gilg;Ng mtDila mhpa fw;gid.
cyfpd; ,af;fk; rpwe;j xOq;FilaJ. cyfj;jpd; $Wfs;
xt;nthd;wpYk; me;jj; jd;ikfisf; fhzyhk;. Foe;ijaplj;jpy;
njspthf czuyhk;| fiyQdplj;jpy; mtw;wpd; tpsf;fj;ijf;
fz;L kfpoyhk; vd;W lhf;lh; K.tujuhrdhh; $Wthh;. ,jd;gb
fw;gid midthplKk; ,ay;ghff; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gij
czuyhk;. midthplKk; ,ay;ghff; fhzg;gLk; fw;gid
tsh;e;J rpwg;gile;J tpLtjpy;iy| khwhf vjidAk; tpae;J
fhZk; Foe;ij kdKk; vjw;Fk; vjph;tpid ahw;Wk; ,ay;Gila
fiyQh;fsplKk;jhd; fw;gid tsh;fpwJ| gpwUf;Fk;
gad;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ jpwdha;thsh;fspd; fUj;J. ngw;Nwhh;fisf;
$tp mioj;J>“mNjh ghh; mk;kh thdj;jpy; Njh; NghfpwJ> uhrh
ele;J nry;fpwhh;> Fjpiu gha;fpwJ vd;W $wp kfpo;tJ
nghJthff; fhzf;$ba nrayhFk;. ,jpy; Gyg;gLk; nra;jp vd;d?
nghJthff; fhzf; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fSs;> VjhtJ gpwpnjhU
nghUisg; gilj;Jf; fhz;gJk;> fz;lij kPz;Lk; gpwUf;F
vLj;Jf; $WtJk; Mfpa eilKiwfs; cs;sd. ,JNt fw;gid
vd;gjhFk;.

,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy; Gytd; Kd;itf;Fk; fw;gid vd;gJk;

Foe;ijapd; Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l nraiy xj;jjhFk;. tho;f;ifapy;
vq;nfq;Nfh> vg;NghNj jhd; fz;ldtw;iwg; Gjpa Nfhzj;jpy;
kPz;Lk; kdf; fz;fspd; topahff; fhz;gJk; fz;lij ,yf;fpa
urpfDf;F kPz;Lk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJk; xUtdpd; njhopyhf
mikfpd;wd.

74
fw;gid gw;wp m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;

Nguhrphpah; m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd; jkJ ‘,yf;fpa fiy’ Ehypy;

fw;gid vd;gij tpsf;Ffpwhh;. Ky;iy kyh; xd;iwf; fhZk;
mwptpaywpQd; mk;kyhpd; Gwj;jd;ikfis kl;LNk fhz;fpwhd;.
kyhpd; gz;Gfs;> mjd; tz;zk;> mjd; ,jo;fs;> mJ ve;jj;
jhtuf; FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ Nghd;w tp\aq;fs; mwptpaywpQdpd;
ftdj;jpy; jq;Ffpd;wd| mk;kyhpdhy; mtdJ cs;sj;jpy; vt;tpj
czh;r;rpAk; Njhd;wp tpLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; mNj kyiu xU
fiyNahL Gytd; Nehf;Ffpd;wNghJ mtdJ fw;gidapy;
Ky;iyg;G+ njhlh;ghd vz;zq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd| Gytd; jd;id
xU jiytpahf – mJTk; jiytidg; gphpe;JiwAk;
Jiztpahff; - fw;gid nra;Jnfhs;fpwhh;. fhh; fhyj;jpw;F
Kd;dh; jpUk;gp te;JtpLtjhff; $wpr; nrd;w jiytd; ,d;Dk;
jpUk;gp tuhj epiyAk;| mjdhy; jd;dpiy Fwpj;j ,uq;fy;
czh;Tk; Njhd;Wtjhff; fw;gid nra;J nfhs;fpw Gytd; gpwF
,t;Tzh;T gilg;ghspapd; ‘Mf;fy; rf;jp’ ahy; xU ftpijahf
cUkhWfpwJ. mt;tofpa FWe;njhifg; ghly; tUkhW:

“,sik ghuh; tsk; eir,r; nrd;whh;

,tZk; thuhh; vtzNuh vdg;
ngay; Gwe;je;j G+q;nfhb Ky;iy
njhFKif ,yq;F vapwhf
eFNk Njhop eWe;jz; fhNu”
(FWe;njhif> 126)

,f;FWe;;njhifg; ghliyj; jkJ Ez;khd; EioGyj;jpdhy;

tpsf;Fk; Nguhrphpah; m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd; “jdpg;gl;l xU G+
mtDila kdj;jpy; vj;jidNah vz;zf; Nfhitfis
cz;lhf;fptpLfpwJ. G+itf; fz;l gyh;> kdj;jpy; fdtpYk;
Njhd;w Kbahj vz;zq;fs; (fw;gidfs;) ftpQd; kdj;jpy;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd” vd;W tpsf;Ffpd;whh; (,yf;fpaf;fiy> g.160).
fhl;rpf;Fl;gLk; xU nghUs; xU Gytdpd; kdj;jpy; rpy
vz;zq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. “me;j vz;zq;fs; ntWk;
epidTf; Nfhitahf kl;Lk; mike;Jtplhky;. mtDila
kdj;jpy; czh;rr ; pia vOg;gptpLfpd;wd. Mo;e;j me;j czh;r;rpg;
gpbg;gpypUe;J kPz;l gpwNf ftpij gpwf;fpwJ. ,e;jf; fw;gidahy;
ftpQd; jhd; xUtif czh;r;rpia mDgtpj;jhd; vd
czUfpNwhk;” (,yf;fpaf; fiy> 160) vd;W fw;gid vd;why;
vd;dntd;W Nguhrphpah; m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd; tpsf;Ffpwhh;. vdNt

75
fw;gid vd;gJ fiyAs;sk; gilj;j xUtdJ cs;sj;jpy;
GwTyf elg;Gf;fs; vOg;gptpLk; czh;r;rpfSk; mjd; njhlh;
tpisTfSk; MFk; vd;W$wyhk;. ,e;j czh;r;rpfSk;
tpisTfSk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy; Fwpg;gpl;l tbtj;ij mile;J
mJ gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLtjhf mikfpwNghJ mt;tpyf;fpag; gilg;G
fw;gid eyk;kpf;f gilg;ghf mikfpwJ.

tho;f;ifAk; fw;gidAk;:

fw;gid kdpjdpd; tho;f;ifapy; ,ay;ghfNt

mike;jpUf;fpwJ| vdpDk; kdpjd; tsu tsu mJTk; tsh;fpwJ.
fw;gid ntt;NtW tbtq;fisg; ngWfpwJ. Xh; Mykuj;jpd;
tpj;Jf;fs; gythf ,Ug;gpDk;> midj;JNk tsUk;
jFjpngw;witahf ,Ug;gpDk; midj;J Myku tpj;Jf;fSk;
tsh;e;J kukhfptpLtjpy;iy. mt;thwhf ele;jpUe;jhy; cyfpy;
kdpjh;fs; tho ,lkpd;wp Mykuq;fs; kl;LNk epiwe;jpUf;ff;
$Lk;. Mdhy; mt;thW ,Jtiu elf;ftpy;iy| jFjpAila gy
tpj;Jf;fspdpd;Wk; xU rpy tpj;Jf;fNs epyj;jpy; gl;L kukhf
tsh;e;J tpLfpd;wd. ,Nj Nghd;Wjhd; fw;gidj; jpwDila
Foe;ijfs; midtUNk gpw;fhyj;jpy; ftpQdhf> Gjpd Mrphpauhf
cUthfp tpLtjpy;iy. fw;gidj; jpwid ,ay;ghfg;
ngw;wpUg;gth;fSs; vth; gapw;rpAk; Kaw;rpAk; cilath;fshf
,Uf;fpd;wdNuh mth;jhd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; fiyQuhf khWfpwhh;.
fw;gidAld; njhlh;Gila fdtpid K.t. %d;W tifahfg;
gFj;Jf; $Wfpwhh;. cwf;ff;fdT| gfw;fdT| fw;gidf;fdT vd;w
%d;W fdTfs; mit (K.tujuhrd;> ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> g.103).
,tw;Ws; cwf;ff;fdT kdpjdpd; clw;$Wld; euk;Gf;$Wld;
njhlh;GilaJ| kUj;JthPjpahf mZfj;jf;fJ mJ. mjidAk;
,yf;fpa Ma;Tld; njhlh;GgLj;jpg; ghh;j;jth; rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L
vd;w M];jphpa ehl;L cstpay; mwpQh;. ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fspd;
rpy $Wfis tpsf;f mth;> fdTfspd; jd;ikfisg;
gad;gLj;jpdhh;. vdpDk; fw;gidAld; ,jid kpFjpahf
njhlh;GgLj;jpg; ghh;f;f tpayhJ. fdTfSs; ,yf;fpag;
gilg;gpw;Fj; njhlh;Gilajhf tpsq;FtJ fiyQdpd; fw;gidf;
fdthFk;| ,J$l xUtifapy; rhjhuz kdpjd; fhZk;
gfw;fdit xj;Jj;jhd;. “gfw;fdTf;Fk; fiyQdpd; fw;gidf;Fk;
nghpanjhU NtWghL ,y;iy. Kd;dJ fiy tbtk; ngwhjJ|
Mjypd; epiy ngwhky; moptJ. gpd;dJ fiytbtk; ngWjyhy;
mopahky; epw;gJ. NtWghL ,t;tsNt MFk;” vd;W
K.tujuhrdhh; $WtijAk; ,t;tplj;jpy; ,izj;J vz;zpg;
ghh;f;fTk; (K.tujuhrd;> ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> g.101).

76
fw;gidapd; Mw;wy;:

fw;gid nghJthf kdpjh;fisj; jd; tag;gLj;jp

Ml;nfhs;sf;$bajhFk;. ifyhaj;jpypUe;J G+kpapy; gpwe;j Re;juh;
cyf tho;f;ifapy; jk;ik kwe;J <Lglj; jahuhf ,Ue;j #oypy;
rptngUkhd; me;jzh; Ntlj;jpy; te;J Ml;nfhz;lijg; Nghy>
fw;gidAk; kdpjid Ml;nfhz;L tpLfpwJ. kpf vspikahd xU
nghUs; $l> xU fiyQid Ml;nfhz;L fw;gid cyfj;jpw;Fs;
,l;Lr; nrd;W tplf;$Lk;| jd;id kwf;fr; nra;Jtplf;$Lk;.
“jd;id kwe;jhs;> jd; ehkk; nfl;lhs;> jiyg;gl;lhs; eq;if
jiytd; jhNs” vd;gJ gf;jpf;F kl;Lky;y fw;gid
cyfj;jpw;Fs; Eioe;Jtpl;l kd;dh;fSf;Fk; fiyQh;fSf;Fk;
$lg; nghUe;Jk;. Nguhrphpah; m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;> fPl;]; vd;w
ftpQdpd; $w;iw vLj;Jf; fhl;b> fiyQh;fspd; ,ay;ig
tpsf;Ffpwhh;. “ftiyapd;wpg; gwe;J jphpAk; rpl;Lf;FUtp vdJ
gyfzpapd; topNathpd; ahd; vd;id kwe;J rpl;lhfNt
khwptpLfpNwd;. NkYk; rpW guw; fw;fisAk; nfhj;jj;
njhlq;fptpLfpNwd;!” vd;W fPl;]; $WtJ (m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;>
,yf;fpaf; fiy> g.161) fw;gidapd; Mw;wiy czh;j;Jtjhf
mikfpd;wJ.

kdpjdplk; ,ay;ghfg; Gije;J fplf;fpd;w fdT fhZk;

gz;Gjhd; fw;gidf;F mbg;gil| fw;gidjhd; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F
mbg;gil. fdT> fw;gid ,uz;LNk epfo;fhyj;jpy; kdpjDf;F
Vw;gLk; Jd;gq;fspypUe;J tpLjiyiaj; jUfpwJ. eilKiw
tho;tpy; cs;sij cs;sthNw fhzhky;> cs;sk; tpUk;Gfpw
Kiwapy; fhZk; Kaw;rp fdT> fw;gid ,uz;bYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tWikapy; grpapy; Jd;GWk; xU kdpjd;
fdtpNyh fw;gidapNyh mjidNa kPz;Lk; fhz tpUk;Gtjpy;iy|
,jw;F khwhd tsj;ijAk; tho;itANk fdtpy; fhz
tpUk;Gfpwhd;. mJjhd; kdpjDf;Ff; fisg;igAk; rypg;gpidAk;
ePf;fp> tho;tpy; rpwpa mstpypUe;J> ek;gpf;ifiaAk;
kfpo;rr ; piaAk; jUfpwJ. jiytidg; gphpe;J Jd;gj;jpy;
Mo;e;jpUf;Fk; jiytpf;Fj; jiytd; jpUk;gptpLtjhf Vw;gLfpd;w
epidg;G my;yJ fw;gid $l kpFe;j kfpo;rr ; piaj; jUfpwJ. xU
jiytpapd; $w;W vt;thW cs;sJ vd;gijf; fhzyhk;.

“edtpdhy; ey;fhjtiuf; fdtpdhw;

fhz;lypd; cz;L vd; caph;”.
(jpUf;Fws;> 1213)

77
 edT tho;tpy; Neupy; Njhd;wpj; jiytpia kze;J nfhz;L
jdf;F md;G nra;aj; jaq;Fk; fztd;| mj;jifa jiytdJ
gphpitj; jhq;F epw;Fk; kdtypik Fiwe;j jiytp| gpd;dh;
jiytp vt;thW caph; jhpj;jpUf;fpwhs;? jiytd; Nehpy; Njhd;wpj;
jdf;Fj; jz;zsp nra;tjhfj; jiytp mbf;fb fdT fhz;gjhy;>
caph; jhpj;jpUg;gjhff; $Wtjhf mike;j ghly; ,J. ,jdhy;
fdTk; fw;gidAk; vt;thW kdpjid tho itf;fpd;wd vd;gij
czh;e;J nfhs;s KbAk;. kdpj cs;sj;jpd; vjph;ghh;g;Gfs;jhd;
fdTfshfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;Wk; fdtpy; kdpj mDgtq;fs;
kpfj; njspthd tbtj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd vd;Wk; tpd;nr];lh;
vd;ghh; $Wfpwhh;.

kdpj kdj;jpd; Mirfs; fdtpy; njspthd tbtj;ijg;

ngWfpd;wd vd;gjw;Fg; gy rhd;Wfs; fhl;lyhk;. Mz;lhs;
ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhopapy; tUk; xU rpy ghly;fisr; rhd;whff;
fhz;f:

“thuzk; Mapuk; #o tyk; nra;J

ehuz ek;gp elf;fpd;whd; vd;nwjph;
G+uz nghw;Flk; itj;Jg; Gunkq;Fk;
Njhuzk; ehl;lf; fdhf; fz;Nld; NjhoPehd;”

“ehis tJit kznkd;W ehspl;L

ghis fKF ghpRilg; ge;jw;fPo;
Nfhshp khjtd; Nfhtpe;jd; vd;ghd; Xh;
fhis GFjf; fdhf; fz;Nld; NjhoP ehd;”

“kj;jsk; nfhl;l thprq;fk; epd;Whj

Kj;Jilj; jhkk; epiw jho;e;j ge;jw;fPo;
ikj;Jdd; ek;gp kJ#jd; te;J vz;zf;
ifj;jyk; gw;wf; fdhf; fz;Nld; NjhoP! ehd;”

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ghly;fspy;> Mz;lhspd; cs;sj;J

tpUg;gq;fs; vt;thW fdtpy; Gyg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijf; Fwpg;ghf
czu KbAk;. Mz;lhs; khatid kze;J nfhs;sNt
tpUk;gpdhd;. mt;tpUg;gk; Mz;lhspd; fdtpy; njspthd
tbtq;fs; nfhz;L mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. kzNkilapy;
,Ue;J nfhz;L jd; Kd;Nd elf;Fk;. epfo;Tfis ed;F
ftdpj;Jg; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU kzg; ngz;zpd; cs;sk;
,g;ghly;fspy; ed;F Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. Kjypy; kzkfdpd; tUif>
G+uz Fk;g khpahij mspf;fg;gl;L kdkfd; tuNtw;fg;gLjy;>
Njhuzq;fs; fl;b ,lj;ij moFgLj;Jjy;> jpUkz ehspid

78
cWjp nra;jy;> kzkfdhd khatd; xU fhisiag; Nghy
eilapl;L tUjy;> kq;fy ,ir Koq;Fjy;> ehuhazd;
Mz;lhspd; fuj;ijg; gw;Wjy; Kjypa nra;jpfs; ,g;ghly;fspy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sd. kdpj mDgtq;fs; cah;thd> njspthd
tbtj;ijg; ngWjy; vd;w epiyia ,g;ghly;fspd; %yk;
czuyhk;. khatid kze;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mz;lhspd;
vjph;ghh;g;Gf;fs; cah;thd fdTfshf cUthf;fpAs;sd vd;gij
,g;ghly;fspd; top czu Kbfpd;wJ. ftpQh;fs; gilf;Fk;
fw;gidAk; cs;sij cs;sthNw fhl;Ltjy;y: cs;sij
cs;sk; tpUk;gpathW gilj;jNy MFk;.

fw;gid vd;gNj tho;tpypUe;J gpwg;gJjhd;. tho;f;ifia

mwptpdhYk; czh;r;rpapdhYk; ,izj;J tho;gtd; kdpjd;. gpw
caphpdq;fs; ,ay;G+f;fj;jpdhYk; gof;fj;jpdhYk; tho;fpd;wd.
kdpjd; kl;LNk mwpT> czh;r;rp nfhz;L tho;fpwhd;| fw;gid
vd;gJ vz;zp vz;zpr; rpe;jidapy; tho;gth;fF; miktij tpl>
czh;e;J czh;e;J czh;r;rpapdhy; tho;gth;fSf;Nf mikfpwJ.
,th;fs; jhk; cs;sk; tpUk;gpathW> fw;gid nra;Ak; Mw;wy;
gilj;jth;fs;> epfo; fhyj;J tho;f;ifapy; jdf;Ff; fpilf;fhj
xd;iwg; gw;wpa Ntl;iffs; ftpQdpd; Mo;kdj;jpy; gjpe;J
fplf;fpd;wd.
ftpQd; nghJthd cyf epfo;T Fwpj;Njh NtW nghUs;;
Fwpj;Njh ftpij GidAk; NghJ Mo;kdj;jpy; Gije;J fplf;Fk;
Ntl;iffs;> Vf;fq;fs;> Vkhw;wq;fs; Kjypad rpwe;j
fw;gidfshfg; gilg;Gf;fspy; ,lk; ngw;W tpLfpd;wd. rpwe;j
ftpijahSik nfhz;ltUk; Njr tpLjiy Nts;tpay; jd;idf;
fiuj;Jf; nfhz;ltUkhd kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; jk;
tho;f;if KOtJk; Xa;tpd;wp cioj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;|
,lk;tpl;L ,lk; khwp tho;f;if elj;jpf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhh;|
,j;jifa miyr;rYk; mikjpaw;w #oYk; nfhz;bUe;j
ghujpapd; Mo;kdj;jpy; mikjpf;fhd Vf;f czh;T ,Ue;J
nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ NghYk;! mtuJ ‘fhzp epyk;’ vd;w ftpijapy;
ghujpahh; vj;jifa mikjpkpf;f ,dpik kpf;f tho;f;if gw;wpa
fw;gidiaf; $Wfpwhh;! ghliyf; fhz;f:

“fhzp epyk; Ntz;Lk; - guhrf;jp

fhzp epyk; Ntz;Lk; - mq;F
Jhzpy; mofpajha; ed; khlq;fs;
Ja;a epwj;jpdtha; - me;jf;
fhzp epyj;jpilNa – Xh; khspif
fl;bj;ju Ntz;Lk; - mq;F
Nfzp aUfpdpNy – njd;id kuk;

79
 fPw;Wk; ,sePUk;.

gj;Jg; gdpnuz;L njd;idkuk;

gf;fj;jpNy NtZk; - ey;y
Kj;Jr;Rlh; NghNy – epyhnthsp
Kd;G tu NtZk; - mq;Ff;
fj;Jq; FapNyhir rw;Nw te;J
fhjpw;gl NtZk; - vd;wd;
rpj;j kfpo;e;jplNt – ed;whapse;
njd;wy; tu NtZk;.

ghl;Lf; fye;jplNt – mq;Nf nahU

gj;jpdpg; ngz; NtZk; - vq;fs;
$l;Lf; fspapdpNy - ftpijfs;
nfhz;L ju NtZk; me;jf;
fhl;L ntspapdpNy mk;kh epd;wd;
fhtYw NtZk;| - vd;wd;
ghl;Lj; jpwj;jhNy - ,t;itafj;ijg;
ghypj;jpl NtZk;”
(ghujpahh; Njhj;jpug; ghly;fs;> fhzpepyk;)

,g;ghlypy; ghujpahh; Ntz;Lfpd;w ,dpa tho;f;if Fwpj;j

fw;gid ed;F Gyg;gLfpd;wjy;yth? cah;e;j ftpQh;fs; vg;NghJk;
jk; nrhe;j eyd; Fwpj;j tp\aj;ijg; gw;wpg; ghbdhYk;> mjpy;
nghJ ey Nehf;Fk; cah;thd vz;zq;fSk; epiy ngw;wpUf;Fk;
vd;gJ kWf;f tpayhj cz;ik. ghujpahhpd; fw;gid jdpg;gl;l
Ntz;Ljypy; njhlq;fpg; gbahf cyfj;jpd; ed;ik vd;w
fUj;Njhl;lj;ij Nehf;fp tsh;tijg; “ghl;Lj; jpwj;jhNy
,t;itaj;ijg; ghypj;jpl Ntz;Lk;” vd;w thpfspy; fhzyhk;.

kdpj tho;f;ifapd; cah;r;rpiaf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L>

midj;J tsq;fisAk; rpwg;Gf;fisAk; nfhz;L ehLfs;
jpfo;tjhfg; Gyth;fs; gyh; mw;Gjkhd gy fw;gidfisj; jk;
ftpijfspy; Gide;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. GwehDhw;Wg; ghly;fspy; tUk;
ehLfs; gw;wpa ghly;fSk; fhg;gpaq;fSs; ehl;L efug; ghly;fSk;
Gyth;fspd; cah;e;j fw;gidfisj; jk; ftpijfspy;
Gide;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. GwehDhw;Wg; ghly;fspy;; ehLfs; gw;wpa
ghly;fSk; fhg;gpaq;fSs; ehl;L efug; glyq;fSk; Gyth;fspd;
cah;e;j fw;gidfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. rhd;whff;
fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ehl;Lg; glyj;jpy; tUk; ghliyf; fhz;f:

“$w;wk; ,y;iy Xh; Fw;wk; ,yhikahy;

80
 rPw;wk; ,y;iy jk; rpe;;ijapd; nrk;ikahy;
Mw;w ey;ywk; my;yJ ,yhikahy;
Vw;wk; my;yJ ,opjfT ,y;iyNa”
(fk;guhkhazk;> ghy fhz;lk;> 71)

ehl;L kf;fs; vtUk; jtWfs; nra;tjpy;iy| mjdhy;

mNahj;jpapy; vtUf;Fk; kuzgak; ,y;iy. kf;fspd; cs;sj;jpy;
Neh;ikf; FzNk epiwe;jpUg;gjhy;> rpdk; vthplj;Jk; ,y;iy.
kf;fsidtUk; ‘mwr; nray; jtpu> gpw nray;fspy;
<LgLtjpy;iy> mjdhy; kf;fs; cah;tiltijj; jtpu>
jho;tiltJ mq;F ,y;iy vd;w fUj;jikjpia cilaJ
Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ghly;. jtWfs;> rpdk; mwkw;w nray;fs;
vd;wpd;d gpw Fw;wq;Fiwfs;’ vJTkw;w jd;ik mNahj;jpapy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ fk;gh; fhl;Lfpd;w xU Fwpf;Nfhs;
fw;gidNa ahFk;.

fw;gidAyfKk; thrfDk;:

fw;gidahdJ ftpQid kl;Lk; Ntw;Wyfj;jpw;F mioj;Jr;

nry;tjpy;iy| ftpij thrfidAk; NtW cyfj;jpw;Fs; ,l;Lr;
nry;fpd;wJ. ,t;thW thrfd; Ntw;Wyfj;jpw;Fs; nry;fpd;w NghJ
elg;Gyfpy; fhztpayhj rpy cz;ikfisAk; fhl;rpfisAk;
mtdhy; fz;L nfhs;sKbfpd;wJ. eilKiw cyfpy; kdpjd;
md;G vDk; czh;r;rpiaf; iftpl;Ltpl;L> nrhj;Jf;fis
miltjw;Fk; nghUl;nry;tj;ijg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
NghuhLfpwhd;| tho;tpd; NkLgs;sq;fspy; #oy;fspy; rpf;fpj;
jtpf;fpwhd;| gpwiur; Raeyj;jpw;fhf Vkhw;Wfpwhd;> gpwuJ
Raeyj;jpw;Fg; gypahfpwhd;| Vkhe;J Nghfpwhd;. jPikfs;
nra;fpwhd;| jPikfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhd;| td;Kiwfspy;
<LgLfpwhd;| td;Kiwahy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;whd;. ,Jjhd;
eilKiwapy; fz;$lhff; fhzj;jf;f cz;ik tho;f;if! ,jpy;
rpf;fp coYk; kdpjd; eilKiw tho;tpy; fhz ,ayhj my;yJ
kpf mhpjhff; fhzf; fpilf;fpd;w md;G> ghrk;> jpahfk;> gpwh;
eyk; NgZjy; Kjypatw;iw ,yf;fpa cyfj;jpy; fhz;fpwNghJ
vspjhf mtd; me;j cyfj;jpw;Fs; <h;ff
; g;gl;L
tpLfpd;whd;.kdpjdpd; gz;GfSk; elj;ijfSk; xU rpwpjsthtJ
khwf;$Lk;| cauf;$Lk; vd;gJjhd; fw;gidapd; gad; vd;W
$wyhk;.

kdpjdpd; ngUikiaAk; rpWikapidAk; mtDf;Nf

czh;j;jf;$bajhf ,yf;fpaf; fw;gid jpfo;fpwJ. rpwpa
Ez;Zaphpfisg; nghpJgLj;jpf; fhl;lf;$ba cUg;ngUf;fp Mb
Nghd;wJ fw;gid vdyhk;.

81
 vdNt fw;gid vd;gJ kdpjDf;Fj; jd;dk;gpf;if jUtJ|
kdpjid tho itg;gJ| fdTfSld; njhlh;GilaJ| fdTfis
xUq;fpizj;Jf; fiytbtj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;j cjTtJ| Fwpg;gpl;l
ftpQd; my;yJ gilg;ghspapd; tho;f;if mDgt ntspg;ghlhf
miktJ| jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; $wg;gl;lhYk; cyf ,dj;jpd;
cah;Tf;F topfhl;LtJ vd;W $wyhk;.

,y;yhjdtw;iwg; gilj;jy; :

nghJthff; fw;gid vd;gJ ftpQd; my;yJ urpfdpd;

Fwpg;gpl;l kdepiy my;yJ vz;z Mw;wy; vd;W $wyhk;.
ftpQdplk; ,ay;ghfTk; gapw;rpapdhYk; Kaw;rpapdhYk;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w ,f; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f kdepiy my;yJ vz;z
Mw;wYld; ftpQdpd; jdp tho;f;if my;yJ ftpQd; fz;Lzh;e;j
gpwuJ tho;f;if mDgtq;fl;Ff; fiy tbtj;ij ey;FfpwJ.
Mapd; ehsiltpy; fw;gid vd;gJ ,y;yhj xd;iwg; Gide;J
$WtJ vd;w vz;zk; NkNyhq;fpaJ. fw;gid nra;Ak; kdpj
kdj;jpw;F ,lk;> fhyk; Kjypa vz;zq;fisf; fle;J nry;Yk;
Mw;wy; cz;L. ehk; Xhplj;jpy; mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; NghNj ek; kdk;
cyfpd; NtW gFjpf;Fr; nrd;WtpLtJz;L. xU Fwpg;gpl;l
fhyj;jpy; Xhplj;jpy; ehk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ ek; kdk; fle;j
fhyj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W epidTfis mir NghLtJ cz;L| my;yJ
vjph; fhyj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W ,dpa tho;f;if gw;wpa fw;gidapy;
Mo;e;JtpLjy; cz;L| ,itaidj;Jk; kdj;jpd; nray;fshFk;.
“fhw;wpy; Vwp mt;tpz;izAk; rhLNthk;” vd;W kfhftp ghujpahh;>
kdj;jpd; fw;gidahw;wiy ntF tpkhpirahff; $Wfpwhh;.
kdj;jpd; ,j;jifa ghAk; rf;jpiag; Gyth;fs; kpfj; njspthfg;
gy ghly;fspy; $wpAs;sdh;.

,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; kpf Kidg;ghf ele;J

nfhz;bUe;j fhyj;jpy; ehL nfhe;jspg;gpy; Mo;e;J nfhz;bUe;jJ|
gy jiyth;fs; rpiwapy; thbf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;| ehl;by;
Mq;fpNyah;fspd; mlf;FKiw jiytphpj;jhbf; nfhz;bUe;jJ|
kf;fspilNa mwpahik fhuzkhf rhjp> rkag; G+ry;fs; epuk;gp
apUe;jd| kf;fs; gphpe;J fple;jdh;| Nghhpl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;|
tWik epuk;gp ,Ue;jJ. ,Jjhd; ,e;jpaj; jpUehl;bd; elg;gpay;
#oy;. ,j;jifa ,opthd cyfr; #oypy; tho;e;J nfhz;bUe;j
ghujpahhpd; kdk; vj;jifa rpwe;j vjph;fhyj;ijf; Fwpj;Jf;
fw;gid nra;fpwJ vd;gijg; ghLq;fs;| ghly; tUkhW:

“MLNthNk gs;Sg; ghLNthNk

Mde;j Rje;jpuk; mile;J tpl;Nlhk; vd;W

82
 (MLNthNk)

ghh;g;ghid Ianud;w fhyKk; Nghr;Nr – nts;isg;;

guq;fpiaj; Jiunad;w fhyKk; Nghr;Nr – gpr;ir
Vw;ghiug; gzpfpd;w fhyKk; Nghr;Nr – ek;ik
Va;g;NghUf;F Vty; nra;Ak; fhyKk; Nghr;Nr

vq;Fk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gNj Ngr;R – ehk;

vy;NyhUk; rknkd;gJ cWjpahr;R
rq;F nfhz;Nl ntw;wp A+JNthNk - ,ijj;
juzpf; nfy;yhk; vLj;J XJNthNk

vy;NyhUk; xd;nwd;Dk;; fhyk; te;jNj – ngha;Ak;

Vkhw;Wk; njhiyfpd;w fhyk; te;jNj - ,dp
ey;Nyhh; nghpanud;Dk; fhyk; te;jNj nfl;l
eatQ;rff; fhuUf;F ehrk; te;jNj
coTf;Fk; njhopYf;Fk; te;jid nra;Nthk; - tPzpy;
cz;L fspj;jpUg; Nghiu epe;jid nra;Nthk;
tpoYf;F ePh; gha;r;rp kha khl;Nlhk; ntWk;
tPzUf;F cioj;Jlyk; Xa khl;Nlhk;

ehkpUf;Fk; ehL ek njd;gJ mwpe;Njhk; - ,J

ekf;Nf chpikahk; vd;gJ mwpe;Njhk; - ,e;jg;
G+kpapy; vth;f;Fk; ,dp mbik nra;Nahk; - ghp
G+uzDf;Nf mbik nra;J tho;Nthk;”

(ghujpahh;> ghujpahh; ftpijfs;> Rje;jpug; gs;S)

Rje;jpuk; fpilg;gjw;F Kd;dNu Rje;jpuk;

fpilj;Jtpl;ljhfTk; kf;fs; tpopg;Gzh;T ngw;W Kd;NdWtjw;F
Kd;dNu> Kd;Ndwptpl;ljhfTk; ftpQh; fhz;fpw fdtpw;Fk;
fw;gidf;Fk; Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ghly; rhd;whf mikfpwJ. tpLjiy>
r%f tpLjiy> rkj;Jtk;> jPikfs; mop;jy;> coTj; njhopy;
tsh;r;rp> Md;k Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;w gy Kd;Ndw;wf; $Wfs;
Vw;glhj fhyj;jpNyNa> vjph; fhyj;jpy; ,it Vw;gLk;> Vw;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gj;Jld; ghujp fz;l fw;gidNa ,jd; top
czuyhk;. fw;gid vd;gJ fhyj;ijf; fle;J vjph; fhyj;jpw;Fr;
nrd;W ghaf; $banjd;gij ,g;ghly; ekf;F czh;j;JfpwJ.

kdpj cs;sk; fw;gidj; Njhpy; Vwp> kpfr; Nra;ikapy;

cs;s fle;j fhyj;jpw;Fk; nry;yf; $ba njd;gijAk; mwpQh;fs;
$Wfpd;wdh;. VNjDk; xU epfo;rr; piaf; fz;ZWk; xUth;> mNj

83
Nghy; jkJ ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;jij epidT $h;e;J
NgRtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,isQh;fspd; jfhj nray;fisf;
FWk;Gj; jdq;fisf; fhZk; xU Kjpath;jhk; ,sk; tajpduhf
,Ue;jNghJ vj;jid nghWg;Gzh;Tld; ele;J nfhz;bUe;jhh;
vd;gijAk; vj;jid Jd;gq;fSf;fpilapy; gbj;J ed;dpiy
va;jpdhh; vd;gijAk; $wf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,jid ,isQh;fs;
‘kyUk; epidTfs;’ vd;W Nfyp nra;tijAk; ehk; fhz;fpNwhk;.
Kjpa tajpdiu ,t;thW jkJ fle;j fhyj;jpw;Fs; ,l;Lr;
nry;tJ vJ? MtuJ fw;gidjhd; ,jidr; nra;fpwJ. epfo;
fhyj;jpdpd;Wk; fle;j fhyj;jpw;Fg; gha;e;J nry;Yk; ,ay;G
fw;gidf;Fz;L.

fw;gidapd; gha;r;riy tpsf;Fk; Gwg;ghly; xd;iwf;

fhzyhk;. fiuapy; epd;W ePhpy; Fjpj;J tpisahLk; rpWth;
rpWkpah;fisf; fz;lJk; Kjpath; xUtUf;Fj; jd; ,sikg;
gUtk; epidTf;F tUfpwJ.

“,dp epide;J ,uf;fk; Mfpd;W jpzpkzy;

nra;TW ghitf;Ff; nfha;G+j; ij ,j;
jz;fak; MLk; kfspnuhL ifgpize;J
jOT topj; joP, Jhq;Ftopj; Jhq;fp
kiwnady; mwpah khakpy; MankhL
cah; rpid kUjj;J ciwAwj; jho;e;J
ePh;ezpg; gLNfhL Vwpr; rPh;kpff;
fiuath; kUsj; jpiuafk; gpjpu
neLePh;f; Fl;lj;Jj; JLk; vdg; gha;e;J
Fspj;J kzy; nfhz;l fy;yh ,sik
MspNjh jlNd! ahz;Lz;L nfhy;Nyh?
njhbj;jiy tpOj;jz;L Cd;wp eLf;Fw;W

,Ukpil khde;j rpy nrhy;

ngU%jhsNukt; Mfpa vkf;Nf”
(GwehDhW> 243)

,sk; tajpy; ele;j ,dpa nray;fis> ,sik fope;j

KJikf; fhyj;jpy; vz;zp vz;zp tUe;Jk; czh;r;rpia
tpsf;Fk; ,g;ghly; njhbj;jiy tpOj;jz;bdhh; vd;Dk; Gyth;
ghbajhFk;. Mlth;> ngz;bh; vd;w NtWghbd;wp ,ize;J
ePh;epiyfspy; Fjpj;J tpisahbaJ> ePh;epiyapd; mUfpy; ,Ue;j
kUjkuj;jpy; Vwp fhz;gth; kUSk;gbahfTk;> jz;zPh; njhpj;Jg;
Guz;L fiuia nehpf;Fk;gbahfTk; Fjpj;J ePhpy; %o;fpaik>
jz;zPhpd; mb Mok; tiu nrd;W kziy ms;spf; nfhz;L
NkNy te;J kw;wth;f;Fk; fhl;baik Nghd;w nray;fs; vy;yhk;

84
,g;NghJ epw;fTk; NgrTk; ,ayhj KJikapy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtUf;F
epidTf;F te;J Jd;GWj;JfpwJ. jdJ KJikAld; js;shbf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; xUth; ,isQh;fspd; ,d;iwa fw;gidj; Jbg;igf;
fz;lTld;> jkJ ,sikf; fhyk; Fwpj;j fw;gidapy;
Mo;e;JtpLtjhf miktJjhd; ,g;ghly;. fw;gid vd;gJ
vjph;fhyj;jpw;F kl;Lky;y> fle;j fhyj;jpw;Fk; gha;e;J
nry;yf;$baJ vd;gij ,g;ghly; ed;Fzh;j;JfpwJ.

fw;gid vd;gJ cs;sijf; ftpQd; cs;sk; tpUk;gpathW

gilj;jy; vd;gJ Kd;dh;f; $wg;gl;lJ. ,jd; top> fw;gid vd;gJ
cyfpaypy; fhzg;gl;l nra;jpfisf; $l;bAk; Fiwj;Jk;
Njh;e;njLj;Jk; xU gilg;ghsp jd; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy;
cUthf;FtjhFk;. ,yf;fpak; vd;gNj xU fiyQd; kdpj
tho;f;ifiag; ghh;j;J mjidg; Nghy cUthf;FtjhFk; vd;W
mhp];lhby; $Wthh;. kdpj tho;tpd; elg;Gf;fisf; $h;e;J
ftdpf;Fk; gilg;ghsp> midj;Jr; nray;fisAk; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
nfhz;L te;Jtpl ,ayhJ| ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;Fj;
Njitahdtw;iw kl;Lk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> Njitaw;wtw;iwj;
jtph;j;Jtpl;L> vLj;Jf; nfhz;lij tpkhpirahfTk; fiyeaj;Jld;
$WtNj ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gr; nrayhFk;. ,J cs;sij cs;sk;
tpUk;gpathW Gidjy; vdg;gLk;. ,ijj; jtpu>“vf;fhyj;jpYk;
vt;tplj;jpYk; ,y;yhj xd;iwg; gilj;Jf; fhl;Lk; fw;gidj;
jpwDk; cz;L. mJ Kw;wpYk; ,y;yhj xd;iwg; gilj;j
fw;gidahfj; Njhd;wyhk;. Mdhy; cz;ik mJ md;W. mJTk;
XusT cs;sjd; mbg;gilapy; ,y;yJ gilj;j fw;gidahFk;”
vd;W K.tujuhrdhh; ,y;yJ Gidjy; vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk;
jUfpwhh;. ,y;yJ GidtJ vd;gJ Kw;wpYk; cz;ikf;Fg;
Gwk;ghdjy;y: XusT cs;sJ my;yJ ele;jijr; rpwpJ jphpj;J
my;yJ khw;wpg; gilg;gjhFk; vd;W ,jid tpsf;fyhk;. gwf;Fk;
Fjpiu> NgRk; ghid> kdpjh;fSld; ,ize;J nray;gLk; ghk;G>
Kjypait cyfj;jpy; vq;Fk; ,y;yhjit. Mdhy; Fjpiu>
ahid> ghk;G Kjypa tpyq;Ffs; cz;L| ,tw;wpw;F XLjy;>
elj;jy;> Ch;jy; Kjypa nraw;ghLfs; cz;L. gwf;Fk;
njhopYila gwitfs;> NgRfpd;w nray;gLfpd;w kdpjh;fs;
jdpj;jdpNa cyfpy; cz;L. xU Gytd;> gwitapd; gwf;Fk;
nraiyf; Fjpiuf;F Vw;wpj; jdJ ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy; gwf;Fk;
Fjpiuiag; gilf;fpwhd;. ,Nj Nghy; NgRk; ahidiag;
gilf;fpwhd;. XusTf;F cz;ikahf ,Uf;ff; $badtw;iwr;
rpwpJ khw;wp> Gide;J> ,y;yhjijg; Nghd;W Gytd; gilf;fpwhd;.
,jidNa ,y;yJ gilj;jy; vd;W mwpQh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
,y;yJ Gidjy; vDk; fw;gidia ed;F Ghpe;J
nfhs;s xU ghliyr; rhd;whff; $wyhk;. ghujpjhrdpd; mofpd;
rphpg;gpy; tUk; ghly; thpfisf; fhz;f.

85
 “fly; ePUk; ePy thDk;
ifNfhf;Fk;| mjw;fpjw;Fk;
,ilapNy fplf;Fk; nts;sk;
vopy; tPiz| mt;ti P z Nky;
mbf;fpd;w fhw;Nw> tPiz
euk;gpid mirj;jpd;gj;ij

tbf;fpd;w Gytd;! jk;gp!

td;fly; gz;ghly; Nfs;”

(ghujpjhrd;> mofpd; rphpg;G)

fly;> mjd; ,lj;jpy; mJ cs;sJ. ePy thdKk;

mt;thNw! Mdhy; ghujpjhrDf;F ,uz;Lk; ifNfhj;J ,Ug;gijg;
Nghyj; Njhd;WfpwJ. flypd; Nkw;gug;G nts;sk; ftpQhpd;
fz;fSf;F tPiz Nghyj; Njhd;WfpwJ. flypd; Nkw;gug;gpy;
Rod;W tPRk; fhw;W> flypy; miyfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. mJ
Gythpd; fz;fSf;F fhw;whfpa Gytd;> flyhfpa tPizia
kPl;LtJ Nghyj; Njhd;WfpwJ. fly; ePUk; ePy thdKk; ifNfhj;J
,Ug;gjhff; ftpQh; $WtJ> mit fhjyh;fs; ifNfhj;J
,Ug;gijg; Nghyj; Njhd;Wtjhy;jhd; vd;W $wyhk;. ,g;ghlypy;
ePythd;> fly;> fhw;W> miyfs; Kjypad ,aw;if epfo;rr ; pfs;.
Mdhy; ghujpjhrd; ,tw;wpd; nray;fis kdpjdpd; fhjy;
tag;gl;l czh;Tr; nray;fSld; xg;gpl;L ,f;ftpijiag;
Gide;jpUf;fpwhh;. ,jdhy;> ftpQhpd; fw;gidapdhy; capuw;w rlg;
nghUs;fs; caph;g;nghUs;fshf khwpf; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd. ftpQhpd;
fw;gidapd; tpisT ,Jntdf; $wyhk;.
ghujpjhrdpd; gpwpnjhU ftpijiaAk; ,Nj Kiwapy;
Ritf;fyhk;| mf;ftpij tUkhW:

“Gul;rpf; fg;ghy; mikjp

nghypAkhk;. mJ Nghy;> Xuf;
fiuapdpy; miyfs; Nkhjpf;
fyfq;fs; tpisf;Fk;| Mdhy;
mUFs;s miyfl;fg;ghy;
flypil mikjp md;Nwh!
ngUePiu thd; Kff;Fk;
thd; epwk; ngUePh; thq;Fk;”
(ghujpjhrd;> mofpd; rphpg;G> g.2)

86
,g;ghlypYk; flypd; miyfSk; mikjpAk; Gul;rpAlDk;
vOr;rpAlDk; xg;gplg;gl;Lf; fw;gid nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.,y;yd
gilj;jy; vDk; fw;gid cj;jp> gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjy;
,d;iwa GJf;ftpij tiu cz;L. rhd;whfj; jkpod;gdpd; xU
ftpijiaf; fhz;f:
“fhk;gpd; topahfj;
jhd; te;jij
Nuhrhg;G+
fhw;wplk; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUe;jJ
NghfpwNghJ
fhw;W me;jf;
fhk;Gf;F Kj;jk; je;Jtpl;Lg;
NghdJ”
(<NuhL> jkpod;gd;> kpd;kpdpf; fhL> g.10)

,f;ftpijapy; ,lk; ngWk; fhw;Wk; Nuhrhg;G+Tk; ,uz;L

,aw;ifg; nghUs;fs;. fhw;wpd;NghJ Nuhrhr; nrb mirfpwJ.
mjidf; fz;l ftpQUf;F Nuhrhg;G+ fhw;wplk; VNjh ufrpak;
NgRtJ Nghyj; Njhd;WfpwJ. mJ vd;d ufrpak;? cyfj;jpw;F
te;jJ vt;thW vd;gijg; gw;wpj; jhd; Nuhrhg;G+ fhw;wplk; $wpf;
nfhz;bUe;jjhff; ftpQUf;Fj; Njhd;WfpwJ. xU kfj;jhd
nraYf;Ff; (Nuhrhit ,t;Tyfj;jpw;Fj; je;jJ) fhuzkhd
fhk;Gf;F ed;wp nra;tJ Nghyf; fhw;W Kj;jkpl;Lk; nrd;wJ|
mjhtJ ,aw;ifahff; fhw;wbf;fTk; fhk;Gld; Nuhrh mira> mJ
Kj;jkpl;lijg; Nghy ,Ue;jjhff; ftpQh; fw;gid nra;fpwhh;.

jkpo;f; ftpij kugpy; fw;gidf;F Kjd;ikaplj; je;J

ftpijfs; Gide;jth;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth; n[aq;nfhz;lhh;.
fypq;fj;Jg; guzpapy; n[aq;nfhz;lhhpd; fw;gidapd; rpfuj;ijf;
fhzyhk;. fypq;fg; Nghh;ff
; sf; fhl;rpg; ghly; xd;iwf; fhzyhk;.

“kh kio Nghy; nghopfpd;w jhd thup

kwpj;J tpOk; fl fspw;iw ntWj;J> thNdhh;
G+kio Nghy; gha;e;J vOe;J epue;j tz;L
nghUl; ngz;bh; Nghd;witAk; fhz;kpd;> fhz;kpd;”
(fypq;fj;Jg; guzp> 480)

Nghhpy; ahidfs; kbe;J fplf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpd; jhd

thhpia mjhtJ kjePiu nkha;j;Jf; nfhz;L tz;Lfs;
ahidfisg; gw;wpapUe;jd. Nghhpy; fUzhfudpd; ntw;wpf;F
thdth;fs; G+kio nghope;J tho;j;Jf; $ba NghJ> tz;Lfs;
G+f;fspYs;s Njid mUe;Jtjw;fhf ahidia tpl;Ltpl;L

87
G+f;fisg; gw;Wtjw;fhf thdj;jpy; gwe;J nrd;Wtpl;ld. ,J
xUtdplj;jpy; nghUs; cs;stiu mtidg; gw;wpapUe;J nghUs;
jPh;e;jJk; mtid tpl;L tpyFk; nghUl; ngz;bh; (guj;ijah;)
nraiy xj;jpUe;jjhfg; Gyth; fw;gid nra;fpd;whh;.

rpWghzhw;Wg; gilapy; ,j;jifa ,y;yd gilj;jtuhfpa

fw;gidf;Fj; jf;f rhd;W xd;Ws;sJ. ghprpy; ngw;W tUk; ghzd;
ghprpy; ngw tpUk;Gk; rpWghzid xa;kh ehl;L ey;ypaf;
Nfhldplk; Mw;Wg; gLj;Jfpwhd;. jkpofj;jpy; md;wpUe;j
%Nte;jh;fspd; epiy gw;wpf; $Wifapy; gpd;tUk; tUzidg;
gFjp ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

“Nehd; gfl;L ckzh; xOifnahL te;j

kfhmh; md;d ke;jp klNthh;
efhmh; md;d espePh; Kj;jk;
ths;tha; vUe;jpd; tapw;wfj;J mlf;fp
Njhs;Gwk; kiwf;Fk; ey;$h; ERg;gpd;
cshpay; Ik;ghy; ckl;bah; <d;w
fpsh;G+z; Gjy;tnuhL fpYfpyp MFk;”
(rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> 55-61)

ghz;ba ehl;Lf;F cg;G tpw;gjw;fhf tUk; tzpfh;fspd;

tz;bapy; gps;isfs; tpisahLtijg; Nghd;Nw> Fuq;;FfSk;
fpspQ;rpypy; Kj;Jf;fis ,l;L fpYfpYg;ig Nghy; Ml;b
tpisahbf; nfhz;Nl te;jdthk; vd;W Gyth; fw;gid
nra;fpd;wdh;. ,J ,y;yJ GidAk; fw;gidjhd;. Vnddpy;
Fuq;Ffs; fpYfpYg;ig MLtjpy;iy| Mdhy; Foe;ijfs;
fpYfpYg;ig MLth;. Fuq;Ffs;> Foe;ijfs; nra;tijg; ghh;j;Jr;
nra;Jk; ,Uf;fyhk;| nra;ahkYk; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy;
Fuq;Ffs; fpYfpYg;ig MLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; cz;nld;gij
kWf;ftpayhJ! vdNt Gyth; jhk; vq;Nfh fz;lijr; rpwpJ
khw;wpaikj;J ,f;fw;gidapidr; Ritglr; nra;jpUf;fpwhh; vd;W
$w Ntz;Lk;.

cyfpaw; fw;gid:

fw;gid vd;gNj Gytdpd; vz;zf; fUtiwapy;

cjpg;gJjhd; vd;w fUj;J epytpa NghjpYk;> Gytdpd;
vz;zq;fs; GwTyfj;jpd; nraw;ghLfspypUe;Nj Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
vdNt fw;gid Njhd;Wtjw;Fk; Gw cyfNk kiwKfkhd
fhuzk; Mfpd;wJ. vdNt ve;jg; Gythpd; fw;gid Kw;wpYk;
cz;ikapypUe;J tpyfp tplhky; cz;ikiaAk; rhh;e;J
epw;fpwNjh> mJNt rpwe;j fw;gid MFk;| nraw;ifj; jd;ik

88
Fiwe;j fw;gidNa rpwe;j fw;gid| vt;tsTjhd; fw;gid vd;gJ
Mfhaj;jpy; gwe;J Rod;whYk; mjd; Nth; cyfj;jpy; epiy
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; fw;gid vd;gjpYk; ek;gfj;
jd;ik ,Uf;Fk;| thrfd; ftdj;ij <h;f;Fk; jd;ikAk; mf;
fw;gidf;F ,Uf;Fk;| jdJ mDgtq;fSld; ,ire;J
nry;yf;$ba xd;iwNa thrfd; tpUk;gpf; fw;ghd;: jdf;Fr; rpwpJk;
njhlh;gpy;yhj Gjpa xd;iwg; gbf;f thrfd; kdk; Mh;tk;
fhl;lhJ. vdNt fw;gid vd;gJ cyfpay; rhh;e;jjhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

jkpo; ,yf;fpa kugpy; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy;> rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fw;gidfs; ek;gfj;jd;ikAilait:
kpifj; jd;ikaw;wit: cyfpay; rhh;e;jit. rhd;whff; fgpyh;
ghba GwehDhw;Wg; ghly; xd;iwf; fhzyhk;.

“fly; nfhsg; glhmJ clYeh; Cf;fhh;

foy;Gid jpUe;J mbf; fhhp! epd; ehNl!
moy; Gwe;jPLck; me;jzh; mJNt|
tPahj; jpUntd; tpwy; nfO jhid
%tUs; xUtd; ‘Jg;G Mfpah;’ vd
Vj;jpdh; j&ck; $No> Ek; Fb
tho;j;jpdh; c&ck; ,utyuJNt
tlkPd; GiuAk; fw;gpd; kl nkhop>
mhpit Njhs;; msT my;yij
epdJ vd ,iy> eP ngUkpjj;ijNa”
(GwehDhW> 122)

jpUKbf;fhhp vd;w FWepy kd;dhpd; nfhil> tPuk;| khd

czh;r;rp> Fbg; ngUik Kjypatw;iwg; gw;wpf; fgpyh; vDk;
Gyth; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghba ghly; ,J. fhhpapd; ehL flyhy;
nfhsg;glhJ| gifth;fs; Nghhpl;L ,e;ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w ,ayhJ|
vdpDk; me;jzh;fs; ,ue;J Nfl;gjd; %yk; fhhpapd; ehl;Lg;
gFjpfis vspikahff; ifg;gw;wpj; jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
%Nte;jh;fs; jkf;Fs;Ns Kuz;gl;Lg; NghhpLfpd;w NghJ fhhpiaj;
jdf;Fj; Jizahfg; Nghhpl miof;Fk;NghJ nfhLf;Fk; mstw;w
ghpRg; nghUl;fs;> fhhpia tho;j;jpg; ghb tpLgth; trkhfpwJ.
,t;thW vtuhYk; tPuj;jhy; ifg;gw;wtpayhj mhpa nghUl;fs;>
,utyh;fshy; - fhhpiag; ghb tUgth;fshy; - vspjpy;
iff;nfhs;sg;gl;L tpLfpd;wd| me;jsTf;Fr; rpwe;j
nfhilj;jd;ik Ailatd; fhhp! mtdJ nfhilapd; vy;iy
vd;d? tlkPdpd; jpwk; nfhz;l fw;gpidAila jd; kidtp
xUj;jpia kl;LNk jdf;nfdf; nfhz;Ls;std;| mtisj; jtpu>
jdf;nfd vijAk; Nghw;wpg; ghJfhj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;sj;

89
njhpahj mstpw;Ff; nfhilAs;sk; nfhz;ltd; fhhp vd;W fgpyh;
$wpAs;s nra;jpjhd; ,g;ghlypd; fUj;J.

,g;ghlypid Cd;wpf; fw;gth; ,jpy; cz;ikapdpd;Wk;

tpyfpr; nrd;Ws;s fw;gidg; ghq;F xU rpwpJk; ,y;iy vd;gijj;
njspthf czuyhk;.

cyfpaw; fw;gidia NkYk; rpwpJ tpsf;fkhfg; Ghpe;J

nfhs;s Xh; mfg;ghliyf; fhzyhk;. ghiyf; fypapy; jiytd;
jd; gphptpidf; Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;Jfpwhd;| jiytdpd; gphptpdhy;
jiytp ngUe;Jauj;jpid milag; Nghfpwhs; vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpdhy; czh;j;j Njhop jiytdpd; nryitj; jLf;f Kaw;rp
nra;J rpy fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wtjhf mike;j fypj;njhifg;
ghly; xd;iwf; fhzyhk;.

“cz;fld; topnkhope;J ,uf;Fq;fhy; KfDk; jhk;

nfhz;lJ nfhLf;Fq;fhy; KfDk; NtwhFjy;
gz;Lk; ,t;Tyfj;J ,aw;if| m/J ,d;Wk;
GJtJ md;Nw GyDil khe;jph;
jha; caph; nga;j ghit Nghy;
eyd; cilahh; nkhopf; fz; jhthh; jhk; jk; eyk;
jhJNjh; gwitapd; mUe;J ,wy; nfhLf;Fq;fhy;
Vjpyhh; $WtJ vtNdh epd; nghUs; Ntl;if”

jiytpAld; fhjy; tho;tpy; goFq; fhyj;Jg; gofp>

mtSila eyd; nflf; fhuzkhfp> ,g;NghJ nghUs; Ntl;ifapd;
fhuzkhfg; gphpfpd;whd; jiytd;. ,r;nray; vijg; Nghd;Ws;sJ
vdpy; fld; xUthplk; Nfl;Fk;NghJ fld; ngWgth; Kfghtidia
,uf;fj;jpw;Fhpajhf mikj;Jf; nfhs;tJk;> mNj kdpjh; flidj;
jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;Fk; NghJjd; Kfghtidia kpFe;j
nrUf;Filajhf Mf;fpf; nfhz;L flidj; jpUg;gpj;jUtJk;
gz;il ehs; KjNy cyfpy; fhzj;jf;fnjhU nrayhFk;.
jiytpAld; gofp tpl;L> ,g;NghJ jiytd; gphptnjd;gJk; ,ijg;
Nghd;w nray; jhd; vd;W Njhop $Wfpwhs;. ew;gz;Gfs; cilath;
jk; nrhw;fspdpd;Wk; gpwo khl;lhh; vd;W Njhop $Wtjhf
,g;ghlypd; fUj;J mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,jpy; fhjy; czh;r;rp>
gphpT jUk; ,d;gk; Kjypatw;iwf; $w ngUq;fLq;Nfh cyfpay;
rhh;e;j nra;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

ghiyf; fypapy; tUk; gpwpnjhU ghlypYk; cyfpay; rhh;e;j

fw;gid rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhzyhk;:

“twpatd; ,sik Nghy; thba rpidatha;

90
 rpwpatd; nry;tk; Nghy; Nrh;e;jth;f;F epoypd;wp
ahh; fz;Zk; ,fe;J nra;J ,irnfl;lhd; ,WjpNghy;
NtnuhL kuk; ntk;g tphpfjph; njWjypd;”
(fypj;njhif> 10)

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ghlypYk; ghiy epyj;jpd; ntk;ikia

tpsf;Ftjw;F cyfpay; rhh;e;j nka;ikfisg; Gyth;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;sijf; fhzyhk;. kuq;fspd; fpisfs;
thbapUg;gij twpatd; ,sikg; gUtj;JlDk;> kuq;fspd;
epoypd;ikia cah;gz;Gfspy;yhjtdplk; cs;s nry;tj;JlDk;>
kuq;fspd; thba jd;ikia> vtUf;Fk; jPikNa nra;jtDila
,Wjpf; fhyj;jpd; jdpikj; Jauj;JlDk; ,izj;Jf; fw;gid
nra;jpUf;fpwhh; Gyth;. ,e;jf; fw;gidiag; gbf;Fk; thrfd; jhd;
gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gJ gphpT vDk; chpg;nghUis cs;slf;fpg;
Gidag;gl;Ls;s Xh; mfg;ghly; vd;gijNa kwe;JtpLk; mstpw;F
Ntdpw;fhyk; gw;wpa ,t;tUzid mike;jpUg;gij czuyhk;.

jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fw;gid vd;gNj cyfpaYlDk;

kdpj tho;tpaYlDk; njhlh;Gilajhfj; jhd; ,Ue;J
te;jpUf;fpwJ. ,ilf;fhyj; jyGuhzq;fspYk;
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspYk; jhd; fw;gid kdpj tho;it tpl;L
tpyfpajhf> my; ,aw;iff; fw;gidahf cUkhw;wk; mile;jJ.
vdNt jhd; me;jf; fhyfl;lj;J ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,d;W nghpJk;
tof;fpoe;Jtpl;ld. cyfpaYld; ,ize;j fw;gid nfhz;l
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fSk; fhg;gpaq;fSk; ,d;wsTk; capNuhl;lj;Jld;
jpfo;fpd;wd. ,dp my; ,aw;iff; fw;gid Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.

my; ,aw;iff; fw;gid:

Gythpd; gilg;Gf;Fg; gpd;Nd ,Uf;Fk;. Kjd;ik

Nehf;fNk VNjDk; xU fUj;jpid tpsf;FtJjhd;. Mdhy;
Gythpd; vz;zg; Nghf;Ffs; midj;Jr; rkaq;fspYk; Mokhd
tPr;Rld; nray;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. rpw;rpy rkaq;fspy;
Mokw;w Ntbf;if czh;r;rpfs; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nray;gLtJz;L.
,j;jifa fw;gidfs; ,aw;iff;F mjhtJ cz;ikj; jd;ikf;F
khwhf miktJz;L| ,tw;iwNa my; ,aw;iff; fw;gid my;yJ
ntWq;fw;gid vd;W jpwdha;thsh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. “Gythpd;
czh;r;rp Ntbf;ifahfTk; tpisahl;lhfTk; mikAk; NghJ>
Mo;e;j gz;Gfs; mw;w ntWq;fw;gidfs; Njhd;Wk;. Gythpd;
czh;r;rp MoKilajhfTk; cah;TilajhfTk; mikAk; NghJ
tpOg;gKs;s fw;gidfs; Njhd;Wk;. ntWq;fw;gid vd;gJ kw;w
vy;yh tifapYk; cah;e;j fw;gidNghy; Njhd;wpdhYk;>
fw;gidf;Ff; fhuzkhd czh;r;rp tpOg;gk; cilajhf ,uhJ”.

91
vd;W K.tujuhrdhh; $Wfpwhh; (K.tujuhrd;> ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;>
gf;.127-128)

gpuGypq;f yPiy vd;w Ehypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s xU ghliyf;

fhz;f: ,jpy; my; ,aw;iff; fw;gid ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gijf;
fhzyhk;.

“nghwpj;j thioapd; fdpapidf; file;jjiy nghUe;jf;

Fwpj;jplhJ cilntdf; fwpj;J myF Neha; nfhz;L
epWj;j thioapd; fdpAkr; nra;ifaha; epide;J
fwpj;jplh jkh; nrk;Kfg; gRq;fpsp fhz;gha;”

(gpuGypq;f yPiy> trtz;zk;fjp> 19)

Xh; ,y;yj;jpd; Kd; epiyfSld; $ba thio kuq;fs;

epw;gJ Nghy; Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (nghwpj;j thio). xU fpsp
mjid Xtpankd;W njspahJ cz;ik thio vd;W ek;gpj; jd;
myFfshy; nfhj;jpaJ. ,jdhy; fpspapd; myFfs; gOJgl;ld.
,jdhy; fpsp mQ;rp eLq;FfpwJ. gpd;dh; cz;ikapNyNa me;j
,lj;jpy; ,Ue;j thiofisAk; nfhj;Jtjw;Ff; fpsp mQ;rpf;
nfhz;L> thsh mkh;e;jpUe;jjhk; vd;W ,g;ghly; $WfpwJ. ,jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s me;j Chpd; mofpa Njhw;wj;jpidg; Gide;J
$Wjy; vd;gijj; jtpu> gpw tpOkpa Nehf;fq;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy
vd;gij czuyhk;.

FkuFUguhpd; rpjk;gu Kk;kzpf; NfhitapYk; ,j;jifa

fw;gidf;F xU rhd;W fhzyhk;.

“khWilatd; nrQ;rilNky; tho; muTf;F cs;sQ;rp

vd;Wk; kjp Nja;e;Nj ,Uf;Fkhy; - epd;Wjtk;
nra;Ak; KdpNthh; fhkj;jPg;gzpf;F mQ;rpj; jkJ
ngha;Aliy thl;Lkh Nghy;”

(FkuFUguh;> rpjk;gu Kk;kzpf;Nfhit)

rptngUkhdpd; rilapy; Rw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ghk;gpidf;
fz;L mQ;rpj;jhd;> rptd; jpUKbapy; ,Uf;Fk; re;jpud; tsuhky;
Nja;e;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwhd;| mNj Nghy; jtk; nra;Ak;
Kdpth;fs; jq;fsplk; fhk czh;Tfs; Njhd;wptplf; $lhJ
vd;gjw;fhfj;jhd; jq;fs; cliyj; Nja;j;J tUj;jpf;
nfhs;fpd;wdh; vd;gJ ,g;ghlypd; fUj;J. ,jpy; Kjypuz;L
mbfspy; cs;s fw;gid my; ,aw;iff; fw;gid vd;Nw $wyhk;.
re;jpud; kiwtJk; kPz;Lk; tsh;tJk; ,ay;ghd nray;fs; jhk;|

92
FkuFUguh; ,jidr; Ritahd fw;gidahf khw;wpAs;shh;
vd;gJjhd; ,g;ghlypd; rpwg;G.

Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; ,ijg; Nghd;w my; ,aw;iff;

fw;gidfs; gytw;iwf; fhzyhk;. Nru kd;didf; Fwpj;Jg;
ghlg;gl;Ls;s xU ghlypy; Gyth; fw;gidapd; cr;rpf;Nf
nrd;Ws;shh;| ghliyf; fhzyhk;.

“tPW rhy; kd;dh; tphpjhk ntz;Filiag;

ghw vwpe;j ghpraj;jhy; - NjwhJ
nrq;fz;khy; Nfhij rpd ntq;fsp ahid
jpq;fs; Nky; ePl;Lk; jd;if”

(Kj;njhs;shapuk;>19-flTs;tho;j;JNrh;j; )

Nru kd;dd; jd; vjphpfSld; elj;jpa Nghhpy;> mtsJ ahid

vjphp kd;dh;fspd; ntz; nfhw;wf; Filfisg; gphpj;Jj; Jhuj;jpy;
tpz;zpy; vwpe;J mNj gapw;rpapdhy;> ntz;nfhw;wf; Fil Nghd;W
Njhw;wkspf;Fk; thdj;J epyitg; gwpf;fTk; ifia ePl;baJ
vd;w fUj;J ,g;ghlypy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,J Nru kd;ddpd;
tPuj;ij mtdJ ahidapd; Nky; itj;Jf; $wpa fw;gidahFk;.
,jpy; urpf;fj;jf;f fw;gid mike;jpUf;fpwnjd;whYk; ,J my;
,aw;iff; fw;gidahFk;.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; xU rpy ghly;fspy; ,j;jifa
my; ,aw;iff; fw;gidg; gFjpfs; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. Nrhod;
eyq;fps;sp vd;w kd;ddpd; ngUikfs; Fwpj;J Myj;Jhh; fpohh;
ghba ghlypd; xU gFjpiaf; fhzyhk;.

“jiyNahh; Eq;fpd; jPk; NrW kpira

,ilNahh; goj;jpd; igq;fps; khe;j
filNahh; tpLtha;g; gprpnuhL RLfpoq;F Efu
epykyh; itaj;J ty Kiw tis,
Nte;J gPL mopj;j ve;J Nty; jhidnahL
Mw;wy; vd;gjd; Njhw;wk; Nfs; …….. “

(GwehDhW> 225)

Nrhod; esq;fps;spapd; gil mstpw; nghpaJ. ,e;j

cyfj;ijNa Rw;wpf; nfhs;sf;$baJ. mg;gil xU Kiw
Xhplj;ijf; fle;J nry;y gy khjq;fs; MFk;| mt;thW fle;J
nry;Yk; NghJ> gilapd; Kjw; gFjpapy; nrd;wth;fs; (xU
gde;Njhg;gpd; topahfr; nrd;w NghJ)> gid Eq;fpidr;
Ritj;Jz;lduhk;. gilapd; ,ilg; gFjpapy; nrd;wth;fs; gdk;

93
goj;jpidj; jpd;wduhk;| mjw;Fs; gUtfhyk; khwptpl;lJ. Eq;F
tpisjy; epd;W gdk; gok; cUthFk; gUtfhyk; te;jJ.
gilapd; filrpg; gFjpapy; te;J nfhz;bUe;jth;fs; mg;
gde;Njhg;G ,Uf;Fkplj;jpw;F tUk;NghJ kPz;Lk; gUt fhyk;
khwptpl;lJ| mjhtJ mt;tsT ehl;fs; Mfptpl;ld.
filg;gFjpapy; te;j tPuh;fSf;Fg; gdq;fpoq;Fjhd; Rl;Lj; jpd;df;
fpilj;jJ| mt;tsT ePz;l njhlh; thpirapy; ele;J nry;Yk;
tPuh;fs; epuk;gpa ngUk;gil vd;gijg; Gyth; ,f;fw;gidapd; %yk;
ngw itf;fpwhh;. ,JTk; my; ,aw;iff; fw;gidapd; ghw;gLk;.

tpdh tpilfs;:

1. .cyfpaw; fw;gid vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

fw;gid vd;gNj Gytdpd; vz;zf; fUtiwapy;

cjpg;gJjhd; vd;w fUj;J epytpa NghjpYk;> Gytdpd;
vz;zq;fs; GwTyfj;jpd; nraw;ghLfspypUe;Nj Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
vdNt fw;gid Njhd;Wtjw;Fk; Gw cyfNk kiwKfkhd
fhuzk; Mfpd;wJ. vdNt ve;jg; Gythpd; fw;gid Kw;wpYk;
cz;ikapypUe;J tpyfp tplhky; cz;ikiaAk; rhh;e;J
epw;fpwNjh> mJNt rpwe;j fw;gid MFk;| nraw;ifj; jd;ik
Fiwe;j fw;gidNa rpwe;j fw;gid| vt;tsTjhd; fw;gid vd;gJ
Mfhaj;jpy; gwe;J Rod;whYk; mjd; Nth; cyfj;jpy; epiy
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; fw;gid vd;gjpYk; ek;gfj;
jd;ik ,Uf;Fk;| thrfd; ftdj;ij <h;f;Fk; jd;ikAk; mf;
fw;gidf;F ,Uf;Fk;| jdJ mDgtq;fSld; ,ire;J
nry;yf;$ba xd;iwNa thrfd; tpUk;gpf; fw;ghd;: jdf;Fr; rpwpJk;
njhlh;gpy;yhj Gjpa xd;iwg; gbf;f thrfd; kdk; Mh;tk;
fhl;lhJ. vdNt fw;gid vd;gJ cyfpay; rhh;e;jjhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

2. .ghiyf;fypapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; cyfpaw; fw;gid Fwpj;J

tpsf;Ff.

ghiyf; fypapy; tUk; gpwpnjhU ghlypYk; cyfpay; rhh;e;j

fw;gid rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhzyhk;:
“twpatd; ,sik Nghy; thba rpidatha;
rpwpatd; nry;tk; Nghy; Nrh;e;jth;f;F epoypd;wp
ahh; fz;Zk; ,fe;J nra;J ,irnfl;lhd; ,WjpNghy;
NtnuhL kuk; ntk;g tphpfjph; njWjypd;”

(fypj;njhif> 10)

94
 Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ghlypYk; ghiy epyj;jpd; ntk;ikia
tpsf;Ftjw;F cyfpay; rhh;e;j nka;ikfisg; Gyth;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;sijf; fhzyhk;. kuq;fspd; fpisfs;
thbapUg;gij twpatd; ,sikg; gUtj;JlDk;> kuq;fspd;
epoypd;ikia cah;gz;Gfspy;yhjtdplk; cs;s nry;tj;JlDk;>
kuq;fspd; thba jd;ikia> vtUf;Fk; jPikNa nra;jtDila
,Wjpf; fhyj;jpd; jdpikj; Jauj;JlDk; ,izj;Jf; fw;gid
nra;jpUf;fpwhh; Gyth;. ,e;jf; fw;gidiag; gbf;Fk; thrfd; jhd;
gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gJ gphpT vDk; chpg;nghUis cs;slf;fpg;
Gidag;gl;Ls;s Xh; mfg;ghly; vd;gijNa kwe;JtpLk; mstpw;F
Ntdpw;fhyk; gw;wpa ,t;tUzid mike;jpUg;gij czuyhk;.

3. my;,aw;iff; fw;gid vd;gij xU rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.

Gythpd; gilg;Gf;Fg; gpd;Nd ,Uf;Fk; Kjd;ik Nehf;fNk

VNjDk; xU fUj;jpid tpsf;FtJjhd;. Mdhy; Gythpd; vz;zg;
Nghf;Ffs; midj;Jr; rkaq;fspYk; Mokhd tPr;Rld; nray;gl;Lf;
nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. rpw;rpy rkaq;fspy; Mokw;w Ntbf;if
czh;r;rpfs; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nray;gLtJz;L. ,j;jifa
fw;gidfs; ,aw;iff;F mjhtJ cz;ikj; jd;ikf;F khwhf
miktJz;L| ,tw;iwNa my; ,aw;iff; fw;gid my;yJ
ntWq;fw;gid vd;W jpwdha;thsh;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. “Gythpd;
czh;r;rp Ntbf;ifahfTk; tpisahl;lhfTk; mikAk; NghJ>
Mo;e;j gz;Gfs; mw;w ntWq;fw;gidfs; Njhd;Wk;. Gythpd;
czh;r;rp MoKilajhfTk; cah;TilajhfTk; mikAk; NghJ
tpOg;gKs;s fw;gidfs; Njhd;Wk;. ntWq;fw;gid vd;gJ kw;w
vy;yh tifapYk; cah;e;j fw;gidNghy; Njhd;wpdhYk;>
fw;gidf;Ff; fhuzkhd czh;r;rp tpOg;gk; cilajhf ,uhJ”.
vd;W K.tujuhrdhh; $Wfpwhh. Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; ,ijg;
Nghd;w my; ,aw;iff; fw;gidfs; gytw;iwf; fhzyhk;. Nru
kd;didf; Fwpj;Jg; ghlg;gl;Ls;s xU ghlypy; Gyth; fw;gidapd;
cr;rpf;Nf nrd;Ws;shh;| ghliyf; fhzyhk;.

“tPW rhy; kd;dh; tphpjhk ntz;Filiag;

ghw vwpe;j ghpraj;jhy; - NjwhJ
nrq;fz;khy; Nfhij rpd ntq;fsp ahid
jpq;fs; Nky; ePl;Lk; jd;if”
(Kj;njhs;shapuk; 19flTs; tho;j;J Nrh;j;J.)

Nru kd;dd; jd; vjphpfSld; elj;jpa Nghhpy;> mtsJ

ahid vjphp kd;dh;fspd; ntz; nfhw;wf; Filfisg; gphpj;Jj;

95
Jhuj;jpy; tpz;zpy; vwpe;J mNj gapw;rpapdhy;> ntz;nfhw;wf;
Fil Nghd;W Njhw;wkspf;Fk; thdj;J epyitg; gwpf;fTk;
ifia ePl;baJ vd;w fUj;J ,g;ghlypy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,J
Nru kd;ddpd; tPuj;ij mtdJ ahidapd; Nky; itj;Jf; $wpa
fw;gidahFk;. ,jpy; urpf;fj;jf;f fw;gid
mike;jpUf;fpwnjd;whYk; ,J my; ,aw;iff; fw;gidahFk;.

5.kdpjDf;F ek;gpf;ifiaAk; kfpo;rr

; piaAk; jUgit vit?

kdpjdplk; ,ay;ghfg; Gije;J fplf;fpd;w fdT

fhZk; gz;Gjhd; fw;gidf;F mbg;gil| fw;gidjhd;
,yf;fpaj;jpw;F mbg;gil. fdT> fw;gid ,uz;LNk
epfo;fhyj;jpy; kdpjDf;F Vw;gLk; nrhy;nyhdtpj
Jd;gq;fspypUe;J tpLjiyiaj; jUfpwJ. eilKiw tho;tpy;
cs;sij cs;sthNw fhzhky;> cs;sk; tpUk;Gfpw Kiwapy;
fhZk; Kaw;rp fdT> fw;gid ,uz;bYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
tWikapy; grpapy; Jd;GWk; xU kdpjd; fdtpNyh fw;gidapNyh
mjidNa kPz;Lk; fhz tpUk;Gtjpy;iy| ,jw;F khwhd
tsj;ijAk; tho;itANk fdtpy; fhz tpUk;Gfpwhd;. mJjhd;
kdpjDf;Ff; fisg;igAk; rypg;gpidAk; ePf;fp> tho;tpy; rpwpa
mstpypUe;J> ek;gpf;ifiaAk; kfpo;rr; piaAk; jUfpwJ.

$W : 7 ,yf;fpaKk; czh;r;rpAk;.
(gpupT -2 njhlh;r;rp)

kdpjid ,aq;fr; nra;Ak; ,uz;L $Wfs; cs;sd. mit

mwpTk; czh;r;rpAk; MFk;. kdpjd; jd; mwptpd; jpwj;jpdhy; jd;
tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw cUthf;Ffpwhd;. ,aw;ifAld;
Nghuhb> jdf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwg; ngWfpwhd;. czT> cil>
ciwAs; Nghd;w midj;JNk kdpjd; jdJ mwptpdhy; <l;bf;
nfhz;lit. Mdhy; kdpjid kdpjd; vd;W ,dq;fhl;LtJ
mtdplk; cs;s mwpTkl;Lky;y| ve;NeuKk; xUtd; Xh;
mjpfhhpahfNth> mwptpay; ty;YedhfNth> NguhrphpadhfNth
kl;LNk tho;e;Jtpl ,ayhJ| eph;thfp> mwptpay; ty;Yeh;>
Nguhrphpad; vd;w epiyfis> Kf%bfis> xg;gidfisf; fle;J
xUtd; jd; rf kdpjDld; njhlh;G nfhz;Nl Mf Ntz;Lk;|
,t;thW xUtidg; gpwpnjhUtDld; ,zq;fTk; njhlh;G
nfhs;sTk; itg;gJ mwpTf;F mg;ghw;gl;L epw;Fk; czh;r;rp MFk;.

96
vdNt kdpjd; jd; mwptpd; jpwj;jpdhy; tho;f;ifia
cUthf;fpdhYk;> mtid kdpjd; vd;W milahsg;gLj;JtJk;
tho;f;ifia Efu itg;gJk; mtdplk; cs;s czh;r;rp vd;w
$Nw MFk;. kdpjd; Kw;wpYk; tpyq;fhfNth> ve;jpukhfNth
khwptplhky; mtidf; fhg;gJ czh;r;rpNaahFk;| tho;f;ifia
czuTk; EfuTk; kdpjDf;F cjTtJ mtdplKs;s
czh;r;rpNaahFk;. m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd; rpwe;j rhd;W xd;wpd; %yk;
,jid czh;j;Jfpwhh;. xU Foe;ijiaf; fhZk;NghJ mjd;
mofpYk; ,d;gj;jpYk; <LghL nfhz;ltUf;F Vw;gLtJ mDgtk;
MFk;| mjhtJ moFzh;r;rpAld; $ba mDgtk; MFk;. Foe;ij
ahUilaJ? mjd; jd;ik vd;d? vd;w mwpT rhd;w tpdhf;fs;
Njhd;wpdhy; ‘Njhy;> vYk;G> rPo;> euk;G> gpz;lkha; cUz;L
tbthdJ’ vd;w cz;ik Gyg;gLk;| ,jpy; mDgtk; VJkpy;iy:
Mdhy; nka;k;ik cz;L. nka;k;ikapdhy; mjhtJ mwptpdhy;
,d;gk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy| mDgtk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy. ‘FoypdpJ>
ahopdpJ’ vd;gijg; Nghy; Foe;ijAk; ,dpJ vd;w mDgtk;
czh;r;rpapd; topahfj;jhd; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,d;gk; vq;Nf gpwf;fpwJ
vd;gjw;F mwpT cjtp nra;Ak;| Mdhy; ,d;gk; vj;jifaJ
vd;gij mwpthy; mwpa ,ayhJ. czh;tpdhy;jhd; czu ,aYk;.
,yf;fpak; kdpj ,dj;jpw;F Mw;Wk; nghpa njhz;L kdpjDf;F
czh;r;rpia Cl;LtJ jhd;.

ngUkpjk; vd;w czh;T xUtDf;Fr; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l gz;Gfspd;

fhuzkhf cUthfpwJ. epiwe;j nry;tk;> fy;tpawpT> vopy; kpFe;j
Njhw;wk; Kjypatw;wpd; fhuzkhf xUtDf;Fg; ngUkpjk;
Njhd;wyhk;. jpUts;Sth;> xUtDf;Ff; fy;tp ngUkpj
czh;r;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ vd;W $Wfpwhh;. fy;tpapd;
fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; ngUkpj czh;r;rp gw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ
mjw;Nfw;wthW mirfis> rPh;fis mikj;Jg; ngUkpj
czh;r;rpiag; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh.;

kdpjd; ,ay;gpNyNa czh;r;rpfspd; njhFg;ghf

tpsq;Ffpd;whd;. xU Foe;ij mwpT tsh;r;rp ngwhj epiyapNyNa
czh;r;rpfisf; nfhz;L jpfo;fpd;wJ. jdf;F> xU nghUs;
Njit vd;gijAk; Njitapy;iy vd;gijAk; czh;r;rp
G+h;tkhfj;jhd; mf;Foe;ij Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. Foe;ij tsh;e;J
nghpa kdpjdhf khWk;NghJ czh;r;rpfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J
tpLgLfpwJ. tsh;e;j kdpjd; rpy Fwpg;gp;l;l czh;r;rpfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg; goFfpwhd;. vdpDk; kdpjd;> midj;J
epiyfspYk; jdf;Fj; Njitaw;w czh;r;rpfis ed;F Ghpe;J
nfhz;L fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpwhd; vd;W cWjpahff; $wtpayhJ. rpw;rpy
rkaq;fspy; Njitaw;w czh;r;rpfs; kdpjid Ml;nfhz;Ltplf;

97
$Lk;. nghwhik> Nfhgk;> gpwiuj; Jd;GWj;Jk; vz;zk;>
Nrhk;gy;>fhyk; ePl;bj;jy; Kjypa czh;r;rpfs; kdpjDf;Fj; Jd;gk;
juf; $bait. ,tw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gapw;rpia ,yf;fpaq;fs;
xU kdpjDf;Fj; jUfpd;wd vd;W $wyhk;. rhd;whfg; gpd;tUk;
Fwl;ghitf; fhz;f:

“nfly;Ntz;bd; NfshJ nra;f mly;Ntz;bd;

Mw;W gth;fz; ,Of;F” (Fws;: 893)

rhd;Nwhh;fisAk; mth;fsJ mwpTiufisAk; cjhrPdk;

nra;ahky; mtw;iwg; nghUl;gLj;jpr; nray;gLfpd;wtd;
ntw;wpfis milthd; vd;gJ ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; nghJthd
fUj;jhFk;. ,J kd;duhl;rpf; fhyj;jpw;F kl;Lk; chpa fUj;J
my;y| ,d;iwa ehspYk; nghpath;fis kjpf;fhky; nray;glj;
JzpT nfhs;Sk; Mztkpf;f xUtDf;F ,f;Fwl;gh Mzt
czh;r;rpiaj; jtph;ff
; Tk; rpwe;j vspa czh;r;rpfisf;
iff;nfhz;L nray;glTk; topfhl;LfpwJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jiyaha
flikNa ,t;thW rpwe;j czh;r;rpfis Cl;LtJjhd; vd;W
$wyhk;.

kdpj kdk; nghJthfNt rhh;e;jjd; tz;zkhf miktJ.

jd; fz;nzjpNu eilngWk; nraYf;F jf;f czh;r;rpfis ehk;
vspjpy; milfpd;Nwhk;. jpiug;glj;jpy; ehafd; tPuTzh;r;rpAld;
NghuhLk; NghJ ghh;itahsDk; tPuk; vd;w nka;g;ghl;bid
milfpwhd;| fijj;jiytp tUe;jpf; fz;zPh;
rpe;Jk;NghJ>ghh;itahsDk; fz;zPh; rpe;Jfpwhd;. fiyfspy;
Gyg;gLk; czh;r;rpfSld; xd;wpr; nry;Yk; kdpjd; eilKiw
tho;tpy; gpwuJ czh;r;rpfis vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;s ,ayhky;
NghfpwJ. jd;dplk; kw;wth;fs; md;Gld; gof Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
,dpa nrhw;fisf; $wNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; vjph;ghh;f;Fk; xUtd;> jhd;
gpwhplk; ,dpikahfTk; md;GlDk; gof kwe;J tpLfpd;whd;.
jpUts;StUk; ,J gw;wpNa>

“,d;nrhy; ,dpjPd;wy; fhz;ghd; vtd;nfhNyh

td;nrhy; toq;F tJ” (Fws;: 99)

98
vd;W $wpdhh;. gpwh; $Wk; ,dpa nrhw;fs; jdf;F ,d;gk;
jUtij ed;Fzh;e;j xUtd; Vd; gpwhplk; td;nrhw;fisf;
$wNtz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;fpwhh; ts;Sth;. jd;idg; Nghd;wtd;jhd;
gpwDk; vd;Wk; jdf;fpUg;gijg; Nghyj;jhd; gpwUf;Fk; czh;r;rpfs;
,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gijg; gy rkaq;fspy; kdpjd; kwe;J
tpLfpd;whd;| mtDf;F ,e;j czh;r;rpfis epidT+l;Lk; gzpia
,yf;fpak; vspjhfr; nra;JtpLfpwJ.

,yf;fpak; kdpjDf;Fr; rf kdpjdpd; czh;r;rpfisg;

Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk; Mw;wiy tsh;j;Jj; jUfpwJ vd;gJ NkNy
$wg;gl;lJ. ,Nj Nghy; ,yf;fpaj;jpd;fz; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s
cz;ikj; jd;ikAk; jFjpAk; tha;e;j czh;r;rpfisg; Ghpe;J
nfhs;Sk; jpwDilatdhf xt;nthU thrfDk; cUthf
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW xUtd; ,yf;fpa czh;r;rpfisg; Ghpe;J
nfhs;tJ vd;gJ mtid kpfTk; ,sk; tajpNyNa
mwpTiladhf khw;WfpwJ vd;W $wyhk;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;
Nfhtyd; Xhplj;jpy; fz;zfpia Nehf;fpr; “rpWKJFiwtpf;Fr;
rpWikAk; nra;Njd;” vd;W $Wfpwhd;. ,jpy; KJFiwtp
vd;gijf; fhz;f| kpfTk; ,isa tajpNyNa kpFe;j mwpT
tsh;r;rpia mile;jts; vd;W ,jw;Fg; nghUs;. ,t;thW ,sk;
tajpNyNa Kjph;e;j mwpTilatdhf xUtd; khWtjw;F ,yf;fpa
czh;r;rpfisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ gadspf;fpwJ. ,d;iwa cyfpy;
rkj;JtKk; md;Gk; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; tsh;e;J
cUthfpw kdpjd; gpwiu kjpf;Fk; gz;Gk; md;Gk; cilatdhf
cUthf Ntz;Lk;. md;GilikAk; rkj;Jt czh;r;rpAk; Fiwthf
,Uf;fpd;w cyfpy; ,J vt;thW ,aYk;? ,e;j ,lj;jpy; jhd;
,yf;fpak; ,ilntspia ,l;L epug;GfpwJ. md;Gk; rkjh;kKk;
Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy;> ,yf;fpakhdJ md;igAk;
rkj;Jtj;ijAk; fw;gpf;fpwJ| gpd;tUk; ghliyf; fhzyhk;.

“Njhl;bfSkpy;iy – cah;e;j
njhz;lkhDk; ,y;iy
Nfhl;il tPLkpy;iy – vspa
FbapUg;Gkpy;iy
KOklq;fspy;iy – rPlh;
Fohq;fs; xd;Wkpy;iy
xUth; Kd;Nd tpOe;J xUth;
cgrhpg;gjpy;iy
mr;rf; Fk;gpby;iy – ebf;Fk;
md;Gf; Fk;gpby;iy.

99
 ntw;wp Njhy;tpapy;iy – gzj;jhy;
ntwpAk; nfhs;tjpy;iy
fw;wwpe;Njhk; vd;W – nrUf;Fk;
fhl;b epw;gjpy;iy”
(kyUk; khiyAk;> g.112)

,g;ghlypy; ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;isath;fs;

gwitfspd; cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; ,dpa ,ay;Gfis Kd;itj;J
yl;rpa cyfj;ijr; rpj;jhpf;fpwhh;.mtNu ,jid Neubahf>

“NjUk; nghJcilik - Urpa

Njrj;jpy; cs;snjy;yhk;
ghhpw; gwitfisf; fz;L
gbj;j ghlNkahk;”
(kyUk; khiyAk;> g.118)

vd;W njspTld; $Wfpwhh;. rkj;JtKk; md;Gk; epiwe;j cyfpid

xUtd; Neub mDgtj;jpy; fhzg; gy Ehw;whz;Lfs; $l
Mfyhk;. Mdhy; ,yf;fpa czh;r;rpfs; xUtDf;F md;G>
rkj;Jtj;jpd; ,dpa tpisTfis kpf vspikahf
czh;j;jptpLfpd;wd.

,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fg;nghUj;jkhd ey;yczh;r;rpfs;:

,yf;fpakhdJ czh;r;rpfspd; Gyg;ghlhfNt mikfpwJ

vd;gJ tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; ,yf;fpak; czh;j;Jk; czh;r;rpfs;
kdpjDf;Fg; gad;glf;$badthfTk; kdpjid
Kd;Ndw;WtdthfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;fpak; Gyg;gLj;Jk;
#oYld; ,iae;J nry;tjhfTk; nghUj;jKilajhfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. rpy cah;e;j czh;r;rpfs; $l> nghUj;jkw;w #oypy;
ntspg;gLk;NghJ gadw;Wg; Nghfpd;wd. vdNt ,yf;fpa
czh;r;rpfs; vd;git

 jFjpahd nghUj;jkhd czh;r;rpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

 njspthfTk; Mw;wYk; chpadthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 njhlh;e;J kdpj cs;sj;jpy; nraw;gLk;
jd;ikAiladthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gy;tifg; ghpkhzq;fisAk; tpsf;Ftdthf czh;r;rpfs;
mika Ntz;Lk;.

100
  jukhd czh;r;rpfshf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tpd;nr];lh; vDk; jpwdha;thshpd; fUj;Jf;fis
Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b lhf;lh; K.tujuhrdhUk; lhf;lh;
jh.V.Qhd%h;j;jp mth;fSk; $Wfpd;wdh;. ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
,lk; ngw;Ws;s czh;r;rpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b
tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,e;j
msTNfhy;fs; jf;fdthf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

jFjpahd czh;r;rp

Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyfspy; Gw cyfpd; jhf;fj;jpdhNyh> mf

vOr;rpapdhNyh kdpjdpd; cs;sj;jpy; fpsh;e;njOtJjhd;
czh;r;rp vd;gJ. rhiyapy; ele;J nrd;W nfhz;bUf;Fk;
xUtd;kPJ gpwpnjhUtd; VNjDk; tirr; nrhw;fisf; $wpdhy;>
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltdpd; cs;sj;jpy; Nfhg czh;r;rp NkNyhq;FfpwJ|
mNj kdpjd; xU mofpa kyiuf; fz;lhy;> moFzh;r;rp
Njhd;WfpwJ. ,t;thW czh;r;rp vd;gNj GwTyfj;JlDk;
kdpjdpd; kdTyfj;JlDk; njhlh;Gilajhfj;jhd; jpfo;fpwJ.
MapDk; rhh;epiyAila ,e;j czh;r;rp vDk; $W ,af;fj;jpy;
,lk; ngWfpd;wNghJ jFjpAila czh;r;rpahfj; jpfo Ntz;Lk;
vd;W jpwdha;thsh;fs; tw;GWj;Jfpd;wdh;. jFjpAila czh;r;rp
vd;W Xh; czh;rr ; pia vt;thW kjpg;gpLtJ? jFjpAila czh;r;rp
vd;gJ jFe;j fhuzq;fSld; Jhz;lg;gLtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt jFjpAila czh;r;rp vd;gJ gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;:

 ey;y fhuzj;Jld; Jhz;lg;gLtjhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

 czh;r;rpAk; mJ ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLk;

#oYk; nghUj;jKiladthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 czh;r;rpfs; ey;y Nehf;fj;Jld; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
Gidag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j %d;W ,ay;Gfs; ciladtw;iwj; jFjpahd czh;r;rp

vd;W jpwdha;thsh;fs; $Wth;.

ew;wpizg; ghly; xd;wpy; jiytpiaj; jiytd; jd;Dld;

cld;Nghf;fpy; mioj;Jr; nry;fpwhd;. mg;NghJ jiytdpd;
cs;sj;jpy; kfpo;rr; p Njhd;WfpwJ| ngww;fhpa mUQ;nry;tj;jpidg;
ngw;wtd; Nghy kfpo;rr
; pailfpwhd;| topapilapy; ele;J
nry;fpwNghJ jiytpf;F kfpo;rr
; piaAk; ek;gpf;ifiaAk;

101
Cl;lty;y nrhw;fisf; $wpf; nfhz;L mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;whd;.
jiytdpd; $w;whf mike;j mg;ghliyf; fhzyhk;.

“moptpy KaYk; Mh;t khf;fs;

topgL nja;tk; fz;fz; lhmq;F
mykuy; tUj;jk; jPu> aho epd;
eynkd; gizj;Njhs; va;jpdk;| Mfypd;
nghhpg; G+k; Gd;fpd; moy; jif xz;Kwp
Rzq;F mzptdKiy mzq;F nfhsj;jpkphp>
epoy; fhz;NjhWk; neba itfp
tUe;jhJ VFkjp> thy; vapw;NwhNa!
kheid nfhOjp kfpo; Fapy; MYk;
eWe;jz; nghopy fhdk;|
FWk;gy; Yhu> ahk; nry;Yk; MNw”
(ew;wpid> 9)

ghiy ghba ngUq;fLq;Nfh ghba ,g;ghly; fhl;Lk;

czh;r;rp kpfTk; jFjpahd czh;r;rpahFk;. jiytpiaj;
jd;Dld; cld;Nghf;fpy; mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; jiytd; gpd;tUkhW
mtsplk; $Wfpwhd;: “epiyj;j ew;nray;fisr; nra;J Kbf;Fk;
Mh;tkf;fs; jhq;fs; topgLk; nja;tj;ijf; fz;$lhff; fz;;lhy;
milAk;. kfpo;rr; piag; Nghy> vd; kdj;Jd;gk; ePq;FkhW cd;id
mile;Jtpl;Nld;. ehk; ,dpNky; tpiutpy; kzk; Ghpe;J
nfhs;stpUf;fpd;Nwhk;. vdNt eP ,g;NghJ cd; fz;nzjpNu
Njhd;Wfpd;w Gq;f kuj;jpd; nre;jsph;fis cd; Nkdpapy; #bf;
nfhs;thahf! kuq;fspd; epoy;fspy; eP tpUk;gpdhy; rpwpJ
,isg;ghwp tpisahb ,d;GWf! kzy; ntspahff; fhZk;NghJ
$ly; ,ioj;J tpisahb tUf! khkuj;jpd; mUk;Gfisf; Nfhjp
kfpOk; Fapy;fs; ,dpa Xiria vOg;gpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fhl;L
topapy; ehk; ,g;NghJ nrd;W nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. ehk; nry;Yk;
topapy; rpW rpW Ch;fs; gyTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd”.

,g;ghlypy; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLk; czh;r;rp jFjpahd czh;r;rp MFk;.

vt;thW? ,g;ghlypy; jhd; tpUk;gpa jiytpiaf; iftpl;L
tplhky;> ,Wjptiu fhjypy; cWjpahf ,Ue;J mtis kzf;Fk;
Kaw;rpapy; jiytd; ntw;wp ngWfpwhd;. ,J mtDila
Cf;fKilik vDk; czh;r;rpiag; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
ngww;fhpatshd jiytpiag; ngw;w epiyapy; jiytd; topgL
nja;tj;jpidf; fz;nzjpNu fz;ltd;Nghy; kfpo;rr ; pailfpwhd;.
,jdhy; kfpo;Tzh;rr ; p Njhd;WfpwJ. jiytd;> jiytp ,UtUk;
gphpe;J ,Ue;jhy; Jd;gk; my;yJ mty czh;r;rp Njhd;Wk;|

102
cld;Nghf;fpy; ,UtUk; ,ize;jpUg;gjhy;> kfpo;rr ; p Njhd;WfpwJ.
nry;Yk; topAk; Jd;gk; juf;$ba fhly;y| Fapy;fs; kuq;fspy;
jq;fpapUe;J $Ttjw;Fhpa #oy;fs; mike;jpUf;ff; $ba> rpWrpW
Ch;fs; epiwe;j gFjp. vdNt kdj;jpYk; kfpo;rr ; p Njhd;WfpwJ.
jiytp jd; ngw;Nwhiug; gphpe;J nry;Yk; tUj;jk; Njhd;whjthW
jiytd; kfpo;rr ; p juf;$ba eakhd nrhw;fisf; $wp> jiytpia
mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;whd;. ,g;ghlypy; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLk; kfpo;rr ; p
vDk; czh;r ; ;rp jFe;j fhuzj;Jld; Jhz;lg;gLtjhf cs;sijf;
fhzyhk;. kfpo;rr ; pAzh;T ,g;ghlypy; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLk; #oYk;
kpfTk; nghUj;jKld; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;ghlypy; Njhd;Wk;
czh;r;rpf;Fhpa Nehf;fq;fSk; rpwg;ghditahf cs;sd| mjhtJ
ey;y Nehf;fj;Jld; Kide;j nraypy; ntw;wp fpl;Lk; vd;Wk;
ntw;wp fpl;Lk; tiu xUtd; Kaw;rpapy; FiwTglhjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w fUj;jpidg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; KiwapYk; ,g;ghlypd; czh;r;rpf;
$W mike;jpUg;gijf; fhz ,aYk;. vdNt ,g;ghlypy;
Gyg;gLj;jg;gLk; czh;r;rp jFjpAila czh;r;rp vdg;gLk;.

Mw;wy; kpf;f czh;r;rp

xU ftpijiag; gbf;Fk; thrfd; mjpy; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLk;

czh;r;rpfspy; jd;idf; fiuj;Jf; nfhs;s Kw;gLfpwhd;.
mf;ftpij vj;jifa czh;r;rpiaAk; Gyg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
tPuk;> fhjy;> gf;jp> mtyk; vd;W vjDlDk; njhlh;Gilajhf mt;
czh;r;rp mikayhk;| ,q;F ,d;wpaikahJ Ntz;lg;gLtJ
mt;tpyf;fpak; czh;j ; ;Jk; czh;r;rp kpFe;j Mw;wy; cilajhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;| gbf;fpd;w thrfdpd; kdj;ij mJ ft;tp ,Of;f
Ntz;Lk;. ftpijiag; gbj;J Kbj;j me;jf; fzj;jpNyNa
thrfd;> ftpQd; jd; ftpij %yk; Gyg;gLj;j tpUk;gpa
czh;r;rpiag; ngwNtz;Lk;. mJNt rpwe;j ftpijf;Fhpa
,yf;fzk; MFk;. rhd;whfg; gpd;tUk; ftpij thpfisf;
fhzyhk;.

“rhjpg; gpj;jh;fNs
uj;jk; Ntz;Lkh uj;jk;
vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs; vd;dpy;
fj;jp cs;sjh fj;jp
nrUFq;fs; vd; fz;zpy;.
nfhs;sp cs;sjh nfhs;sp
nrYj;Jq;fs; vd; Gz;zpy;.
rpe;jp Kbe;jjh
Nfhgk;?

103
,g;NghJ nrhy;Yq;fs;
,J vd;d?
FlYf;Fk; tapw;Wf;Fk;
FUl; Nrj;jpukh!
,e;j kz;zpy;
ntw;wpiy vr;rpy; Jg;gTk;
tpUk;ghjtd; ehd;
,g;gb uj;jk; Jg;gpdhy;
vg;gb?
…………………………
……………………………
tprhyg;gLj;jr; nrhd;dJ
kdj;ijj; jhNd
kahdj;ijah?

,e;j rhjpr; rf;jp

jw;nfhiyg; gl;liwapy;
jahhpf;fg;gl;ljg;gh!

,e;jf; fj;jpf;F
,uz;L Ntiy
vjph;j;jtid mopg;gJ
vLj;jtidAk; xopg;gJ

vwpAq;fs;
vwpe;Nj tpLq;fs;
rdj;njhifia tplTk;
gpzj;njhif kpFe;jhy;
,dj;njhif vd;dhtJ!

rhjp xU khia!
ve;j urhadk;
rhjpapd; epwk; fhl;Lk;?

ve;j ngsjPfk;
rhjpapd; Fzk; fhl;Lk;?

“,g;NghJ Njit
,d;d rhjp uj;jk;”
thp tpsk;guk; te;jJz;lh?
“,d;d rhjp mhprp
,q;Nf fpilf;Fk;

104
 filapy; gyif fz;lJz;lh?
nrhy;Yq;fs;
ntl;fj;jpy; tpOfpNwd;
Jf;fj;jpy; mOfpNwd;”
(ituKj;J> ,e;jg; G+f;fs; tpw;gidf;fy;y> g.1051)

NkNy fhl;lg;gl;l ,f;ftpijapy; ftpQh; ituKj;J

jkpo;ehl;Lr;; rhjpa mikg;gpd; kPjhd jkJ fLikahd Nfhg
czh;r;rpia Kd;itf;fpwhh;. rhjpaj;jpd; nfhLikfs; kdpj
Neaj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gil kdpj czh;r;rpfSf;Fk; kdpj
chpikfSf;Fk; vjpuhdit vd;gij kpFe;j Mw;wYld; ftpQh;
,f;ftpijapy; Gyg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. ‘rhjpg; gpj;jh;fNs’ vd;W
miog;gjpNyNa ftpQhpd; Nfhg czh;r;rp Gyg;gLfpwJ. rhjp
ntwpah;fspd; nfhLikf;Fj; jd;idNa gypahf;fj; JzpAk;
jhh;kPff; Nfhgj;ij>“fj;jp cs;sjh fj;jp> nrUFq;fs; vd;
fz;zpy;” vd;w thpfspy; czu KbfpwJ. ,t;thW
,f;ftpijiag; gbf;Fk; thrfd;> ftpij czh;j;Jfpw Mw;wy;
kpf;f Nfhg czh;r;rpia milAk; tifapy; ,f;ftpij
Gidag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. Mw;wy; kpf;f czh;r;rpahfpa epahakhd
Nfhg czh;rr ; pia ,f;ftpij ed;F Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.

Mw;wy; kpf;f czh;r;rp vd;gJ Nfhgj;jpy; kl;Lk;jhd;

cs;sJ vd;wpy;iy| ve;j czh;r;rpANk Mw;wYld;
ntspg;gLj;jg;glf;$Lk;. Mw;wy; kpf;f czh;r;rp vd;gJ
Nfl;gth;fspd; cs;sj;ijg; gw;wpaPhg ; ;gjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;|
mJNt Mw;wy;kpf;f czh;r;rpapd; ,yf;fzk; MFk;. kfpo;rr ; p>
rkdpiy> eif> tpag;G vd;gd $l Mw;wy; kpf;f
czh;r;rpfshff; ftpijapy; Gyg;glyhk;.

xU kd;dDila tPuj;ijAk; nfhilAzh;r;rpiaAk;

Gide;J $Wk; GwehDhw;Wg; ghly; thpfisf; fhz;f:

“tiuGiuAk; ko fspw;wpd; kpir

thd; Jilf;Fk; tifa Nghy
tpuTUtpd nfhb Elq;Fk;
tpad; jhid tpwy; Nte;Nj!
eP> cld;W Nehf;Fk; tha; vhpjto
eP> eae;J Nehf;Fk; tha; nghd; G+g;gr;
nrQ;Qhapw;W epyT Ntz;bDk;
ntz; jpq;fSs; ntapy; Ntz;bDk;
Ntz;baJ tpisf;Fk; Mw;wiy”
(GwehDhW> 38)

105
 Nrhod; FsKw;wj;Jj; JQ;rpa fps;sp tstid MT+h;
%yq;fpohh; Gfo;e;J ghba ghly; ,J. ‘fspw;wpd; kPJ Elq;Ffpd;w
ntw;wpf; nfhb thdj;ijNa Jilg;gJ Nghy; mire;J
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. mj;jifa tPuk; nrwpe;j gilf;Fj; jiytdh
Nte;jNd! eP rpde;J ghh;j;j khj;jpuj;jhNyNa ghh;j;j jpir gw;wp
vhpAk;. eP kfpo;e;J Nehf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; me;jf; fzj;jpNyNa nghd;
Fitfs; epiwAk;. vhpf;Fk; fjph;fis ckpOk; #hpadplk;
cd;dhy; epytpd; Fsph;r;rp kpf;f fpuzq;fis cUthf;f KbAk;.
Fsph;e;j epytpypUe;J cd;dhy; fjputdpd; ntg;gkpf;f
xspf;fpuzq;fis cUthf;f ,aYk;. vjidAk; nra;aty;y
Mw;wiyAilatd; eP’ vd;W Gyth; fps;sp tstidg; Gfo;e;J
ghLtij ,g;ghlypd; top czu ,aYk;. ,jpy; kd;ddpd; tPuk;>
mJ Fwpj;j Gythpd; tpag;Gzh;T Kjypait kpFe;j Mw;wYld;
Gyg;gLj;jg;gl;L cs;sij czuyhk;. ngUkpjk;> tpag;G Kjyhd
czh;r;rpfs; kpFe;j Mw;wYld; ,g;ghlypy; Gyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
Mw;wy; kpf;f czh;r;rpf;F ,g;ghly; jf;f rhd;whFk;.

njhlh;e;J mikAk; czh;r;rp

,yf;fpak; czh;r;rpfspd; tpisahl;Lf; fsk;jhd; vd;gJ

midtuhYk; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;l NgUz;ik. vdpDk; rpwe;j
,yf;fpag;gilg;G> gbj;jTld; thrfdpd; cs;sj;ijg; gw;wp
<h;ff
; pwJ| mt;thW <h;g;gjw;Fhpa Mw;wy; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy;
cs;sJ. me;j Mw;wy; ,yf;fpa czh;r;rpNa MFk;.
,yf;fpaj;ijg; gbj;jTld; thrfdpd; ftdk; <h;ff ; g;gLtjidg;
Nghy><h;g;Gj; jd;ik njhlh;e;J ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpy Ehy;fs;
njhlf;fj;jpy; Mh;tKk; tpWtpWg;Gk; nfhz;L thrfidg; gw;wp
,Of;Fk; ,ay;Giladthf ,Uf;Fk;| Mdhy; rpy thpfl;F Nky;
mt;tpyf;fpaj;ij thrfdhy; njhlh;e;J gbf;f ,ayhkw;
Ngha;tpLk;| mjhtJ ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ,Otpir Fiwe;J tpLk;.
,jw;Ff; fhuzk; mt;tpyf;fpag; gilg;gpd; czh;r;rpf; $Wfs;
njhlh;e;J rf;jpAld; Gyg;glhikNa MFk;. njhlh;e;J mikAk;
czh;r;rp xd;Wjhd; thrfid ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghy; <h;g;gjhf
,Uf;Fk;. ,jid “xU ghl;L my;yJ ,yf;fpaj;jpy; czh;r;rp
,ilapd;wpj; njhlh;e;J thpd; m/J ,yf;fpa kjpg;ig
kpFtpg;gjhFk;” vd;W jh.V.Qhd%h;j;jp tpsf;Ffpwhh; (,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;tpay;> g.117) ftpijapd; xt;Nthh; mbapYk; ,yf;fpa
czh;r;rp epiwe;J fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ftpijapd; Kjy;
mbapy; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLk; czh;r;rp mbNjhWk; rPh; NjhWk;
njhlh;e;jika Ntz;Lk;.

106
 kdpj cs;sj;ij cUf;Fk; czh;r;rpfSs; xd;W
mtykhFk;. kd;dd; ,we;jNghJ> gphpT Mw;whky; GwehDhw;Wg;
Gyth;fs; gyh; ghbAs;s ghly;fs; czh;r;rpg; gpok;Gfshf
mike;jpUg;gijg; GwehDhw;iwf; fw;Nghh;fs; czuyhk;. rhd;whf
xy;iyA+h;fpohd; kfd; ngUQ;rhj;jidf; Flthapw; fPuj;jdhh; ghba
GwehDhw;Wg; ghliyf; fhz;f:

“,isNahh; #lhh;| tisNahh; nfha;ahh;

ey; aho; kUg;gpd; nky;y thq;fpg;
ghzd; #lhd;| ghbdp mzpahs;
Mz;ik Njhd;w Mlth;f; fle;j
ty;Ntw; rhj;jd; kha;e;j gpd;iw
Ky;iyAk; G+j;jpNah> xy;iyA+h; ehl;Nl?”
(GwehDhW> gh. 242)

FWepy kd;ddhd rhj;jd; mtdJ kf;fs; midtUf;Fk;

kpfTk; ,dpik gag;gtdhf ,Ue;jhd;. mtdJ ,wg;G vd;gij
vtuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s ,aytpy;iy. mjdhy; kq;fyg;
nghUshd kyiu – Ky;iy kyiu – vtUk; mzpa
Kd;tutpy;iy! kf;fs; ,t;thW nfhba mtyj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;
vd;gJ ,aw;ifg; nghUshd kiyf;Fk; ejpf;Fk; kyUf;Fk;
nrbf;Fk; njhpAkh vd;d? kyh; ,ay;ghfg; G+f;fpwJ! njd;wy;
,ay;ghf tPRfpwJ! kuq;fs; ,ay;ghf mirfpd;wd. ,aw;ifapd;
,ay;ghd nray;fs; $l> kd;did ,oe;J tUe;Jk;
Fbkf;fSf;Fj; Jd;gj;ijj; jUfpd;wd. ,Nj Kiwapy; Ky;iy
kyh;fs; G+j;J ,Ug;gJk; kf;fSf;Fj; Jd;gj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
‘tajpy; ,isath;fSk; kd;ddpd; ,wg;gpd; Jd;gj;ij
ed;Fzh;e;J nfhz;bUg;gjhy; mth;fSk; kyh;fisf; #lhh;|
G+f;fspd; kPJ ,ay;ghd gw;Wjiy itj;jpUf;Fk;> ngz;fs; $lj;
Jf;f czh;tpd; fhuzkhf kyh;fisr; #lhh;| ngz;fSf;F mLj;j
epiyapy; kyh;fspd; kPJ tpUg;gk; nfhz;ltd; ghzd; jhd;|
mtDk; kyh;fisf; #Lk; kdepiyapy; ,y;iy> ghzd; kyh;
#lhjjdhy; ghbdpAk; kyh; #lhs;. ,t;thW vtUNk mzpaf;
$ba kdepiyapy; ,y;yhjNghJ Ky;iy kyNu eP G+j;Jf;
FYq;FtJ tPz;jhNd” vd;W tpdTk; Kiwapy; ,g;ghliy
Flthapw; fPuj;jdhh; vDk; Gyth; ghbAs;shh;. ,g;ghlypy; Kjy;
thpapy; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLk; czh;r;rp ,Wjp mbahfpa MwhtJ
mbtiuAk; njhlh;e;J nry;tijf; fhzyhk;. ,jpy; njhlh;e;J
mikAk; czh;r;rpiaf; fhzyhk;. ,jpy; mty czh;r;rp
njhlh;e;J miktJld; gbg;gbahf mtyr; Rit mOj;jk;
ngWtijf; fhzyhk;.

107
 GwehDhw;wpy; ek;gp neLQ;nropad; vd;w kd;dd; ,we;j
NghJ Ngnuapd; KWtyhh; vd;w Gyth; ghba ifaWepiyg; ghly;
,Nj Kiwapy; njhlh;e;jikAk; czh;r;rpf; $Wfisf;
nfhz;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ghly; gpd;tUkhW:

“njhbAila Njhs; kze;jdd;

fbfhtpy; G+r; #bdd;
jz;fkOk; rhe;J ePtpdd;
nrw;Nwhiu top jGj;jdd;
el;Nlhiu cah;G $wpdd;
typah; vd top nkhopayd;
nkypa nud kPf; $wyd;
gpwiuj; jhd; ,ug;G mwpayd;
,ue;Njhh;f;F kWg;G mwpayd;
Nte;Jil mitaj;J Xq;F Gfo; Njhw;wpdd;
tUgil vjph; jhq;fpdd;
ngah;gil Gwq; fz;ldd;
fLk; ghpa khf;fltpdd;
neLe;njUtpy; Njh; toq;fpdd;
Xq;F ,ay fspW Ch;e;jdd;
jPk; nrwp jRk;G njhiyr; rpdd;
ghz; ctg;gg; grp jPh;j;jdd;
kaf;Fila nkhop tpLj;jdd;| Mq;Fr;
nra;g vy;yhk; nra;jdd; Mfypd;
,Lf xd;Nwh! RLf xd;Nwh!
gLtopg; gLf> ,g; Gfo; nta;Nahd; jiyNa”
(GwehDhW> ghly; 239)

108
 ,g;ghlypd; njhlf;f thp Kjy; ,Wjp thp tiu ek;gp
neLQ;nropad; vd;w kd;ddpd; midj;Jr; rpwg;gpay;GfSk;
mLf;fLf;fhfj; njhlh;e;J $wg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jid rpwg;Gf;fSk;
cila kd;dd; ,we;Jgl;lhd; vd;w czh;T Kjy;thp njhl;L
,Wjptiu $wg;gLtjhy; ,jpy; njhlh;e;jikAk; czh;r;rp
mike;jpUg;gjhff; $wyhk;. NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L
ghly;fspYk; ghlypd; ikaf; fUj;jpw;Fk; ikakhd czh;r;rpf;Fk;
nghUj;jKila nra;jpfs; kl;LNk mLf;fLf;fhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sd|
ikaf; fUj;jpw;Fk; czh;r;rpf;Fk; Njitaw;w> nghUe;jhj
nra;jpfs; xd;W$l ,lk; ngwtpy;iy vd;gijf; ftdpf;fyhk;.
.,JNt rpwe;j ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ,ay;G vd;W $wyhk;. mhp];lhby;
cs;spl;l jpwdha;thsh;fs; gyh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy; ,Uf;f
Ntz;ba xUikg;ghL gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. ,yf;fpa
czh;r;rpfSk; xU rPh;ikAiladthfj; jpfo Ntz;Lk;| mj;jifa
ghly;fs; fhyj;ij ntd;W epw;Fk; typik gilj;jd vd;gij
czuyhk;.

tppdh tpilfs; :

1..jFjpahd czh;r;rp- tpsf;Ff

Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyfspy; Gw cyfpd; jhf;fj;jpdhNyh>
mf vOr;rpapdhNyh kdpjdpd; cs;sj;jpy; fpsh;e;njOtJjhd;
czh;r;rp vd;gJ. rhiyapy; ele;J nrd;W nfhz;bUf;Fk;
xUtd;kPJ gpwpnjhUtd; VNjDk; tirr; nrhw;fisf; $wpdhy;>
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltdpd; cs;sj;jpy; Nfhg czh;r;rp NkNyhq;FfpwJ|
mNj kdpjd; xU mofpa kyiuf; fz;lhy;> moFzh;r;rp
Njhd;WfpwJ. ,t;thW czh;r;rp vd;gNj GwTyfj;JlDk;
kdpjdpd; kdTyfj;JlDk; njhlh;Gilajhfj;jhd; jpfo;fpwJ.
MapDk; rhh;epiyAila ,e;j czh;r;rp vDk; $W ,af;fj;jpy;
,lk; ngWfpd;wNghJ jFjpAila czh;r;rpahfj; jpfo Ntz;Lk;
vd;W jpwdha;thsh;fs; tw;GWj;Jfpd;wdh;.

2. jFjpAila czh;r;rpapd; gz;Gfs; vit?

jFjpAila czh;r;rp vd;gJ jFe;j fhuzq;fSld;
Jhz;lg;gLtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt jFjpAila czh;r;rp
vd;gJ gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;:

 ey;y fhuzj;Jld; Jhz;lg;gLtjhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

 czh;r;rpAk; mJ ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLk;

#oYk; nghUj;jKiladthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

109
  czh;r;rpfs; ey;y Nehf;fj;Jld; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
Gidag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j %d;W ,ay;Gfs; ciladtw;iwj; jFjpahd czh;r;rp

vd;W jpwdha;thsh;fs; $Wth;.

3. .,yf;fpaj;jpy; Gyg;gLk; ey;Yzh;r;rpfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf

,yf;fpakhdJ czh;r;rpfspd; Gyg;ghlhfNt mikfpwJ

vd;gJ tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; ,yf;fpak; czh;j;Jk; czh;r;rpfs;
kdpjDf;Fg; gad;glf;$badthfTk; kdpjid
Kd;Ndw;WtdthfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,yf;fpak; Gyg;gLj;Jk;
#oYld; ,iae;J nry;tjhfTk; nghUj;jKilajhfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. rpy cah;e;j czh;r;rpfs; $l> nghUj;jkw;w #oypy;
ntspg;gLk;NghJ gadw;Wg; Nghfpd;wd. vdNt ,yf;fpa
czh;r;rpfs; vd;git

 jFjpahd nghUj;jkhd czh;r;rpahf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;
 njspthfTk; Mw;wYk; chpadthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 njhlh;e;J kdpj cs;sj;jpy; nraw;gLk;
jd;ikAiladthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gy;tifg; ghpkhzq;fisAk; tpsf;Ftdthf
czh;r;rpfs; mika Ntz;Lk;.
 jukhd czh;r;rpfshf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tpd;nr];lh; vDk; jpwdha;thshpd; fUj;Jf;fis
Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b lhf;lh; K.tujuhrdhUk; lhf;lh;
jh.V.Qhd%h;j;jp mth;fSk; $Wfpd;wdh;. ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
,lk; ngw;Ws;s czh;r;rpfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b
tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,e;j msTNfhy;fs;
jf;fdthf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
4.rpwe;j ftpijf;Fhpa ,yf;fzk; ahJ?
xU ftpijiag; gbf;Fk; thrfd; mjpy; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLk;
czh;r;rpfspy; jd;idf; fiuj;Jf; nfhs;s Kw;gLfpwhd;.
mf;ftpij vj;jifa czh;r;rpiaAk; Gyg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
tPuk;> fhjy;> gf;jp> mtyk; vd;W vjDlDk; njhlh;Gilajhf
mt; czh;r;rp mikayhk;| ,q;F ,d;wpaikahJ Ntz;lg;gLtJ
mt;tpyf;fpak; czh;j ; ;Jk; czh;r;rp kpFe;j Mw;wy; cilajhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;| gbf;fpd;w thrfdpd; kdj;ij mJ ft;tp ,Of;f
Ntz;Lk;. ftpijiag; gbj;J Kbj;j me;jf; fzj;jpNyNa

110
thrfd;> ftpQd; jd; ftpij %yk; Gyg;gLj;j tpUk;gpa
czh;r;rpiag; ngwNtz;Lk;. mJNt rpwe;j ftpijf;Fhpa
,yf;fzk; MFk;.
5. Mw;wy;kpf;f czh;rr ; papd; ,yf;fzk;- tiuaW.
Mw;wy; kpf;f czh;r;rp vd;gJ Nfhgj;jpy; kl;Lk;jhd;
cs;sJ vd;wpy;iy| ve;j czh;r;rpANk Mw;wYld;
ntspg;gLj;jg;glf;$Lk;. Mw;wy; kpf;f czh;r;rp vd;gJ
Nfl;gth;fspd; cs;sj;ijg; gw;wpaPhg ; ;gjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;|
mJNt Mw;wy;kpf;f czh;r;rpapd; ,yf;fzk; MFk;. kfpo;rr ; p>
rkdpiy> eif> tpag;G vd;gd $l Mw;wy; kpf;f
czh;r;rpfshff; ftpijapy; Gyg;glyhk;.

$W: 8. ,yf;fpak; nebJ tho;tjw;Fj;jf;f

czh;r;rpfs;. (gpupT-2: epiwT)

kdpj kdk; vg;NghJk; xw;iwj; jd;ikAilajhfNt

,Ue;J tpLtjpy;iy. xNu rkaj;jpy; xU kdpjdpd; cs;sj;jpy;
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l czh;r;rpfs; miyNkhJtJz;L| Fwpg;gpl;l
#oy;fspy; kdpjkdk; vt;thW xU rpf;fiy mZFfpd;wJ
vd;gijnahl;b> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l czh;r;rpfs; xNu Neuj;jpy;
xUtdpd; cs;sj;jpy; jpfof;$Lk;. Jd;g czh;r;rp kdj;jpy;
epiwfpd;wNghNj mjw;F khwhd ,d;g czh;r;rpia> eifr; Rit
czh;r;rpia xUth; jd; kdj;jpy; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;W ts;Sth; ngUe;jif $WtijAk; ,q;F vz;zpg; ghh;f;f
Ntz;Lk;. “,Lf;fz; tUq;fhy; eFf” vd;gJ ts;Sth; thf;F.
,w;iw ehs; ftpQh; fz;zjhrDk; “rpyh; rphpg;ghh;> rpyh; mOthh;>
ehd; mOJ nfhz;Nl rphpf;fpd;Nwd;” vd;W xU jpiug;glg; ghliy
mikj;jhh;. ,jd; %yk; kdpj kdk; xNu rkaj;jpy; gy;NtW
czh;r;rpfSf;F ,lk; juf;$baJ vd;gij czu KbfpwJ.
,jidnahl;b> ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; gy;tif czh;r;rpfs; fye;J ,lk;
ngWtij kdpj kdk; tpUk;GfpwJ. jdpg;ghly;fs;> FWk;ghly;fs;
jtph;j;j Vida Nghpyf;fpaq;fspd; xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gy;tif
czh;r;rpfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. fhg;gpaq;fs;> ,w;iw ehs;
,yf;fpaq;fshd Gjpdk;> ehlfk; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; gy;tif
czh;rr ; pfs; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. xU ehtypd; njhlf;fj;jpy;
xUtifr; rkdpiy czh;r;rpAk; gbg;gbahfr; rpf;fy;fs; Njhd;wp
Kuz;ghLfs; $h;ikailAk; NghJ xU tif tpWtpWg;Gzh;r;rpAk;>
cr;repiy milAk;NghJ kpFe;j vjph;ghh;g;G czh;r;rpAk;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd. cr;repiyapy; rpf;fy;fSk; Kuz;ghLfSk;
Fiwaj; njhlq;Ffpd;wNghJ kPz;Lk; tpWtpWg;Gzh;r;rp Fiwe;J
rkdpiy vDk; czh;r;rpia thrfd; milfpwhd;. ,q;qdk;

111
Gjpdk;> fhg;gpak;> ehlfk; Nghd;w ,yf;fpa tiffspy; gy;tif
czh;r;rpfs; fye;J mikfpd;wd.

rpyg;gjpfhuf; fhg;gpaj;jpy; njhlf;f epiyapy; jpUkzk;

Fwpj;j kfpo;rr ; pAzh;Tk; gpd;dh; gphpT njhlh;ghd mtyKk;
NkNyhq;fpj; njhpfpd;wd. eLg;gFjpapy; Nfhtyd; khjtpia
tpl;L tpyfp kPz;Lk; fz;zfpAld; te;J ,ize;jNghJ kPz;Lk;
kfpo;rr
; pAzh;T ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. Gfhh; efiu tpl;L kJiuf;F
VFk;NghJ kfpo;rr ; pAk; mtyKk; ,ize;j czh;Tf; fyitahff;
fhg;gpak; eil gapYfpd;wJ. kJiuf; fhz;lj;jpy; Nfhtyd;
nfhiyAz;l gpd;dh; fz;zfpapd; jdpikiaf; fhl;Lkplq;fspy;
mtyj;jpd; cr;rj;jpw;Nf thrfid ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ,l;Lr;
nry;fpd;whh;. ,Wjpapy; tQ;rpf; fhz;lj;jpy; tPuczh;r;rpAk;
rkepiy czh;Tk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,t;thW xU fhg;gpaj;jpy;
ntt;NtW czh;r;rpfl;Ff; fsk; mikf;fpwhh; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;.
gytif czh;r;rpfl;F ,f;fhg;gpak; jf;f rhd;whf mikfpwJ.

rkdpiy czh;r;rp;:

,yf;fpaj;jpd; gad; kdpj mwpit> kdpj kdj;ijg;

gz;gLj;JtjhFk;. vdNt kpfr; rpwe;j czh;r;rpfs; ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
%yk; Gyg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;| Xh; ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gbj;J Kbj;j
gpd;dh; kdpjkdk; rpwe;j mDgtj;ijg; ngw Ntz;Lk;| tsh;r;rpia
mila Ntz;Lk;. cyfpd; jiyrpwe;j ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;thsh;fSs; gyh; ,J gw;wp kpfTk; tw;GWj;jpf;
$wpAs;sdh;.

‘ghQ;rhyp rgjj;jpy;’ JhpNahjddpd; Nfhhpf;iffis

kWf;ftpayhky; jpUjuhl;buDk; Vidath;fSk; ghz;lth;fisf;
#Jf;F miof;fr; rk;kjpf;fpd;wdh;| rpwpa je;ijahd tpJud;
Jhjhfr; nrd;W ghz;lth;fis m];jpdhGuj;jpw;F tpUe;jhf
tUkhW miof;fpwhd;. ,ilapy; tpUe;Jf;F miog;gjpy; Gije;J
fplf;fpd;w jPa Nehf;fj;jpidAk; ghz;lth;fF; f; $wp tpJud;
mth;fis vr;rhpf;if nra;fpwhd;. ,jidf; Nfl;lgpd;dh; jUkd;
$Wk; gjpy; kpfr; rpwe;j rkdpiy czh;r;rpia vLj;Jf;
fhl;LfpwJ: ghujpahh; jUkd; $w;whfg; gpd;tUk; czh;rr ; pfis
mikf;fpwhh;| ghly; tUkhW:

“jUkDk; ,t;tstpy; - csj;

jsh;r;rpia ePf;fp nahh; cWjp nfhz;Nl
gUkq; nfhs; Fuypddha; - nkhop
gijj;jply; ,d;wp ,q;F ,it ciug;ghd;|
kUkq;fs; vit nrapDk; - kjp

112
 kUz;lth; tpUe;;jwk; rpijj;jpbDk;>
fUkk; xd;Nw csjhk; - eq;fs;
fld;| mij newpg;gb Ghpe;jpLNthk;.
‘je;ijAk; tug; gzpj;jhd;| - rpW
je;ijAk; JhJ te;Jiuj;jhd;>
rpe;ij nahd;wpdpapy;iy’– vJ
NrhpDk; eynkdj; njspe;Jtp;l;Nld;>
Ke;ijar; rpiy uhkd; - nra;j
Kbtpid ek;kth; kwg;gJNth?
nehe;jJ nra khl;Nlhk;| - go
EhypDf;F ,zq;fpa newp nry;Nthk;”

(ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> Kjw;ghfk;> gh.130>131)

NkNy fhl;lg;gl;l ghujpahhpd; ghly; jukhd

ey;Yzh;r;rpf;Fj; jf;f rhd;whFk;. rhd;Nwhh;fis> murePjpia>
Ke;ija mwEhy; kuGfis kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w czh;r;rpia
,g;ghly;%yk; jUkdpd; tha;nkhopahfg; ghujpahh; czh;j;Jfpwhh;|
jd; rNfhjudhfpa JhpNahjdd; jPik nra;apDk; jhd; mjid
Vw;Wf; nfhz;L ed;ik nra;jy; vd;w czh;r;rpiaj; jUkd;
$w;whf ,g;ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ.

ghujpjhrdpd; ‘Gul;rpf; ftp’ ftpijapy; ftpQd; cjhud;

KO epyitg; ghh;j;J tpae;J ghLk; ghlypy; jukhd czh;r;rp
Gyg;gLtjidf; fhzyhk;. ghly; thpfs; tUkhW:

‘me;jpapUshw; fUFk; cyF fz;Nld;!

mt;thNw thd; fz;Nld;| jpirfs; fz;Nld;>
gpe;jpae;jf; fhhpUs;jhd; rphpj;jJz;Nlh?
ngUQ; rphpg;gpd; xspKj;Njh epyNt ePjhd;!
rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; moif nay;yhk;
Nrfhpj;Jf; FspNuw;wp xspAk; Cl;b
,e;jhntd;Nw ,aw;if md;id thdpy;
vopy; tho;itr; rpj;jphpj;j tz;ze; jhNdh!

cd;id vdJ ,U tpopahw; fhZfpd;Nwd;|

xspngWfpd;Nwd;| ,Uis xJf;Ffpd;Nwd;|
,d;dntyhk; jtph;fpd;Nwd;| fsp nfhs;fpd;Nwd;|
vhptp;y;iy Fsph;fpd;Nwd; GwKk; cs;Sk;!
md;Gs;sk; G+Zfpd;Nwd;| mJT Kw;wp
Mfhak; mshTk; xU fhjy; nfhz;Nld;!

113
 ,d;gnkDk; ghy; EiuNa! Fsph; tpsf;Nf!
vid ,oe;Njd;> cd;ndopypy; fye;jjhNy”
(ghujpjhrd;> Gul;rpf;ftp)

ghujpjhrdpd; ,g;ghly; kpf cah;e;j uridf;Fk; jukhd

ey;y czh;r;rpf;Fk; jf;f rhd;whfpwJ. epyT ,aw;ifg; nghUs;>
kdpjh; midtUf;Fk; nghJthdJ| mjd; xsp ,d;gk; jUtJ.
,j;jifa epyTf; fhl;rpiaf; fhZk; ftpQUf;F kpf cah;e;j
mofpay; czh;r;rp Njhd;WfpwJ. cyif %bapUf;Fk; fhpa ,Us;
rpwpJ rpwpjhf tpyFtJ Nghd;w czh;r;rp ftpQUf;F Vw;gLfpwJ.
cyfj;jpd; fhhpUs; ePq;Ftjw;Ff; fhuzkhd epytpd; Njhw;wk;
ftpQUf;Ff; fhhpUspd; Gd;dif Nghyj; Njhd;WfpwJ. epyT
,aw;ifad;id Nrfhpj;Jj; je;j vopy; tho;T vd;W ftpQUf;Fj;
Njhd;WfpwJ. ,itaidj;ijAk; tpl> rpwe;j nghJey czh;r;rp
ftpQUf;Fj; Njhd;WfpwJ. jpdKk; cioj;Jk; fisj;j kf;fs;
$l;lk;> grpapdhy; thb ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mth;fs; vjph;ghh;j;j $o;
czTf;Fg; gjpyhfj; jukhd mhprpapy; rikf;fg;gl;l ntz;NrhW
fpilj;jhy;> mt;Tiof;Fk; kf;fs; midtUk; vt;thW
kfpo;thh;fNsh> mijg; Nghd;w kfpo;rr
; pia epyT Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ
vd;W ghujpjhrd; $Wfpwhh;.

epytpidf; fhZk;NghJ> cyfk; KOtjpd; kPJk;> gw;Wk;

fhjy; czh;r;rpAk; Njhd;WtjhfTk; ftpQh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
,f;ftpijapidg; gbf;Fk; xUtDk; ,Nj tpjkhd czh;r;rpf;F
Mshfpwhd;| Fog;gq;fs;> jLkhWk; kdepiy> FWfpa vz;zq;fs;
Kjypatw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU jdpkdpjdpd; cs;sk;
,f;ftpijahy; rpwpJ gz;gLk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy| jukhd
ey;Yzh;r;rpf;F ,f;ftpij jf;f rhd;whf mikfpwJ.

GwehDhw;wpy; flYs; kha;e;j ,sk; ngUtOjp vd;w

kd;dd; ghba ghly; jukhd ey;y czh;r;rpf;Fj; jf;f rhd;whf
mikfpwJ. kdpjd; jd; tho;it vt;thW mikj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;w tud;Kiwfs; gw;wpg; gz;ilj; jkpoh; nfhz;bUe;j
kjpg;gPLfisf; $Wk; kpfr; rpwe;j ghly; mJ: ghliyf; fhzyhk;.

“cz;lhy; mk;k ,t;Tyfk; - ,e;jpuh;

mkpo;jk; ,iatJ MapDk; ‘,dpJ’ vdj;
jkpah; cz;lYk; ,yNu| KdpT ,yh;
JQ;rYk; ,yh;| gpwh; mQ;RtJ mQ;rpg;
Gfo; vdpd; capUk; nfhLf;Fth;> gop vdpd;
cyFld; ngwpDk;> nfhs;syh;| mah;tpyh;
md;d khl;rp midah; Mfpj;

114
 jkf;F vd Kayh Nehd;whs;
gpwh;f;F vd KaYeh; cz;ikahNd”

(GwehDhW> gh.182)

,d;iwa cyfk; Raeyk; kpf;f kdpjh;fs; epiwe;jjhFk;.

,e;j cyfj;jpy; Raeyk; rpwpJk; ,y;yhj kdpjh;fspd; Nkd;ikg;
gz;gpid ,g;ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ. ,e;j cyfk; Vd; ,d;wsTk;
epiyngw;wpUf;fpwJ? vd;w tpdhit vOg;gpf; nfhz;L ,g;Gwg;ghly;
tpil NjLfpd;wJ. “Njth;fs; mUe;jf;$ba mkpo;jk; fpilj;j
NghjpYk; jdf;F kl;Lk; chpaJ vd;W jdpj;Jz;zhj kdpjh;fs;
cs;sjhy; ,e;j cyfk; ,d;wsTk; jpfo;fpwJ. rpdg; gz;G rpwpJk;
,y;yhjth;fs;> Nrhh;tilahjth;fs;> kw;wth;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSld;
,iae;J nry;gth;fs;> GfOf;fhf capiuAk; juj; jaq;fhjth;fs;>
gopjuf;$ba nray;fis ve;jr; #o;epiyapYk; nra;ahjth;fs;>
jkf;F vd vjidAk; ngw Kaw;rp nra;ahjth;fs;> gpwUf;fhfNt
vg;NghJk; Kaw;rp nra;J ciog;gth;fs; Nghd;w kdpjh;fs;
,Ug;gjhy;jhd; ,e;j cyfk; ,d;wsTk; epiyngw;W cs;sJ”
vd;w fUj;ij ,g;ghly; czh;j;JfpwJ. ,g;ghly; Njhd;wpa
fhyfl;lj;jpy; kl;Lky;y ,d;wsTk; $l> kdpj cs;sj;jpid
Nkk;ghlilar; nra;af;$ba fUj;Jf;fSk; czh;r;rpfSk;
epiwe;jJ vd;W fUjyhk;. rpwe;j czh;r;rpf; $Wfisf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ ,g;ghly;.

njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk; nka;g;ghLfs;:

jkpo; ,yf;fpa kugpy; nkhopapd; tpsf;fkhf mikfpd;w

vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy;ypyf;fzk; Kjypatw;iw tphpthff; $WtJ
njhy;fhg;gpak;. njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuk; kf;fspd; tho;f;if
tpsf;fkhfTk; ftpij newpia czh;j;JtjhfTk;
mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ftpijf;Fhpa fsk;> fhyk;> fijkhe;jh; gw;wpa
nfhs;iffis njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuk; Kjy;> fU>
chpg;nghUs; vd;w epiyfspy; tpsf;FfpwJ. ,yf;fpa
czh;r;rpfisf; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhu
nka;g;ghl;baypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; nka;g;ghL vd;why; vd;d?

nka;g;ghL vd;gJ nka;apd; fz; gLtJ. mjhtJ nka;apd; fz;
Njhd;WtJ. nka;apd; fz; Njhd;WtJ vd;why; vd;d?
xUtdplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mr;rk;> eifr;Rit> ntFsp> ngUkpjk;
Kjypa czh;Tfs;> gpwpnjhUtdplj;jpYk; Njhd;Wjy;| ,jid
NkYk; tpsf;fkhff; $wNtz;Lkhdhy;> xUtd; rphpf;Fk; NghJ
mNj rphpg;Gzh;T gpwpnjhUtidAk; njhw;wpf; nfhs;tijAk;

115
$wyhk;. xUtd; jd; fz; Kd;Nd mr;rk; juj;jf;f xU nray;
my;yJ nghUisg; ghh;j;J mQ;Rfpwhd;. rpwpJ njhiytpy; epw;Fk;
gpwpnjhUtd; mr;rk; juf;$ba mr;nray; my;yJ epfo;rr
; piaj; jd;
fz;zhy; fhzhkNyNa> Vw;fdNt mr;rj;Jld; ,Uf;Fk; Kjy;
kdpjdpd; Kf ghtidfis kl;Lk; fz;L> jhDk; mr;rk;
nfhs;fpwhd;. Kjy; kdpjDf;F Vw;gl;lJ mr;rk; vDk; mDgtk;.
,uz;lhtJ kdpjDf;F Vw;gl;lJ mr;rk; vDk; nka;g;ghlhFk;.
,jid ‘nrapw;wpak;’ vDk; Ehy;>

“ca;g;Nghd; nra;jJ fhz;Nghh;f;F va;Jjy;

nka;g;ghnld;g nka;Azh;e;NjhNu”

vd;W $WfpwJ. ca;g;Nghh; - mjhtJ xd;iw mDgtpg;gtd;

my;yJ nra;gtd; nra;Ak; nray; my;yJ nraypd; tpisTfs;
mtidf; fhz;gtdhfpa gpwpnjhUtdplj;jpYk; Njhd;Wjy;
nka;g;ghL vd;W $WtJ ,e;Ehw;ghtpd; nghUs; MFk;.

nka;g;ghL vd;gjw;Ff; $wg;gl;l ,t;tpsf;fk; nghpJk; fhl;rp

tbthdJ| ehlfk; Kjyhd fhl;rp tbtf; fiyfspy;jhd; ,J
rhj;jpak; vd;W fUj ,lKz;L. vdpDk; nrhw;fshy; Gidag;gLk;
ftpijf; fiyf;Fk; ,J ngUkstpy; nghUe;jf; $baJ jhd;.
nka;g;ghL Fwpj;J ,sk;G+uzh;>“Rit vd;gJ fhzg;gL nghUshy;
fhz;Nghufj;jpd; fz; tUtNjhh; tpfhuk;” vd;W $Wthh;. “nka;apd;
fz; Njhd;Wtjhy; nka;g;ghL Mapw;W” vd;W ,sk;G+uzh; ,jid
NkYk; tpsf;Fth;. ,J fhl;rp tbtf; fiyahd ehlfk;
Kjypatw;Wf;FhpaJ vd;gij ,t;tpsf;fq;fs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
vdpDk; njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrphpauhd Nguhrphpah; nka;g;ghL
vd;gjw;Ff; $Wk; tpsf;fk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mth; “nka;g;ghL
vd;gJ nghUl;ghL| m/jhtJ cyfj;jhh; cs;s epfo;rr ; p Mz;L
epfo;e;jthNw Gwj;jhh;f;Fg; Gyg;gLtNjhuhw;whd; ntspg;gLjy;”
vd;W $Wfpwhh;. “nka;g;ghL vd;gJ nrhw;Nfl;lhh;f;F nghUs; fz;
$lhjy;” vd;Wk; tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;. xUth; nrhy;Yk; nrhy;iyf;
Nfl;lTlNd mg;nghUs; gw;wpa vz;zk;> nghUspd; tbtk;
Kjypad Nfl;gth; kdf;fz; Kd; Njhd;Wjy; vd;gJ Nguhrphpah;
jUk; tpsf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilf; $whFk;. nka;g;ghL vd;gJ
ftpijf;FhpaJ vd;gij cWjpahff; $wg; gpwpnjhU rhd;Wk;
cs;sJ. ftpijapd; ,yf;fzq;fs;> cWg;Gf;fs; gw;wpf; $wte;j
njhy;fhg;gpah; nra;Aspaypd; fz; nka;g;ghl;bidAk; nra;As;
cWg;Gf;fSs; xd;whff; $Wfpwhh;. me;Ehw;gh tUkhW:

116
 “ca;j;Jzh;T ,d;wpj; jiytUk; nghUshd;
nka;g;gl Kbg;gJ nka;g;ghlhFk;”

(njhy;fhg;gpak;> Eh.1460)

,e;Ehw;ghtpd; nghUs;: xU ghliyg; gbj;jTld; mjd;

nghUis Muha;e;J Njlhky;> ntspg;gilahfj; Njhd;Wk;
nghUz;ikahy; nka;g;ghL Njhd;w Kbg;gJ nka;g;ghL vd;Dk;
cWg;ghk;. ,e;Ehw;ghtpd; nghUs; ftpij nka;g;ghl;bid –
mjhtJ ftpijapy; Gyg;gLk; czh;r;rpia kpf El;gkhff;
$Wtij czuyhk;.

Xh; ,yf;fpak; Gyg;gLj;Jk; czh;r;rpia – nka;g;ghl;bid

vt;thW czh;tJ vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpwhh;.
,yf;fpa czh;r;rp> vd;gJ mjid czUk; jpwd; nfhz;lth;fF ;
kpfTk; vspjhf Mw;wYld; Gyg;gLk; vd;gNj mJ. ,jidf; $Wk;
njhy;fhg;gpa Ehw;gh>

“fz;zpDk; nrtpapDk; jpz;zpzpjpd; czUk;

czh;Til khe;jh;f;F my;yJ njhpapd;
ed;dag; nghUs;Nfhs; vz;zUq;Fiuj;Nj”

(njhy;fhg;gpak;> Eh.1221)

fz;fshYk; nrtpfshYk; tpsq;f czUk; czh;Tila

khe;jh;fSf;F kl;LNk ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nghUis czh;tJ vspJ
vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;.

kdpj cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; czh;r;rpf; Nfhyq;fis

msg;gJ vspjd;W| vdpDk; njhy;fhg;gpah; ,yf;fpa czh;r;rpfis
– nka;g;ghLfis xU jpwdhf tifg;gLj;jp tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
njhy;fhg;gpah; nka;g;ghLfs; Fwpj;Jg; gpd;tUkhW Ehw;ghf;fis
mikj;jpUf;fpwhh;:

“gz;izj; Njhd;wpa vz;zhd;F nghUSk;

fz;zpa GwNd ehdhd;F vd;g”
(njhy;fhg;gpak;> Eh.1195)

“ehypuz; lhFk; ghYkhUz;Nl”

(njhy;fhg;gpak;>Eh.1196)

117
nka;g;ghL vd;gJ Kg;gj;jpuz;L vdTk;> vl;L vdTk;
vz;zpf;ifapy; itj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd ,e;Ehw;ghf;fs;.

“eifNa> mOif> ,sptuy;> kUl;if>

mr;rk;> ngUkpjk;> ntFsp> ctifnad;W
mg;ghy; vl;Nl nka;g;ghL vd;g”

(njhy;fhg;gpak;> Eh.1197)

Nkw;$wg;gl;l Ehw;ghtpy; vl;L nka;g;ghLfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

,t;ntl;L nka;g;ghLfSk; vt;thW Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;gJk;
njhy;fhg;gpauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

eifvDk; nka;g;ghL:

eif vDk; nka;g;ghL vs;sy;> ,sik> Ngjik> kld; vd;w

ehd;F fhuzq;fshy; gpwf;fpd;wd vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpwhh;.
xUtiu NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth vs;sp eifahLk; NghJ
eifr;Rit Njhd;wf;$Lk;. fhg;gpaq;fspy; gy;NtW RitfSk;
czh;r;rpfSk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. fk;guhkhazj;jpy; #h;g;gzif
mofpa ngz;zpd; tbtj;ij mile;J ,uhkdpd; vjphpy;
tUfpwhs;. ,uhkd; mtis Nehf;fp ‘eP ahh;?’ vd;W tpdTfpwhd;.
,uhtzdpd; jq;if vd;W jd;id mwpKfk;’ nra;J nfhz;l
#h;g;gzif jd;id kze;J nfhz;lhy;> ,uhkDf;F muf;fh;fspd;
el;Gk; ,e;j cyfpd; nry;tq;fSk;> tpz;ZyifNa MSk;
chpikAk; fpilf;Fk; vd;W $Wfpwhs;. mjw;F ,uhkd; $Wk;
kWnkhopahf mike;j ghly; vs;sy; topj; Njhd;Wk; eifr;
Ritf;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpwJ. ghly; gpd;tUkhW:

“epUjh; jk; mUSk; ngw;Nwd;> epd; eyk; ngw;Nwd;> epd;ndhU

xUt mUQ; nry;tj;J ahz;Lk; ciwaTk; ngw;Nwd; xd;Nwh
jpUefh; jPh;e;j gpd;dh; nra;jtk; gae;jJ vd;dh>
thprpiy tbj;j Njhshd; ths; vapW ,yq;f ef;fhd;”
(fk;guhkhazk;> Muz;a fhz;lk;> 273)

,uhkd; jd;id kze;J nfhz;lhy; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs;

vit vd;W #h;g;gzif $wpa midj;ijAk; ,uhkd; vs;sy;
Fwpg;Gld; eifr;Rit Njhd;wf; $Wtij ,g;ghly; top czuyhk;.

118
mOif vDk; nka;g;ghL:

mOif vDk; nka;g;ghL ,spT> ,og;G> mirT (jsh;rr ; p)>

tWik vd;Dk; ehd;F fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gpwf;fpwJ
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpwhh;. gpwh; jd;id ,opthff; fUjp
mtkjpj;j NghJk;> VNjDk; xd;iw ,oe;j NghJk;> vJTk; nra;a
,ayhjthW jsh;r;rp Vw;gl;l NghJk;> tWik fhuzkhfj; Jd;gk;
Vw;gl;l NghJk; xUtd; mOif vDk; nka;g;ghl;bid milthd;.
GwehDhw;wpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s mtyr; Rit epuk;gpa ghly;fs;
midj;Jk; ,j;jifa nka;g;ghl;bw;Fj; jf;f rhd;WfshFk;.
GwehDhw;wpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s> tWikr; rpj;jpukhf mike;Js;s
ngUe;jiyr; rhj;jdhhpd; ghly; ,q;F vz;zpg; ghh;f;fj; jf;fJ|
ghly; tUkhW:

“ML edp kwe;j NfhL cah; mLg;gpd;

Mk;gp G+g;gj; Njk;G grp cothg;
gh my; ,d;ikapd; NjhnyhL jpuq;fp
,y;yp Jhh;e;j nghy;yh tWKiy
Ritj; njhW m*ck; jd; kfj;JKfk; Nehf;fp
ePNuhL epiwe;j <h; ,jo; kiof;fz; vd;
kidNahs; vt;tk; Nehf;fp epid,
epw;glh;e;jprpNd ew;Nghh;f; Fkz…..”
(GwehDhW> 164)

,g;ghlypy;>“tWikapd; fhuzkhf cz;z cztpd;wp

cly; nkype;j epiyapy; ,Uf;fpwhs; vd; kidtp. ghYf;fhf
mOk; Foe;ij> tw;wp cyh;e;j Nkdpia cila vd; kidtpapd;
khh;gfq;fisr; Ritj;Jg; ghy; fpilf;fhikapdhy; mOfpwJ.
,jidf; fz;L fz;fs; Fskhff; fz;zPh; rpe;Jk; vd; kidtpapd;
Kfk; Nehf;fp> mtspd; Jd;gj;ijf; fUjp cd;dplk; ehd; ,g;NghJ
te;jpUf;fpNwd;” vd;W Gyth; $Wfpwhh;. tWikapd; tpisthd
mtyj;ij ,g;ghly; rpwg;ghf tpsf;FfpwJ.

,sptuy; vDk; nka;g;ghL;:

,sptuy; vDk; nka;g;ghL my;yJ czh;r;rp xUtDf;F

vg;NghJ Njhd;Wk;? %g;gpdhy; Njhd;wyhk;| gpzpapd; fhuzkhfj;
Njhd;wyhk;| tUj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;wyhk;| nkyptpd;
(vspik) fhuzkhfj; Njhd;wyhk;. xUtd; jd;idf; Fwpj;Njh
my;yJ gpwiuf; Fwpj;Njh jho;thf vz;zp tUe;jpf;nfhs;fpd;w
nka;g;ghL ,J. GwehDhw;wpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ghly;fs;
gytw;wpYk; jpUf;Fws;> ehybahh; Nghd;w Ehy;fspYk; ,sptuy;

119
vDk; nka;g;ghl;bidf; fhzyhk;. GwehDhw;wpy; Nrukhd;
fizf;fhypUk;nghiw> rpiwapy; thLk; NghJ> jd;dpiy Fwpj;J
foptpuf;fj;Jld; ghba ghly; ,q;F vz;zj;jf;fJ. ghly;
tUkhW:
“njhlh;g;gL Qkypapd; ,lh;g;gLj;jPh,
P a
Nfsy; Nfsph; Ntshz; rpW gjk;
kJif apd;wp tapw;Wj; jPj;jzpaj;
jhkpue;J cz;Zk; msit
<d;kNuh ,t;Tyfj; jhNd”
(GwehDhW> 74)

Nrukhd; fizf;fhypUk;nghiw Nghhpy; Njhw;Wr;

rpiwg;gl;bUf;Fk; epiyapy; jhd; kd;ddhf ,Ue;J ,d;W rpiwf;
ifjpahf jho;e;jpUf;Fk; (,sptuy;) jd;dpiy Fwpj;J tUe;jpf;
$Wk; Kiwapy; ,g;ghly; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. “rq;fpypahy;

gpizf;fg;gl;l eha; Nghd;W rpiwapy; itf;fg;gl;L> gif

tPuh;fs; jUk; rpwpJ jz;zPiu kdcWjp VJkpd;wpf; Nfl;L thq;fpf;
Fbf;Fk; ,opepiy jdf;F tha;j;jNj” vd;W tUe;Jtjhf
,g;ghly; mikfpwJ.

kUl;if vDk; nka;g;ghL:

xd;iwg; ghh;j;jTld; Vw;gLk; tpag;Gzh;r;rpNa kUl;if

vDk; nka;g;ghlhFk;. GJik> ngUik> rpWik> Mf;fk; vDk;
ehd;F gw;wp ,k;nka;g;ghL Njhd;WfpwJ vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah;
$Wfpwhh;. ,tw;Ws; rpWik vd;gJ Ez;zpaJ vd;W nghUs;gLk;.
kpf Ez;ikahd nghUs;fisf; fhZk; NghJk; tpag;Gzh;r;rp
Njhd;wf;$Lk;.

rq;f mfg;ghly;fSs; FWe;njhifg; ghly; xd;W kUl;if

czh;r;rpf;Fj;jf;f rhd;whf mikfpwJ. jiytdpd; fhjy;
czh;r;rp Fwpj;Jj; jiytp tpae;J $Wtjhf tUk; ghly; ,q;F
rhd;whff; fhl;lj; jf;fJ:

“epyj;jpDk; nghpNj> thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W

ePhpDk; Mustpd;Nw| rhuy;
fUq;Nfhy; FwpQ;rpg; G+f; nfhz;L
ngUe;Njd; ,iof;Fk; ehlndhL vdf;F el;Ng”
(FWe;njhif: 3)

120
 kUl;if vDk; czh;r;rpf;Fr; rhd;whf ciuahrphpa
Nguhrphpah; mfehDhw;Wg; ghly; xd;iwr; rhd;W fhl;Lfpwhh;.
mg;ghly; tUkhW:
“kyh;jhh; khh;g epd;Njhs; fz;Nlhh;
gyh;jpy; thop-Njhop! mtUs;
MhpUl; fq;Fy; miznahL nghUe;jp
Xh;ahd; MFtJ vtd; nfhy;
ePh;thh; fz;nzhL nefpo; NjhNsNd?”
(mfehDhW> 82)

,g;ghlypd; fUj;J. ‘rpwe;j Njhs;fisAila jiytNd

cd;idf; fz;zhuf; fz;lth; gyh;| vdpDk; mth;fl;F VJk;
,lh;fs; epfotpy;iy. Mdhy; cd; Njhs;fisf; fz;l ehd; kl;Lk;
Vd; jdpikapy; Jd;GWfpNwd;| vd; Njhs;fs; Vd; nkypfpd;wd’
vd;W jiytp jd; clypy; jdf;Fj; njhpahky; Vw;gl;l
khw;wq;fisf; Fwpj;J tpae;J ghLk; ghlyhf ,J cs;sijf;
fhz;f| ,jpy; kUl;if vDk; tpag;Gr; RitAk; nghjpe;jpUg;gij
czuyhk;.

mr;rk; vDk; nka;g;ghL:

mr;rk; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; mbg;gil czh;r;rpahFk;. ,J

mzq;F> tpyq;Ffs;> fs;th;> ,iw (je;ij> Mrphpah;> murh;)
Kjypa fhuzq;fshy; xUtdplj;jpy; Vw;glf;$baJ vd;W
njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpd;whh;. ,jw;Fj; jf;f rhd;whfr;
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; fz;zfpapd; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;j tUzidg;
gFjpiaf; $wyhk;.

“mlh;j;njO FUjp mlq;fhg; gRe;Jzpg;

gplh;j;jiyg; gPlk; Vwpa klf; nfhb
ntw;wpNtw; wlf;iff; nfhw;wit ay;ys;|
mWth;f;F ,isa eq;if| ,iwtid
Mly; fz;lUspa mzq;F #Uilf;
fhdfk; cfe;j fhsp| jhUfd;
NgUuq; fpopj;j ngz;Zk; my;ys;
nrw;wds; NghYk;| nraph;j;jds; NghYk;
nghw;nwhopw; rpyk;G xd;W Ve;jpa ifas;
fztid ,oe;jhs; filafj;jhNs’
(rpyg;gjpfhuk;> tof;F-34-44.)

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; fz;zfpapd; Njhw;w tUzidahf

mikAk; ,g;gFjp mr;rr; Ritia Cl;Ltjhf cs;sJ. ,Nj

121
Kiwapy; GwehDhW> fypq;fj;Jg;guzp Kjypa Ehy;fspYk; mr;rk;
vDk; czh;T jJk;gpa ghly;;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

ngUkpjk; vDk; nka;g;ghL:

njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; nka;g;ghL my;yJ ftpij

czh;r;rpfSs; ngUkpjKk; xd;W. xUtd; jdJ fy;tp> tPuk;> Gfo;>
nfhil vd;w ehd;F mbg;gilfspy; ngUkpj czh;r;rpia
milayhk; vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpwhh;. ,yf;fpaq;fs; nghpJk;
gpwUf;F Kd;khjphpahf mikAk; kdpjh;fs; Fwpj;j nra;jpfis
tpje;NjhJtjhy; ngUkpj czh;rr ; p ,ay;ghf ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
,lk; ngWfpd;wd vd;W $wyhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
ghlhz;jpiz> tQ;rpdf; fhQ;rpj; Jiwapy; mike;j ghly;fspy;
ngUkpj czh;r;rp NkNyhq;fpj; njhptijf; fhzyhk;.

ngUkpj nka;g;ghl;bw;Fr; rhd;W fhl;Lk; Nguhrphpah; vDk;

ciuahrphpah;>

“fopaf; fhjyuhapDQ; rhd;Nwhh;

gopnahL t&ck; ,d;gk; nt/fhh;”
(mfehDhW> 112)

vd;w ghly; thpfis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Lfpwhh;. gop juf;$ba nray;

vjidAk; rhd;Nwhh; ve;jr; #o;epiyapYk; nra;akhl;lhh;fs; vd;gJ
Gfopd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ngUkpjk; vd;W ciuahrphpah; $Wfpwhh;.

xUtd; jdJ tPuj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; ngUkpjk; vd;Dk;

nka;g;ghl;bid milfpwhd;. jz;bayq;fhuj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s
gpd;tUk; ghly;> xUtd; jdJ tPuk; gw;wpf; nfhz;Ls;s
ngUkpjj;ij czh;j;Jk;. ghly; tUkhW:

“vQ;rpdhh; ,y;iy vdf; nfjpuh ,d;Daph; nfhz;L

mQ;rpdhh; mQ;rhJ Nghafy;f – ntQ;rkj;Jg;
Nguhjtu; Mfj;jd;wpg; gpwh; KJfpw;
rhuh vd; ifapw; ruk;”
(jz;bayq;fhuk;> g.151)

ntFsp vDk; nka;g;ghL:

rpdk; vd;gJ kdpjh;fsplk; ,ay;ghff; fhzg;gLk; Xh;

czh;r;rpahFk;. kdpjh;fis ,ay;ghf Ml;nfhs;sf; $baJ vd;w

122
fhuzj;jpdhYk; jdf;Fk; gpwUf;Fk; jPik gag;gJ vd;gjhYk;
,jidr; rhd;Nwhh;fs; ntFthff; fbe;J $wpapUf;fpd;wdh;.
,yf;fpaq;fspy; fijkhe;jh;fspd; czh;r;rpf; $whf ,J
mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,J kdpj clypd; cWg;Gf;fisf; Fiwj;jy;>
xUtDf;Ff; fPo; tho;thiu eypar; nra;jy;> xUtid itjYk;
Gilj;jYkhfpa nray;> nfhy;tjw;F Kaw;rp nra;jy; vd;w ehd;F
#o;epiyfspy; ntFsp vDk; czh;r;rp Njhd;WfpwJ.

GwehDhw;wpy; ,lk; ngWk; tQ;rpdf; fhQ;rpg; ghly;fspy;

ntFsp vDk; czh;r;rpiaf; fhzyhk;. rhd;whfg; gpd;tUk; ghly;
thpfisf; fhzyhk;.

“cWJg;G mQ;rhJ cly; rpdQ; nrUf;fpr;

rpW nrhw; nrhy;ypa rpdq;nfO Nte;jiu
mUQ;rkk; rpijaj; jhf;fp KurnkhL
xUq;F mfg;gNld; Mapd;”
(GwehDhW> 72)

vd;w tQ;rpdf; fhQ;rpg; ghly; thpfspy; kd;ddpd; Nfhg czh;r;rp

ntspg;gilahfg; Gyg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.

ctif vDk; nka;g;ghL:

xt;nthU kdpjDk; mila tpUk;Gk; czh;r;rp kfpo;rr ; p

MFk;. ,k;kfpo;rr
; p czh;T ve;nje;j mbg;gilfspy; Njhd;WfpwJ
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. nry;tj;ij Efh;jy;>
Ik;Gyd;fspd; Efh;r;rp> kfspUld; Gzh;jy;> Nrhiy Kjypa
,lq;fspy; tpisahLjy; Kjypa fhuzq;fshy; xUtDf;F
kfpo;rr
; p vDk; czh;T my;yJ nka;g;ghL Njhd;Wtjhfj;
njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpwhh;. ,e;Ehw;ghtpw;F ciu tiue;j
,sk;G+uzh;>

“jk;,y; ,Ue;J jkJghj;J cz;lw;why;

mk;kh mhpit Kaf;F”
(jpUf;Fws;> 1107)

vd;w jpUf;Fwisr; rhd;W fhl;Lfpwhh;. xUtd; jd; nrhe;j tPl;by;

,Ue;J> jdJ nrhe;j ciog;gpy; ngw;w tUthia>
kw;wth;fSf;Fk; gfph;e;J mspj;Jj; jhDk; cz;gjpy; ngWk;

123
kfpo;rr
; pia xj;jJ jd; jiytpAld; Kaq;Fjy; vd;W jiytd;
$Wtjhf miktJ ,j;jpUf;FwshFk;.

,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy; fhzj;jf;f mbg;gilahd

czh;r;rpfs;> mit gpwf;Fk; thapy;fs; vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah;
milahsk; fz;L $Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpw;Fg;
nghpJk; gad;gLtdthFk;.

kdpj czh;r;rpfis Cf;Ftpg;gJk;> nrk;ikg;gLj;JtJk;

,yf;fpa czh;r;rpfs; nra;Ak; jiyaha gzpfshFk;. ,yf;fpak;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; czh;r;rpfSld; ,yf;fpa thrfd; xj;jpire;J
nry;fpwhd;. ,jdhy; kdpjd; jd;idg; NghyNt gpwiuAk; Ghpe;J
nfhs;fpwhd;. cyfk; nrk;ikg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij ,jd; %yk;
mwpayhk;.

tpdh tpilfs;:

1. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gad; vd;d?

,yf;fpaj;jpd; gad; kdpj mwpit> kdpj kdj;ijg;

gz;gLj;JtjhFk;. vdNt kpfr; rpwe;j czh;r;rpfs; ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
%yk; Gyg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;| Xh; ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gbj;J Kbj;j
gpd;dh; kdpjkdk; rpwe;j mDgtj;ijg; ngw Ntz;Lk;| tsh;r;rpia
mila Ntz;Lk;. cyfpd; jiyrpwe;j ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;thsh;fSs; gyh; ,J gw;wp kpfTk; tw;GWj;jpf;
$wpAs;sdh;.

2 njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; vl;Ltif nka;g;ghLfs; ahit?

“eifNa> mOif> ,sptuy;> kUl;if>

mr;rk;> ngUkpjk;> ntFsp> ctifnad;W
mg;ghy; vl;Nl nka;g;ghL vd;g”
(njhy;fhg;gpak;> Eh.1197)

Nkw;$wg;gl;l Ehw;ghtpy; vl;L nka;g;ghLfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

,t;ntl;L nka;g;ghLfSk; vt;thW Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;gJk;
njhy;fhg;gpauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ

3 .ctifve;nje;j mbg;gilfspy; Njhd;WfpwJ vd;W

njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;?;.

124
 xt;nthU kdpjDk; mila tpUk;Gk; czh;r;rp kfpo;rr ; p
MFk;. ,k;kfpo;rr
; p czh;T ve;nje;j mbg;gilfspy; Njhd;WfpwJ
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. nry;tj;ij Efh;jy;>
Ik;Gyd;fspd; Efh;r;rp> kfspUld; Gzh;jy;> Nrhiy Kjypa
,lq;fspy; tpisahLjy; Kjypa fhuzq;fshy; xUtDf;F
kfpo;rr
; p vDk; czh;T my;yJ nka;g;ghL Njhd;Wtjhfj;
njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpwhh;. ,e;Ehw;ghtpw;F ciu tiue;j
,sk;G+uzh;>

“jk;,y; ,Ue;J jkJghj;J cz;lw;why;

mk;kh mhpit Kaf;F”
(jpUf;Fws;> 1107)

vd;w jpUf;Fwisr; rhd;W fhl;Lfpwhh;. xUtd; jd; nrhe;j tPl;by;

,Ue;J> jdJ nrhe;j ciog;gpy; ngw;w tUthia>
kw;wth;fSf;Fk; gfph;e;J mspj;Jj; jhDk; cz;gjpy; ngWk;
kfpo;rr
; pia xj;jJ jd; jiytpAld; Kaq;Fjy; vd;W jiytd;
$Wtjhf miktJ ,j;jpUf;FwshFk;.

4. kUl;if vDk; nka;g;ghl;ilr; rhd;Wld; tpthp?

xd;iwg; ghh;j;jTld; Vw;gLk; tpag;Gzh;r;rpNa kUl;if

vDk; nka;g;ghlhFk;. GJik> ngUik> rpWik> Mf;fk; vDk;
ehd;F gw;wp ,k;nka;g;ghL Njhd;WfpwJ vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah;
$Wfpwhh;. ,tw;Ws; rpWik vd;gJ Ez;zpaJ vd;W nghUs;gLk;.
kpf Ez;ikahd nghUs;fisf; fhZk; NghJk; tpag;Gzh;r;rp
Njhd;wf;$Lk;. rq;f mfg;ghly;fSs; FWe;njhifg; ghly; xd;W
kUl;if czh;r;rpf;Fj;jf;f rhd;whf mikfpwJ. jiytdpd;
fhjy; czh;r;rp Fwpj;Jj; jiytp tpae;J $Wtjhf tUk; ghly;
,q;F rhd;whff; fhl;lj; jf;fJ:

“epyj;jpDk; nghpNj> thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W

ePhpDk; Mustpd;Nw| rhuy;
fUq;Nfhy; FwpQ;rpg; G+f; nfhz;L
ngUe;Njd; ,iof;Fk; ehlndhL vdf;F el;Ng”
(FWe;njhif: 3)

kUl;if vDk; czh;r;rpf;Fr; rhd;whf ciuahrphpa

Nguhrphpah; mfehDhw;Wg; ghly; xd;iwr; rhd;W fhl;Lfpwhh;.
mg;ghly; tUkhW:
“kyh;jhh; khh;g epd;Njhs; fz;Nlhh;
gyh;jpy; thop-Njhop! mtUs;
MhpUl; fq;Fy; miznahL nghUe;jp

125
 Xh;ahd; MFtJ vtd; nfhy;
ePh;thh; fz;nzhL nefpo; NjhNsNd?”
(mfehDhW> 82)
,g;ghlypd; fUj;J. ‘rpwe;j Njhs;fisAila jiytNd
cd;idf; fz;zhuf; fz;lth; gyh;| vdpDk; mth;fl;F VJk;
,lh;fs; epfotpy;iy. Mdhy; cd; Njhs;fisf; fz;l ehd; kl;Lk;
Vd; jdpikapy; Jd;GWfpNwd;| vd; Njhs;fs; Vd; nkypfpd;wd’
vd;W jiytp jd; clypy; jdf;Fj; njhpahky; Vw;gl;l
khw;wq;fisf; Fwpj;J tpae;J ghLk; ghlyhf ,J cs;sijf;
fhz;f| ,jpy; kUl;if vDk; tpag;Gr; RitAk; nghjpe;jpUg;gij
czuyhk;.

5. nka;g;ghL vd;gJ ftpijf;FhpaJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

nka;g;ghL vd;gJ ftpijf;FhpaJ vd;gij cWjpahff; $wr;
rhd;Wk; cs;sJ. ftpijapd; ,yf;fzq;fs;> cWg;Gf;fs; gw;wpf;
$wte;j njhy;fhg;gpah; nra;Aspaypd; fz; nka;g;ghl;bidAk;
nra;As; cWg;Gf;fSs; xd;whff; $Wfpwhh;. me;Ehw;gh tUkhW:

“ca;j;Jzh;T ,d;wpj; jiytUk; nghUshd;

nka;g;gl Kbg;gJ nka;g;ghlhFk;”
(njhy;fhg;gpak;> Eh.1460)

,e;Ehw;ghtpd; nghUs;: xU ghliyg; gbj;jTld; mjd;

nghUis Muha;e;J Njlhky;> ntspg;gilahfj; Njhd;Wk;
nghUz;ikahy; nka;g;ghL Njhd;w Kbg;gJ nka;g;ghL vd;Dk;
cWg;ghk;. ,e;Ehw;ghtpd; nghUs; ftpij nka;g;ghl;bid –
mjhtJ ftpijapy; Gyg;gLk; czh;r;rpia kpf El;gkhff;
$Wtij czuyhk;.
Xh; ,yf;fpak; Gyg;gLj;Jk; czh;r;rpia – nka;g;ghl;bid
vt;thW czh;tJ vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wfpwhh;.
,yf;fpa czh;r;rp> vd;gJ mjid czUk; jpwd; nfhz;lth;fF ;
kpfTk; vspjhf Mw;wYld; Gyg;gLk; vd;gNj mJ. ,jidf; $Wk;
njhy;fhg;gpa Ehw;gh>

“fz;zpDk; nrtpapDk; jpz;zpzpjpd; czUk;

czh;Til khe;jh;f;F my;yJ njhpapd;
ed;dag; nghUs;Nfhs; vz;zUq;Fiuj;Nj”
(njhy;fhg;gpak;> Eh.1221)

fz;fshYk; nrtpfshYk; tpsq;f czUk; czh;Tila

khe;jh;fSf;F kl;LNk ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nghUis czh;tJ vspJ
vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;.

126
 gpupT- 3.
czh;r;rp tbtk;

$W: 9 fiyAk; tbtKk;

Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk;:

fiyfspd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk; rpy ,d;wpaikahj

fUj;Jf;fis kw;wth;f;Fk; Gyg;gLj;JtNjahFk;. xU fUj;J
my;yJ mDgtj;jpid xUth; Gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mjidNa
gpwpnjhUth; Gyg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; NtWghLz;L. xUth; nra;jpia
Neubahf cs;sthNw Gyg;gLj;jp tpLthh;| gpwpnjhUth; mNj
nra;jpapidr; rpwpJ Rw;wp tisj;J kiwKfkhff; $Wth;.
fUj;Jg; Gyg;ghl;L Kiwapy; kdpjUf;F kdpjh; NtWghL
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,Nj Nghd;W miktJ jhd; ,yf;fpaKk;. fUj;J
xd;wpid Neubahfj; jfty; Nghd;W ntspg;gLj;JtJ rhjhuzkhf
jfty; mwpf;ifahFk;| mNj jftiyr; rpwe;j czh;r;rpf;
$WfSlDk; fw;gidAlDk; mzpfSlDk; ,izj;Jf; $WtJ
,yf;fpaj;jpd; ,ay;ghFk;. xU kd;didf; Fwpj;J mtd; ngUk;
tPud; vd;Wk; vtuhYk; mtid nty;y ,ayhJ vd;Wk; $WtJ
Neubahd $w;W. ,jpy; Rit VJkpy;iy. ,jid vt;thW
Ritglf; $wyhk;. gpd;tUk; rq;fg; ghliyf; fhzyhk;.

“fsk; Gfy; Xk;Gkpd;> njt;tph; Nghh; vjph;e;J

vk;KSk; csd; xU nghUed;| itfy;
vz;Njh; nra;Ak; jr;rd;
jpq;fs; typj;j fhy; md;NdhNd”
(GwehDhW> 87)

,g;ghly; kpFe;j El;gKk; fw;gidj; jpwKk;

nghjp;e;jpUf;ff;$bajhFk;. mjpakhd; neLkhd; mQ;rpia
xsitahh; ghba ghly; ,J. ,g;ghlypy; “gifaurh;fNs Nghh;
vz;zj;Jld; mjpakhd; ,Uf;Fk; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; EioahjPh;fs;.
,q;Fk; xU tPud; ,Uf;fpwhd;. jpdKk; vl;Lj; Njh;fisr; nra;af;
$ba Mw;wy; gilj;j jr;rd; xUtd; xU khjk; Kad;W Njhpd;
xU rf;fuj;ij kl;Lk; nra;jhy; mJ vt;tsT typikAk; jpwDk;
cilajhf ,Uf;FNkh mt;tsT typikAk; jpwDKilatd;
mjpakhd;” vd;W $Wfpwhh; xsitahh;. xU ehspy; vl;Lj;
Njh;fis cUthf;ff; $ba Mw;wy; gilj;j jr;rd; xU khjk;
Kad;why; 240 Njh;fs; nra;J Kbg;ghd;. xU khjj;jpy; 240
Njh;fs; nra;Ak; Mw;wYila jr;rd; xU khjk; Kad;W xU Njh;

127
nra;jhNy mJ kpf typikAilajhf ,Uf;Fk;| mNj jr;rd; xU
Njhpd; xU rf;fuj;ij kl;Lk; nra;jhy; mJ rhjhuz kdpjdpd;
fw;gidf;F vl;lhj typikAilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. mijg; Nghd;W
typik gilj;jtd; mjpakhd; vd;W $Wkplj;jpy; Gythpd;
fw;gid ed;F GydhfpwJ. rhjhuz cld;ghl;Lj; njhlh; xU
ghlyhf cUkhWfpwNghJ thrfdpd; fw;gidf;F tpUe;jhf
mikfpwJ. mjpakhd; vtUk; Nghhpy; nty;y ,ayhj mstpw;F
typikAiltd; vd;w fUj;J Neubahff; $wg;gLtijtpl>
,g;ghly; tbtj;jpy; $wg;gl;l NghJ kpFe;j Mw;wYld; thrfd;
cs;sj;jpy; nrd;W ijf;fpwJ. rhjhuz thrfj;jpw;Fk;
,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; cs;s mbg;gil NtWghL ,Jjhd;.

,yf;fpaj;jpd; tbtk;:

xU gilg;gpd; gy;NtW $WfSk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l xOq;F

Kiwapy; xU ika epfo;rr ; p my;yJ ikaf; fUj;Jld;
,iztjhFk;. gilg;gpd; $Wfs; vd;gd ika epfo;rr ; p> mJ
Gyg;gLj;Jk; fUj;J> fUj;jpid tpsf;Fk; rpWrpW epfo;rr ; pfs;>
fw;gid> czh;r;rpf; $Wfs;> ,yf;fpa mzpfs;> xypeak;
Kjypa $Wfs; nrk;ikahf ,izf;fg;gLtjd; %yNk Xh;
,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; tbtk; cWjpg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid lhf;lh;
K.t. “fiyapd; tbtk; vd;gJ xU Kfkhf ,iaAk; KOik
vdyhk;” vd;W $Wfpwhh; (,yf;fpaj; jpwd;> g.151). fhtpakhf
,Ue;jhy;> mjpy; epfo;r;rpfs; midj;Jk; nghpa ikaf; fijAld;
,ize;J mij Nehf;fpNa mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. ehlfkhf ,Ug;gpd;
epfo;rr; pfs; ikaf; fijia Nehf;fp mike;jpUg;gJld; xU Rit
NkNyhq;fpj; njhpa kw;w Ritfs; midj;Jk; gpd;dzpapy; epw;f
Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liug; gilg;ghf ,Ue;jhy; gd;Kfkhfg; gue;J
tphpe;J nry;Yk; midj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fSk; xU Kbthd ikaf;
fUj;ij czh;j;Jk; fUtpfshf mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fSk; epfo;rr
; pfSk; $WfSk; ,t;thW
mikjNy tbtk; vdg;gLk;. ,t;thW mikAk; tbtj;jpy; tpthpf;f
vLj;Jf; nfhz;l czh;r;rpiag; Gyg;gLj;Jjw;F Vw;w nrhw;fSk;>
mjw;fpile;j eilAk; mika Ntz;Lk;. NtWgl;l czh;r;rpfSk;
fw;gidfSk; ,ilNa thpDk; mit Kjd;ikahd czh;r;rpf;F
mlq;fp ,iae;J nry;tdthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW Xh;
,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; midj;Jf; $WfSk; xUKfkhf ,aq;fp
KOik ngWjNy tbtk; vd;W $wg;gLk; vd;W K.tujuhrdhh;
tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

,yf;fpaj;jpd; tbtk; vd;gJ gw;gy $Wfspd;

xUq;fpizg;G vd;w fUj;jpidr; rw;W tpsf;fkhff; fhzyhk;.
,jidg; Ghpe;J nfhs;sg; gpd;tUk; ew;wpizg; ghliyf; fhz;f:

128
 “mz;zhe;J Ve;jpa tdKiy jshpDk;
nghd;Neh; Nkdp kzpapd; jho;e;j
ed;ndLq; $e;jy; eiunahL Kbg;gpDk;
ePj;jy; Xk;Gkjp – G+f;Nfo; Cu!
,d;fLq;fs;spd; ,io mzp neLe;Njh;f;
nfhw;wr; Nrhoh; nfhq;fh;g; gzP,ah;
ntz;nfhl;L ahidg; NghXh; fpotd;
gioad; Nty; tha;j;jd;d epd;
gpioah ed;nkhop Njwpa ,tl;Nf”
(ew;wpiz> gh.10)

,g;ghlypy; jiytpiaj; jiytDld; cld;Nghf;fpy;

mDg;Gk; NghJ Njhop> jiytdplk; $wpa $w;Wf;fs;
mlq;fpapUf;fpd;wd. ,g;ghlypy; gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd:
 jiytpapd; ,sikAk; moFk;| gpw;fhyj;jpy;
KJikapy;vopy; eyk; Fd;WjYk; MFk; vd;w epiy
 jiytpapd; vopy; eyk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Fiwe;jhYk;
jiytpiaj; jiytd; iftpl;Ltplf; $lhnjd;w
Nfhhpf;if
 Njh;g;gilia cila Nrhokd;dh;fspd; ngUik
 nfhq;f kd;dh;fisg; Nghhpl;Lg; gzpa itf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nrho kd;dh;fspd; Mty;.
 Nrho kd;dh;fSf;F cjtp nra;J nfhq;fh;
,dj;jth;fisg; gzpar; nra;j gioad; vd;w
kd;didf; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs
 gioadpd; Ntw;gilapd; jpwk;
 gioadpd; Ntw;gilapd; jpwj;jpidg; Nghd;Nw>
nrhd;d
nrhy; gpioahj jiytdpd; khz;G.

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l VO nra;jpfs; ew;wpiz 10 Mk; ghlypy;

,lk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; ehk; ftdpf;fj;jf;f $W vd;d?
,yf;fpa tbtk; vd;gJ gw;gy $Wfspd; xUq;fpizg;G vd;w
fUj;J ,g;ghlYf;F vt;thW nghUe;jp tUfpwJ vd;gJ jhd;.
Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ghlypd; ikaf; fUj;J vd;d? jd;

129
ngw;Nwhh;fisAk; Rw;wj;jpdiuAk; tpl;Lg; gphpe;J jiytid
kl;LNk – mtdJ tha;ikia kl;LNk – ek;gp mtDld;
Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;fpwhs; jiytp. vdNt jiytpapd; ,g;Nghija
vopy; Njhw;wk; tUq;fhyj;jpy; KJik fhuzkhff; Fiwe;J
tplf;$ba #o;epiyapYk; mtisj; jiytd; iftpl;Ltplhky;
ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Njhop $WtJjhd; ikaf; fUj;jhfj;
jpfo;fpwJ. ,g;ghlypy; jiytpapd; vopy; eyk; > Nrho kd;dh;fspd;
Njh;g;gilapd; ngUik> nfhq;fh;fis ntw;wpnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;w mth;fsJ Nfhhpf;if > Nrho kd;dh;fSf;fhff;
nfhq;fh;fSld; Nghhpl;L mth;fis ntd;w gioadpd; ngUik(5)>
mtdJ Ntw;gilapd; jpwk; > gioadpd; Fwpjtwhj Ntw;gilapd;
rpwg;G Mfpa midj;Jf; $WfSk; jiytpia vjph;fhyj;jpy;
ve;jr; #o;epiyapYk;> jiytd; iftpl;L tplf;$lhJ vd;w
Njhopapd; Nfhhpf;ifahfpa ikaf; fUj;Jld; njhlh;G
nfhz;like;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,JNt ,g;ghlypd; rpwg;ghd tbtk;
vd;W $wyhk;.

fUj;Jk; tbtKk;:

,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gpl;l> rpwe;j fUj;Jf;fisg; gpwUf;F

czh;j;Jtjw;fhfNt gilf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt Xh; ,yf;fpag;
gilg;gpd; %yk; gilg;ghspfs; czh;j;j tpUk;gpa fUj;J
thrfdpd; cs;sj;jpy; nrd;W gjpAk; tifapy; mg;gilg;G mika
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW $Wk; NghJ ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; ntw;wp mjd;
cs;slf;fj;jpy;> fUj;jpy; cs;sjh? my;yJ me;j ,yf;fpag;
gilg;gpd; tbtj;jpy; cs;sjh vd;w tpdh vOfpwJ. ,J
Kl;ilapypUe;J Nfhop te;jjh? my;yJ NfhopapypUe;J Kl;il
te;jjh vd;gijg; Nghd;w njhU tpthjk;. njhd;idapy; nea;ia
Cw;wp itg;ghh;fs;. nea; ,Wfpf; fl;bahf cs;sNghJ mjidj;
jhq;fp epw;fpa njhd;id Mlhky; mirahky; Guz;L nea;iaf;
fPNo nfhl;btplhky; ,Uf;Fk; (njhd;id vd;gJ cyh;e;j
,iyapdhy; kbj;J xU fpz;zk; Nghy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
Nfhapy;fspy; gpurhjk; toq;fTk; tpUe;Jfspd;NghJ nea;> ghahrk;
Kjypatw;iw Cw;wp itf;fTk; cjTtJ. ,g;NghJ eilKiwapy;
gpsh];bf; fpz;zq;fs; Nghy> njhd;idfs; cjTfpd;wd> ,jdhy;
njhd;id fPNo rha;e;J tplhky; ,Uf;f nea; cjTfpwJ vd;w
vz;zk; Vw;gLfpwJ. rhpjhd;!. njhd;id vd;w mikg;G
,y;yhtpl;lhy; nea; mjw;Fs; vt;thW epd;wKbAk;! ,f;Nfs;tp
vOfpwNghJ> nea; rpe;jptplhky; epw;gjw;Fj; njhd;id jhd;
Mjhuk; vd;w vz;zk; vOfpwJ. ,Wjpapy; vJ vjw;F Mjhuk;?
VJ vjidj; jhq;fp epw;fpwJ? vd;w Nfs;tp vOfpwNghJ ,uz;Lk;
Kf;fpak; jhd;! xd;W kw;nwhd;Wf;F Mjhukhf mikfpwJ vd;w
vz;zk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,Nj Nfs;tpjhd; ,yf;fpaj;jpYk;.

130
Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l cjhuzj;jpy; ,Ug;gijg; Nghy> nea; vDk;
cs;slf;fk; njhd;id vDk; cUtj;jpw;F MjhukhfTk; njhd;id
vDk; cUtk; nea; vDk; cs;slf;fj;jpw;F MjhukhfTk;
xd;iwnahd;W jhq;fp epw;fpd;wd vd;gJjhd; cz;ik.

rpwe;j fUj;J rpwe;j tbtj;jpy; $wg;gLk; NghJjhd; me;j

,yf;fpag;gilg;gpd; gad; thrfDf;Ff; fpilf;fpwJ vd;W $wyhk;.
fUj;J rpwe;jjhf ,Ue;J mJ Gyg;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiw mjhtJ
,yf;fpa tbtk; rpwg;ghf mikatpy;iy vd;why;> rpwe;j fUj;J
my;yJ cs;slf;fj;jpdhy; gad; vJTkpy;iy| mNjNghy; rpwe;j
tbtj;jpy; mike;jpUe;Jk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; fUj;J
tpOkpajhf ,y;yhtpl;lhy; rpwg;gpy;iy| ,uz;Lk; rk mstpy;
rhpahdjhf miktNj ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzkhf
mikfpwJ. rhd;whfg; gpd;tUk; ghliyf; fhz;f:

“kidneL taiy Ntok; Rw;Wk;

Jiw Nfo; Cud; nfhLik ehzp
‘ey;yd;’ vd;Dk; ahNk!
my;yd; vd;Dk; vd; jlnkd;NjhNs”
(Iq;FWEhW 11)

,g;ghlypy;> kidapd; fz; elg;gl;l taiyf; nfhbahdJ

mjw;Fhpa ge;jypy; Rw;wp epd;W tsuhky;> fiuapy; cs;s Ntok;
vd;Dk; Gy;ypd; kPJ glh;fpd;w fhl;rpfs; epiwe;j CiuAilatd;
jiytd;. mtdJ nfhba ,ay;Gfs; ntspapy; Gyg;glf;$lhJ
vd;W ehzp> mtid ey;ytd; vd;W ehq;fs; tha;nkhopahff;
$wpdhYk;> mtd; gphptpdhy; nkype;jpUf;Fk; vd; Njhs;fs; ‘mtd;
ey;ytd; my;yd;’ vd;gij cyfpw;F czh;j;jptpLfpd;wdNt vd;w
fUj;Jj; jiytp $w;whff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;ghlypy; jiytpapd;
md;Gs;sKk; jiytdpd; guj;ij ehl;lk; vDk; xOf;ff;
FiwghLk; ,uz;L vjphpizfshf ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. jiytp>
jiytid ey;ytd;jhd; vd;W $Wfpwhs;| jd; tUj;jj;ij
kiwj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhs;. Mdhy; jiytdpd; guj;ijapw; gphptpy;
thba jiytpapd; Njhs;fs; jiytidf; fhl;bf; nfhLj;J
tpLfpd;wd| mtd; jPatd; vd;gijg; Gyg;gLj;jp tpLfpd;wd.
,t;thW xd;ww; nfhd;W Kuzhd czh;r;rpfSk;> Kuzhd
kf;fl; gz;gfSk; xd;whf ,izf;fg;gLtjhy;> ,jw;F xU rpwe;j
tbtk; fpilj;J tpLfpwJ. ,g;ghlypy; Kjy; ,uz;L thpfspy;
,lk; ngWk; rpwpa ,aw;if tUzidAk; ,g;ghlypd; fUj;jpw;F
typik Nrh;f;fpwJ| mjhtJ rpwpa Mw;wYld; $ba gpd;dzp>
Kuz;gl;l fUj;Jf;fspd; xUq;fpizg;G vd;w Kiwapy; ,f;ftpij
rpwe;j tbtj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ngz;ikapd; ngUq;Fzj;ijAk;

131
mjidj; jf;fthW czuhj Mltdpd; rpWikiaAk; ,g;ghly;
njspthf czh;j;jptpLfpwJ| ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ,g;ghlypd; tbt
mikg;Ng MFk;.

,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fspd; tbtKk; fUj;Jk; ,ize;J

nry;tJjhd; rpwg;gpw;FhpaJ vd;w fUj;J ftpijf;F kl;Lk;
chpajy;y| ciueil tbtpyike;j Gjpdk; rpWfij
Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; GJf;ftpijf;Fk; ,f;fUj;J nghUe;Jk;. ,jid
NkYk; rpwpJ tpsf;fkhff; fhzyhk;.

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpy; tbtk;> fl;likg;G vd;w nrhw;fs;

El;gkhd> nghUs; NtWghl;Lld; vLj;jhsg;gLfpd;wd. ghly;>
ciueil Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ gh tbtk;> ciueil
tbtk; vd;w nrhw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. jdpj;jdp Ehy;fspd;
mikg;gpidg; gw;wpa Ma;Tfspy; fl;likg;G vd;w nrhy;
gad;gLfpd;wJ. ‘rpyg;gjpfhuf; fl;likg;G’‘njhy;fhg;gpaf;
fl;likg;G’ vd;w njhlh;fs; eilKiwapy; gutyhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. rpWfij> ehty; Nghd;w ,yf;fpa
tiffisg; gw;wpa Ma;tpd; NghJk; fl;likg;G vd;w nrhy;
jdpEhy;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

nghJthd xU njhFjp - tbtk;:

tbtk;> cUtk;> mikg;G> fl;likg;G Mfpa nrhw;fs;

ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,lq;fspy; vLj;jhsg;gLk; #oy;fis itj;Jg;
ghh;f;Fk; NghJ> tbtk; vd;w nrhy; nghJthd xU njhFjpiaf;
Fwpg;gpLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtij czu KbAk;. mjhtJ. XU
Fwpg;gpl;l Ehypd; fl;likg;Gf; $WfSld; ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs;
,ize;jpUf;fpd;w njhFjpiaf; Fwpf;f tbtk; vd;w nrhy; gad;gLtij
czuyhk;. jdpnahU Ehypidg; gw;wp Muha;fpd;w jpwdha;thsh;fSs;
cUtk; vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;JNthh;>

mr;nrhy;iy tbtk; vd;w nghUspy;jhd; Ms;fpd;wdh;.

,j;jifa Ma;Tfspy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fijapy; fij epfo;rr ; pfspd;
itg;GKiw gw;wpa Ma;tpid tplTk; fijapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
cj;jpfs;> ntspg;gLk; czh;Tepiy Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa Ma;Nt
Kjd;ik ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. rp.R.nry;yg;gh> f.eh.Rg;gpukzpak;
Nghd;w jpwdha;thsh;fs; jkpo;r; rpWfij gw;wp vOjpAs;s gy;NtW
fl;Liufs; ,t;tifapy; Nehf;fj;jf;fd. ,t;tplj;J> ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
tbtikg;Gg; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;w Mh;.v];.fpNud; vd;ghhpd; gpd;tUk;
fUj;J xg;G Nehf;fj; jf;fJ: “xt;nthU ,yf;fpa EhYk;
thrfh;fspilNa xt;nthU tpj czh;r;rpia tpistpf;fpwJ.
,t;Tzh;rr; p Mw;wNy mt;tpyf;fpa Ehypid cUthf;Fk; Nfhl;ghL

132
MFk;”. Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; %yk; ntspg;gLk; czh;r;rpia
mjd; KOikahd tbtk; vd;W fUJtJ ,jd; %yk;
Gydhfpd;wJ.

Xh; ,yf;fpa Ehypd; tbtk; vd;gJ gue;Jgl;l epiyapid

cilaJ. Ehypd; mikg;gpid cUthf;Fk; epfo;rr ; pfSld;>
me;epfo;r;rpfs; Ritglf; $wg;gLk; Kiw> czh;Tfis kpf
mofhffg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfs; (cUtfk;> ctik> Fwpg;Gg;
nghUs;> KuZiu Nghy;td) Mfpait ,ize;J fpilf;fpd;w
njhFjpia tbtk; vdyhk;.

cj;jpfspd; ,izT-fl;likg;G:

Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; mbg;gilg; nghUl;$WfSld;

cj;jpfspd; ,izthy; fpilg;gJ tbtk; vd;W fz;Nlhk;.
cj;jpfs; VJkpd;wpj; jpfo;fpd;w Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd;
mbg;gilahd nghUl;$Wfisf; fl;likg;Gf; $Wfs; vdyhk;.
Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW cj;jpfisAk;
,g;nghUl; $Wfs; jhq;fp epw;fpd;wd. ,g;nghUl;$Wfspd; itg;G
KiwNa fl;likg;G vdg;gLk;.

kdpj clypd; vopy; Njhw;wq;fl;Ff; fhuzkhd

cWg;Gf;fshfpa jirg;gFjpfs;> tz;zk; Nghd;wit xU
kdpjdpd; tbtikg;igj; jPh;khdpf;fpd;wd. vdpDk; mtw;iwj;
jhq;fp epw;gJ vYk;Gf; $l;bd; mikg;Gj;jhNd! ,Nj Nghd;Wjhd;
Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpYk; mjd; tbtikg;Gf; $Wfshd
cj;jpfisj; jhq;fp epw;fpd;w mbg;gilahff; fl;likg;G vd;gijf;
nfhs;syhk;| ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy; ,t;tbg;gil vd;gJ
epfo;rr
; pfshfj; jhd; ,Uf;f KbAk;. “fl;likg;G vd;gJ mjd;
mbg;gilg; nghUspy; (fij mikg;G) xU Ehypd; vYk;Gf;$lhFk;.
,ioNahl;lk; (nra;Asb> nrhy;yhl;rp> nrhw;nwhlh; mikg;G)
vYk;gpd; Nghh;itahd Njhy; MFk;” vd;Wk;>“ehtypy; ,lk;ngWk;
epfo;rr
; pfis xOq;Fgl mikf;fpd;w jpl;lNk “fl;likg;G’ vd;W
$wyhk;” vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;w fUj;Jf;fs; ,q;F xg;gpl;L
Nehf;fj;jf;fd.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fspd; gpd;dzpapy; fhZk;NghJ> xU

ehtypd; fl;likg;G vd;gJ fij epfo;rr ; pfspd; itg;GKiw vd;W
nfhs;s ,lNkw;gLfpd;wJ| ehty; jpwdha;Tyfpy; ,jidf; fijg;
gpd;dh; vd;W Fwpg;gpLth;. ,.vk;.gh];lh; vd;ghh;> fhy thpir
rpjwhky; mikj;J itf;fg;gl;l epfo;rr ; pfspd; njhFg;igf; fij
vd;Wk;> mtw;Ws; fhuzfhhpa ,iaG fhzg;gLkhapd; fijg;gpd;dh;

133
vd;Wk;> mJNt Mh;t epiyiaj; Jhz;Ltjhf mikapd; Mh;t
epiyf; fijg;gpd;dy; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLthh;. ,.vk;.gh];lhpd;
tpsf;fq;fspy; mbehjkhfj; jpfo;tJ> epfo;rr ; pfs; fhythpirg;gb
miktjhFk;| ,jd; ,ay;gpid xl;br; rpf;fy;Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp>
cr;repiy> tpLtpg;G> KbT vd;w $Wfs; mlq;fpa Nghuhl;lk;
fijg;gpd;dypy; Kjd;ikahd ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. ehty; ,yf;fpak;
Njhd;wp tsuj; njhlq;fpa fhyq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk;
jdpkdpjndhUtdpd; tho;f;if epfo;rr ; pfspd; gpd;dzpapy; fij
tsh;j;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ| vdNt> mtw;wpy; ,j;jifa mikg;Gf;
fhzg;gl;lJ| vdNt xU ehtypd; fl;likg;gpidj; jPh;khdpf;fpd;w
$Wfshf ,it mike;jpUf;Fk; epiyapy; ,j;jifg; gpd;diyNa
ehtypd; fl;likg;ghff; nfhs;syhk;| Mapd; myFfspilNa
fhuz fhhpa ,iaG> Nghuhl;lk; Mfpait ,d;wpAk; ,d;W
ehty;fs; vOjg;gLfpd;wd. fijg;gFjp Fiwthf ,Uf;fpd;w>
eFyd; Nghd;w ehtyhrphpah;fspd; gilg;Gf;fs; ,t;tifapy;
rpe;jpf;fj; jf;fd. ,j;jifa ehty;fSk; xU fl;likg;Gk; xU
tbtKk; ,Uf;Fky;yth?

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ehty; ,yf;fpak; gy;NtW tsh;r;rpepiyfis

mile;jNghJ> fij epfo;rr ; pfSf;F Kjd;ik nfhLf;fg;gLk;
epiy Fiwe;jJ. fUj;J tpsf;fq;fs;> fijkhe;jh; gz;G
tpsf;fq;fs;> czh;r;rp epiyfs; Nghd;wit Kjd;ik ngwj;
njhlq;fpd. vdNt> ,jw;Nfw;wthW ehty;fspd; fl;likg;Gfspy;
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld| epfo;rr ; pfspd; itg;G Kiwapy; fhzg;gl;l
fhy xOq;F rpije;jJ. kdpjdpd; tho;f;ifapy; epfo;rr ; pfs;
fhythpirg;gb elf;fpd;wd. ,yf;fpak; ,jid ,t;thNw fhl;l
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,ayhJ| ,yf;fpak; cz;ikapy; kdpj
tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ| tpkhprpf;fpd;wJ. tho;f;ifapidg;
gw;wpa Njhw;wj;ij mJ cz;lhf;FfpwJ. vdNt> mjpy;
gilg;ghspapd; iftz;zj;jpw;Fk; fw;gidf;Fk; Vw;w tfiapy;
epfo;rr
; pfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ,f;fUj;jpid tpsf;Fk; gpd;tUk;
$w;W xg;G Nehf;fj; jf;fJ: “,yf;fpak; tho;f;ifad;W| vdNt
mJ tho;f;ifiag; Nghy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy
vd;Dk; fUj;jpidf; nfhz;L. fhynewpKiwapidg; gw;wpf; ftiy
nfhs;shky; rpf;fyhd Kiwapy; epfo;rr
; pfis kl;Lk; mikj;J
,f;fhyj;jpy; vOJfpd;wdh;. gilg;Gyfpy; gutyhf
epiyngw;Wtpl;l Nkw;$wg;gl;l khw;wq;fisAk; fUj;jpy;nfhz;L
Nfhl;ghLfs; tFf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tbg;gilapy; [hd;
`hy;g;hpd; vd;w jpwdha;thshpd; fUj;Jf;fs; rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fd.

134
fl;likg;gpd; ,uz;L $Wfs;
[hd; `hy;g;hpd; fUj;Jg;gb xU ehtypd; fl;likg;gpy;
,uz;L $Wfs; Kjd;ikahdit| ehtypd;
cl;fijaikg;G>epfo;rr
; pf; fl;likg;G vd;gd mit. ,tw;Ws;
cl;fijaikg;G vd;gJ xU ehtypd; fhy thpirg;gbahd epfo;rr
; p
myFfspd; itg;GKiwahFk;|

mjhtJ kpfr;rpwpa> NkYk; Fiwf;f Kbahj> fijg;

Nghf;fpw;F mbg;gilahf miktJk; thrfh; jhNk czh;e;J
mikj;Jf; nfhs;sj;jf;fJkhd nghUl; $Wfspd; itg;GKiwNa
cl;fijaikg;G vdg;gLk;| ehtypd; caph;f;fUthd gFjp ,J.
epfo;rr; pf;fl;likg;G vd;gJ xU ehtypy; fij epfo;rr ; pfs;
gilg;ghspapd; fiyj; jpwDf;F Vw;w Kiwapy;
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Kiwiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk;| ehtypd; Kjw;
gf;fk; njhlq;fp ,Wjpg;gf;fk;tiu gilg;ghspapd;
iftz;zj;jpw;Fk; fiyj;jpwDf;Fk; Vw;g epfo;rr; pfs;
itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;w itg;G KiwNa epfo;rr ; pf; fl;likg;G MFk;.
,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if Ehyhrphpah;fs; nudpnty;yhf;Fk; M];bd;
thuDk; ,t;thNw $Wth;. ,t;tbg;gilapy; xU ehtYf;F ,uz;L
fl;likg;Gfs; cs vd;W $wyhk;.

“xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpw;Fg; gUg;nghUs; fl;likg;Gk;

(mr;rpy; Njhd;WtJ) cstpay; fl;likg;Gk; (,dq;fz;L nfhs;s
Kbe;J Mdhy; Nehpy; fhz KbahjJ) cs;sJ Nghy;jhd;
Njhd;WfpwJ vd;w fUj;Jk; ,t;tplj;jpy; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.
,k;Nkw;Nfhspy; cstpay; fl;likg;G vd;W $wg;gLtJ> ehk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;w cl;fijaikg;NgahFk;.

xU ehtiy> mjw;F mbg;gilahf mikfpd;w mjd;

cl;fijaikg;G (thrfdhy; ca;j;Jzug; gLtJ)>
cl;fijaikg;gpid cs;slf;fp ,Uf;fpd;w fl;likg;G>
fl;likg;Gld; ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs; ,iztjhy; fplf;Fk; KO
epiwthd tbtk; vd;w %d;W epiyfspy; mZfyhk;.

epfo;r;rp myFfisf; fhythpirg;gb xOq;FgLj;jjy;:

xU ehtypd; KOtbtpid cUthf;Ffpd;w ,yf;fpa

cj;jpfisAk; epfo;r;rp myFfisAk; jdpj;jdpNa gFj;J>
epfo;rr
; p myFfisf; fhythpirg;gb xOq;FgLj;jp mikf;f
Ntz;Lk;. rhd;whf> xU ehtypd; epfo;r;rp myFfis>

ep1> ep2> ep3> ep4> ep5 (epfo;rr

; p)

135
vd;W gphpj;J mikf;fyhk;. ,e;epfo;rr ; p myFfs; ,q;qdk;
cs;sthNw khw;wNkJkpd;wp ehtypd; Gw tbtpYk; (mr;R
tbtpYk;) mike;jpUe;jhy; mjidNa ehtypd; fl;likg;G vd;W
nfhs;syhk;. Mapd; ,e;epfo;rr; p myFfs; ehtypd; Gwtbtpy;
Kd;gpd;dhf Kiwkhwp mike;jpUg;gpd;> mj;jifa
Kiwkhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fis ca;j;Jzu Ntz;Lk;| mjpy;
fpilf;Fk; fiy eyj;jpidAk; Muha Ntz;Lk;. rhd;whf> xU
ehtypd; fl;likg;gpy;> epfo;rr; pfs; Kiwkhw;wk; ngw;Wg;
gpd;tUkhW mike;jpUf;fyhk;.

ep3> ep2> ep1> ep4> ep5

,q;qdk; Kiwkhwpf; fplg;gjd; %yk; cUthFk; nrk;ikAk;

rPh;ikAk; ehtyhrphpadpd; fiyj;jpwd;| ehtypd; Ety;nghUs;
Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;Nj mike;jpUf;Fk;.

ehtypd; fl;likg;G:

ehtypd; fl;likg;Gg; gw;wp Nkw;$wg;gl;l nra;jpfspd;

gpd;dzpapy;>‘n[afhe;jdpd; xU kdpjd; xU tPL xU cyfk;’
ehtypd; fl;likg;gpidf; fhzyhk;. ,e;ehtypy; jiyik
khe;juhd n`d;wpia ikakhff; nfhz;L fij epfo;rr ; pfs;
Roy;fpd;wd. jdpkdpjh;fsplk; Mokhff; Fbnfhz;bUf;fpd;w
ew;gz;Gfisf; fhl;LtNj ehtypd; Nehf;fkhf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
vdNt gz;G tpsf;fj;jpw;F cWJizahf mikAk; mstpw;F
kl;LNk ,jpy; epfo;rr
; pfs; cs.

cl;fijaikg;G:

‘xU kdpjd; xU tPL xU cyfk;’ ehtypd;

cl;fijaikg;gpid cUthf;Fk; epfo;rr ; p myFfisg; gpd;tUk;
Kiwapy; vl;Lf; $Wfshfg; gFf;fyhk;.

ep1 : n`d;wpapd; je;ij rghgjpg; gps;isapd; jpUkzk;>

mtuJ kidtp Ch;g; ghpahwp xUtDld; Xbg;Nghjy;> mjdhy;
rghgjpg; gps;isAk; Ciu tpl;Lg;Nghjy;.

ep2 : Ciutpl;Lj; jdpNa Nghd rghgjpg;gps;is

uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;Wjy;| mq;F ikf;Nfy; vd;gUld; el;GwT
nfhs;Sjy;| ikf;Nfypd; ,wg;Gf;Fg; gpd;dh; mtuJ kidtpiaj;
jd; rNfhjhpiag; Nghyf; fUjpj; jd;Dld; itj;Jf; fhg;ghw;wp
tUjy;.

136
 ep3 : ikf;Nfy; ,we;j gpd;dh;> rghgjpg; gps;is Nghh;
KidapypUe;J ikf;Nfypd; kditpAld; jg;gp tUk; NghJ> Fz;L
tPr;RfSf;fpilNa uapy; ngl;bapy; mdhijahff; fple;j Foe;ij
n`d;wpiaj; Jhf;fp tUjy;.

ep4 : n`d;wpapd; tsh;g;Gj; je;ijahd rghgjpg;

gps;is NtiyapypUe;J Xa;T ngw;w gpd;dh;> ,wg;gjw;F Kd;dh;
n`d;wpaplk; vy;yh tptuq;fisAk; $Wjy;| nrhj;Jf;fSf;F
n`d;wpiar; rl;lg;gb thhprhf;Fk; gj;jpuq;fisj; jahh; nra;jy;.

ep5 : rghgjpg; gps;is ,we;j gpd;dh;> mtUila

Cuhd fpU\;zuh[Guj;jpw;F n`d;wp tUjy;| mq;F Njtuh[d;
vd;w gs;spahrphpahpd; el;Gf; fpilj;jy;.

ep6 : n`d;wp> jhd; rghgjpg; gps;isapd; kfd;

vd;gijAk; mtUila nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fhpa thhpR vd;gijAk;
tpsf;Fk; rhd;Wfis Ch;g; nghpath;fsplk; fhl;Ljy;| rghgjpg;
gps;isapd; jk;gpahd yhhp biuth; Jiuf;fz;Z jhNd Kd;te;J
mJtiu jhd; mDgtpj;J te;j> rghgjpg; gps;isapd; nrhj;Jf;fs;
midj;ijAk; n`d;wpf;F vOjpf; nfhLj;jy;.

ep7 : n`d;wp> jd;idr; rghgjpg; gps;isapd; kfd;

vd;W midtUk; xg;Gf; nfhz;l gpd;dh;> jdf;F me;j mq;fPfhuNk
NghJk; vd;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fs; vJTk; Ntz;lhk; vd;Wk; $wp kWj;J
tpLjy;.

ep8 : n`d;wp> Cuhh; midthpd; md;Gf;Fk;

chpatdhff; fpuhkj;jpy; cyTjy;> rghgjpg; gps;isapd; tPl;il>
Kd;gpUe;jJ NghyNt kPz;Lk; GJg;gpj;J mt;tl
P ;by; tho;jy;.

‘xU kdpjd; xU tPL xU cyfk;’ ehtYf;F KOikahd

tbtj;ijj; jUk; cl;fijaikg;G my;yJ mf mikg;G
Nkw;fhl;bathWs;sJ. ehtypy;> Nkw;$wg;ngw;w epfo;rr
; pfs; NkNy
cs;sthW fhythpirg;gb mikatpy;iy| fPof;fz;lthW
thpirKiw khwp mike;jpUf;fpd;wd.

ep5> ep2> ep3> ep4> ep1> ep6> ep7> ep8.

ghj;jpug; gz;Gfs;:

ehtypd; Gwtbtpy; rghgjpg; gps;isapd; tuyhW (ep1> ep2)>

n`d;wpapd; tuyhW (ep3). Rghgjpg; gps;isapd; rhT (ep4) Nghd;w

137
nra;jpfs; mit epfo;e;jthNw fhythpirg;gbf; $wg;gltpy;iy.
khwhf> n`d;wp fpU\;zuh[Guj;jpw;F tUfpd;w nra;jp Kjypy;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ (ep5). ,e;ehtYf;F ,j;jifa nefpo;e;j
jd;ikAila fl;likg;G cUthtjw;F n`d;wp> rghgjpg; gps;is>
gpw fij khe;jh;fs; MfpNahhpd; gz;G eyd;fs;
fhuzq;fshfpd;wd. jiyik khe;juhd n`d;wp Kjd;Kjypy;
ehtypy; mwpKfg; gLj;jg; gLtjpy; njhlq;fp> mtd; ahh;? ve;jr;
nraiy Kd;dpl;L mtd; fpU\;zuh[Guj;jpw;F te;jpUf;fpwhd;?
vd;w tptuq;fisj; Njtuh[d; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; tiu> rpW rpW
epfo;rr
; pfs; %yk; n`d;wpapd; gz;Geyd;fs;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd| fpU\;zuh[Guk; Ch; kf;fspd; nray;fs;>
gof;f tof;fq;fs; MfpadTk; ntspg;gLj;jg;ngWfpd;wd.

rghgjpg; gps;is> jd; kPJ kpFjpahd gw;W itj;jpUe;jijj;

jdf;Fzh;j;Jk; Kiwapy; mtuJ nray;fSk; $w;Wf;fSk;
mike;jpUe;jij n`d;wp epidT $h;fpwhd;. rghgjpg; gps;isapd;
tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;l gy Jd;gfukhd mDgtq;fs; mtuJ
kdj;ij kpfTk; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp> vijAk; gw;ww;W Nehf;Fk; kd
epiyia tsh;j;jpUe;jd. mj;jifa Jd;gfukhd mDgtq;fSs;
xd;whd> mtuJ ez;gh; ikf;Nfypd; ,wg;G ,uz;lhtJ
epfo;rr
; pahf ehtypy; $wg;gLfpd;wJ(ep2).

xt;nthUthpd; tho;tpYk; eilngWk; epfo;rr

; pfs; mth;fsJ
fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; mlq;Ftd my;y vd;W fUJk; gz;Gilath;
rghgjpg;gps;is: mtuJ tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;l mDgtq;fNs
mtiu mt;thW rpe;jpf;fj; Jhz;Lfpd;wd| “ehd; ifapNy
Jg;ghf;fp gpbf;fr; rz;il NghLNtd;D ahuhtJ
epidr;rpUe;jhq;fsh? INah! ,e;jf; ifapdhNy vt;tsT Ngiu
ehd; Rl;Lj; js;sp ,Ug;Ngd;! ,g;Ngh mNj ifahNy uapy;
,d;[pd;Ny fhp thhpf; nfhl;bf;fpl;bUf;Nfd;. vd;Dila rpd;d
taR tho;f;iff;Fk; ,Jf;Fk; VjhtJ rk;ge;jk; cz;Lq;fsh?
vd;W rghgjpg; gps;is Ra tpkh;rdk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhh;.
,j;jifa gz;Gila rghgjpg; gps;is> Nghh; Kidapy; ,Ue;J
jg;gp tUk; NghJ> nja;thjPdkhfj; jdf;F n`d;wp fpilj;jij
epidT $h;e;J $Wfpwhh;. ,J %d;whtJ epfo;r;rpahff;
$wg;gLfpwJ. n`d;wpapd; vjph;fhyj;ijg; gw;wpr; rghgjpg;gps;is
ftiyg;gLk; epiyapy;> mjDld; njhlh;Gila tifapy; mtidg;
gw;wpa Kd;tuyhW $wg;gLfpd;wJ (ep3)

n`d;wp jdf;Ff; flTs; mUshy; fpilj;j tuk; vd;W

fUJk; rghgjpg;gps;is> jdf;Fg; gpd;dh; n`d;wp Jd;Gwf;$lhJ
vd;W fUjp> jd; nrhj;Jf;fis mtDf;Fr; rl;lg;gb
chpikahf;Fk; gj;jpuq;fisj; jahh; nra;fpwhh; (ep4). ,e;j

138
,lj;jpy; rghgjpg; gps;isapd; Kd;tuyhw;iw n`d;wp njhpe;J
nfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahjJ| vdNt> jd; kidtp Xbg;NghdJ> jhd;
Ciutpl;L te;jJ> jd; jk;gp Jiuf;fz;Ztpd; nray;fs;
midj;ijAk; rghgjpg;gps;is n`d;wpaplk; $Wfpwhh; (ep2).
,e;epfo;rr
; pfs; kpfTk; tphpthf ehtypy; $wg;gLfpd;wd. ,it
gpd;Ndhf;F cj;jpapd; %yk; $wg;gLfpd;wd. n`d;wp
Njtuh[Dld; el;Gf;nfhz;L> fpU\;zuh[Guj;jpy; mtdJ
,y;yj;jpy; ,utpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk;NghJ> vjpNu ,be;J fplf;Fk;
tPl;ilg; ghh;j;J> mJ jd; je;ijapd; tPLjhd; vd;gij czh;e;J
nfhs;fpwhd;. ,utpy;> jdpikapy; me;j tPl;ilg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ>
mjpy; jd; je;ijapd; Fuy; xypg;gjhf czh;fpwhd;.

“……..kfNd
gg;gh”

vd;W gpd;Ndhf;F cj;jp ehtypy; njhlq;FfpwJ.

,g;gpd;Ndhf;fpy;jhd; ep2> ep3> ep4> ep1 Mfpa midj;Jr;
nra;jpfSk; $wg;gLfpd;wd| rghgjpg;gps;is n`d;wpaplk; $Wfpd;w
Kiwapy; ,it thrfUf;Ff; $wg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gFjp ehtypy;
Vwj;jho 36 gf;fq;fs; tiu ePz;L nry;fpd;wJ.
‘xU kdpjd; xU tPL xU cyfk;’ ehtypy; Kjy;
epfo;rr
; pahff; $wg;gLtJ n`d;wpapd; tUif MFk;. gpd;dh;> rpW
rpW epfo;rr
; pfspd; %yk; n`d;wpapd; gz;G eyd;fs;
tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd| ,g;gz;G eyd;fSf;Ff; fhuzkhd n`d;wpapd;
gioa tho;f;ifr; #oy;fs; gpd;Ndhf;F cj;jpapy; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
rghgjpg; gps;isapd; tho;f;if epfo;rr
; pfs; KOtijAk;
thpirg;gLj;jp Mrphpah; $w;whff; $WtJ ,ayhJ. vdNt>
me;epfo;r;rpfs; gpd;Ndhf;F cj;jpapd; %yk; $wg;gLfpd;wd|
ghj;jpug;gilg;Gf;F cfe;j tifapy;> jf;f ,izg;Gf;fspd; %yk;
,it $wg;gLtjhdJ n[afhe;jdpd; fiyNehf;fpidf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,q;qdk; Kiwkhw;wpf; $wg;gl;l ,e;epfo;rr ; pfs;>
ehtypd; gpd;dpfo;rr ; pfSf;Fhpa (ep6> ep7> ep8) fskhfTk;
mike;jpUg;gJ rpwg;G.
Kjd;ik Nehf;fKk; fl;likg;Gk;

‘xU kdpjd; xU tPL xU cyfk;’ ehtypd; fl;likg;G

Nkw;fhl;bathW mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;Fhpa fhuzj;ijf;
fhzyhk;. ,e;ehty; vOjg; gl;ljd; Nehf;fj;ij n[afhe;jd;>
kdpjDf;F ,e;j kdpj tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa gaKk; gw;Wk; fij
fijahf mike;j jdp kdpjh;fshy; cUthFk; tho;f;if gw;wp
tuyhWk;> ,e;j tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa xU jdpkdpjDila
epiwTk; gaKk; ek;gpf;ifAk; ,e;j Ehy; gpwf;ff; fhuzkhapd”

139
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. vt;tpjkhd fzpg;Gf;Fk; cl;gl;Ltplhj
tho;f;ifg; Nghf;fpidg; gw;wpj; jdpkdpjd; xUtdpd; ghh;it
,e;ehtYf;F mbg;gilahf mike;jJ vd;W ,jd; %yk; czu
KbAk;.

vspikahd cah;e;j kdpjg; gz;Gfisj; NjLjYk;

mtw;wpd; jhprdKk; ,e;ehtypd; %yk; jdf;Fr; rhj;jpakhapd
vd;fpwhh; n[afhe;jd;| “tho;f;ifapd; ,Uz;l gFjpfisNa
fhl;Lfpwtd; vd;W vd;idg; gw;wpg; ghkuj;jdkhd Xh; ,yf;fpa
mgpg;gpuhak; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; ,e;jf; fij tho;f;ifapd; xsp
kpFe;j gFjpfis kl;LNk fhl;LfpwJ. kdpjh;fspd; gytPdj;ijNa
mOj;jk; je;J Mzp miwe;J fhl;Ltij ehd; vdJ
Nehf;fkhfNth nrayhfNth vg;NghJk; nfhz;bUe;jjpy;iy.
vspikAk; mNj rkak; cah;Tk; kpFe;j kdpjg; gz;Gfs; vd;id
vg;NghJk; trPfhpf;fpd;wd”

fpuhk tho;f;ifapd; vspik> moF> jd;pj;jd;ikfs;

Mfpat;iwf; fhl;LtJk; ,e;ehtypd; Nehf;fq;fSs; xd;W.
,jidg; gpd;tUkhW n[afhe;jd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. “ekJ
tho;f;ifapy; gbj;j Kl;lhs;fSk; ghku Qhdthd;fSk; epiwe;J
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. efuk; Ntlk; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L jphpfpwJ. fpuhkk;
mofpa ,aw;ifr; #oypy; jhDk; Xh; moF. ,aw;ifapd;
tjdj;jpy; jhd; xU rpe;Jhuj;jpyfk; vd;nwy;yhk; njhpahky;
ciog;ig Nahfkhfg; gapd;W tho;fpwJ.

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fspd; %yk;> ,e;j tho;f;ifiag;

gw;wpa jdpkdpjh;fspd; czh;Tfisf; fhl;Ljy;> vspikAk;
cah;Tk; kpFe;j kdpjg; gz;Gfisj; Njly;> fpuhk tho;f;ifapd;
vspik> moF Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gdNt
Nehf;fq;fshf mike;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gij czu KbAk;.
,e;Nehf;fq;fs; midj;J fUj;jbg;gilapd: nray;
mbg;gilapdty;y. vdNt mbg;gilapy; nray; jpwk;
Fd;wpajhfNt> mjhtJ> epfo;rr
; pfspd; tpWtpWg;Gj;jd;ik
,y;yhjjhfNt ,e;ehtypd; fU fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

ehtyhrphpadpd; kdepiyAk; fl;likg;Gk;

xU ehtiy vOJk;NghJ> me;ehtyhrphpaDf;F ,Uf;Fk;

kdepiyAk; me;ehtypd; fl;likg;gpid cUthf;Ftjpy; gq;F
ngWfpd;wd. mt;tifapy; kd czh;Tfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
Nehf;fq;fisAila ,e;ehtiy vOJk;NghJ n[afhe;jDf;F
,Ue;j kdepiyfisf; fhZjy; ,e;ehtypd; fl;likg;gpidg;

140
Ghpe;J nfhs;s cjTk;. ‘xU kdpjd; xU tPL xU cyfk;’
ehtiy vOJk;NghJ> jdf;F ,Ue;j kdepiyiag; gw;wp
n[afhe;jd; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whh;: “ehd; vdJ #o;epiyf;Nfw;g>
vdJ ,ay;G nflhky; #o;epiyapy; fiue;J Nghfhky; mtw;iwr;
rhpahfNt gpujpgypf;FkhW gilf;fg;gl;bUf;fpNwd;. #hpadpd;
fjph;fs; vy;yhg; nghUs;fspd; kPJk; gLfpwJ. Mdhy; me;jr;
#hpaidNa xU fz;zhbNah my;yJ ifasTj; jz;zPNuhjhd;
jpUk;gTk; fhl;Lk;. mg;gb xU rpwpa fz;zhb ek;Ks; vq;NfNah
xl;bf; nfhz;bUg;gJ rh;t rhj;jpak;. ehd; mjd; kpDf;fy;fis
,e;j tho;f;ifapd; vj;jidNah ,UspYk; fhz;fpNwd;”
vd;Wk;>“xU kdpjd; vd;w jiyg;gpy; xU nghpa fijia vd;Ds;
ehd; fhjypj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Ue;Njd;. me;jf; fijapd; Muk;gKk;
KbTk; ,ilapy; elg;gdTk; kpfj; njspthf vd;Ds; mbf;fb
Kfpo;j;J ruk; rukha;g; ngUFk;. ,e;jg; Gtdk; KOtJk; kyh;f;
fhlha;j; njhpAk;. xt;nthU ,jOk; kpfj; njspthfj; njd;gLk;.
gpwF vy;yhk; fdTfs; Nghy; kwe;J NghFk;. fz;l fdit
epidT$h;tjw;fhff; fz;fis %l kWgbAk; Xh; mw;Gjf; fdT
njhlUk;. ,g;gb Xh; jd;dpiy kaf;fkhf> RahDG+jpahf ,e;jf;
fij ,d;Dk; epiwa vd;NdhL ,Uf;fpwJ” vd;Wk; n[afhe;jd;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. Nkw;fhl;lg;ngw;w fUj;Jf;fspd; %yk; ‘xU kdpjd;
xU tPL xU cyfk;’ ehtypy;> fij epfo;rr ; pfs; Kjd;ik
ngwhjijAk; nghJthd kdpjg; gz;Gfis cah;e;j Nehf;fpy;
fhz;gNj Nehf;fkhf ,Ug;gijAk; ehtiyg; gw;wpa fdT
epiyapyhd jd;dDgtk; Kjd;ik ngw;wpUg;gijAk; czu
KbAk;.

,e;ehtypd; fijaikg;G ,d;dnjd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

njspthd rpe;jid ehtyhrphpaUf;F ,Ue;jpUf;ftpayhJ
vd;gijAk; gpd;tUk; $w;why; czuyhk;. ,e;j ehtypd; Kjy;
thpia vOjpa gpwF mLj;j thpAk;> Kjy; mj;jpahaj;ij vOjpa
gpwF mLj;j mj;jpahaKkha; ,jd; jpir vdf;Fj; njspTgl
Muk;gpj;jJ”.

fijkhe;jh; gz;Geyd;fSf;F Kjd;ik jUjy;> fijf;

fUtpd; fUj;Jepiyr; rhh;G (nray; jpwkpd;ik)> fijiag; gw;wp
ehtyhrphpaUf;F ,Ue;j fdT epiyj; jd;dDgtk;> fijiag;
gw;wpa njspthd Kd;jpl;lkpd;ik Mfpa fhuzq;fshy; kpfTk;
nefpo;e;j epiyapyike;j fl;likg;G ,e;ehtypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

141
nefpo;e;j fl;likg;G cUthff; fhuzq;fs;:

fijkhe;jh;fspd; nray;fs;> fij epfo;rr; pfs; Mfpait

Kjd;ikahd ,lk;ngWfpd;w ehty;fspy; xUtifahd
tpWtpWg;Gk;> kpfTk; nrk;ikahd fl;likg;Gk; mike;jpUg;gJ
,ay;G. ,d;W rhfrf; fijfs;> Jg;gwpAk; fijfs; vOJfpd;w
R[hjh> uhN[\; Fkhh; Nghd;w gyuJ ehty;fspYk; kpfTk;
nrwpthd fl;likg;G ,Ug;gij czu KbAk;. Mapd; ,tw;wpy;
gilf;fg;gLk; fij khe;jh;fs; ve;j mbg;gilapYk; jdpj;jd;ik
tha;e;jth;fsy;yh;| ,jdhy; ,f; fijkhe;jh;fs; thrfd; kdj;jpy;
,lk; ngWk; Mw;wy; ,y;yhjth;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wdh;. xU ehtypy;
,lk; ngWk; fijkhe;jh;fs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gy ehty;fspy;
njhlh;r;rpahf ,lk; ngWtjhy;> ,th;fsJ ngah;fis epidT$u
,aYNk jtpu> kdj;jpy; jf;f itj;Jf;nfhs;s ,aYtjpy;iy.
R[hjhtpd; gilg;Gf;fspy; tUk; fNz\;> tre;j; fijkhe;jh;fs;
,e;epiyg; ghj;jpuq;fs; Mth;.

,jw;F khwhff; fijkhe;jh;fspd; gz;G tpsf;fq;fSf;F

,d;wpaikahik jug;gLfpd;w ehty;fspy; fijkhe;jh;fs;
jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jth;fshff; fhzg;gLth;. fijkhe;jh;fspd;
gz;G Kjd;ik ngWtjhy; ,e;ehty;fspy; ,ay;ghfNt mikg;G
nrk;ikahf ,uhJ. Vnddpy; ‘mikg;G vd;gJ fij epfo;rr ; pfspd;
itg;G Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; xOq;fikT’ vd;gij Kd;dh;f;
fz;Nlhk;. fij epfo;rr ; pfisg; gw;wpa njspthd jpl;lk; VJkpd;wp>
fijkhe;jh; gz;Geyd; rpj;jphpg;G Kjd;ik ,lk; ngWfpd;w NghJ
epfo;rr
; pfSld; njhlh;Gila fl;likg;G vt;thW nrwpthf mika
KbAk;? tbtr; nrk;ik Fd;wpapUg;gpDk; ghj;jpu thh;g;G Kiwapy;
rpwe;J> gilg;gpd; Nehf;fk; epiwnta;JfpwNghJ mjid xU
rpwe;j gilg;ghfj;jhNd nfhs;s KbAk;!.

n[afhe;jdpd; ‘xU kdpjd; xU tPL xU cyfk;’ ehty;

cah;thd kdpjg; gz;Gfs;> fpuhkg;Gwj;jpd; vspa tho;f;if
Mfpatw;iwr; rpj;jphpg;gijNa Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;>
mjw;Nfw;w tz;zk; kpf nefpo;rr ; pAila fl;likg;gpidf; nfhz;L
jpfo;fpwJ.

fhy msTk; fl;likg;Gk;:

‘xU kdpjd; xU tPL xU cyfk;’ ehtypy; nefpo;e;j

fl;likg;G ,Ug;gjw;Ff; gpwpnjhU fhuzKk; $wyhk;. ,e;ehtypd;
fij epfo;rr; pfs; ,uz;L jiyKiwfisr; rhh;e;j kdpjh;fSld;
njhlh;Gilad| rghgjpg; gps;is> Jiuf;fz;Z> NtYf;fpuhkzp>

142
kzpaf;fhuf; fTz;lh; Nghd;Nwhh; gioa jiyKiwapdh;|
n`d;wp>Njtuh[d;> eluh[ Iah; Nghd;Nwhh; Gjpa jiyKiwapdh;.
,e;j ,uz;L jiyKiwapdiug; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,uz;L khjk;
vd;w fhy vy;iyf;Fs; nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdNt ePl;ly; fhy
mikg;G njhFg;Gf; fhy mikg;G vd;w ,uz;by; ,uz;lhtjhf;
$wg;gLk; njhFg;Gf; fhy mikg;G ,e;ehtypy;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. kpFjpahd gyjug;gl;l nra;jpfisr;
RUq;fpa fhy vy;iyf;Fs; itj;Jf; $Wk; NghJ fhy thpirg;gb
$w ,ayhJ| Njitahd nra;jpfis chpa ,lj;jpy; Nghfpw
Nghf;fpy; $Wtjd; %yk; nra;jpfspd; fhy thpir rpijtJ
,ay;ghd nrayhFk;. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; ehtypd; jiyik
khe;juy;yhj gpw fij khe;jh;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; chpa
,lq;fspy; RUf;fkhff; $wg;gLtijAk; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghh;f;f
Ntz;Lk;. Njtuh[d;> mf;fk;kh> kzpaf;fhuf; fTz;lh; Nghd;Nwhhpd;
tuyhWfSk;> Jiuf;fz;Ztpd; FLk;g epfo;rr ; pfSk; ,e;ehtypd;
ikaf; fijAld; njhlh;Gila tifapy; fpisf;fijfshf ,lk;
ngWfpd;wd.

ehtypd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhd ‘kdpjg; gz;Gfspd;

Nkd;ikNa’ ehty; KOtJk; Clhb epw;fpwJ| ,jw;Nfw;wthW
epfo;rr
; pfspd; Kjd;ik Fd;wp> khe;jh;fspd; gz;G tpsf;fNk
rpwf;fpwJ. mjdhy; nefpo;e;j fl;likg;Gld; ‘xU kdpjd; xU
tPL xU cyfk;’ ehty; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; Kf;fpaf; $W xypeak; MFk;. rhjhuzkhd

xU cld;ghl;L thf;fpaj;ijf; $l> xyp eaj;Jld; $wpdhy; mJ
Nfl;gthpd; cs;sj;ij tpiutpy; nrd;wilfpwJ| xyp eaj;Jld;
xU njhlh; $wg;gLk;NghJ mJ Nfl;gthpd; ftdj;ijr; rw;Nw
<h;ff
; pwJ. rhd;whf> fbfhuq;fisr; rhpnra;Ak; fil xd;wpd;
Kfg;gpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpsk;gu thrfk; $l> ghh;itahshpd;
ftdj;ij <h;ff; pwJ.

“nghOJ fhl;Lk; fUtp

gOJ ghh;fF; kplk;”

,j;njhlh; czh;j;Jk; nghUs; xd;Wjhd;| ,e;jf;filapy;

fbfhuq;fs; rhpghh;f;fg;gLk; vd;gJjhd; tp\ak;. Mdhy; fbfhuf;
fil vd;w njhlh; xUthpd; ftdj;ij <h;g;gij tpl NkNy
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s njhlh;fs; kpFjpahff; ftdj;ij <h;ff ; pd;wd.

143
,jw;Ff; fhuzk; mjpy; mile;Js;s xypeak;jhd;| nghOJ> gOJ
vd;w ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; xypeaj;ij cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd.
rhjhuzkhff; $w;WfSf;Nf xypeak; kpFjpahfg; gad;gLk;
epiyapy;> fUj;J tpsf;fj;jpw;fhfNt mike;j ,yf;fpaj;jpy;>
ftpijapy; xyp eak; ,d;wpaikahj ,lj;jpidg; ngWfpd;wJ.
‘xyp eak; Nfl;gthpd; nrtp thapyhf mtUila cly; euk;Gfis
,af;FtJ’ vd;W K.tujuhrdhh; xyp eaj;jpd; Njitia
tw;GWj;Jfpwhh; (,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> g.157)

xypeaj;jpd; rpwg;G:

,yf;fpaq;fspy; ftpijia Vida tbtq;fspdpd;W

NtWgLj;JtJ xypeak;. ftpijf;Fk; ciueilf;Fk; ,ilNa
fhzg;gLk; Kjd;ikahd NtWghLfspy; xd;W xypeak;.
ftpijf;F cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ahg;gpyf;fzk; $l> xypeaj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy;jhd; mike;jpUf;fpdwJ. ahg;gpd; mbg;gil cWg;ghd
mirfs;> vOj;Jf;fspd; khj;jpiu msitf; nfhz;Ljhd; Neuir>
epiuair vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt ftpij
,yf;fpaj;jpy; xypeak; rpwg;ghd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l
ghtiffSf;Fhpa Xirfis ,yf;fz Ehypy; tifg;gLj;jpf;
$wpAs;sdh;.

Mrphpag;gh - mftNyhir
ntz;gh - nrg;gNyhir
tQ;rpg;gh - Js;sNyhir
fypg;gh - Jhq;fNyhir

vd;w tifg;ghl;by; xypeak; gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;

nghUe;jpapUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,J ftpijapd; rpwg;gpw;F xypeak;
Mw;Wfpd;w gq;fpid czh;j;JfpwJ.

ftpijf; fiy Njhd;wpa NghNj vOj;J KiwAk;

kdj;jpw;Fs; gbj;J kfpOk; gz;Gk; tsh;e;Jtpltpy;iy. njhlf;f
fhy kdpjd; jd; czh;r;rpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy nrhw;fspd;
%ykhfTk; rpy Xirfspd; %yKk; jhd; kw;wth;f;Fk;
Gyg;gLj;jpdhd;. ,jdhy; vOj;Jf;fspd; %ykhfg; gbg;gjw;F
Kd;dNu xypfspd; %yk; Gyg;gLj;Jk; gof;fKk; xypfspd; %yk;
Nfl;Fk; tof;fKk;jhd; ,Ue;jd. ,t;thW gpwe;J ,d;W tiu
xypfspd; tbtj;jpNyNa ,Ug;gitjhd; ,d;W ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;
vd;wiof;fg;gLk; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fs;. ,jdhy; ftpijf;Fk;
ghl;Lf;Fk; xyptbtk; vd;gJk; Xireak; vd;gJk; rpwg;ghd
$Wfshf mike;jd. gh vd;gjw;Fg; Nguhrphpah; vDk;

144
ciuahrphpah; jUk; tpsf;fk; $l xyp eaj;ij
Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. Nguhrphpahpd; tpsf;fk;
tUkhW: “gh vd;gJ Nrl;Gyj;jpUe;j fhyj;Jk; xUtd; vOj;Jk;
nrhy;Yk; njhpahky; ghlk; XJq;fhy; mtd; nrhy;Yfpd;w
nra;Ais tpfw;gpj;J ,d;d nra;As; vd;W czh;tjw;F VJthfpg;
gue;Jgl;Lr; nry;tNjhh; Xir” vd;W Nguhrphpah; jUk;
tpsf;fj;jpYk; ftpijf;F mbg;gil Xir my;yJ xypeak; vd;gJ
Gydhfpd;wjy;yth? ,dp xypeaj;jpd; rpwg;gpid czur; rpy
ghly;fisr; rhd;whff; fhzyhk;.

fk;guhkhazj;jpy; xypeak; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;w ghly;fs;

gy cs;sd. fijkhe;jh;fs; ,aq;Fk;> #oy;> fijkhe;jh;fspd;
czh;r;rpfs;> nray;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; ,iae;J nry;yf;$ba gy
ghly;fisf; fk;gh; Gide;jpUf;fpwhh;. je;ijapd; Vtyhy; jd;
JiztpAld; fhdfk; nry;fpwhd; ,uhkd;. fhdfj;jpy; ,UtUk;
jdpj;jpUf;Fk; epiyapy; mikjpahd #oypy;> xUtiug; gw;wp
kw;wth; rpe;jpf;fpd;wdh;. md;dg; gwitfs; me;j ,lj;jpy; ele;J
nry;tijf; fz;l ,uhkDf;F> rPijapd; eilaoF cs;sj;jpy;
Njhd;WfpwJ. mUNf Ridapy; ePUz;L jpUk;gpr; nry;Yk;
ahidfs; elg;gijf; fz;l rPijf;Fj; jd;dUNf tPw;wpUf;Fk;
,uhkdpd; fk;gPu eil Fwpj;j epidT Njhd;WfpwJ. ,uhkd;> rPij
,Uthpd; mikjpAk; kfpo;rr ; pAk; epiwe;j kdepiyiaf; fk;gh;
vj;Jiz eaj;Jld; gpd;tUk; ghlypy; rpj;jphpj;Js;shh; vd;gijf;
fhzyhk;.

“Xjpkk; xJq;ff; fz;l

cj;jkd; cioas; MFk;
rPij jd; eilia Nehf;fpr;
rpwpaNjhh; KWty; nra;jhd;
khJ mts; jhDk; Mz;L
te;J ePh; cz;L kPSk;
Nghjfk; elg;g Nehf;fpg;
Gjpa Njhh; KWty; G+j;jhs;”

,g;ghlypy;> Xjpkk;> rPij> khJ> Nghjfk; vd;w nrhw;fis

mikj;jjd; %yk; xypeaj;jpidr; rpwf;fr; nra;fpwhh; fk;gh;.
Kjw;rhP pYk; ehd;fhtJ rPhpYk; Nkhid mikAkhW ,g;ghliy
mikj;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. Xjpkk; - cj;jkd;> rPij -
rpwpaNjhh;> Nghjfk; - GjpaNjhh; vd;w Nkhid mikg;Gk;
,g;ghlYf;Fr; rpwe;j xypeaj;jpidj; jUfpd;wd.

145
jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ftpijapy; xyp eaj;jpd; rpwg;gpidg;
ghly;fs; czuyhk;:
“nrq;ifapy; tz;L fypd; fypd; vd;W nrak; nrak;
vd;whl ,il
rq;fjk; vd;W rpyk;G Gyk;nghL jz;il
fye;jhl,U
nfhq;if nfhLk;gif ntd;wdk; vd;W Fioe;J
Fioe;jhl kyh;g;
igq;nfhb eq;if tre;j rTe;jphp
ge;J gapd;whNs
nghq;F fdq;Fio kz;ba nfz;il Guz;L
Guz;lhlf; Foy;
kq;Fypy; tz;L fiye;jJ fz;L kjd;rpiy
tz;Nlhl ,dp
,q;fpJ fz;Ly nfd;gLk; vd;gLk; vd;wpil
jpz;;lhlkyh;g;
gq;fa kq;if tre;j rTe;jphp
ge;J gapd;whNs”
(jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp)

vd;w ghly; thpfspy; xypeak; mike;jpUg;gij czuyhk;.

ngz;fSld; tre;jty;yp ge;J tpisahLk; fhl;rp ,g;ghly;fspy;
rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghlypd; Js;spr; nry;fpd;w XirahdJ ge;J
,UGwKk; mbf;fg;gLk; epfo;rr ; pf;F ,iae;J mike;jpUg;gijf;
fhzyhk;.

tre;jty;ypf;Ff; Fwpnrhy;tjw;fhf mioj;J tug;gl;l

Fwj;jp jd;id mwpKfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Kiwapy; jd; ehl;L
tsk;> kiytsk; Kjypad gw;wpf; $Wfpwhh;. kiytsk; gw;wpf;
$Wk; ghlypy; mike;jpUf;fpd;w xyp eaj;jpidf; fhzyhk;:

“thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk;

ke;jprpe;J fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; nfQ;Rk;
fhdth;fs; tpop vwpe;J thdtiu miog;ghh;.
fkdrpj;jh; te;J te;J fharpj;jp tpisg;ghh;
NjdUtpj; jpiunaOk;gp thdpd;top xOFk;
nrq;fjpNuhd; ghpf;fhYk; Njh;ff
; hYk; tOFk;
$dypsk; gpiw Kbj;j Ntzp myq;fhuh;

146
 Fw;whyj; jphp$l kiy vq;fs; kiyNa”

“nfhy;ypkiy vdf; fpisa nry;ypkiy mk;Nk

nfhOeDf;Ff; fhzpkiy goepkiy mk;Nk
vy;YyTk; tpe;ijkiy ve;ijkiy mk;Nk
,kakiy vd;Dila jikad;kiy mk;Nk
nrhy;yhpa rhkpkiy khkpkiy mk;Nk
Njhopkiy ehQ;rp ehl;L Nts;tpkiy mk;Nk
nry;,dq;fs; KbTnfhl;l kapypdq;fs; MLk;
jphp$lkiy vq;fs; nry;tkiy mk;Nk”

vd;w ghly;fspYk; mike;jpUf;fpd;w xyp eaj;jpidf; fhz

KbfpwJ.

tpdh tpilfs;:

1. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tbtk; vd;why; vd;d?

xU gilg;gpd; gy;NtW $WfSk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l xOq;F Kiwapy;

xU ika epfo;rr ; p my;yJ ikaf; fUj;Jld; ,iztjhFk;.
gilg;gpd; $Wfs; vd;gd ika epfo;r;rp> mJ Gyg;gLj;Jk; fUj;J>
fUj;jpid tpsf;Fk; rpWrpW epfo;rr; pfs;> fw;gid> czh;r;rpf;
$Wfs;> ,yf;fpa mzpfs;> xypeak; Kjypa $Wfs;
nrk;ikahf ,izf;fg;gLtjd; %yNk Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd;
tbtk; cWjpg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid lhf;lh; K.t. “fiyapd; tbtk;
vd;gJ xU Kfkhf ,iaAk; KOik vdyhk;” vd;W $Wfpwhh;

2. fl;likg;Gf; $Wfs;- Fwpg;G tiuf.

Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; mbg;gilg; nghUl;$WfSld; cj;jpfspd;

,izthy; fpilg;gJ tbtk; vd;W fz;Nlhk;. cj;jpfs; VJkpd;wpj;
jpfo;fpd;w Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; mbg;gilahd
nghUl;$Wfisf; fl;likg;Gf; $Wfs; vdyhk;.

3. fl;likg;gpd; ,uz;L $Wfs; ahit?

[hd; `hy;g;hpd; fUj;Jg;gb xU ehtypd; fl;likg;gpy;

,uz;L $Wfs; Kjd;ikahdit| ehtypd; cl;fijaikg;G>
epfo;rr
; pf; fl;likg;G vd;gd mit. ,tw;Ws; cl;fijaikg;G
vd;gJ xU ehtypd; fhy thpirg;gbahd epfo;rr ; p myFfspd;
itg;GKiwahFk;| mjhtJ kpfr;rpwpa> NkYk; Fiwf;f Kbahj>

147
fijg; Nghf;fpw;F mbg;gilahf miktJk; thrfh; jhNk
czh;e;J mikj;Jf; nfhs;sj;jf;fJkhd nghUl; $Wfspd;
itg;GKiwNa cl;fijaikg;G vdg;gLk;| ehtypd; caph;f;fUthd
gFjp ,J. epfo;rr ; pf;fl;likg;G vd;gJ xU ehtypy; fij
epfo;rr; pfs; gilg;ghspapd; fiyj; jpwDf;F Vw;w Kiwapy;
mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Kiwiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk;| ehtypd; Kjw;
gf;fk; njhlq;fp ,Wjpg;gf;fk;tiu gilg;ghspapd;
iftz;zj;jpw;Fk; fiyj;jpwDf;Fk; Vw;g epfo;rr
; pfs;
itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;w itg;G KiwNa epfo;rr ; pf; fl;likg;G MFk

4. fUj;Jk; tbtKk –tpthp.;

,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gpl;l> rpwe;j fUj;Jf;fisg; gpwUf;F

czh;j;Jtjw;fhfNt gilf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt Xh; ,yf;fpag;
gilg;gpd; %yk; gilg;ghspfs; czh;j;j tpUk;gpa fUj;J
thrfdpd; cs;sj;jpy; nrd;W gjpAk; tifapy; mg;gilg;G mika
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW $Wk; NghJ ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; ntw;wp mjd;
cs;slf;fj;jpy;> fUj;jpy; cs;sjh? my;yJ me;j ,yf;fpag;
gilg;gpd; tbtj;jpy; cs;sjh vd;w tpdh vOfpwJ. ,J
Kl;ilapypUe;J Nfhop te;jjh? my;yJ NfhopapypUe;J Kl;il
te;jjh vd;gijg; Nghd;w njhU tpthjk;. njhd;idapy; nea;ia
Cw;wp itg;ghh;fs;. nea; ,Wfpf; fl;bahf cs;sNghJ mjidj;
jhq;fp epw;fpa njhd;id Mlhky; mirahky; Guz;L nea;iaf;
fPNo nfhl;btplhky; ,Uf;Fk; (njhd;id vd;gJ cyh;e;j
,iyapdhy; kbj;J xU fpz;zk; Nghy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
Nfhapy;fspy; gpurhjk; toq;fTk; tpUe;Jfspd;NghJ nea;> ghahrk;
Kjypatw;iw Cw;wp itf;fTk; cjTtJ. ,g;NghJ eilKiwapy;
gpsh];bf; fpz;zq;fs; Nghy> njhd;idfs; cjTfpd;wd> ,jdhy;
njhd;id fPNo rha;e;J tplhky; ,Uf;f nea; cjTfpwJ vd;w
vz;zk; Vw;gLfpwJ. rhpjhd;!. njhd;id vd;w mikg;G
,y;yhtpl;lhy; nea; mjw;Fs; vt;thW epd;wKbAk;! ,f;Nfs;tp
vOfpwNghJ> nea; rpe;jptplhky; epw;gjw;Fj; njhd;id jhd;

Mjhuk; vd;w vz;zk; vOfpwJ. ,Wjpapy; vJ vjw;F

Mjhuk;? VJ vjidj; jhq;fp epw;fpwJ? vd;w Nfs;tp vOfpwNghJ
,uz;Lk; Kf;fpak; jhd;! xd;W kw;nwhd;Wf;F Mjhukhf
mikfpwJ vd;w vz;zk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,Nj Nfs;tpjhd;
,yf;fpaj;jpYk;. Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l cjhuzj;jpy; ,Ug;gijg; Nghy>
nea; vDk; cs;slf;fk; njhd;id vDk; cUtj;jpw;F
MjhukhfTk; njhd;id vDk; cUtk; nea; vDk;
cs;slf;fj;jpw;F MjhukhfTk; xd;iwnahd;W jhq;fp epw;fpd;wd
vd;gJjhd; cz;ik.

148
5. xyp eaj;jpd; rpwg;igr; rhd;Wld;tpsf;Ff.

,yf;fpaq;fspy; ftpijia Vida tbtq;fspdpd;W

NtWgLj;JtJ xypeak;. ftpijf;Fk; ciueilf;Fk; ,ilNa
fhzg;gLk; Kjd;ikahd NtWghLfspy; xd;W xypeak;.
ftpijf;F cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ahg;gpyf;fzk; $l> xypeaj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy;jhd; mike;jpUf;fpdwJ. ahg;gpd; mbg;gil cWg;ghd
mirfs;> vOj;Jf;fspd; khj;jpiu msitf; nfhz;Ljhd; Neuir>
epiuair vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt ftpij
,yf;fpaj;jpy; xypeak; rpwg;ghd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l
ghtiffSf;Fhpa Xirfis ,yf;fz Ehypy; tifg;gLj;jpf;
$wpAs;sdh;.

Mrphpag;gh - mftNyhir
ntz;gh - nrg;gNyhir
tQ;rpg;gh - Js;sNyhir
fypg;gh - Jhq;fNyhir

vd;w tifg;ghl;by; xypeak; gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;

nghUe;jpapUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,J ftpijapd; rpwg;gpw;F xypeak;
Mw;Wfpd;w gq;fpid czh;j;JfpwJ.

ftpijf; fiy Njhd;wpa NghNj vOj;J KiwAk;

kdj;jpw;Fs; gbj;J kfpOk; gz;Gk; tsh;e;Jtpltpy;iy. njhlf;f
fhy kdpjd; jd; czh;r;rpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy nrhw;fspd;
%ykhfTk; rpy Xirfspd; %yKk; jhd; kw;wth;f;Fk;
Gyg;gLj;jpdhd;. ,jdhy; vOj;Jf;fspd; %ykhfg; gbg;gjw;F
Kd;dNu xypfspd; %yk; Gyg;gLj;Jk; gof;fKk; xypfspd; %yk;
Nfl;Fk; tof;fKk;jhd; ,Ue;jd. ,t;thW gpwe;J ,d;W tiu
xypfspd; tbtj;jpNyNa ,Ug;gitjhd; ,d;W ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;
vd;wiof;fg;gLk; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fs;. ,jdhy; ftpijf;Fk;
ghl;Lf;Fk; xyptbtk; vd;gJk; Xireak; vd;gJk; rpwg;ghd
$Wfshf mike;jd. gh vd;gjw;Fg; Nguhrphpah; vDk;

ciuahrphpah; jUk; tpsf;fk; $l xyp eaj;ij

Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. Nguhrphpahpd; tpsf;fk;
tUkhW: “gh vd;gJ Nrl;Gyj;jpUe;j fhyj;Jk; xUtd; vOj;Jk;
nrhy;Yk; njhpahky; ghlk; XJq;fhy; mtd; nrhy;Yfpd;w
nra;Ais tpfw;gpj;J ,d;d nra;As; vd;W czh;tjw;F VJthfpg;
gue;Jgl;Lr; nry;tNjhh; Xir” vd;W Nguhrphpah; jUk;
tpsf;fj;jpYk; ftpijf;F mbg;gil Xir my;yJ xypeak; vd;gJ

149
Gydhfpd;wjy;yth? ,dp xypeaj;jpd; rpwg;gpid czur; rpy
ghly;fisr; rhd;whff; fhzyhk;.

fk;guhkhazj;jpy; xypeak; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;w ghly;fs;

gy cs;sd. fijkhe;jh;fs; ,aq;Fk;> #oy;> fijkhe;jh;fspd;
czh;r;rpfs;> nray;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; ,iae;J nry;yf;$ba gy
ghly;fisf; fk;gh; Gide;jpUf;fpwhh;. je;ijapd; Vtyhy; jd;
JiztpAld; fhdfk; nry;fpwhd; ,uhkd;. fhdfj;jpy; ,UtUk;
jdpj;jpUf;Fk; epiyapy; mikjpahd #oypy;> xUtiug; gw;wp
kw;wth; rpe;jpf;fpd;wdh;. md;dg; gwitfs; me;j ,lj;jpy; ele;J
nry;tijf; fz;l ,uhkDf;F> rPijapd; eilaoF cs;sj;jpy;
Njhd;WfpwJ. mUNf Ridapy; ePUz;L jpUk;gpr; nry;Yk;
ahidfs; elg;gijf; fz;l rPijf;Fj; jd;dUNf tPw;wpUf;Fk;
,uhkdpd; fk;gPu eil Fwpj;j epidT Njhd;WfpwJ. ,uhkd;> rPij
,Uthpd; mikjpAk; kfpo;rr ; pAk; epiwe;j kdepiyiaf; fk;gh;
vj;Jiz eaj;Jld; gpd;tUk; ghlypy; rpj;jphpj;Js;shh; vd;gijf;
fhz;f:

“Xjpkk; xJq;ff; fz;l

cj;jkd; cioas; MFk;
rPij jd; eilia Nehf;fpr;
rpwpaNjhh; KWty; nra;jhd;
khJ mts; jhDk; Mz;L
te;J ePh; cz;L kPSk;
Nghjfk; elg;g Nehf;fpg;
Gjpa Njhh; KWty; G+j;jhs;”

,g;ghlypy;> Xjpkk;> rPij> khJ> Nghjfk; vd;w nrhw;fis

mikj;jjd; %yk; xypeaj;jpidr; rpwf;fr; nra;fpwhh; fk;gh;.
Kjw;rhP pYk; ehd;fhtJ rPhpYk; Nkhid mikAkhW ,g;ghliy
mikj;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. Xjpkk; - cj;jkd;> rPij -
rpwpaNjhh;> Nghjfk; - GjpaNjhh; vd;w Nkhid mikg;Gk;
,g;ghlYf;Fr; rpwe;j xypeaj;jpidj; jUfpd;wd.

150
 $W : 10
xypeaKk; czh;r;rpAk; (gpupT-3: njhlh;r;rp)

ftpijapd; jiyaha gzp mofpay; czh;Tld; xU

nra;jpia thrfd; kdj;jpy; GFj;JtJjhd; vd;w fUj;J
midtUf;Fk; cfe;j xd;whFk;. ,jw;fhf xU ftpQd; gy
cj;jpfisf; ifahs;fpwhd;. xypeaKk; mj;jifajhd Xh;
cj;jpNa MFk;. vdNt ftpijiaf; Nfl;gtd; my;yJ gbg;gtd;
mf;ftpijapd; xypeaj;jpd; fhuzkhfr; rpy nra;jpfis
czh;fpwhd;. xyp eaj;jpd; mbg;gilf; $W czh;rr ; pAld;
,iae;jpUf;fpwJ. xyp eaj;jpdhy; xU thrfd; cs;sj;jpy; rpy
fUj;Jg; gbkq;fis xU ftpQdhy; cz;lhf;fptpl ,aYk;. “xyp
eakhdJ ftpijg; nghUspd; vjpnuhypahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;W
Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; $WtJz;L.

xypeaKk; czh;rr
; pAk;:

ngUkpjk; vd;w czh;T xUtDf;Fr; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l

gz;Gfspd; fhuzkhf cUthfpwJ. epiwe;j nry;tk;> fy;tpawpT>
vopy; kpFe;j Njhw;wk; Kjypatw;wpd; fhuzkhf xUtDf;Fg;
ngUkpjk; Njhd;wyhk;. jpUts;Sth;> xUtDf;Ff; fy;tp ngUkpj
czh;r;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ vd;W $Wfpwhh;. fy;tpapd;
fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; ngUkpj czh;r;rp gw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ
mjw;Nfw;wthW mirfis> rPh;fis mikj;Jg; ngUkpj
czh;r;rpiag; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. rhd;whfg; gpd;tUk;
jpUf;Fwisf; fhz;f:

“ahjhDk; ehlhkhy; Cuhkhy; vd;ndhUtd;

rhe;JizAk; fy;yhj thW”
(jpUf;Fws; : 397)

,f;Fwl;ghtpid xU Kiw tha;tpl;L> cuj;j Fuypy; $Wk;

NghJ gbg;gbahf Vwpr; nry;Yk; Xiraikjpiaf; Nfl;Lzuyhk;.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; nghpJk; ,uz;L khj;jpiufs; msT xypf;ff;$ba
neby; vOj;Jf;fshy; mike;j Neuirfs; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gjhy;
Xireak; ngUkpj czh;r;rpf;Fj; jf;fthW mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

151
 jpUehTf;furh; rkz rkaj;Jwe;J ,iwaUshy; irtj;jpy;
,ize;J ngUk;Gfo; mile;j NghJ> Nfhgk; nfhz;l gy;yt
kd;dd; mtiu miof;fpwhd;. ehTf;furh; ,iw mbatuhfpa
fhuzj;jhy; ngUkpjk; nfhz;L kd;ddpd; fl;lisia kWj;Jg;
ghLfpd;whh;. ngUkpj czh;r;rpf;F ,g;ghly; jf;f rhd;whf
mikfpwJ| ghliyf; fhzyhk;

“ehkhh;f;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk;! ekid mQ;Nrhk;

eufj;jpy; ,lh;g; gNlhk;> eliyapy;Nyhk;
Vkhg;Nghk;> gzpNth ky;Nyhk;
,d;gNk ve;ehSk; Jd;gkpy;iy”

,g;ghlypYk; ,Ukhj;jpiuasT xypf;ff;$ba neby;

vOj;Jf;fshy; mike;j Xuirr; rPh;fs; kpFjpahf mike;jpUg;gJ
gbg;gbahf Vwpr; nry;Yk; xypeaj;jpidj; jUtijf; fhzyhk;.

kdpj czh;r;rpfspy; Mw;wy; kpf;fjhd Nfhg czh;r;rp

,yf;fpaj;jpy; ghLnghUshf mikfpd;wNghJ> mjw;F Vw;wthW
xypeak; mikfpd;wJ. mf;ftpijiag; gbg;gtDk; mNj
khjphpahd Nfhg czh;r;rpia mila xyp eak; cjTfpd;wJ.
ghujpahhpd; ‘ghQ;rhyp rgjk;’ czh;r;rpf; Nfhyq;fs; epiwe;j xU
rpwe;j fhtpakhFk;. ghujpahhpd; ftpijg; Gid jpwDk;
czh;r;rpfSk; mjpy; gy tplq;fspy; Mw;wYld; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
JhpNahjdDf;Fk; ghz;lth;fF ; k; #J Nghh; ele;J ,Wjpapy;
jUkd; jd; jk;gpfisg; gzakhf itj;J MLtjd; Kd;dh;>
mwnewpfs; czh;e;j tpJud;> #jpid epWj;JkhW $Wfpwhd;.
mjdhy; ntFz;l JhpNahjdd; tpJuidg; gopj;Jf; $Wfpwhd;.
JhpNahjddpd; Nfhg czh;r;rpiag; ghly; thpfs; xypeaj;Jld;
rpj;jphpf;fpd;wd| ghly; tUkhW:

“nghwp gwf;f tpopfsp uz;Lk;

GUt khq;F Jbf;fr; rpdj;jpd;
ntwp jiof;f kjpkOq;fpg; Ngha;
Nte;j dp/J tpsk;Gj Yw;whd;
ed;wp nfl;l tpJuh> rpwpJk;
ehz kw;w tpJuh
md;W njhl;L ePAk; vq;fs;
mopT ehL fpd;wha;
kd;wp Yd;id itj;jhd; ve;ij
kjpia nad;Diug; Ngd;
ItUf;F neQ;Rk; vq;fs;
muz;kidf;F tapWk;

152
 nja;tkd;Wdf;Nf. tpJuh
nra;J tpl;l NjNah?”

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ghlypy; Nfhg czh;rr

; piag; gpujpgypf;fpd;w
xypeak; mike;jpUg;gij czuyhk;.

kdpjdpd; vspjpy; milAk; czh;r;rpfSs; mr;rKk; xd;W.

,e;j czh;r;rpiag; Gyg;gLj;Jk; ftpijfspy; mjw;Nfw;w xyp
eaq;fs; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. xyp eak; kuGf; ftpijfspy;
kl;Lky;yhky; GJf;ftpijfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
xypeaj;jpw;fhfr; nrhw;fisf; ftpQd; Kad;W mikf;fhky;
,ay;ghd Kiwapy; czh;rr ; pfisf; ftpijf;Fs; nfhz;L
tUk;NghJ ,ay;ghfNt ,irj;jd;ik mike;JtpLtijf;
fhzyhk;| rhd;whf> e.gpr;r%h;j;jpapd; ftpijiaf; fhz;f:

“#yk; vOe;jJ
mz;lk; mjph;e;jJ
cynfq;Fk; $lhuk;
Cnuq;Fk; tp\g;Gif
thndq;Fk; v/fpwF
njUntq;Fk; gpzkiy
Nfl;l njhU NtW Fuy;”

vd;w ftpijapy; cyfg; Nghhpd; tpisTfisf; Fwpj;jjhd

mr;rTzh;T Gyg;gLtijf; fhzyhk; Fz;Lfs; ntbg;gjhYk;>
Fz;L tPRk; tpkhdq;fs; gwg;gjhYk; kdpjh;fs; ,wg;gjhYk;
Vw;gLk; czh;r;rpfis ,f;ftpij ,uz;L rPh;fs; nfhz;l rpwpa
mbfshy; tpiuthf czh;j;JfpwJ. ,jpy; ,ay;ghd Kiwapy;
tpiuTj; jd;ikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jk; xypeak; mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

czh;r;rpf;Nfw;wgb tbtkhw;wk;:

ftpijapy; Gyg;gLj;j tpUk;gpa fUj;Jf;Nfw;w

czh;r;rpfisAk;> czh;r;rpf;Nfw;wthW nrhw;fisAk; ftpQd;
nga;J ftpijia cUthf;Ffpd;whd;. fUj;J> nrhy;> czh;r;rp
vd;w %d;Wk; ,izfpd;w NghJjhd; rpwe;j tbtk; fpilf;fpwJ.
xU ftpij rpwe;j tbtj;jpy; mikfpw NghJ epiyj;j tho;itg;
ngWfpwJ. vdNt ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;F mjd; tbtk;
,d;wpaikahjjhf MfpwJ. NkYk; nrwpthff; $Wtjdhy;> Xh;

153
,yf;fpag; gilg;ig ,dq;fhl;Ltjpy; mjd; tbtk; nghpa
gq;fpid tfpf;fpwJ vd;W $wyhk;. ftpij> ehlfk;> fhg;gpak;>
jd;Dzh;r;rpg;gh> ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;wthW tbtj;jpdhy;
,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fs; ,dq;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. Xh; ,yf;fpag;
gilg;gpd; tbtk; ,uz;L epiyfspy; mikfpwJ.

 Gw tbtk;
 mf tbtk;

,tw;Ws; ,uz;lhtjhd mftbtk; vd;gJ Xh; ,yf;fpag;

gilg;gpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s fUj;Jf;fspd; itg;G Kiwahy;
cUthfpwJ. ,J gw;wp ,Nj ghlj;jpy; ‘xU kdpjd; xU tPL xU
cyfk;’ vd;w ehtypd; top tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd;
mftbtj;ijj; jhq;fp epw;Fk; mikg;ghf mjd; Gwtbtk;
mikfpwJ. Gw tbtj;jpd; topNa nrd;Wjhd; xU thrfd;
mftbtj;jpd; rpwg;Gf;fisf; fhz KbAk;. kdpj clYf;F
Nkw;Nghh;itahf mikfpd;w epwk;> jirg; gFjpfs;> cUt
mikg;gpd; topNa epd;W ftpijapd; Gwtbtpd; ,ay;Gfis
czh;j;Jtijg; Nghyf; ftpijapd; Gwtbtpd; topNa epd;Wjhd;
mftbtkhd fUj;Jyfj;jpidf; fhzKbAk;. vdNt Gwtbtk;
,d;wpaikahjhfpwJ. Gwtbtpd; $Wfs; vit? vJif> Nkhid>
nrhy;tsk;> ctik Kjyhd mzpfs; Kjypaitjhk; Xh;
,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; Gwtbtf; $Wfshf mikfpd;wd.

ftpijf;F Kjd;ikvJif:

xU ftpijf;F mjpy; mikAk; vJif Kjd;ikahdJ

vd;W ,yf;fz kuG fUJfpwJ. XU ghlypd; xU nrhy; my;yJ
Xh; xyp kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gd;Kiw gapd;W tUtJ vJif
vdg;gLk;. xU nrhy;ypd; ,uz;lhtJ vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ
vJif vd;W nghJthff; $Wth;. ,jpy; gy tiffs; cz;L.
vJif xU ghlypy; miktjhy; xypeak; Vw;gLfpwJ. rhd;whf>

“,Uif ahidia xj;jpUe; njd;Ds;sf;

fUitahd; fz;bNyd; fz;l nja;tNk
tUf vd;W gzpj;jid thDNshh;f;
nfhUtNdAid vd;W nfhy; fhz;gNj”
(jpUthrfk;> jpUr;rjfk;)

,g;ghlypy; ,Uif> fUit> tUf> xUtNd vd;w

nrhw;fspy; ‘U’ vd;w ,uz;lhk; vOj;J gd;Kiw mLf;fp tUkhW
mike;jpUj;jiyf; fhzyhk;. ,r;nrhw;fs; %d;W rPh;fSf;F xU

154
Kiw (1>4>9>13) vd;w thpirapy; ftpijapy; ,lk; ngWtjhy;> Xh;
xypeak; Vw;gLtij czuKbfpwJ.

,Nj Kiwapyike;j kfhftp ghujpahhpd; yl;Rkp

gpuhh;j;jid vd;w ftpijiaAk; fhz;f:

“kyhpd; NkT jpUNt – cd;Nky;

ikay; nghq;F epd;Nwd;
epyT nra;A KfKk; - fhz;ghh;
epidtopf;Fk; tpopAk;
fyfnyd;w nkhopAk; - nja;tf;
fspJyq;F eifAk;
,yF nry;t tbtk; - fz;Ld;
,d;gk; Ntz;Lfpd;Nwd;”

(ghujpahh; ftpijfs;> yl;Rkp gpuhh;j;jid)

,g;ghly; thpfspYk; kyhpd;> epyT> fyf> ,yF vd;wthW

vJifr; nrhw;fs; mike;J ftpijapy; kfpo;rr ; pTzh;r;rpiaAk;
mjw;Nfw;w tbtj;jpidAk; je;jpUg;gij czuyhk;. ,g;ghlypYk;
xt;Nthh; mbapYk; Kjw;rhP py; ,uz;lhtJ vOj;J xd;wp tUkhW
njhLf;fg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.| ,jpy; nrhw;fs;
nghUsikjpAld; nghUe;jpapUg;gijAk; nraw;ifj; jd;ik
rpwpJkpd;wp ,ay;ghf mike;jpUg;gijAk; czuyhk;. ‘kyhpd; NkT
jpUNt’>‘epyT nra;Ak; KfKk;’> fyfntd;w nkhopAk;’‘,yF
nja;t tbtk; vd;w nrhw;fspy; vJif ,ay;ghf
mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

ftpijapd; rpwg;ghd cj;jp Nkhid:

Nkhid vd;gJ ftpijapy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;ghd

cj;jpahFk;. xt;nthU mbapYk; Kjw; rPhpd; KjnyOj;J xNu
khjphpahf mike;J tUk; Kiwapy; njhLg;gJ Nkhid MFk;.
,J ftpijapy; ,ay;ghf mika Ntz;ba xd;whFk;. ,jidr;
nraw;if cUthf;fpf; ftpijapy; mikj;jhy; mJ ftpijapd;
nghUsikiaf; nfLj;J thrfDf;F; ntWg;ig Vw;gLj;jp
tplf;$Lk; vd;W jpadha;thsh;fs; nghJthff; $WtJz;L. Mdhy;
,ay;ghff; ftpijapy; mike;Jtplf; $ba Nkhid mikg;G>
ftpijf;Fr; rpwg;ghd xypeaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpr; rpwe;j tbtj;ij
cUthf;FfpwJ. ,jid ed;F Ghpe;J nfhs;s> vspikahdhYk;
Gfo; ngw;wJkhd kfhftp ghujpahhpd; ghg;ghg; ghl;bidf;
fhzyhk;.

155
 “Xb tpisahL ghg;gh – eP
Xa;e;jpUf;fyhfhJ ghg;gh
$b tpisahL ghg;gh – xU
Foe;ijia itahNj ghg;gh

vd;Wk;

ghjfQ; nra;gtiuf; fz;lhy; ehk;

gaq;nfhs;s yhfhJ ghg;gh
Nkhjp kpjpj;J tpL ghg;gh – mth;
Kfj;jpy; ckpo;e;JtpL ghg;gh”
(ghujpahh;> ghg;ghg; ghl;L)

vd;Wk; mike;jpUf;fpd;w ghly; thpfspy;> Xb> Xa;e;J> $b>

Foe;ij vd;w nrhw;fspYk; ghjfk;> gak;> Nkhjp> Kfj;jpy; Mfpa
nrhw;fspy; Nkhid ,ay;ghf te;J mike;jpUg;gJ ftpijf;Fr;
rpwg;G Nrh;f;fpwJ. ghujpahhpd; Fapy; ghl;by; gpd;tUk; thpfs;
Nkhid eak;gl mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;:

“te;J gwit Rl tha;e;j ngUQ;Nrhiy>

me;j khQ;Nrhiy ajdpNyhh; fhiyapNy
Ntlh; tuhj tpUe;Jj; jpUehspy;
Ngilf; Fapnyhd;W ngl;GwNthh; thd; fpisapy;
tPw;wpUe;Nj …………“

vd;w thpfspy; t> th> m> a> Nt> tp> Ng> ng – Mfpa Nkhidr;
nrhw;fs; KiwNa te;J> tha;e;j> me;j> ajdpNyhh;> Ntlh;>
tpUe;J> Ngilf;Fs; ngl;GwNthh; Mfpa nrhw;fspy; mike;jpUg;gJ
fhzyhk;. ,t;tikg;gpy; Nkhid xt;Nthh; mbapYk; Kjy;
%d;whk; rPh;fspy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd.

ftpijapd; tbtk; nrhy;tsk;:

ftpijapd; ,ay;GfSs; xd;W mjpy; ifahsg;gLk;

nrhy;tsk; MFk;. nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fs; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy;
nghUj;jKw miktJjhd; ftpij vd;W nghJthff; $Wth;.
ftpijapy; nrhw;fs; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; miktJld;>
czh;r;rpf;F Vw;wthWk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mw;wy; kpFe;j
czh;r;rpfisf; ifahSk;NghJ mjw;Nfw;wthW nrhw;fs; mika
Ntz;Lk;| nkd;ikahd czh;r;rpfs; mikAk; NghJ
mjw;Nfw;wthW nrhw;fs; mika Ntz;Lk;. ,r;nrhw;fs; ftpijapy;
Fwpg;gpl;l Gyd; czh;r;rpfisj; Jhz;Lfpd;wd. kfhftp

156
ghujpahUk; ,e;j czh;tpidj; jhk; vOjpa rPl;Lf;ftp xd;wpy;
$Wfpwhh;.

“Gtpaidj;Jk; Nghw;wpl thd;Gfo; gilj;Jj;

jkpo; nkhopiag; Gfopy; Vw;Wk;
ftpaurh; jkpo; ehl;Lf; fpy;iy naDk;
tirnad;dhw; fope;j jd;Nw?
Rit GjpJ eak; GjpJ tsk; GjpJ
nrhy; GjpJ N[hjp nfhz;l
etftpij nae; ehSk; mopahj k`h ftpij nad;W
(ghujpahh;> rPl;Lf;ftp)

,g;ghlypy; ghujpahh; nrhy;tsk; Fwpj;Jf; $wpapUg;gijf;

fhz;f. ftpijapd; tbtj;jpw;Fr; nrhy;tsk; ,d;wpaikahjJ.

Mw;wy; kpFe;j czh;r;rpfisg; gilf;Fk; NghJ mjw;F

Vw;wthW nrhy;yhl;rp mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. ghQ;rhyp rgjj;jpd;
,Wjpg; gFjpapy; JhpNahjdid Nehf;fp tPkd; nra;fpd;w rgj
ciu ,j;jifa nrhy;yhl;rpj; jpwikf;Fj; jf;f rhd;whFk;.

“tPkndOe;Jiu nra;thd; - ,q;F

tpz;ztuhiz> guhrf;jp ahiz>
jhkiug; G+tpdpy; te;jhd; - kiw
rhw;wpa Njtd; jpUf;foyhiz
khkfisf; nfhz;l Njtd; - vq;fs;
kuGf;Fj; Njtd; fz;zd;gjj; jhiz
fhkidf; fz;zoyhNy – Rl;Lf;
fhyid ntd;wtd; nghd;db kPjpy;
Mizapl;b/Jiu nra;Ntd; - ,e;j
Mz;ikapyhj;Jhp Nahjdd; wd;id>
NgZk; ngUq;fdy; xj;jhs;> vq;fs;
ngz;L jpnusgjp iaj; njhil kPjpy;
ehzpd;wp ‘te;jpL’ ntd;whd; - ,e;j
eha; kfdhe; JhpNahjdd; wd;id;
khzw;w kd;dh;fs; Kd;Nd – vd;wd;
td;ikapdhy; Aj;j uq;fj;jpd; fz;Nz>
njhiliag; gpse;Japh; kha;g;Ngd; - jk;gp
#uj; Jr;rhjdd; jd;diA khq;Nf
filgl;l Njhs;fisg; gpa;g;Ngd; - mq;F
fs;nsd CW kpuj;jpq; Fbg;Ngd;
eilngWk; fhz;gPUy fPh; - ,J

157
 ehd; nrhy;Yk; thh;j;ijnad; nwz;zply; Ntz;lh!
jilaw;w nja;tj;jpd; thh;j;ij - ,J
rhjid nra;f guhrf;jp vd;whd;”

(ghujpahh;> ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> gh.49-01)

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ftpij thpfspy; njhlf;fg; gFjpapy; tPkd;

rgjk; nra;Ak; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;ls;sit nkd;ikahd
nrhw;fs;> rgjk; nra;J Kbf;Fk; NghJ tPkdpd; cs;sj;jpy;
nfhe;jspf;fpd;w czh;TfSf;F Vw;w nrhw;fs; ,lk;
ngw;wpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. JhpNahjdid ‘eha; kfdhk;
JhpNahjdd;’ vd;fpwhd;. Jr;rhjdpd; Njhs;fisg; gpa;g;Ngd;’ vd;W
tPkd; $Wfpw nrhw;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdp kdpjd; Nfhgj;jpy;
$Wfpw nrhw;fshf mike;jpUg;gij czuyhk;.

jpnusgjpiaj; Jr;rhjdd; rigf;F ,Oj;J tUk; nfhLik

epiwe;j fhl;rpia tUzpf;Fk; NghJk; ghujpahhpd; rPw;wk;> mtyk;
epiwe;j czh;r;rpfs; mth; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fspy;
Gyg;gLfpd;wd.

“IaNfh vd;Nw aywp Azh;tw;Wg;

ghz;lth; je; Njtpats; ghjpAaph; nfhz;Ltu>
ePz;l fUq;Foiy ePrd; fuk; gw;wp
Kd;dpOj;Jr; nrd;whd; topneLf> nkha;j;jtuha;
vd;d nfhLikapJ vd;W ghh;j;jpUe;jhh;
Cuth;jq; fPo;ik Aiuf;Fe; jukhNkh?
tPukpyh eha;fs;> tpyq;fh kpsturd;
jd;id kpjpj;Jj; juhjyj;jpw; Nghf;fpNa
nghd;idat se;jg; Guj;jpdpNy Nrh;f;fhky;

nel;il kuq;fnsd epd;W Gyk;gpdhh;

ngl;ilg; Gyk;gy; gpwh;fF
; j; JizahNkh?’

(ghujpahh;> ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> rgjr; rUf;fk;)

,t;thpfspy; ghujpahh; czh;j;j tpUk;Gk; rPw;w czh;r;rpf;F

Vw;w nrhw;fs; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ePrd;> fPo;ik
tPukpyh eha;fs;> tpyq;fhk; ,sturd;> nel;il kuq;fs;> ngl;ilg;
Gyk;gy; Nghd;w eilKiwr; nrhw;fs; rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
ghujpahh; czh;j;j tpUk;Gk;> rPw;wk; mtyk; Kjypa czh;Tfs;
,r;nrhw;fspd; topg; Gyg;gLfpd;wd. ghujpahhpd; ,ay;ghd
nrhy;yhl;rpj; jpwDf;F ,f; ftpij thpfs; rhd;whfpd;wd. ,Nj

158
Kiwapy; czh;r;rpg; gpok;Gfshf mikfpd;w rpyg;gjpfhuk;>
fk;guhkhazk;> rPtf rpe;jhkzp Nghd;w fhg;gpaq;fspy;
nrhy;yhl;rpfs; jpwk;gl mike;jpUg;gij czuyhk;.

Gwtbtf; $Wctik:

ftpijfspd; Gwtbtf; $Wfspy; Fwp;g;gplj;jf;fd mtw;wpy;

,lk; ngw;Ws;s ctik Kjyhd mzpeyd;fs;. mzpfSs;
jiyrpwe;jjhd ctik Vida mzpfspd; jhahfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
xd;iw czh;j;Jtjw;F my;yJ tpsq;fr; nra;tjw;F ctik $wp
tpsf;FtJ kughFk;. Xh; czh;r;rpiaf; ftpQd; czh;e;jthNw
thrfDf;F czh;j;j Kaw;rp nra;Ak;NghJ> ctik
ftpQDf;Ff; ifnfhLf;fpwJ. ,d;dnjd;W Gyg;gLj;jtpayhj
epiy ftpQDf;F Vw;gLk;NghJ gpwpnjhd;iwf; $wp> jhd;
epidj;jijg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpwhd; ftpQd;.

ghQ;rhyp rgjj;jpy; ghujpahh;> jUkDk; JhpNahjdDk;

#jhLfpd;w fhl;rpia tUzpj;Jr; nry;fpwhh;. jUkd; #jpy;
gzakhfj; jd; ehl;ilNa itj;J ,oe;j fhl;rpia tUzpf;Fk;
NghJ> jUkd; nra;j nraypd; jPikapidf; $w – mjd;
tpisTfis tpthpf;f mtUf;F thh;j;ijfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy|
vdNt rpy ctikfisf; $wp> jhd; $w tpioe;jij – jd;
cs;sj;J czh;r;rpfisg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. ghujpahh; $Wk;
ctikfs; tUkhW:

“Nfhapw;G+ir nra;Nthh; - rpiyiaf;

nfhz;L tpw;wy; NghYk;
thapy; fhj;J epw;Nghd; - tPl;il
itj;jpoj;jy; NghYk;
Mapuq;fshd – ePjp
AitA zh;e;j jUkd;
Njak; itj;jp oe;jhd; - rPr;rP
rpwpah; nra;if nra;jhd;”

(ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> mbikr; rUf;fk;)

Nfhapy; rpiyiaf; fhf;f Ntz;ba flikAs;s Nfhapw;

G+rhhpAk;> tPl;ilf; fhj;J epw;f Ntz;ba nghWikAk; flikAk;
cila fhtyd; mt;tl P ;bid ,og;gJ NghYk;> ehl;ilf; fhf;f
Ntz;ba jUkd; ehl;bid itj;jpoe;jhd; vd;W ghujpahh; $WtJ
jUkdpd;; nray;fspd; tpisTfis vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

159
 #jpw; gzakhf itf;fg;gl;L tPkidj; jUkd; ,oe;jNghJk;
JhpNahjdd; KjypNahh; milAk; kfpo;rr; pia tpsf;fg; ghujpahh;
gbkf; fhl;rp Nghy mike;j ctikapidg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

“Nghhpdpy; ahid tpof; fz;l – gy

G+jq;fs; eha;ehp fhfq;fs; - Giy
Xhp fOFnfd; wpitnayhk; - jk
Js;sq; fspnfhz;L tpk;ky; Nghy; - kpfr;
rPhpa tPkidr; #jpdpy; - me;jj;
jPah; tpOe;jplf; fhzYk; - epd;w
khh;gpYk; NjhspYk;” nfhl;bdhh; - fsp
kz;bf; Fjpj;njOe; jhLthh;”

(ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> mbikr; rUf;fk;)

,g;ghly; thpfspy; tPkdpd; ngUkpjj;jpw;F ahidiaAk;

mtd; #jpy; Njhw;fg;gl;ljw;F ahid> Nghhpy; tPo;rr
; pailtJk;
ctikfshff; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. ‘JhpNahjddpd; Rw;wj;jpdh;
tPkdpd; tPo;rr
; p fz;L kfpo;tJ kpfTk; rpWikahdJ vd;gijf;
$w> eha; ehp Kjypa tpyq;Ffs; kfpo;tJ ctikahff;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. Nghhpy; tPo;e;j ahid> eha;> ehp Kjyhd
tpyq;Ffspd; ,op nray;fs; Kjypa ctikfs; ,f;ftpijapy;
rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; fUj;ij tpsf;fp epw;gij czutpaYk;.

jUkd; jpnusgjpiar; #jpw; gzakhf itj;jJ vj;jifa

,op nray; vd;gijg; ghujpahh; ctikfs; %yk; mLf;fpf;
$Wfpwhh;:

“Nts;tpg; nghUspidNa – Giy ehapd; Kd;

nkd;wpl itg;gth; Nghy;>
ePs;tpl;l nghd; khspif – fl;bg; Ngapid
Neh;e;J FbNaw;wy; Nghy;
Ms;tpw;Wg; nghd; thq;fpNa – nra;j G+idNghy;
Me;ijf;Fg; G+l;Ljy; Nghy;
Nfs;tpf; nfhUthpy;iy caph;j; Njtpiaf;
fPo;kf;fl; fhshf;fpdhs;

(ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> JfpYhpjw; rUf;fk;)

160
 jUkd; mwpahikapdhy; nra;j jtW vj;jd;ikaJ vd;Wk;
vj;Jizf; fPo;j;jukhd nray; vd;Wk; $Wtjw;fhfg; ghujpahh;
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ctikfis mLf;fpf; $wpr; nry;tijf;
fhzyhk;.

,yf;fpag; gilg;gpw;F,d;wpaikahjcUtfk;:

,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; Gwepiy tbtj;jpy; kpf

,d;wpaikahj ,lk; ngWk; gpwpnjhU $W cUtfkhFk;.
ctikapd; njhlh;r;rpahfTk; tsh;r;rpahfTk;
nrwpT+l;lg;gl;ljhfTk; cUtfk; jpfo;fpwJ. xU nghUspd; moF
my;yJ rpwg;gpid tpsf;fpf; $w> mjidnahj;j gpwpnjhU
nghUspidf; $wp xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Ljy; ctikahFk;. ,Nj
epiyapy; tsh;e;J ,uz;L nghUisAk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhzhky;
xd;whfNt fhZjy; cUtfk; vdg;gLk;. “ctikAk; nghUSk;
Ntw;Wik xoptpj;J xd;nwd khl;bd/ JUtfkhFk;” vd;W
jz;bayq;fhuk; $Wk;.

fypq;fj;Jg; guzp vDk; rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpy; Nghh; epfo;r;rpfs;

tUzpf;fg;gLk; ,lq;fspYk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; ngUikfs;> tPur;
rpwg;Gf;fs; Kjypad Ngrg;gLkplq;fspYk; ctik cUtq;fs;
kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. FNyhj;Jq;fd; tPw;wpUf;fpd;w
fhl;rpia tUzpf;Fkplj;jpy; cUtf mzpiar; nraq;nfhz;lhh;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

“Nky; ftpj;j kjpf;Filapd; Gil

tPRfpd;w ntz;rhkiu”
(fypq;fj;Jg;guzp> 318)

FNyhj;Jq;fd; mkh;e;jpUf;fpd;w rpq;fhjdj;jpd; Nky; ,Uf;fpd;w

Filia kjpf;Fil (epythfpa Fil) vd;W Gyth; $Wfpd;whh;.

ghujpahhpd; ghQ;rhyp rgjj;jpy; khiyg; nghOJ tUzid

gw;wpa gFjpapy; cUtf mzp rpwf;FkhW ghbAs;sikiaf;
fhzyhk;.

“ePyg; ngha;ifapd; kpje;jpLk; jq;fj;

Njhzpfs;! Rlnuhspg; nghw;fiu apl;l
fUQ;rpfuq;fs; fhzb Mq;Fj;
jq;fj; jpkpq;fyk; jhk;gy kpjf;Fk;
,Ul;fly;………. “

161
vd;w thpfspy; mike;jpUf;Fk; cUtfq;fs; vj;jid! vj;jid!
ePyg; ngha;if> jq;fj; Njhzpfs;> nghw;fiuapl;l rpfuq;fs;>
jq;fj;jpkpq;fyk; vd;wthW cUtfq;fs; mLf;fpf;
$wg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,t;TUtfq;fs; ftpijf;F xU
tbtj;jpidAk; mofpidAk; jUtijf; fz;L kfpoyhk;.

Gul;rpf; ftpQh; ghujpjhrdpd; ftpijfs; gytw;wpy;

,j;jifa cUtfr; rpwg;Gf;fisf; fhzyhk;. ,aw;if vDk;
jiyg;gpy; mike;j kapy; gw;wpa ftpijiaf; fhz;f:

“mofpa kapNy! mofpa kapNy!

…………………………………..
cdJ Njhif Gidahr; rpj;jpuk;
xspNrh; etkzpf; fsQ;rpak; mJthk;
cs;sf; fspg;gpd; xspapd; fw;iw

cr;rpapy; nfhz;ilaha; cah;e;jNjh vd;dNth”

vd;w ftpijapy; Ez;nghUshd cs;sf; fspg;gpid kapypd;
nfhz;ilahf cUtfg; gLj;jpAs;sikiaf; fhz;f.

ftpijfSf;Fr; rpwe;j tbtj;jpid ey;ff; $ba tifapy;

cUtfk; Kjyhd mzpfs; jpfo;fpd;wd.

ctik cUtfk; NghyNt NtWgy mzpfSk; ftpijf;Fr;

rpwe;j cUt mikjpia ey;Ffpd;wd vd;W $wyhk;.
nrhw;gpd;tUepiyazp nghUl;gpd;tUepiyazp jPtf mzp
Kjyhd fzf;fpwe;j mzpfs; ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. jPtf
mzp xU ftpijf;F KOikahd tbtj;jpid ey;FfpwJ vd;gJ
jz;byq;fhu Mrphpah; fUj;J| xU nrhy; ftpijapd; Kjy;> ,il>
fil Mfpatw;Ws; VNjDk; Xhplj;jpy; epd;W nghUs; jUk;
mikg;GilaJ ,t;tzp. Fwpg;gpl;l mr;nray; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;
ftpijapd; nghUs; Gyg;glhJ Ngha;tplf;$Lk;. vdNt ftpijapd;
tbtk; vDk; $W mf;ftpijf;F kpf ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

ftpijapy; czh;j;jg;gLk; Fwpg;Gg; nghUs;> eil Kjypa

$WfSk; ftpijapd; tbtj;jpidj; jPh;khdpf;fpd;wd.

tpdh tpilfs;:
1. ftpijf;Fr; rpwe;j tbtk; vg;NghJ fpilf;fpwJ?

162
ftpijapy; Gyg;gLj;j tpUk;gpa fUj;Jf;Nfw;w czh;r;rpfisAk;>
czh;r;rpf;Nfw;wthW nrhw;fisAk; ftpQd;

nga;J ftpijia cUthf;Ffpd;whd;. fUj;J> nrhy;> czh;r;rp

vd;w %d;Wk; ,izfpd;w NghJjhd; rpwe;j tbtk; fpilf;fpwJ.

2. Gwtbtpd; $Wfs; vit?

vJif> Nkhid> nrhy;tsk;> ctik Kjyhd mzpfs;
Kjypaitjhk; Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; Gwtbtf; $Wfshf
mikfpd;wd.

3. Gwtbtf; $W ctik–rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff

ftpijfspd; Gwtbtf; $Wfspy; Fwp;g;gplj;jf;fd mtw;wpy;

,lk; ngw;Ws;s ctik Kjyhd mzpeyd;fs;. mzpfSs;
jiyrpwe;jjhd ctik Vida mzpfspd; jhahfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
xd;iw czh;j;Jtjw;F my;yJ tpsq;fr; nra;tjw;F ctik $wp
tpsf;FtJ kughFk;. Xh; czh;r;rpiaf; ftpQd; czh;e;jthNw
thrfDf;F czh;j;j Kaw;rp nra;Ak;NghJ> ctik
ftpQDf;Ff; ifnfhLf;fpwJ. ,d;dnjd;W Gyg;gLj;jtpayhj
epiy ftpQDf;F Vw;gLk;NghJ gpwpnjhd;iwf; $wp> jhd;
epidj;jijg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpwhd; ftpQd;.

ghQ;rhyp rgjj;jpy; ghujpahh;> jUkDk; JhpNahjdDk;

#jhLfpd;w fhl;rpia tUzpj;Jr; nry;fpwhh;. jUkd; #jpy;
gzakhfj; jd; ehl;ilNa itj;J ,oe;j fhl;rpia tUzpf;Fk;
NghJ> jUkd; nra;j nraypd; jPikapidf; $w – mjd;
tpisTfis tpthpf;f mtUf;F thh;j;ijfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy|
vdNt rpy ctikfisf; $wp> jhd; $w tpioe;jij – jd;
cs;sj;J czh;r;rpfisg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. ghujpahh; $Wk;
ctikfs; tUkhW:

“Nfhapw;G+ir nra;Nthh; - rpiyiaf;

nfhz;L tpw;wy; NghYk;
thapy; fhj;J epw;Nghd; - tPl;il
itj;jpoj;jy; NghYk;
Mapuq;fshd – ePjp
AitA zh;e;j jUkd;
Njak; itj;jp oe;jhd; - rPr;rP
rpwpah; nra;if nra;jhd;”
(ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> mbikr; rUf;fk;)

163
 Nfhapy; rpiyiaf; fhf;f Ntz;ba flikAs;s Nfhapw;
G+rhhpAk;> tPl;ilf; fhj;J epw;f Ntz;ba nghWikAk; flikAk;
cila fhtyd; mt;tl P ;bid ,og;gJ NghYk;> ehl;ilf; fhf;f
Ntz;ba jUkd; ehl;bid itj;jpoe;jhd; vd;W ghujpahh; $WtJ
jUkdpd;; nray;fspd; tpisTfis vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

#jpw; gzakhf itf;fg;gl;L tPkidj; jUkd; ,oe;jNghJk;

JhpNahjdd; KjypNahh; milAk; kfpo;rr; pia tpsf;fg; ghujpahh;
gbkf; fhl;rp Nghy mike;j ctikapidg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

“Nghhpdpy; ahid tpof; fz;l – gy

G+jq;fs; eha;ehp fhfq;fs; - Giy
Xhp fOFnfd; wpitnayhk; - jk
Js;sq; fspnfhz;L tpk;ky; Nghy; - kpfr;
rPhpa tPkidr; #jpdpy; - me;jj;
jPah; tpOe;jplf; fhzYk; - epd;w
khh;gpYk; NjhspYk;” nfhl;bdhh; - fsp
kz;bf; Fjpj;njOe; jhLthh;”

(ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> mbikr; rUf;fk;)

,g;ghly; thpfspy; tPkdpd; ngUkpjj;jpw;F ahidiaAk;

mtd; #jpy; Njhw;fg;gl;ljw;F ahid> Nghhpy; tPo;rr
; pailtJk;
ctikfshff; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. ‘JhpNahjddpd; Rw;wj;jpdh;
tPkdpd; tPo;rr
; p fz;L kfpo;tJ kpfTk; rpWikahdJ vd;gijf;
$w> eha; ehp Kjypa tpyq;Ffs; kfpo;tJ ctikahff;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. Nghhpy; tPo;e;j ahid> eha;> ehp Kjyhd
tpyq;Ffspd; ,op nray;fs; Kjypa ctikfs; ,f;ftpijapy;
rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; fUj;ij tpsf;fp epw;gij czutpaYk;.

4. ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpw;F,d;wpaikahjJ cUtfk; - tpsf;Ff.

,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; Gwepiy tbtj;jpy; kpf

,d;wpaikahj ,lk; ngWk; gpwpnjhU $W cUtfkhFk;.
ctikapd; njhlh;r;rpahfTk; tsh;r;rpahfTk;
nrwpT+l;lg;gl;ljhfTk; cUtfk; jpfo;fpwJ. xU nghUspd; moF
my;yJ rpwg;gpid tpsf;fpf; $w> mjidnahj;j gpwpnjhU
nghUspidf; $wp xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Ljy; ctikahFk;. ,Nj
epiyapy; tsh;e;J ,uz;L nghUisAk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhzhky;
xd;whfNt fhZjy; cUtfk; vdg;gLk;. “ctikAk; nghUSk;

164
Ntw;Wik xoptpj;J xd;nwd khl;bd/ JUtfkhFk;” vd;W
jz;bayq;fhuk; $Wk;.

fypq;fj;Jg; guzp vDk; rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpy; Nghh; epfo;rr

; pfs;
tUzpf;fg;gLk; ,lq;fspYk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; ngUikfs;> tPur;
rpwg;Gf;fs; Kjypad Ngrg;gLkplq;fspYk; ctik cUtq;fs;
kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. FNyhj;Jq;fd; tPw;wpUf;fpd;w
fhl;rpia tUzpf;Fkplj;jpy; cUtf mzpiar; nraq;nfhz;lhh;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

“Nky; ftpj;j kjpf;Filapd; Gil

tPRfpd;w ntz;rhkiu”
(fypq;fj;Jg;guzp> 318)

FNyhj;Jq;fd; mkh;e;jpUf;fpd;w rpq;fhjdj;jpd; Nky; ,Uf;fpd;w

Filia kjpf;Fil (epythfpa Fil) vd;W Gyth; $Wfpd;whh;.

ghujpahhpd; ghQ;rhyp rgjj;jpy; khiyg; nghOJ tUzid

gw;wpa gFjpapy; cUtf mzp rpwf;FkhW ghbAs;sikiaf;
fhzyhk;.

“ePyg; ngha;ifapd; kpje;jpLk; jq;fj;

Njhzpfs;! Rlnuhspg; nghw;fiu apl;l
fUQ;rpfuq;fs; fhzb Mq;Fj;
jq;fj; jpkpq;fyk; jhk;gy kpjf;Fk;
,Ul;fly;………. “

vd;w thpfspy; mike;jpUf;Fk; cUtfq;fs; vj;jid! vj;jid!

ePyg; ngha;if> jq;fj; Njhzpfs;> nghw;fiuapl;l rpfuq;fs;>
jq;fj;jpkpq;fyk; vd;wthW cUtfq;fs; mLf;fpf;
$wg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,t;TUtfq;fs; ftpijf;F xU
tbtj;jpidAk; mofpidAk; jUtijf; fz;L kfpoyhk;.

Gul;rpf; ftpQh; ghujpjhrdpd; ftpijfs; gytw;wpy;

,j;jifa cUtfr; rpwg;Gf;fisf; fhzyhk;. ,aw;if vDk;
jiyg;gpy; mike;j kapy; gw;wpa ftpijiaf; fhz;f:

165
“mofpa kapNy! mofpa kapNy!
…………………………………..
cdJ Njhif Gidahr; rpj;jpuk;
xspNrh; etkzpf; fsQ;rpak; mJthk;
cs;sf; fspg;gpd; xspapd; fw;iw

cr;rpapy; nfhz;ilaha; cah;e;jNjh vd;dNth”

vd;w ftpijapy; Ez;nghUshd cs;sf; fspg;gpid kapypd;
nfhz;ilahf cUtfg; gLj;jpAs;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.

ftpijfSf;Fr; rpwe;j tbtj;jpid ey;ff; $ba tifapy;

cUtfk; Kjyhd mzpfs; jpfo;fpd;wd.

5. ftpijapd; ,ay;GfSs; xd;W - nrhy;tsk; tpthp..

ftpijapd; ,ay;GfSs; xd;W mjpy; ifahsg;gLk;

nrhy;tsk; MFk;. nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fs; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy;
nghUj;jKw miktJjhd; ftpij vd;W nghJthff; $Wth;.
ftpijapy; nrhw;fs; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; miktJld;>
czh;r;rpf;F Vw;wthWk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mw;wy; kpFe;j
czh;r;rpfisf; ifahSk;NghJ mjw;Nfw;wthW nrhw;fs; mika
Ntz;Lk;| nkd;ikahd czh;r;rpfs; mikAk; NghJ
mjw;Nfw;wthW nrhw;fs; mika Ntz;Lk;. ,r;nrhw;fs; ftpijapy;
Fwpg;gpl;l Gyd; czh;r;rpfisj; Jhz;Lfpd;wd. kfhftp
ghujpahUk; ,e;j czh;tpidj; jhk; vOjpa rPl;Lf;ftp xd;wpy;
$Wfpwhh;.

“Gtpaidj;Jk; Nghw;wpl thd;Gfo; gilj;Jj;

jkpo; nkhopiag; Gfopy; Vw;Wk;
ftpaurh; jkpo; ehl;Lf; fpy;iy naDk;
tirnad;dhw; fope;j jd;Nw?
Rit GjpJ eak; GjpJ tsk; GjpJ
nrhy; GjpJ N[hjp nfhz;l
etftpij nae; ehSk; mopahj k`h ftpij nad;W

(ghujpahh;> rPl;Lf;ftp)

,g;ghlypy; ghujpahh; nrhy;tsk; Fwpj;Jf; $wpapUg;gijf;

fhzyhk;. ftpijapd; tbtj;jpw;Fr; nrhy;tsk; ,d;wpaikahjJ.

166
 $W :11. jpwdha;Tg; ghh;itfs;.
(gpupT -3 epiwT)

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gfs;> gad;fs;>

jpwdha;thsdpd; jFjpfs; Kjypad gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; Kd;dh;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpd; Nehf;fNk xU nra;jp>
fUj;J my;yJ czh;r;rpiag; gpwUf;Fj; njhptpg;gJ jhd;.
gilg;ghsp jhd; fz;L Nfl;L ca;j;Jzh;e;j nra;jpfisAk;
mDgtq;fisAk; vt;tifapNyDk; gpwUf;F czh;j;j Kaw;rp
nra;fpwhd;| ,k; Kaw;rpapy;jhd; ,yf;fpag; gilg;G gpwf;fpwJ|
gilg;G jd;dstpNyNa xU thrfidr; nrd;W milaf; $ba
jpwDilajhFk;. vdpDk; thrfdpd; kdk; mg;gilg;ig Vw;Wf;
nfhs;fpw> mwpfpw tha;g;Gk; epiyAk; ngwhj epiyapy; jpwdha;T
me;jg; gzpiar; nra;fpwJ. gilg;Gf;Fk; thrfDf;Fk; ,ilapy;
,ay;ghff; fhzj;jf;f ,ilntspiaf; Fiwf;Fk; flik
jpwdha;Tf;F cz;L. ,e;jf; Nfhzj;jpy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ
jpwdha;T kpf ,d;wpaikahj mwptpay; mbg;gil ngw;w nrayhf
khWfpwJ. vdNt jpwdha;Tf;nfd;W newpKiwfs;> ghh;itfs;>
Nfhzq;fs; Kjypad cUthfpd;wd. newpKiwfspd; topepd;W
,yf;fpaj;ij mZFk;NghJ> Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;fpaj;jpd; rPh;ikfs;
ed;F Gyg;gLfpd;wd. rPh;ikfisf; fz;L Gyg;glr; nra;tJ
jpwdha;Nt MFk;.

,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilg;gjw;F xU tifahd jpwd; Njit.

r%fj;ij> tho;f;ifia> kdpjh;fis> epfo;rr ; pfis kdpjh;fspd;
gz;Gfis> nray;ghLfis kpf Ez;ikahff; ftdpf;Fk;
jpwDk;>mtw;iw kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gd;Kiw kdj;jpw;Fs;
mirNghl;Lg; ghh;f;Fk; nghWikAk; cila xUth;jhd;
gilg;ghspahf khw ,aYk;| ,t;thW cw;W Nehf;fp mirNghLk;
jpwDld;> mDgtq;fis Ez;ikahf czUk; Ez;ik
czh;r;rpAk; xU gilg;ghspf;Fj; Njit. rhiyapy; fUk;Gfisg;
gpope;J rhW vLf;Fk; epfo;rr ; p vq;Fk; fhzf;$ba xd;Wjhd;.
rhjhuz kdpjh;fshfpa ehk; ,f;fhl;rpiaf; fz;Ltpl;L tpyfpr;
nrd;W tplyhk;. Mdhy; ,Nj fhl;rp xU ftpQdpd; fz;fspy;
gLfpwNghJ mJ clNd kiwe;J tpLtjpy;iy. ftpQdpd; fz;top
Eioe;j fhl;rp mtd; cs;sj;jpy; gy ehl;fs; jq;fpg; gpd;dh;>
NtW Gjpa mDgtj;ijr; rpe;jidiaj; Jhz;LfpwJ. fUk;G
cly; NghyTk; fUk;Gr; rhW kdpj clypd; gad; NghyTk;
Njhd;WfpwJ. ,t;thW Njhd;wpaTld; xU gaDs;s ftpij
gpwf;fpwJ. ftpijiaf; fhzyhk;.

167
 “mUk; ngwy; ahf;ifiag; ngw;w gaj;jhy;
ngUk; gaDk; Mw;wNt nfhs;f| fUk;G+h;e;j
rhW Nghy; rhyTk; gpd; cjtp kw;wjd;
NfhJ Nghy; NghFk; clk;G”
(ehybahh;> mwd; typAw;wy;> 4)

ehybahhpy; mike;Js;s ,g;ghly; Xh; cah;e;j fUj;ijf;

$WfpwJ. kdpj cly; fpilj;jw;fhpa NgW| vdNt ,e;j cliy
ed;Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp> kw;wth;f;F cjTjy; Ntz;Lk;. mJ
vt;thnwdpd; fUk;G jd; ,dpa rhwpidj; je;Jtpl;Lr;
rf;ifahjy; Nghy vd;W ehybahh; $WfpwJ. xU rpwe;j
nra;jpia tpsf;f> eilKiw cyfpy; fhzj;jf;f ctikapid
vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ ehybahh;. ,e;j ctik fw;gpjkhd
ctikahf ,y;yhky; eilKiwapy; fhzf;$ba epfo;r;rpahf
mike;jpUg;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;Lzu Ntz;Lk;. ,g;ghliyg; ghba
Gythpd; cw;WNehf;Fk; jpwd; ,f;ftpijf;F mbg;gil vd;W
Gydhfpd;wJ.

,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;F ,j;jifa cw;WNehf;fy; Njitahd

gz;ghFk;. vdpDk; xU gilg;ghsp jhd; czh;e;jijf;
ftpijapy; $Wk; jpwd; gilj;jpUg;gijg; Nghd;W> ftpijiar;
Ritj;J mjd; jpwd;fisf; $wtpaYkh vd;w tpdh vOfpwJ.
ftpij xd;wpid Efh;e;J gFj;jha;e;J $Wtjw;F mwptpay;
jd;ik ngw;w kdk; Njit. mk;kdk; cilath; jpwdha;thsh;.
mwptpay; jd;ikAila xU jpwdha;thsh; Fwpg;gpl;l
newpKiwfspd; topepd;W ,yf;fpaj;ij Nehf;Fk;NghJ> rpy Gjpa
cz;ikfs; Gyg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt jpwdha;Tf;F mwptpay;
kdKk; newpKiwfSk; ,d;wpaikahJ Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wd.
mj;jifa newpKiwfis> ghh;itfisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfisf;
fhz;Nghk;.

mwtpay; ghh;it: ;:

Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;G kdpj ,dj;jpw;Fg; gad;glf;$ba>

top fhl;lf;$ba tifapy; VNjDk; xU nra;jpia tpsf;Ftjhf
mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gilg;ghsp epiyapYk; thrf epiyapYk;
fhzg;gLk; vjph;ghh;g;G MFk;.

168
xU ftpijiag; gbj;J Kbj;jJk;> ehlfj;ijf; fz;L Kbj;jJk;
mJ vd;d nra;jpiaf; $Wfpwnjd;W NjLtJk; mjid kPz;Lk;
tpkh;irahf vLj;Jiug;gJk; jkpo; kf;fSila rpe;jid kukpy;
fhzj;jf;f xU $whFk;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; jkpoh; tho;tpYk;
,yf;fpaq;fspYk; rpe;jidg; Nghf;fpYk;> fhzg;gLfpd;w mwnewpf;
fUj;Jf;fspd;

jhf;fNk vd;W $wyhk;. tPu czh;r;rpfisg; Ngrpa rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fspy; $l> nghJtpay;> fhQ;rp jpizg; ghly;fspd; top
mwf;fUj;Jf;fisj; jkpo;r; rKjhak; tw;GWj;jpAs;sikiaf;
fhzyhk;. mwtpay; nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilf; $Wfisg;
gpd;tUkhW f.ifyhrgjp Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhh;:
 mwtpaw; nfhs;if mwk;> xOf;fk; Kjypatw;wpd;
,d;wpaikahikia kpfTk; tw;GWj;JfpwJ.
 mwtpaw; nfhs;if ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;
mjhtJ nghUSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUfpwJ.
 mwf;fUj;Jf;fs; vt;thNwDk; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; $wg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;w fhuzj;jhy; Nghjid my;yJ
mwpTWj;Jk; gz;G NkNyhq;fpj; njhpAk;.
 mwtpay; nfhs;ifapd;gb> ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghsp
Nkyhd fy;tpawpTk; GyikAk; xOf;frPyKk;
cilatdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy; fUj;jikTk; tbtf; $Wfs;
my;yJ cj;jpfSk; ,ize;J moFzh;r;rp
Njhd;Wtijtpl> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghLnghUNs
Kjd;ikahdJ vd;w fUj;J Njhd;Wjy;.
 ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,d;ndd;d nra;jpfs;jhk; Ngrg;gl
Ntz;Lk;| ,d;dpd;d nra;jpfs; Ngrg;glf;$lhJ vd;w
Nfhl;ghLf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUjy;.
 ,yf;fpa Efh;tpdhy; fpilf;Fk; KUfpay; ,d;gk;
Kf;fpaky;y vd;W fUJjy;| ,d;gj;jpw;F khwhd
Jd;gk; my;yJ twz;l jd;ikf;F Kjd;ik jUjy;.
 rKjha mikg;Gk; kf;fspd; gz;ghLk; rpwe;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w r%ff; fiwAzh;r;rp mwtpaw;
nfhs;ifapy; Nghplk; ngWjy;.
 kdpj tho;f;iff;Fhpa newpKiwfis kpFjpahf
tw;GWj;Jtjhy; mwtpay; nfhs;if rhh;e;j
,yf;fpaq;fspy; mjpfhuj; njhzp rpwg;Gg; ngWjy;.

169
  mwtpay; nfhs;ifg;gb> Gyth; vd;gth; gy;Jiw mwpT
ngw;wtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l $Wfs; mwtpay; nfhs;ifapy; Nghplk;

ngWfpd;wd. ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ czh;r;rpia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ vdpDk; mwtpay; nfhs;if ,yf;fpa czh;r;rpf;F
khwhf mwpthw;wYf;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; je;jJ. tho;f;ifia
czh;r;rpG+h;tkhf mZFtijtpl> mwpTG+h;tkhff; fhzNtz;Lk;
vd;w nfhs;if mwtpay; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilahFk;.

mwnewpf; nfhs;iffspd; tsh;r;rpapy; %d;W gbepiyfs;

cs;sjhfg; Nguhrphpah; f.j.jpUehTf;fuR $Wfpwhh;.
 mr;rj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kdpjh;fis xOf;fj;Jld;
thoj;Jhz;LtJ.
 gbg;gbahfg; gof;f tof;fq;fisg; Nghw;wpg; gpd;gw;Wtjd;
%yk; mwnewpfis czh;j;JtJ.
 kdj;Jha;ikia mwj;jpd; epiyf;fsdhff; fUJtJ.

,e;j mbg;gilfspy; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mwf;fUj;Jf;fs;

cUthfpd;wd| ,tw;iwf; fz;lwptJk; ,jd;topahff; Fwpg;gpl;l
Gythpd; ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffisf; fhz;gJk; mwtpay;
nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilfshFk;. r%fj;jpy; jdpkdpjDf;Fk;
r%fj;jpw;Fk; gad;glf; $ba gy mwq;fisj; jpUf;Fws;
cs;spl;l mw ,yf;fpaq;fs; gyglf; $wpAs;sd.
jkpo; mw ,yf;fpaq;fSs; jiyahajhd jpUf;Fws;
jdpkdpj mwq;fs; gytw;iw tpje;NjhJfpwJ. mwk; vd;gjw;F>

“kdj;Jf;fz; khrpy dhjy; midj;jwd;

MFy ePu gpw”(Fws;> 34)

vd;w Fwl;ghtpy; mwk; vd;gij kdj;jpd; Jha;ik vd;W

tiuaiw nra;J $Wfpwhh;.

xU kdpjd; jd; Kaw;rpapdhy; mwj;jpid tUtpj;Jj;

jd;dstpy; Nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;f ,aYk; vd;gijf; $Wfpwhh;. xU
kdpjd; jd;dplk; ,ay;ghfg; gbe;Js;s nghwhik> Nguhir>
Nfhgk;> jPa nrhw;fs; Kjypatw;iwg; gbg;gbahf tpl;L tpl;lhy;
mJNt kpfr; rpwe;j mwkhFk; vd;W ts;Sth; $Wfpwhh;.
mf;Fwl;gh tUkhW:

170
 “mOf;fhW mth ntFsp ,d;dhr; nrhy; ehd;Fk;
,Of;fh ,ad;w jwk;”(Fws;> 35)

mwk; xd;Wjhd; xU kdpjid ca;tpf;ff; $baJ vd;w

nra;jpia ts;Sth; kpfTk; tw;GWj;jpf; $Wfpwhh;. xU kdpjd;
thOq;fhyj;jpy; nra;j mwr; nray;fs;> ew;nray;fs; Nghy;td
mtdJ tho;tpd; ,Wjpf; fz;Zk; tho;f;if Kbe;j gpwFk;
mtDf;F ed;ik nra;fpd;wd vd;Wk; Jizahf epw;fpd;wd
vd;Wk; ts;Sth; tw;GWj;jpf; $Wfpwhh;. mf;Fwl;gh tUkhW:

“md;W mwpthk; vd;dhJ mwk; nra;f> kw;wJ

nghd;Wq;fhy; nghd;whj; Jiz”
(Fws;> 36)

jdpkdpjdpd; mwj;jpd; topapy; jd; tho;it mikj;Jf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W tw;GWj;jpa ts;Sth; gy;NtW
ew;gz;Gfis tw;GWj;jpf; $Wfpwhh;. ,dpa nrhw;fisf; $Wjy;>
nra;ed;wpia mwpjy;> tho;tpy; vg;NghJk; eLTepiyikAld;
,Uj;jy;> mlf;fj;Jld; jd; nray;fisr; nra;jy;> xOf;fj;Jld;
tho;jy; vd;W gy mwq;fis tw;GWj;Jfpwhh;. ,d;iwa tho;tpy;
kdpjd; iff;nfhs;s Ntz;ba ,d;wpaikahj mwk; ,dpa
nrhw;fisf; $WtjhFk;| fhuzk; VJkpd;wp kdpjh;fs; jk;
nrhw;fshy; gpwiuj; Jd;GWj;Jtjidf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,jw;F
khwhf xUtd; vg;NghJk; ,dpa nrhw;fspd; %yk; kw;wth;fis
kfpo;tpf;fyhk;. mJNt kpfg; nghpa mwk; MFk; vd;fpwhh;
ts;Sth;> mwf;Fwl;gh tUkhW:

“Kfj;jhd; mkh;e;J ,dpJ Nehf;fp> mfj;jhd; Mk;

,d;nrhypdNj mwk;”
(jpUf;Fws;> 93)

,dpa nrhw;fisf; $WtJld; xUtd; mlf;fk;

cilatdhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mlf;fKilatd; ,e;jg;
gpwtpapy; kl;Lky;yhky; njhlh;e;J tUk; gy gpwtpfspYk;
ed;ikfs; milthd; vd;W $Wfpwhh; jpUts;Sth;.

“xUikAs; MikNghy; Ie;J mlf;fy; Mw;wpd;

vOikAk; Vkhg;G cilj;J”
(jpUf;Fws;> 26)

171
 nra;e;ed;wpawpjy; vd;w rpwe;j mwj;jpd;
,d;wpaikahikiaAk; jpUts;Sth; kpf El;gkhf
tw;GWj;Jtjidf; fhzyhk;.

“ve;ed;wp nfhd;whh;f;Fk; ca;Tz;lhk; ca;tpy;iy

nra;e;ed;wp nfhd;w kfw;F”
(jpUf;Fws;> 110)

mwtpay; nfhs;if topaike;j ,yf;fpaq;fs;

fUj;Jf;fis czh;j;Jk; Kiwfspy; Neubj;jd;ikAk;>
mjpfhukhf tw;GWj;jpf; $Wk; gz;Gk; fhzg;gLk; vd;gJ Kd;dh;f;
$wg;gl;lJ. jpUf;Fwspy; ,j;jifa mZFKiwiaAk;
tw;GWj;Jk; njhdpiaAk; gy ,lq;fspy; fhzyhk;. rhd;whf>
gadw;w nrhw;fisf; $wf; $lhJ vd;w ,lj;jpy; ts;Sth;
vt;tsT mOj;je; jpUj;jkhff; $Wfpwhh; vd;gijf; fhzyhk;.

“nrhy;Yf nrhy;ypy; gad; cila! nrhy;yw;f

nrhy;ypy; gad; ,yhr; nrhy;”
(jpUf;Fws;> 200)

,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; nrhy;Yf> nrhy;yw;f vd;w nrhw;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; fl;lisapLk; Njhuizapid ca;j;Jzuyhk;. ,Nj
Kiwapy; gpd;tUk; Fwl;ghf;fspy; czh;j;jg;gLk; fl;lisapLk;
njhdpiaf; fhzyhk;.

“fw;f! frlwf; fw;git! fw;wgpd;

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf!”
(jpUf;Fws;> 391)
“gw;Wf gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid! mg;gw;iwg;
gw;Wf gw;W tplw;F”
(Fws;> 350)
“jd;idj;jhd; fhjydhapd; vidj; Njhd;Wk;
Jd;dw;f jPtpidg; ghy”
(Fws;> 209)
“kwe;Jk; gpwd;NfL #ow;f! #opd;
mwk;#Ok; #o;e;jtd; NfL”
(Fws;> 204)

NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Fwl;ghf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; MizapLk;

njhdpia El;gkhf czh;e;J Nehf;Ff.

172
 tho;tpy; epiwe;j mDgtKila rhd;Nwhh;fs; jhq;fs;
fz;Lzh;e;j nra;jpfspy; rpwe;jtw;iw Nkiyj;jd;ik tpsq;ff;
$WtJz;L. ,j;jifa njhdpia mwtpay; nfhs;if
topaike;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzyhk;. kfhftp

ghujpahh;>“ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo; nkhopNghy; ,dpjhtJ

vq;Fk; fhNzhk;” vd;W mOj;jpf; $Wtijg; Nghd;w njhdpiaj;
jpUf;Fws; cs;spl;l mwtpay; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzyhk;.
rhd;whfg; gpd;tUk; Fwl;ghf;fis Nehf;Ff:

“ahk; nka;ahf; fz;ltw;Ws; ,y;iy> vidj; Njhd;Wk;

tha;ikapd; ey;y gpw”
(Fws;> 300)
“xg;Gutpdhy; tUk; Nfldpd; m/njhUtd;
tpw;Wf;Nfhs; jf;f Jilj;J”
(Fws;> 220)
“nghr;rhg; ghh;f;F ,y;iy Gfo;ik> mJ cyfj;J
vg;ghy; EhNyhh;f;Fk; JzpT”
(Fws;> 533)
“JQ;rpdh; nrj;jhhpd; NtW my;yh;| vQ;Qhd;Wk;
eQ;Rz;ghh; fs; cz;gth;”
(Fws;> 926)

,f;Fwl;ghf;fs; midj;jpYk; Mrphpahpd; mDgtKk;

Nkijj; jdKk; Gyg;gLfpd;wjy;yth? Fwl;ghf;fspy;
fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wk; njhdp NtWghl;il czuyhk;.

mwf; fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wk; NghJ xU gFjpiaf; $wptpl;L

vQ;rpaij thrfd; czUkhW tpl;LtpLk; jd;ikAk; mw
Ehy;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. jpUf;Fwspy; ,j;jifa ,lq;fs; gy
cs;sd| ,g;gz;G ePjpiaf; $Wk; Mrphpahpd; cah;T
kdg;ghd;ikapidf; fhl;LfpwJ.

“gPypnga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;

rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd;”
(Fws;> 475)

“nfhf;nfhf;f $k;Gk; gUtj;J kw;wjd;

Fj;njhf;f rPh;j;j ,lj;J”
(Fws;> 490)

173
“neLk; GdYs; nty;Yk; Kjiy> mLk;Gdypd;
ePq;fpd; mjidg; gpw”
(Fws;. 495)

,f;Fwl;ghf;fspy; $wte;j fUj;jpd; xU gFjpiaf;

$wp>gpwpnjhU gFjpiaf; $whky; tpLj;J thrfid Cfpj;jwpAkhW
tpl;L tpLk; Nghf;fpidf; fhzyhk;.

fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wk; NghJ thrfdplk; tpdhf;fisj;

njhLj;J> gpd;dh; tpiliaj; njhlh;e;J $Wk; gz;G mwEhy;fspy;
fhzg;gLk;. Mrphpah; khztdplk; ciuahw;Wk; NghJ ,t;thW
Nfs;tp Nfl;L tpiliaf; $Wk; Nghf;Fk; fhzg;gLtijf;
fhzyhk;. ,j;jifa ,lq;fspy; Mrphpah; cah;e;Jk; Nfl;gtd;
mtiur; rhh;e;Jk; ,Ug;gij czuyhk;

“tpj;Jk; ,ly; Ntz;Lk; nfhy;Nyh tpUe;Njhk;gp

kpr;rpy; kpirthd; Gyk;”
(Fws;> 85)
“Gwj;J cWg;G vtd; nra;Ak; ahf;if
mfj;J cWg;G md;gpyth;fF ; ”
(Fws;> 74)

“,d;nrhy; ,dpjPd;wy; fhz;ghd; vtd; nfhNyh

td;nrhy; toq;FtJ”
(Fws;> 99)
“eyf;F chpahh; ahh;? vdpd; ehkePh; itg;gpy;
gpwF chpahs; Njhs; Njhahjhh;”
(Fws;> 159)

mwTiufis toq;Fk; Gyth;fs; gpw rhjid

kdpjh;fistpl cah;e;jth;fs; vd;Wk; mwpthw;wypy; gpwiu
tpQ;Rgth;fs; vd;Wk; fUJk; kdg;Nghf;F mwtpay; nfhs;if top
gilf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.

“Gyk; kpf;ftiug; Gyik njhpjy;

Gyk; kpf;fth;f;Nf Gydhk; - eyk; kpf;f
G+k; Gdy; Cu> nghJ kf;fl;F MfhNj
ghk;G mwpAk; ghk;gpd fhy;”
(gonkhop ehDhW>5)

174
 “m+apu tuhapDk; mwptpyhh; njhf;ff; fhy;
khapU Qhyj;J khz;G xUtd; Nghy;fyhh;
ghapUs; ePf;Fk; kjpak; Nghy;> gy;kPDk;
fha;fyhthFk; epyh”
(gonkhop ehDhW> 47)
“fzf;fhah; ,y;yhj CUk;> gpzf;F mWf;Fk;
%j;Njhiu ,y;yh Ritf;fsDk; ghj;J cz;zhj;
jd;ikapyhsh; may; ,Ug;Gk; ,k;%d;Wk;
ed;ik gaj;jy; ,y”
(jphpfLfk;> 10)

mw,yf;fpaq;fspy; Gyg;GLk; mwf;fUj;Jf;fisAk;>

fUj;Jf;fisg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; newpfspy; jdpj;j gz;GfisAk;
fhz;gJ mwtpay; nfhs;ifapd; rpwg;Gf; $WfshFk;.

r%ftpay; ghh;it:

,yf;fpaq;fis mZFk; KiwfSs; kpf ,d;wpaikahj

mZFKiwahfr; r%ftpay; mZFKiw fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
,yf;fpaq;fs; r%f tho;f;ifapd; tpisnghUl;fshf
cUthfpd;wd. kdpj r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW $WfisAk; r%f
tho;tpd; rpf;fy;fisAk; jhd; ,yf;fpak; kPz;Lk; vLj;Jf;
fhl;LfpwJ. r%fj;ijj; jpUj;jpaikf;fTk; khw;wTk; ,yf;fpak;
Kaw;rp nra;fpwJ. ,jdhy; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk;
neUq;fpa njhlh;G cs;sJ. ,jdhy; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T
mZFKiwfSs; r%ftpay; ghh;it Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lj;ijg;
ngWfpwJ.

rKjhatpay; mZFKiwapy; rpy ,d;wpaikahj $Wfs;

mbg;gilfshf mikfpd;wd. mit tUkhW:
 ,yf;fpaj; Njhw;wj;jpy; rKjhaj;jpd; gq;F
 ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspapd; r%fg; gpd;dzp.
 ,yf;fpaq;fs; r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngWjy;
 ,yf;fpaq;fspy; r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW $Wfs;
rpj;jphpf;fg;gLjy; my;yJ tpkhprpf;fg;gLjy;
 r%f kjpg;Gf;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpj;jphpf;fg;gLjy;
 r%f khw;wq;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
rpj;jphpf;fg;gLtijf; fhZjy;.

175
 Nkw;fz;l $Wfs; rKjhatpay; mZFKiwapy;
,d;wpaikahj ,lj;jpidg; ngWfpd;wd.

,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;Ff; fhuzq;fs;:

,yf;fpaq;fs; ve;jj; jdpkdpjdpd; rpe;jidapidAk;

mwptpidAk; kl;Lk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpwg;gitay;y|
Fwpg;gpl;l gilg;ghsp thOfpd;w r%fg; gpd;dzpAk;
fhyr;#oYk;jhd; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;Ff; fhuzq;fshf
mikfpd;wd. gy;NtW ,df;FOf;fs; xd;whf ,ize;J r%fk;
cUthfpwNghJ> Nte;jd; vd;w mikg;G cUthfpd;wNghJ tPuj;ij
ikakhff; nfhz;l ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
,df;FOj;jiyth;fshf ,Ue;J Ml;rp nra;j FWepy kd;dh;fs;
tho;e;j fhyq;fspy; tPuj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;l rpd;dQ;rpW
ftpijfs; Njhd;wpd. rhd;whfg; gpd;tUk; GwehDhw;Wg; ghliyf;
fhzyhk;:

“rpw;wpy; ew;Whz; gw;wp epd;kfd;

ahz;LsNdh vd tpdTjp vd;kfd;
ahz;Lsd; MapDk; mwpNad; XUk;
GypNrh;e;J Nghfpa fy;yis Nghy
<d;w tapNwh ,JNt
Njhd;Wtd; khNjh Nghh;ff ; sj; jhNd”
(GwehDhW> 86)

rq;f fhyj;J kd;dh;fs; kl;Lky;y rhjhuzg;

nghJkf;fsplKk; tPuTzh;r;rp rpwe;jpUe;jJ vd;gjw;F ,g;ghly;
rhd;whfpwJ. xU ngz; gpwpnjhU ngz;zplk; mtsJ kfd;
vq;Nf vd;W Nfl;ljw;F> kfid <d;w tapW ,Jjhd;| Gyp
FbapUe;J Nghfpa Fif Nghy cs;sJ. mtd; VNjDk; xU
Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; Nghh;Ghpe;J nfhz;bUg;ghd; vd;W gjpy; $Wtjhf
,g;ghly; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. tPuj;jpw;F Kjd;ik je;j xU
r%fj;jpy;jhd; ,j;jifa rpe;jidiag; Gyg;gLj;jf; $ba ghly;
Njhd;wf; $Lk;.

tPuk; xd;iwNa nghpnjdf; fUjpa kd;dh;fs; tho;e;j

fhyj;jpy; mjidr; rpwg;gpj;Jk; $Wk; ghly;fs; Njhd;wpd|
GwehDhw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; tQ;rpdf; fhQ;rpg; ghly;fs; gz;ila
kf;fspd; tPuj;jpw;Fj; jf;f rhd;whf mikfpd;wd. Nrhod;
eyq;fps;spapd; tQ;rpdf;fhQ;rpg; ghliyf; fhzyhk;.

176
 “nky;y te;njd; ey;yb nghUe;jp
<nad ,uf;Fth; Mapd; rPUil
KuRnfO jhaj;J muNrh jQ;rk;
,d;Daph; MapDk; nfhLf;Fntd; ,e;epyj;J
Mw;wy; cilNahh; Mw;wy; Nghw;whJ vd;
cs;sk; vz;zpa klNthd; njs;spjpd;
JQ;RGyp ,lwpa rpjld; Nghy
ca;e;jdd; ngah;jNyh mhpNj ike;Jilf;
fiojpd; ahidf; fhyfg; gl;l
td;wpz; ePz;Kis Nghyr; nrd;W mtz;
tUe;jg; nghNud; Mapd; nghUe;jpa
jPJ,y; neQrj;Jf; fhjy; nfhs;shg;
gy;ypUe; $e;jy; kfsph;
xy;yh Kaf;fpilf; Fiovd;jhNu”
(GwehDhW> 73)

jd;Dila tPuj;jpid czuhky; vs;sp eifahba

kd;diug; Nghhpy; ntd;W Gwq;fhz;gJ cWjp vd;Wk;> mt;thW
elf;fhtpl;lhy; jd; xOf;fk; rpije;jJ vd;W kf;fs; fUjpf;
nfhs;syhk; vd;Wk; #Siuf;fpd;whd; kd;dd;. ,g;ghlypy; Gyg;gLk;
tPuTzh;r;rp gz;ila kf;fspd; tPuj;jpw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.

,t;thW tPuepiyf; fhyr; r%fk; cUthd fhyfl;;lj;jpy;

tPuAf ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd vd;gijr; r%ftpay; ghh;itapd;
topahf czutpaYk;. TPuAfk; Kbe;jgpd; Nguurh;fshd Nru>
Nrho> ghz;ba kd;dh;fs; Mz;l fhyq;fspy; epiyahd muR>
Ml;rp Kiw vd;w r%f mikg;G cUthd NghJ rpyg;gjpfhuk;>
kzpNkfiy Kjypa fhg;gpaq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. mjd;gpd;dh;
%Nte;jh;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; Kbe;J gpd; Ntw;W ,dj;jtuhd
fsg;gpuh;fs; Mz;l NghJ ePjp ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,jd;
gpd;dh; r%fj;jpy; kd;dh;fSf;F mLj;j epiyapy; ngUk; rf;jp
gilj;jth;fshd tzpfh;fs; cUthd NghJk; mth;fSf;F epfuhf
epyf;fpohh;fs; cUthfpwNghJk; rkz ngsj;j rkaq;fSf;F
epfuhf typik ngw;wdthr; irt itzt rkaq;fs; cUthfpa
NghJ gf;jp Xh; ,af;fkhf tsh;e;J gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
gpd;dh; NguuRr; Nrhoh;fs; cUthfp jkpo; ehl;bd; ngUk; gFjpia
Msj; jiyg;gl;l NghJ> kPz;Lk; Nghpyf;fpaq;fs; vdg;gLk;
ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd. epyf;fpohh;fs;>
kd;dh;fs; MfpNahh; Kjd;ikaplk; ngw;wpUe;j epiy khwp>
Mq;fpNyah;fs; ,e;jg; nghpa ehl;bid Msj; njhlq;fpa NghJ
r%f mikg;G kPz;Lk; khWfpwJ. ,j;jifa fhy fl;lj;jpy;
ciu eil tbtj;jpy; ehty;> rpWfij Kjypa ,yf;fpa tiffs;

177
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,t;thW ,yf;fpaj; Njhw;wj;jpy; r%fj;jpd; gq;F
Fwpj;J MuhAk; Kiwapy; r%ftpay; ghh;it mikfpd;wJ.

,yf;fpaq;fisj; jpwdha;T nra;Ak; NghJ> mtw;wpy; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;s rpy ,d;wpaikahj $Wfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s>
gilg;ghspapd; r%fg; gpd;dzpia msT Nfhyhff; nfhz;L
fhzyhk;. xU ftpijapd; fUj;J> mJ $wg;gl;Ls;s Kiwik>
$wg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzk; Mfpa epiyfis mbg;gilahf itj;Jg;
ghba Gythpd; r%fg; gpd;dzpia mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;| ghlg;gl;l
fUj;jpidg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s> Gythpd; gpd;dzp tho;f;if epiy>
rKjhaepiy Kjypatw;iwj; Jizf; nfhs;syhk;.
,J r%ftpay; ghh;itapd; $WfSs; mlq;Fk;. rq;f
fhyj;jpy; Gyth;fs;> fiyQh;fs; KjypNahh; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapd;
nghUs; Njitfis epiwT nra;J nfhs;sg; nghpJk;
kd;dh;fisr; rhh;e;Nj ,Ue;jdh;. Mdhy; xU rpy Gyth;fs;
kd;dh;fspd; nray;fisf; fz;bf;Fk; mstpw;Fr; nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;wpUe;jdh; vd;gJk; rpy Gwg;ghly;fspd; topg; GydhfpwJ.
itahtpf; Nfhg;ngUk;Ngfd; kPJ mhprpy; fpohh; ghba ghly;
xd;iwf; fhzyhk;.

“md;d thfepd; mUq;fhy ntWf;if

mitngwy; Ntz;Nlk; mLNghh;g; Ngf
rPwpaho; nrt;top gz;zpepd; td;Gy
ed;dhL ghl vd;id eae;J
ghprpy; ey;Fit ahapd; Fhprpy; eP
ey;fh ikapd; ietur; rhma;
mUe;Jah; cof;Fk; epd; jpUe;jpio mhpit
fypkapw; fyhtk; fhy;Ftpj; jd;d
xypnkd; $e;jy; fko;Gif nfhsP,
jz;fko; Nfhij Gida
tz;ghp neLe;Njh; G+z;f khNt”

(GwehDhW> 146)

,g;GwehDhw;Wg; ghlypy; mhprpy; fpohh; ‘eP nfhLf;Fk;

ghprpy;fs; vkf;Fj; Njitapy;iy| cd;dhy; iftplg;gl;l
epiyapy;> thbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; cd; kidtp fz;zfpia eP
kPz;Lk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tNj vkf;F eP jUk; cz;ikahd ghprpy;
MFk;’ vd;W Ngfid Nehf;fpf; $Wfpwhh;. ,t;thW $wf; fhuzk;>
mtUila r%fepiy vd;W Jzpayhk;| gz;ilf;
fhyj;jpy; fpohh; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lth;fs; ngUk; epyq;fSf;Fr;

178
nrhe;jf;fhuh;fshf ,Ue;jdh;| mj;jifa epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuh;fSs;
rpyh; Gyth;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdh;| ,g;ghly; ghba mhprpy; fpohh;
,j;jifa nrhy;tsk; cila Gytuhfj; jpfo;e;jpUf;fpwhh;| vdNt
mtuhy; kpf vspjhf kd;did ,bj;Jf; $w ,aYfpwJ vd;W
fz;lwpAk;NghJjhd;> ghlypd; njhdpg; nghUis czuKbAk;.
,jw;Fr; r%ftpay; ghh;it cjTfpwJ.

rpw;rpy ,yf;fpaq;fs; r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngWtjw;Fk;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. r%fj;jpy; rkz> ngsj;j
rkaq;fs; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jNghJ rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy
Kjypa fhg;gpaq;fs; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jd. INuhg;gpah;fspd;
tUiff;Fg;gpd; ,e;jpa ehl;by; fpwpj;jt rkak; nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;wNghJ Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fis mbnahw;wp mt;tpyf;fpaq;fs;
nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wd. ,t;thW Fwpg;gpl;l rpy ,yf;fpaq;fs;
r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngwr; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyfs;
fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd. r%ftpay; ghh;it ,jpy; Kf;fpakhf
ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.

,yf;fpaq;fspd; ghLnghUshfr; r%fk; mikfpwJ.

r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w rpy rpf;fy;fs; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
rpj;jphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rhd;whf ,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;L
,yf;fpaq;fspy; tWik. Ntiyapd;ik> kdpjdpd; ,ae;jpu kakhd
tho;f;if Kjypa rpf;fy;fs; rpj;jphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rhd;whf
,d;iwa kdpjdpd; jiyaha rpf;fy; gw;whf;Fiwahd tUtha;
MFk;. ,jidg; gpd;tUk; ftpijfspy; fhzyhk;.

‘kpfTk; cah;e;jth; ghh;

fpuhkthrpah? efuthrpah?
,uz;Lk; ,y;iy
tpiythrp”

vd;w fe;jh;tdpd; ftpij thpfs; ,d;iwa r%f kdpjdpd;

rpf;fy;fisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,Nj Kiwapy;

“vz;zp thq;Fk;
gsgsf;Fk; Nehl;Lfspy;
vd;Kfk; njhpatpy;iy
vtnuth; KfNk njhpfpwJ”

179
vd;w K.Nkj;jhtpd; ftpijthpfspYk; eLj;juf; FLk;gj;J kdpjd;
xUtdpd; rpf;fy;fs; rpj;jphpf;fg;gLtij czuyhk;. ,t;thW
r%fr; rpf;fy;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;bUg;gijr;
r%ftpay; ghh;itapd; topNa czuyhk;.

r%f mikg;Gf;fs; khWk;NghJ kdpjd; milAk;

,d;dy;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. r%f
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;F ,yf;fpaq;fs; cjTk; ghq;Fk; r%f
khw;wq;fis ,yf;fpaq;fs; gjpT nra;tJk; r%ftpay; ghh;itapd;
$Wfshf mikfpd;wd.

r%fj;jpy; ,ize;J thOk; kdpjh;fspd; eyDf;fhfTk;

mth;fis newpg;gLj;jTk; cUthf;fg;gl;l rpy fUj;Jf;fs; jhk;
r%f kjpg;Gf;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
,lk; ngWtJ Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;. r%f kjpg;Gf;fisAk; etPd
,yf;fpaq;fspy; mit vt;thW khw;wkile;j epiyapy;
rpj;jphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijAk; n[afhe;jdpd; ehty;fs; topf;
fhzyhk;.

xt;Nthh; ,yf;fpa tifapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; mJ Njhd;Wfpw

rKjha mikg;gpw;Fk; neUq;fpa njhlh;G cz;L vd;gJ ,yf;fpa
tuyhw;whrphpah; midtUf;Fk; ,iaGila fUj;jhFk;. jkpo;
,yf;fpa tiffspd; tsh;r;rpiaAk;> Nja;itAk; fhZk;NghJ
,f;fUj;J njspthfg; Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; ehty;
vDk; ,yf;fpa tifapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; neUq;fpa ,iaG
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Ml;rp KiwAk;> Mq;fpyf;
fy;tp GFj;jg;gl;likAk;> ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa njhopybg;gilr;
rKjha mikg;Gk;> mjd; kw;nwhU tpisthd gbg;gwpTila
kj;jpa juth;ff ; j;jpd; vOr;rpAk;> njhopw; Gul;rpapd; tpisthfj;
Njhd;wpa mr;R ,ae;jpuq;fspd; ngUf;fKNk jkpopy; ehty; vDk;
,yf;fpatif Njhd;wf; fhuzq;fshapd vd;gijf; f.ifyhrgjp
tphpthf tpsf;fpAs;shh;. ehty; vDk; ,yf;fpatif gpw ,e;jpa
nkhopfspy; Njhd;wpa NghJk; ,j;jifa #o;epiyfNs epytp
te;jd.

rKjha mikg;Gf;fs; khw;wq;fSf;fhshfpd;w NghJ gioa

gz;ghl;L mbg;gilf;$WfSf;Fk;> Gjpa gz;ghl;bd;
$WfSf;FkpilNa Nkhjy;fs; epfo;fpd;wd. epyf;fpohh;> tptrhap
vd;w cw;gj;jp cwTfs; khwp Miy Kjyhsp – njhopyhsp Gjpa
cw;gj;jp cwTfspd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wfpd;w gz;ghl;Lf;
$Wfs; kdpj cwTfSf;fpilNa nry;thf;Fg; ngWfpd;wNghJ
gioa kjpg;Gf;fs; nry;thf;fpof;fpd;wd| Gjpa kjpg;Gf;fs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. fhyr; #oy;fspd; Njitfisnahl;b> kj;jpaju

180
th;f;fj;jpd; ,yf;fpaf; Fuyhf ntspg;gLfpd;w Gidfijfs;
,j;jifa Gjpa kjpg;Gf;fisr; rpj;jphpf;fpd;wd. khWfpd;w rKjha
mikg;gpy; Vw;gLfpd;w kdpjdpd; ,d;dy;fs;> ,yf;fpag;
gilg;ghspfspd; ftdj;ij <h;ff ; pd;wd. ,j;jifa khw;wq;fis
mwpTf;fz; nfhz;L Muha;tJ Gidfijapd; r%ftpaw; gz;ghff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tbg;gilapy; jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpy; epyTfpd;w
rpy rKjha kjpg;Gf;fspd; khw;wq;fis n[afhe;jdpd; ehty;fspd;
thapyhff; fhzyhk;. fw;G> jpUkzk;> ,y;ywk;> xUtd;
xUj;jpAld; tho;jy;> rhjpg;ghFghL Mfpa kjpg;Gf;fspy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wq;fs; ,f;fl;Liuapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

FLk;g tho;f;ifia cUthf;Ffpd;w ,d;wpaikahj $W:

jpUkzk; vDk; rlq;F FLk;g tho;f;ifia cUthf;Ffpd;w

,d;wpaikahj $whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. je;ijapd; nrhj;Jf;fs;
kfDf;Nf NruNtz;Lk; vd;w nrhj;Jhpik czh;Tfs; Njhd;wpa
fhyj;jpy; xUtDf;Fk; xUj;jpf;Fk; eilngWk; jpUkzk; ,y;yw
tho;f;iff;Fr; r%f mq;fPfhuk; NjLk; epiyia mile;jJ. gioa
r%f mikg;gpy; jpUkzk; vd;Dk; rlq;F FLk;gq;fspd;
,izg;G vd;Dk; fUj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,uz;L kdq;fspd;
,izg;G vd;gijtplTk; ,U FLk;gq;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fspd;
,izg;Gf;Fhpa r%f mq;fPfhuk; NjLk; epiyNa jpUkzk; vd;w
rlq;fpd; topahf epiwNtwpaJ. ,d;W epyTfpd;w rKjha
mikg;gpYk; jpUkzk; vd;w r%f kjpg;G nrhj;Jhpikapd;
mbg;gilapNyNa epfo;tijf; fhzyhk;.

n[afhe;jd; jkJ ‘cd;idg;Nghy; xUtd;’‘,yf;fzk; kPwpa

ftpij’>‘ghhPRf;Fg;Ngh’>‘xU kdpjDk; rpy vUik khLfSk;’ Mfpa
ehty;fspy; jpUkzr; rlq;fpd;wp ,Uth; kdnkhj;J ,y;ywk;
elj;Jk; epiyiaf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. ‘cd;idg; Nghy; xUtd;’ ehtypy;
jq;fk;-khzpf;fk;>‘,yf;fzk; kPwpa ftpij’ ehtypy; uhkdhjd; -
rush>‘ghhPRf;Fg;Ngh’ ehtypy; eura;ah-fq;fh>‘xU kdpjDk; rpy
vUik khLfSk; ehtypy; rghgjp – yPyh Mfpa fijkhe;jh;fspd;
,y;ywq;fs; jpUkzr; rlq;fpd; topr; r%f mq;fPfhuk;
ngwhkNyNa eilngWfpd;wd.

cilik czh;tw;w. czh;T epiyapd; mbg;gilapy;

Vw;gLk; ,Ukdq;fspd; ,izg;Ng rpwe;j ,y;ywkhf khwf;$ba
tifapy; jpUkzk; gw;wpa Gjpa r%f kjpg;gpid n[afhe;jd;
jkJ ehty;fspy; gilf;fpwhh;.

181
rpwe;j fw;G epiy:

xU ngz; jd; kdj;jhYk; gpwiu vz;zhky; xUtDf;Nf

jd;id KOikahf Ml;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L tho;tNj rpwe;j fw;G
epiyahfj; njhd;ikf; fhye;njhl;Lf; fUjg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy;yhw;whDk; ,f; fw;Gepiyapd;

Nkd;ikapidg; Ngrp te;jpUf;fpd;wd. Mz; Kjd;ikr;
rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;Zf;Fr; nrhj;Jhpikfs; kWf;fg;gl;lNghJ ngz;
Mltidr; rhh;e;jpUg;gJ kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahj epiyikahfpd;wJ.
MfNt ngz;Zf;Ff; fw;G vDk; r%f kjpg;Ng nghpa
cilikahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. kdpj Fy tuyhw;wpy; je;ijtopr;
rKjhak; cUthfpa fhyf;fl;lNk ngz;Zf;Ff; fw;G
typAWj;jg;gl;l fhykhFk;. je;ijapd; nrhj;J kfDf;Fr; Nru
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy; nrhj;Jf;Fhpa kfid KbT nra;tjw;Fg;
ngz;Zila fw;G kpf ,d;wpaikahjjhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. cwT
nfhs;tjw;Fk; chpikia toq;Ftjw;Fk; ,JNt mbg;gilahfj;
jpfo;tjhy; je;ijtopr; rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;zpd; fw;G
typAWj;jg;gl;lJ vd;w khdpltpayhh; fUj;Jk; <z;L
xg;GNehf;fj;jf;fJ.

,d;iwa r%f mikg;gpy; fw;G vDk; r%f kjpg;G

eilKiw tho;tpy; Nghw;wg;glhikia ‘cd;idg;Nghy;
xUtd;’‘tho;f;if miof;fpwJ’ ‘ghhPRf;Fg;Ngh’ ‘gpusak;’ Mfpa
ehty;fspy; n[afhe;jd; fhl;Lfpwhh;. fw;G vd;w r%f kjpg;gpd;
khw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lk; NghJ ehtyhrphpahpd; Mokhd kdpj Nea
czh;T ntspg;gLtij ,e;ehty;fspy; czu KbfpwJ. re;jh;g;gr;
#oy;fspd; fhuzkhff; fw;G newp gpwo;e;j ngz;bUk; ,y;yw
tho;it mikj;Jf; nfhs;tij ,e;ehty;fspy; n[afhe;jd;
gilf;fpwhh;. ‘cd;idg; Nghy; xUtd;’ ehtypy; mwpahikapdhy;
fw;gpoe;J jha;ik epiyia mile;j jq;fk; gy;yhz;Lfl;Fg;
gpd;dh; NtnwhUtDld; ,y;ywtho;tpy; <LgLfpwhs;. ‘tho;f;if
miof;fpwJ’ ehtypy; fhjypy; Njhy;tp fz;L fw;gpoe;j jq;fk;
uh[hTld; ,y;ywj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhs;. ‘ghhPRf;Fg;Ngh’
ehtypy; yypjh tWikapd; fhuzkhfTk;> #o;epiyfspd;
fhuzkhfTk; newpgpwo;e;j tho;it Nkw;nfhz;l gpd;dUk;
kfhypq;fj;ij kze;J nfhs;fpwhs;. ‘gpusak;’ ehtypy;
gr;irak;khs; jd; fztd; rpiw nrd;w gpd;dh; NtnwhUtDld;
jd; tho;f;ifiag; gpizj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhs;. n[afhe;jd;
Nkw;$wpa ,f;fijkhe;jh;fis> mth;fs; newp gpwo;e;jijf; Fwpj;j
Fw;w czh;T rpwpJk; ,y;yhjth;fisAk;> Kiwahd ,y;yw

182
tho;it mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Vq;Fgth;fisAk; Kiwahd ,y;yw
tho;itg; ngWgth;fshfTk; gilj;jpUf;fpd;whh;.

‘ghhPRf;Fg; Ngh’ ehty; jtpu Vida ehty;fs; midj;jpYk;

tUfpd;w ,f;fij khe;jh;fs; r%jhaj;jpd; mbkl;lj;jpy;
tho;fpd;wth;fs;. fw;G epiy Kjyhff; $wg;gLfpd;w gy r%f
kjpg;Gf;fSk;> r%fj;jpd; Nky;kl;l mikg;gpy; epyTfpd;w
fUj;Jf;fshFk;. rKjhaj;jpd; ,af;fj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf
epyTfpd;w cw;gj;jp cwTfspd; mbg;gilia xl;bNa
,k;Nky;kl;l mikg;G cUg;ngWfpd;wJ. vdNt> n[afhe;jd;
gilj;jpUf;fpd;w ,f;fijkhe;jh;fs; midtUk; rKjhaj;jpd;
mbkl;lj;jpy; tWik> mwpahik Mfpa mtyr; #o;epiyfspy;
coy;gth;fs;| efh;g;Gwr; rKjhaj;jpy; Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l
Nrhptho; kf;fs;| ,th;fSf;Fg; gioa kuGfspd; kPJ gpbg;Gk;
,y;iy| Gjpa mikg;gpy; chpa ,lKk; ,y;iy. ,th;fs;
nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy; r%fj;jpd; Nky;kl;l mikg;gpdpd;Wk;
me;epag;gl;L tpyfp epw;gth;fs;. ,f;fij khe;jh;fs; ,q;qdk;
r%f kjpg;Gf;fisg; gw;wpa mwpNth mf;fiwNah ,d;wp Kw;wpYk;
tho;f;ifg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <LgLgth;fs;. MfNt fw;G gw;wpa kpfj;
jPtpukhd r%f kjpg;G ,th;fsJ eilKiw tho;itg;
ghjpf;ftpy;iy vd;W n[afhe;jd; jkJ ehty;fspd; topNa
gilj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. tho;f;iff;fhfg; NghuhLk; Nghuhl;lNk
,th;fs; tho;tpy; ngUk; Nghuhl;lkhf ,Ug;gjhy;> ,th;fs; r%f
kjpg;Gf;fSf;fhf kpFjpahfg; Nghuhl ,ayhj epiyapy;
,Ug;gijj; jkpo; vOj;jhsh;fs; gyUk; GJikg;gpj;jd;
fhye;njhl;L ,d;Wtiu vOjpapUf;fpd;wdh;.

‘ghHPRf;Fg; Ngh’ ehtypy; yypjh fw;Gnewp gpwo;e;J

tho;gtshapDk; kfhypq;fk; vd;w njhopyjpgiu kze;J
nfhs;fpwhs;. fw;G epiy gw;wpa r%f mikg;gpid mts;
Gwf;fzpf;fhtpbDk; kfhypq;fj;jplk; ,Uf;fpd;w nrhj;Jf;fspd;
ngUf;fKk;> r%fj;jpy; epyTfpd;w nry;thf;Fk; mth;fs; ,UtuJ
,y;ywk; mikjpahf epfof; fhuzkhfpd;wd. nrhj;Jilik> fy;tp>
r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;F Mfpait xU kdpjdplk; cUthf;Ffpd;w
jd;Kidg;gpd; ntspg;ghlhf ,jidf; nfhs;syhk;. gpwh; jd;idg;
gw;wp vd;d epidf;ff;$Lk; vd;gijg; gw;wpf; fUjpg; ghh;f;fhj
gz;Gilatshf yypjh gilf;fg;gl;bUg;gij ,q;F rpe;jpj;Jg;
ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. efh;g;Gwr; r%fq;fspy;> gbj;j Nky;jl;Lg;
gphptpdh;fspilNa ,j; jd;Kidg;G ntspg;gLtij Mjtd;>
,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujp Nghd;w ehtyhrphpah;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;.

183
 ,d;iwa r%f mikg;gpy; Nky;jl;Lg; gphpT kf;fspilNaAk;
mbkl;lj;J kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwapYk; fw;G gw;wpa gioa
r%f kjpg;G nry;thf;fpoe;J tUtjhf n[afhe;jd; jkJ
gilg;Gf;fspy; fhl;bapUf;fpd;wdh;. ,e;eilKiwia xl;bf; fw;G
gw;wpa Gjpa r%f kjpg;gpidj; jk; ehty;fspy; mth; gilf;fpwhh;.
‘xUtDld; thOk;NghJ mtDf;Fj; JNuhfk; epidf;fhky;
nrk;ikaha; tho;tJk;> ,ayhjNghJ gphpe;J nrd;W tpLjYNk
rpwe;j epiy;’ vd;w nghUs;gl n[afhe;jd; fw;G gw;wpa Gjpa

r%f kjpg;gpidf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. lhf;lh;. K.t.Tk; ,JNghd;w

fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jpapUg;gij Ma;thsh;fs; $wpAs;sdh;.

,;y;yw tho;tpd; Nkd;ik:

kdpj cwTfs; ahtw;Ws;Sk; FLk;gk; vDk; mikg;G

kpfTk; mbg;gilahdjhFk;. ,;y;yw tho;tpd; Nkd;ikiaj;
jkpopd; njhd;ikahd ,yf;fpaq;fs; gyglg; ghbapUf;fpd;wd.

Gjpa rKjha mig;gpy; kpfj; njhd;ikahd $l;Lf;FLk;g

mikg;G rpijfpd;wJ. xU FLk;gj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; epyq;fspy;
xd;whf cioj;jy;> njhopiyg; NgZjy; Mfpa gz;GfSld;
$ba $l;Lf; FLk;g mikg;G> mjw;Fhpa tptrhag; nghUshjhu
mikg;Gf;F Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l njhopy;Jiwr; rKjha mikg;gpy;
rpijfpd;wJ. ‘ghhPRf;Fg; Ngh’ ehtypy; Nri\ahtpd; $l;Lf;
FLk;gk; mjw;F Kw;wpYk; ,iagw;w efh;g;Gwr; rKjhar; #oypy;
,aq;Fk;NghJ rpije;J jdpj;jdpf; FLk;gq;fshfg; gphpfpd;wJ.

‘r%fk; vd;gJ ehYNgh;’ ehtypy; Kj;JNtyh;

jiyikapyike;j $l;Lf;FLk;gr; rpijtpid n[afhe;jd;
fhl;Lfpwhh;. FLk;g tho;f;if gw;wpa r%f kjpg;Gf;fspd; rpijit
n[afhe;jd; ,e;ehty;fspy; fhl;Lfpwhh;. ‘epyg;gpuGj;Jtr; rKjha
khw;w fhyq;fspy; epyg;gpuGj;Jtj;jpd; $l;Lf; FLk;g mikg;Gf;F
Ntz;ba Kiwapy; elj;jg;gl;l ,izg;gpd; gpd;dh; mf;FLk;gk;
mjd; mikg;Gf;F Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l #o;epiyapy; ,aq;Fk;NghJ
,w;W KwpaNt nra;Ak;>vd;w fh.rptj;jk;gpapd; $w;W
,q;Ff;fUjj;jf;fJ.

184
njhopybg;gilapy; Njhd;wpa gphptpid-(rhjpg;ghFghL):

rKjhaj;jpy; njhopybg;gilahfj; Njhd;wpa gphptpidfs;

ehsiltpy; kpfTk; $h;ikahd rhjpg; ghFghLfshf Nth;tpl;L
tsh;e;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd. gy;NtW rKjha mikg;Gf;fs; Njhd;wp
tsh;e;J kiwe;jNghJk; rhjpg;ghFghLfs; kpfTk; Mokhf Nt&d;wp
tsh;e;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd. rhjpfis xopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gy
jiyth;fSk; Gyth;fSk; ghLgl;L cioj;Jk; rhjpg;ghFghLfs;
kiwtjw;F khwhf tsh;e;Nj te;jpUf;fpd;wd.

cw;gj;jp cwTfspd; mbg;gilapNyNa njhlf;f fhyj;jpy;

rhjpg;ghFghLfs; Njhd;wpd. cw;gj;jp cwTfspy; fhzg;gLk;
Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> Kuz;ghLfs; ePq;Fk;NghJ rhjpg;ghFghLfs; gw;wpa
r%f kjpg;G mwNt xope;J NghFk; vd;gJ rKjhaj;jpd; Nghf;fpy;
fhzf;$ba xd;whFk;.

n[afhe;jd; jdJ gilg;Gf;fspy; rhjpg;gphptpidfspdhy;

Vw;gLk; jPa tpisTfisg; gw;wp Muhatpy;iy. MapDk; gpuhkz
r%fj;jpd; flikfs;> xOfhyhWfs; Fwpj;J ‘gpuk;NkhgNjrk;’,
‘[a [a rq;fu’> Mfpa ehty;fspy; n[afhe;jd; NgRfpwhh;.
,t;tpU ehty;fspYk; gpuhkzh;fs; jq;fs; flikfisr; rhpahfr;
nra;ahjNj r%fr; rPh;NfLfSf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;w fUj;ij
tw;GWj;Jfpd;whh;.

‘gpuk;NkhgNjrk;’ ehtypy; rq;fu rh;kh>‘Guhjdg; ngUik

NgRk; gpuhkz jh;kq;fspdpd;Wk; tOtpa gpuhkzh;fis tplTk;
gpuhkz jh;kq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wk; kdepiyia cila
gpuhkzuy;yhjhNu cah;e;jth; vd;w fUj;Jilatuhfg;
gilf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;. ehj;jpfg; gpuhkzdhd Nr\hj;jphpiaj; jd;
kfs; ikj;jNuap fhjy; kzk; Ghpe;J nfhz;lij kWj;J.
rjhde;j XjthUf;Fg; gpuk;NkhgNjrk; nra;tpj;J mtiug;
gpuhkzdhf khw;wp Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;. ‘[a [a rq;fu’ ehtypy;
jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;gpduhd Mjp> gpuhkz jh;kq;fisg;
gpd;gw;Wgtuhfg; gilf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;.

‘gpuk;NkhgNjrk;’>‘[a [a rq;fu’ Mfpa ehty;fspy;

n[afhe;jd; ‘gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh caph;f;Fk;’ vd;w fUj;jpidf;
fhl;Lfpwhh;. gpuhkzd; vd;gtd; gpwg;gpdhy; mikfpwtd; my;y|
gpuhkz jh;kq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Nthh; midtUk; gpuhkzNu vd;w
fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhh;. jho;e;j Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jtUk;
gpuhkzuhf Mfyhk; vd;w fUj;jpidf; $Wk; NghJ>
n[afhe;jDf;Fg; gpuhkz jh;kq;fspd; kPJ ,Uf;fpd;w <LghL

185
Gydhfpd;wJ. rhjp NtWghLfisf; fistjw;F n[afhe;jd;
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s Gjpa Kiwahf ,J ehtypy; Gyg;gLfpwJ.

tpdh tpilfs;:

1. mwnewpf; nfhs;iffspd; tsh;r;rpapy; %d;W gbepiyfs;

ahit?

mwnewpf; nfhs;iffspd; tsh;r;rpapy; %d;W gbepiyfs;

cs;sjhfg; Nguhrphpah; f.j.jpUehTf;fuR $Wfpwhh;.
 mr;rj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kdpjh;fis xOf;fj;Jld;
thoj;Jhz;LtJ.
 gbg;gbahfg; gof;f tof;fq;fisg; Nghw;wpg;
gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yk; mwnewpfis czh;j;JtJ.
 kdj;Jha;ikia mwj;jpd; epiyf;fsdhff; fUJtJ.

,e;j mbg;gilfspy; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mwf;fUj;Jf;fs;

cUthfpd;wd| ,tw;iwf; fz;lwptJk; ,jd;topahff; Fwpg;gpl;l
Gythpd; ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffisf; fhz;gJk; mwtpay;
nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilfshFk

2. ,;y;yw tho;tpd; Nkd;ik-tpthp?

kdpj cwTfs; ahtw;Ws;Sk; FLk;gk; vDk; mikg;G

kpfTk; mbg;gilahdjhFk;. ,;y;yw tho;tpd; Nkd;ikiaj;
jkpopd; njhd;ikahd ,yf;fpaq;fs; gyglg; ghbapUf;fpd;wd.

Gjpa rKjha mig;gpy; kpfj; njhd;ikahd $l;Lf;FLk;g

mikg;G rpijfpd;wJ. xU FLk;gj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; epyq;fspy;
xd;whf cioj;jy;> njhopiyg; NgZjy; Mfpa gz;GfSld;
$ba $l;Lf; FLk;g mikg;G> mjw;Fhpa tptrhag; nghUshjhu
mikg;Gf;F Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l njhopy;Jiwr; rKjha mikg;gpy;
rpijfpd;wJ. ‘ghhPRf;Fg; Ngh’ ehtypy; Nri\ahtpd; $l;Lf;
FLk;gk; mjw;F Kw;wpYk; ,iagw;w efh;g;Gwr; rKjhar; #oypy;
,aq;Fk;NghJ rpije;J jdpj;jdpf; FLk;gq;fshfg; gphpfpd;wJ.

‘r%fk; vd;gJ ehYNgh;’ ehtypy; Kj;JNtyh;

jiyikapyike;j $l;Lf;FLk;gr; rpijtpid n[afhe;jd;
fhl;Lfpwhh;. FLk;g tho;f;if gw;wpa r%f kjpg;Gf;fspd; rpijit

186
n[afhe;jd; ,e;ehty;fspy; fhl;Lfpwhh;. ‘epyg;gpuGj;Jtr; rKjha
khw;w fhyq;fspy; epyg;gpuGj;Jtj;jpd; $l;Lf; FLk;g mikg;Gf;F
Ntz;ba Kiwapy; elj;jg;gl;l ,izg;gpd; gpd;dh; mf;FLk;gk;
mjd; mikg;Gf;F Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l #o;epiyapy; ,aq;Fk;NghJ
,w;W KwpaNt nra;Ak;> vd;w fh.rptj;jk;gpapd; $w;W
,q;Ff;fUjj;jf;fJ.

3. rKjhatpay; mZFKiwapy; rpy ,d;wpaikahj $Wfs;

vit?

rKjhatpay; mZFKiwapy; rpy ,d;wpaikahj

$Wfs; mbg;gilfshf mikfpd;wd. mit tUkhW:
 ,yf;fpaj; Njhw;wj;jpy; rKjhaj;jpd; gq;F
 ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspapd; r%fg; gpd;dzp.
 ,yf;fpaq;fs; r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngWjy;
 ,yf;fpaq;fspy; r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW $Wfs;
rpj;jphpf;fg;gLjy; my;yJ tpkhprpf;fg;gLjy;
 r%f kjpg;Gf;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpj;jphpf;fg;gLjy;
 r%f khw;wq;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpj;jphpf;fg;gLtijf;
fhZjy;.
Nkw;fz;l $Wfs; rKjhatpay; mZFKiwapy;
,d;wpaikahj ,lj;jpidg; ngWfpd;wd.

4. mwtpay; nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilf; $Wfis tpthpf;f.

mwtpay; nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilf; $Wfisg; gpd;tUkhW

f.ifyhrgjp Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhh;:
 mwtpaw; nfhs;if mwk;> xOf;fk; Kjypatw;wpd;
,d;wpaikahikia kpfTk; tw;GWj;JfpwJ.
 mwtpaw; nfhs;if ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;
mjhtJ nghUSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUfpwJ.
 mwf;fUj;Jf;fs; vt;thNwDk; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; $wg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;w fhuzj;jhy; Nghjid my;yJ
mwpTWj;Jk; gz;G NkNyhq;fpj; njhpAk;.

187
  mwtpay; nfhs;ifapd;gb> ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghsp
Nkyhd fy;tpawpTk; GyikAk; xOf;frPyKk;
cilatdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy; fUj;jikTk; tbtf; $Wfs;
my;yJ cj;jpfSk; ,ize;J moFzh;r;rp
Njhd;Wtijtpl> ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghLnghUNs
Kjd;ikahdJ vd;w fUj;J Njhd;Wjy;.
 ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,d;ndd;d nra;jpfs;jhk; Ngrg;gl
Ntz;Lk;| ,d;dpd;d nra;jpfs; Ngrg;glf;$lhJ vd;w
Nfhl;ghLf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUjy;.
 ,yf;fpa Efh;tpdhy; fpilf;Fk; KUfpay; ,d;gk;
Kf;fpaky;y vd;W fUJjy;| ,d;gj;jpw;F khwhd
Jd;gk; my;yJ twz;l jd;ikf;F Kjd;ik jUjy;.
 rKjha mikg;Gk; kf;fspd; gz;ghLk; rpwe;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w r%ff; fiwAzh;r;rp mwtpaw;
nfhs;ifapy; Nghplk; ngWjy;.
 kdpj tho;f;iff;Fhpa newpKiwfis kpFjpahf
tw;GWj;Jtjhy; mwtpay; nfhs;if rhh;e;j
,yf;fpaq;fspy; mjpfhuj; njhzp rpwg;Gg; ngWjy;.
 mwtpay; nfhs;ifg;gb> Gyth; vd;gth; gy;Jiw
mwpT ngw;wtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l $Wfs; mwtpay; nfhs;ifapy; Nghplk;

ngWfpd;wd. ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ czh;r;rpia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ vdpDk; mwtpay; nfhs;if ,yf;fpa czh;r;rpf;F
khwhf mwpthw;wYf;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; je;jJ.

tho;f;ifia czh;r;rpG+h;tkhf mZFtijtpl>

mwpTG+h;tkhff; fhzNtz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;if mwtpay;
nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilahFk;.

5. ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilg;gjw;Fj; Njitahdit vit?

,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilg;gjw;F xU tifahd jpwd; Njit.

r%fj;ij> tho;f;ifia> kdpjh;fis> epfo;rr
; pfis kdpjh;fspd;
gz;Gfis> nray;ghLfis kpf Ez;ikahff; ftdpf;Fk; jpwDk;>
mtw;iw kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gd;Kiw kdj;jpw;Fs; mirNghl;Lg;
ghh;f;Fk; nghWikAk; cila xUth;jhd; gilg;ghspahf khw
,aYk;| ,t;thW cw;W Nehf;fp mirNghLk; jpwDld;>

188
mDgtq;fis Ez;ikahf czUk; Ez;ik czh;rr
; pAk; xU
gilg;ghspf;Fj; Njit.

rhiyapy; fUk;Gfisg; gpope;J rhW vLf;Fk; epfo;rr ; p vq;Fk;

fhzf;$ba xd;Wjhd;. rhjhuz kdpjh;fshfpa ehk; ,f;fhl;rpiaf;
fz;Ltpl;L tpyfpr; nrd;W tplyhk;. Mdhy; ,Nj fhl;rp xU
ftpQdpd; fz;fspy; gLfpwNghJ mJ clNd kiwe;J
tpLtjpy;iy. ftpQdpd; fz;top Eioe;j fhl;rp mtd;
cs;sj;jpy; gy ehl;fs; jq;fpg; gpd;dh;> NtW Gjpa mDgtj;ijr;
rpe;jidiaj; Jhz;LfpwJ.

189
 gpupT:4

$W:12. cstpay;.

cstpay; vDk; jdpj;Jiw> ,yf;fpaj;

jpwdha;tpy;>kdpjdpd; elj;ijfs;> vz;zq;fs;
Kjypatw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w rpy tprpj;jpukhd ,ay;Gfisg;
Ghpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; Xh; mwptpaNy cstpayhFk;. Foe;ij
cstpay;> kpif cstpay;> r%f cstpay;> KjpNahh; cstpay;
vd;W gy gphpTfshf ,d;W cstpay; tsh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. xU
gilg;gpd; Mf;fj;jpy; ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspapd; kdKk;
nray;gLtjhy;> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpy; cstpay; ,d;wpaikahj
,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. cs;sj;jpd; topKiwfis Muha;fpw
cstpay;> ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa Ma;tpw;Fk; Vw;Gilajhf ,Uf;f
KbAk;! vd;W F];jt; Aq; vDk; cstpay; mwpQh; $Wfpwhh;>
cstpay; Jiwapid njhlf;fj;jpy; tsh;j;J cUthf;fpath;
M];jphpa ehl;L kdey kUj;Jtuhd rpf;kz;l; g;uha;L Mthh;.

cstpay; mZFKiw ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gpwg;G> ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

$wg;gl;ls;s fUj;Jf;fSf;fhd fhuzk;> ,yf;fpaf; fij
khe;jh;fspd; nray;fSf;fhd fhuzk; Kjypatw;iwj; njspthfg;
Ghpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. Gyth;fspd; kd epiy> kdvOr;rp
Kjypait vt;thW ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhfpd;wd vd;W
cstpay; mZFKiwapd; top czuyhk;.

Mq;fpyf; ftpQdhd n\y;yp jd; ,sikf; fhyj;jpy;

jPtpuj; jd;ikAk; NtfKk; tpWtpWg;Gk; nfhz;ltdhf ,Ue;J
ftpijfs; Gide;jtd;. Neubahfr; r%fr; nray;ghLfspy; jd;id
<LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;. vdpDk;; tho;f;if je;j frg;ghd rpy
mDgtq;fs; n\y;ypapd; kdepiyiag; ghjpj;jd| kdj;jstpy;
Jtz;L NghapUe;j n\y;yp gw;wpj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;.
n\y;ypapd; Foe;ij ,we;jJ> FLk;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ,og;Gf;fs;
r%f tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;l Gwf;fzpg;Gf;fs; Mfpa
fhuzq;fspdhy;

kdj;jpy; NrhfKk; tpuf;jpAk; twl;rpAk; Fbnfhz;bUe;j

fhyj;jpy; n\y;yp gwitiag; Nghy; rpwnfhbe;J fhzg;gl;lhd;
vd;W njh.K.rp. uFehjd; vd;Dk; jpwdha;thsh; $Wfpwhh;.
,j;jifa kdepiyapd; fhuzkhfj;jhd; n\y;yp ‘Nky; fhw;W’
vd;w ftpijiag; ghbdhh; vd;W uFehjd; $Wfpwhh; (n\y;ypAk;
ghujpAk;> g.211) n\y;yp mf;ftpijapy;> ehd; tho;f;ifapd;
Kl;fspd; kPJ tpOfpNwd;!. uj;jk; nfhl;LfpNwd;! fhyj;jpd; fdj;j

190
jis vd;id tpyq;fpl;Lg; gzptpj;J tpl;lJ! ehDk; cd;idg;
Nghy; mlq;fhjtdthfTk; Ntfkpf;ftd thfTk; ngUkpjk;
gilj;jtdhfTk; ,Ue;jtd; jhd;” vd;W $Wfpwhd;. tho;f;ifapy;
Vw;gl;l kdKwpT vDk; cstpay; epiy ,f;ftpij gpwg;gjw;Ff;
fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij ,jd;top czuyhk;.

kpif cstpy; fhuzkhf xUtuJ cs;sj;jpy; vOk;

czh;r;rpfisr; rq;f mfg;ghly; xd;wpd; top czuyhk;:

“Kl;LNtd; nfhy;! jhf;FNtd; nfhy;?

Xnud; ahDk;| Xh; ngw;wp Nkypl;L
Mf xy; vdf; $TNtd; nfhy;? –
mykuy; mirtsp miyg;g> vd;
caTNeha; mwpahJ JQ;Rk; Ch;f;Nf”
(FWe;w;njhif> gh.22)

tiutpil itj;J Vw;gl;l gphptpid Mw;whky; tUe;Jk;

jiytpapd; epiy Fwpj;J ,uq;fpj; Njhop $Wtjhf mike;j
ghlypy; gphptpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;zpd; kdepiy kpfTk;
ntspg;gilahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzyhk;. jd;idj;jhNd
Jd;GWj;jpf; nfhs;sf; $batifapy; Kl;lTk; vjidahtJ
vtiuahtJ jhf;fTk; Jzpfpw kdepiyia kpif cstpay;
vd;w Nfhzj;jpy; rpwg;ghf tpsf;fyhk;.

,yf;fpa Ma;tpy; cstpay; mwptpd; gq;fpid mwpe;J

nfhs;s NkYk; xU rhd;wpidf; fhzyhk;.

mNrhfkpj;jpudpd; FWehtypd; cstpay;;

cstpaypd; gy;NtW tiffSs; xd;W kdpjdpd; tsh;r;rpg;

gbepiyfisg; gw;wpa cstpay; MFk;. ,jpy; xU tif KjpNahh;
cstpay; MFk;. xU kdpjd; %g;G miljy;> %g;gpd;NghJ
Vw;gLk; cly;> kdepiy khw;wq;fs; Kjypad ,t;Tstpaypy;
tphpthf Muhag;gl;Ls;sd. KJik fhuzkhf xU kdpjd;
milAk; jsh;r;rpfs;> jdpikg;gly;> r%fj;JlDk; FLk;gj;JlDk;
mDrhpf;f ,ayhik> kdj; jsh;rr ; p Kjyhd gy epiyfis
KjpNahh; cstpay; Muha;fpd;wJ.

Kjpath;fl;F Vw;gLk; elj;ij khWghLfs; .cly; khWghL.

.cs;s khWghL .,af;f khWghLfs; vd;w %d;W epiyfspy;
cstpay; ty;Yeh;fshy; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws;
,yf;fpaq;fspy; Kjpath;fspd; cs;s khWghLfs;jhd; kpFjpahd

191
rpj;jpupg;gpidg; ngw;Ws;sd. Kjpath;fspd; elj;ijfs; gw;wpa
Ma;Tfspy;. KjpNahh;fspd; mDruidf; Fzq;fSk; mtw;wpw;fhd
Vw;ghLfs;> #oy;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; tphpthd tpsf;fj;jpidg;
ngw;Ws;sd. “Ntiy> FLk;g tho;f;if Mfpa ,U nghpa
epiyfspy; Kjph; tajpy; mDrhpj;Jg; Nghjy;fs;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd” vd;W ‘jkpo; Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; KjpNahh;
cstpay;’ gw;wpa ma;T nra;j khh;lb ; d; uh[h cstpay;
ty;Yeh;fis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b tpsf;Ffpwhh;. “clw;G+h;tkhf
Vw;gLk; khw;wk; rpe;jidg; G+h;tkhf khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L tUk;.
NkYk; mjpfkhf czh;r;rp trg;gLjy; Nghd;w ghpjhgfukhd
#o;epiyfs; rpe;jidf; Fiwit cz;L gz;zp KJikf;F ,l;Lr;
nry;Yk;” vd;W mth; NkYk; tpsf;Ffpwhh;. ,it KjpNahhpd;
kdq;fspy; KJik fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fis tpsf;Fk;
fUj;Jf;fs;.

cstpay; mwpQh;fs; ,r;rpf;fy;fis cld;ghl;L Kfj;jhd;

vLj;Jf; fhl;b> ,it jPh;tjw;fhd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wdh;.
Mdhy; gilg;gpyf;fpathjp ,r;rpf;fy;fisf; fw;wwpe;J jdJ
,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpj;jphpg;gjpy;iy. kdpj tho;tpd; mDgtj;jpy;
fz;l cwTr; #oy;fis> rpf;fy;fisf; fiyahf khw;Wfpwhd;|
,tw;wpy; cstpayhh; $Wk; rpf;fy;fs;> rpf;fy;fspd; rhay;fs;
cWjpahf ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,tw;iw Ma;T nra;Ak; khztd;
cstpay; fUj;Jf;fspd; JizNahL ,j;jifa ,yf;fpaq;fis
mZFk; NghJ> kpf mhpa cz;ikfs; Gyg;gLfpd;wd.

KJikf; fhyj;jpy; xU kdpjd; milAk; ,og;Gf;fs;

mtid KOikahfg; ghjpf;Fk;. gzk;> kjpg;G> cly; eyk;
Kjypait Fiwaf; Fiwa xU Kjpath; fLikahfg;
ghjpf;fg;gLthh;. ,jid czh;e;J nfhz;L FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fs;
,zf;fkhd #o;epiyia Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ cstpayhh;
$Wk; fUj;J| Mdhy; eilKiwapy; ,jidg; gyUk;
nraw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy| ,jdhy; Kjpa fztd; - kidtp> je;ij-
kfd; rpf;fy;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,r;rpf;fy;fs; ,f;fhy
,yf;fpaq;fspy; kpFjpahfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw
ed;Kiwapy; Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk; tpsf;fTk; KjpNahh; cstpay;
gw;wpa nfhs;ifawpT ,d;wpaikahJ Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wJ| ,e;j
jsj;jpy; jhd; ,yf;fpaKk; cstpaYk; vd;w xg;gha;T ed;F
nray;gltpaYk;.

KjpNahh; cstpay; gw;wp cstpayhh; $wpAs;s

fUj;Jf;fspd;> gpd;dzpapy; mNrhfkpj;jpudpd; ‘jiyKiwfs;’ vd;w
FWehty; ,g;gFjpapy; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.

192
 ‘jiyKiwfs;’ FWehtypy; rq;fud; vd;w ,isQd;> mtd;
je;ij> jha; Mfpath;fl;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk; cwT Nkhjy;fs;.
mjd; tpisTfs; Kjypad tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rq;fud;
gbj;Jtpl;L Ntiy Njbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,isQd;| mtd; je;ij
muRg; gzp Ghpe;Jtpl;Lf; fl;lha Xa;tpy; tPl;by; ,Ug;gth;.
,th;fs; ,UtUf;FkpilNa gu];guk; kpfr; rpwpa tp\aq;fspy;
$l thf;FthjKk; rz;ilfSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; xU ehs;
rq;fud; jd; je;ijiaf; ifePl;b mbj;Jk; tpLfpwhd;| gpd;dh;
tPl;il tpl;L ntspNawp jd; ez;gd; ,Uf;Fk; Cl;bf;Fr; nrd;W>
rpy Jd;gq;fis mile;J ,Wjpapy; jd; je;ijAld; te;J
Nrh;e;J nfhs;fpwhd;. rq;fuDf;F xU gzf;fhug; ngz; kidtpahf
te;J Nrh;fpwhs;| ,jdhy; fpilj;j rpy yl;r &gha;fisf; nfhz;L
rq;fudpd; je;ij Gjpajhfj; njhopw;rhiy xd;W njhlq;Ffpwhh;.
rq;fuDf;F tPl;bYk; ntspapYk; khpahij Vw;gLfpwJ.
‘jiyKiwfs;’ Fwehtypd; ikakhd fijg;gFjp ,Jjhd;.
,jpy; rq;fudpd; mg;gh Gjph; kpFe;j gz;GfSld;
gilf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;| fhuzkpy;yhj rz;ilfs;> mjpfhuk;
Ruz;ly; vd;W ,d;dgpw gz;GfSilatuhfg; gilf;fg;gl;ls;shh;.
cz;ikapy; ,f;fijkhe;jhpd; rpf;fy; vd;d? Vd; ,t;thW ele;J
nfhs;fpwhh; vd;gJjhd; Ma;Tf;Fhpa gFjpahFk;.

‘jiyKiwfs;’ FWehtypy; rq;fudpd; mg;gh tprpj;jpukhd

gz;Gfs; nfhz;ltuhfg; gilf;fg;gl;ls;shh;. Njitaw;w
epiyapYk; mth; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;sth;fl;Fr; rpWrpW ,lh;fis
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. fhiyapy; jpdrhp nra;jpj; jhs; te;jTld;>
mjid clNd vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Ngha;j; jd;Dila miwapy;
itj;Jg; G+l;b tpLthh;. “tPl;bd; %j;j igaDf;Fj; jpdrhpg;
gj;jphpif gbg;gjw;Fk; $l ,ilQ;ry; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mtd;
%f;fpy; cg;Gj;jhisg; Nghl;Lj; Nja;f;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;W rq;fud;
jd;idg; gw;wpj; jd; je;ij nfhz;bUf;Fk; fUj;jpidf;
$Wfpd;whd;.

rq;fudpd; je;ij fhuzNk ,y;yhky;> jd; tPl;Lj;

Njhl;lf;fhuDld; Nfhgg;gl;L ,iufpwhh;. jd; tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpy;
FbapUe;J nfhz;L ,ilaPL ,y;yhky; mtd; vg;NghJk;
cioj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwhd;| vdpDk; mtd; je;ij uhkrhkp
Iah;> mtidj; jpl;b mjpfhuk; nrYj;jpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwhh;.
,jidr; rq;fud; kdNthl;lkhf mNrhfkpj;jpud;> fhl;Lfpwhh;:
“rq;fuDf;F me;jf; fpotd; FLk;gj;ijg; gpbf;fhJ. mth;fs;
mtDila mg;ghTf;F kpfTk; ,ire;J Nghfpwth;fs;.

193
mg;gbg;gl;lth;fs; fz;nzjphpy; vg;NghJk; ,Ug;gjpdhNyNa>
mg;ghtpd; mjl;lYk; kpul;lYk; tsh;e;J nfhz;Nl NghfpwJ.
,g;NghJ $l cg;Gg ngwhj tp\aj;jpw;fhff; fpotid mg;gh
kpul;bf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;. ,e;j kpul;ly; ehs; KOJk; kzpf;F
kzp mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl tsUk;” vd;W uhkrhkp Iahpd;
mjpfhur; nraiyr; rq;fud; vDk; fijkhe;jh; %yk;
mNrhfkpj;jpud; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

fhuzkw;w Nfhgf; Fzj;Jld; mlf;FKiwf; FzKk;

uhkrhkp Iahplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tPl;bd; khb miwapy; cs;s
Fspayiwiar; rq;fud; jdf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L tUfpwhd;.
,jidf; fz;l je;ij khbaiwf;Fj; jz;zPh; trjpia epWj;jp
tpLfpwhh;. ,jd; %yk; mtdJ rpwpa trjpiar; Rje;jpuj;ij mth;
jLj;Jtpl;ljhf vz;zp kdepiwT nfhs;fpwhh;.

rq;fudpd; je;ijaplk; ,t;thW gpwiuj; Jd;GWj;Jk;

gz;Gfs; ,Uf;ff; fhuzk; vd;d? KjpNahh; cstpaypy;>
Kjpath;fs; KJik fhuzkhfr; rpytw;iw ,of;fpd;wdh;. cly;
typik> nghUs; tUtha; Kjypait Fiwaf; Fiwa> kdj;jpy;
Vw;gLfpd;w jho;T kdg;ghd;ik vjph;tpistpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
vg;NghJk; jhd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jtd; vd;W jd;id xU
Kjpatd; fhl;bf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpwhd;. ,jd; fhuzkhfj;jhd;
vg;NghJk; Nfhgg;gLjy;> gpwiu mlf;fp Ms Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Kaw;rp nra;jy;> jd;dhy;jhd; midj;Jr; nray;fSk;
eilngWfpd;wd vd;W fhl;bf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gjy; Kjypa
gz;Gfs; Kjpath;fsplk; te;J Nrh;fpd;wd. ‘jiyKiwfs;’
ehtypy; uhkrhkp Iah; Kjpath;: muRg;gzpapy; ,Ue;J fl;lha
Xa;T ngw;wth;| ,jd; fhuzkhff; FLk;gj;jpy; jdJ Kjd;ik
Fiwe;Jtplf; $lhJ vd;gjw;fhfr; rpy nray;fis –
Nfhgg;gLjy;> mjpfhuk; nra;jy;> rpWrpW njhe;juTfs; jUjy; -
mth; nra;fpd;whh;. ,f;Nfhzj;jpy; uhkrhkp Iahpd; nray;fis
mZFk; NghJ> mtuJ FLk;gr; rpf;fy; ntWk; jiyKiw
,ilntspr; rpf;fy; kl;Lky;y| mJ cstpay; rhh;e;j rpf;fy;jhd;
vd;gijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;stpaYk;.

uhkrhkp Iah; jd; %j;jkfd; rq;fuDld; fLikahd

Kuz;ghLfis itj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;| Mdhy; filrpg;
igadplk; Kuz;ghLfs; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwhh;. rq;fud; Kiwahfg;
gbj;Jg; gl;lk; ngw;Wk;> nghWg;Gld; r%fk; gw;wpr; rpe;jid nra;j
gpd;dUk; ew;ngahpy;iy| Mdhy; filrpj;jk;gp “v];.v];vy;.rp
%d;W Kiw vOjptpl;lhd;. Mdhy; mtid mg;ghNth mk;khNth
xU Kiw $lg; nghpjhf itjJ$lf; fpilahJ. ,e;j khjphp

194
cwTfspy; jPtpu tp\aq;fs; Kf;fpaNkapy;iy. rpy;yiw
tp\aq;fspy; xj;Jg;Ngha;tpl;lhy; NghJk;” vd;w epiy
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;Fhpa fhuzk; vd;d? FLk;g cwTfspy;
mDrhpj;Jg; Nghjy; vd;w KjpNahh; cstpay; $Wjhd; ,jw;Ff;
fhuzk;. ,jid ,f;FWehtypy;>“xU tp\aj;jpYk; mg;ghitAk;
mk;khitAk; vjph;j;Jf; nfhz;lJ fpilahJ…” vd;W filrp kfd;
Kjpath;fSld; nfhz;bUf;fpw mDrhpj;jy; vd;w eilKiwiaf;
fhl;Lfpd;whh; mNrhfkpj;jpud;.

Kjpath;fspd; cs;sj;jpy; ,ayhik fhuzkhfTk; r%fr;

#oy; fhuzkhfTk; Vw;gLfpd;w Nrhh;T czh;T> mth;fisf;
FLk;gj;jpy; vjph;tpisthlr; nra;fpwJ. ,e;j cz;ikia
mNrhfkpj;jpud; ‘jiyKiwfs;’ FWehtypy; fhl;Lfpd;whh;.
jpdrhpr; nra;jpj;jhspy; mtruepiyf; fhyj;jpd; muRr; nray;fs;
gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ntsptUfpd;wd. Coy;fs; nra;jth;fs; kPJ
eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gl;l nra;jpfs; jpdrhp ,jo;fspy;
ntsptUfpd;wd. ,J Coyhy; fl;lha Xa;tpy; ,Uf;Fk; uhkrhkp
Iahpd; kdepiyiag; ghjpf;fpwJ| FLk;gj;jpy; mJ rpy
vjpnuhypfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; uhkrhkp IaUf;Fk;
mtuJ kidtpf;Fk; ,ilapy;> rpWrpW fhhpaq;fl;fhffr;
rz;ilfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. “rq;fud; vjph;ghh;j;jJ tPz;Nghftpy;iy.
mg;gh fhiyg; gj;jphpifiag; ghh;j;Jr; rpwpJ gjl;lk;
mile;jpUe;jhh; re;Njfkpy;iy.

fhiy bgDf;F mk;kh ,l;yp nra;jpUe;jhs;. “nfhQ;rk;

rl;dp NghL” vd;W mg;gh nrhd;dhh;. mk;kh rl;dp Nghl te;jhs;.
“ehd; cd;id vd;d Nfl;Nld;? vd;W mg;gh vhpe;J tpOe;jhh;.

mk;kh mire;J nfhLf;fhky;>“vy;yhk; ePq;f Nfl;lijj;jhd;

NghlNwd;” vd;W gjpy; nfhLj;jhs;.

“vtDf;F ,e;j Crr; rl;dp Ntz;Lk;? nfhz;L Ngha;r;

rhf;filapy; nfhl;L” vd;W mg;gh fj;jpdhh;.
mk;khTk; jsh;e;J Ngha;tplhky;>“mg;Ngh vd;d Nghlr;
nrhy;Nws;? rl;dp NtZkh? Ntz;lhkh?” vd;whs;.
“nkhsfhg; nghb ,y;iy? mJ ,Ue;jhf; nfhQ;rk;
nfhl;Nld;”
“Kd;dhNyNa Nfl;bUe;jh Nghl;Ll;Lg; NghNwd;”.

195
 “Vd; ehd; Nfl;lJ fhjpNyNa tpoypah? fhjpNy vd;d
gQ;rh milr;R itr;Rz;bUf;Nf?”
“,J vJf;F mjpfg;gb Ngr;R” ePq;f nkhsfhg;nghbd;D
Nfl;lNj ,g;gj;jhd;”
“ehd; mg;gnye;J nkhsfhg;nghb NghLd;D
mbr;rpz;bUf;Nfd;”.
-,e;j ciuahly; uhkrhkp IaUf;Fk; mtuJ kidtpf;Fk;
,ilapy; elf;fpwJ. ,jpy; uhkrhkp Iahpd; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
gjl;lkhd kdepiyAk; mjd; tpisthff; FLk;gj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
cury;fSk; rpj;jphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Kjpa tajpy; mDrhpj;jy; vd;w
#oy; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. Ntiy> FLk;gk; njhlh;ghd mDrhpj;jy;
Nghjy;fs; nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fspdhy; rpf;fyhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
muR cjtp> kUj;Jt cjtp> Xa;T+jpak; Kjypait ,Ue;jhYk;
KjpNahh; gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPh;T fhz;gJ fbdkhf cs;sJ
vd;W cstpayhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. fl;lha Xa;T KjpNahh; vjph;
nfhs;Sk; Kf;fpakhd gpur;idahFk;. ,jid n`h;tpl;]; vd;ghh;
‘Xa;T vd;w mjph;rr ; pahdJ KJikaile;j xUtUf;Fg; Gjpa
Rftpdj;ij tUtpf;Fk;’ vd;fpwhh;. jiyKiwfs; FWehtypy;
uhkrhkp Iahpd; rpf;fy; ,Jjhd;. mYtyfr; #oy;fs; fhuzkhf
NtiyapypUe;J Xa;T ngw;w uhkrhkp Iah; jd; kdj;jstpy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;| ,jdhy; vt;thnwDk; jdJ Kjd;ikiaf;
FLk;gj;jpy; cWjpg;gLj;j tpUk;Gfpwhh;. Mdhy; mjw;Fhpa #oy;fs;
mDrhpj;jy; NghFk; jd;ikfs; FLk;gj;jpy; ,y;iy| FLk;gj;jpd;
#oy;fSf;F mDrhpj;Jg; NghFk; jd;ik uhkrhkp Iahplk;
,y;iy. ,jdhy; cwTfspy; rpf;fy;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. uhkrhkp
IaUf;Fk; mtuJ %j;j kfd; rq;fuDf;Fk; ,ilNa kpff;
fLikahd Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd| rq;fud; tPl;il tpl;L
ntspNaWfpwhd;.

uhkrhkp Iah; VNjDk; nra;J midthpd; ftdj;ijAk;

jd;kPJ jpUk;g tpUk;Gfpwhh;| gpwuJ md;gpidg; ngw tpUk;Gfpwhh;.
jdf;Fk; jd; kfDf;Fk; ,ilNa Nkhjy; Vw;gl;l gpwF kfd;
jd;idf; nfhy;y tUtjhfj; njUtpy; epd;W $r;rypl;L>
midtuJ ,uf;f czh;itAk; ngw tpUk;Gfpwhh;. “rq;fudpd;
mg;gh mth; kidtpiaf; fl;bf; nfhz;lhh;. ‘vd; %isf;F
xz;Zk; MfNyb! Vd; `pUjaj;Jf;Fj;jhd; MapLj;Jb’ vd;W
nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L mtUila khh;gpy; mtNu ehd;FKiw Fj;jpf;
nfhz;lhh;” vd;W uhkrhkp Iahpd; vz;zj;ijAk; nraiyAk;
mNrhfkpj;jpud; fhl;Lfpwhh;. r%fk;> muRj;Jiw> gzpaplk;
Kjypatw;wpy; neUf;fbfisr; re;jpf;Fk; Kjpath; xUthpd;

196
kdepiyAk; mth;fs; ,g;Gwj;jhf;fq;fshy; FLk;gj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk;
rpf;fy;fisAk; uhkrhkp Iah; vd;w fijkhe;jhpd; gilg;gpd; %yk;
mNrhfkpj;jpud; fhl;Lfpd;whh;.

rq;fud; tPl;iltpl;L ntspNawp> gy Jd;gq;fisAk;

Vkhw;wq;fisAk; re;jpj;j gpd;dh; kPz;Lk; jd; je;ijaplNk
ruzilfpwhd;| mtDf;F Vw;gl;l ,d;dy;fs; mtdJ jd;
Kidg;Gf;Fj; jiltpjpj;J> jd; je;ijAld; mDrhpf;f
itf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; FLk;gj;jpy; rpf;fy; FiwfpwJ. ‘kpf
mj;ahtrpakhd jUzq;fspy; jtpu ,UtUk; vd;Wk;
Ngrpf;nfhs;stpy;iy. mk;kh vg;NghJk; NghypUe;jhs;. jk;gp
kzpAk; vg;NghJk; NghypUe;jhd;. kPuh mts; fztd; tPl;Lf;Fr;
nrd;whs;. mts; kWgbAk; mq;F te;jNghJ me;jf; FLk;gNk
rq;fuDf;fhf xU ngz; ghh;f;f ,d;ndhU tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;wJ”
vd;W FLk;gj;jpy; R%fkhd ,ay;ghd epiy cUthfptpLtij
mNrhfkpj;jpud; fhl;Lfpwhh;. uhkrhkp IaUld; mDrhpj;Jg; NghFk;
jd;ik FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fspilNa Vw;gl;lJk; midj;Jr;
rpf;fy;fSk; rhpahfp tpl;lij ,e;ehty; czh;j;JfpwJ.

KjpNahh; cstpay; gw;wp cstpay; mwpQh;fs; $Wk;

fUj;Jf;fs;> ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fspy; rpy fij khe;jh;fspd;
nray;fisAk; gz;GfisAk; ed;Kiwapy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s
cjTfpd;wd. ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; jdpkdpj czh;Tfs; gw;wpa
rpj;jphpg;Gf;fshfg; nghpJk; mike;jpUg;gjhy;> cstpay;
fUj;Jf;fSld; xg;gpl;L ,tw;iw Muha kpFjpahd tha;g;Gf;fs;
cs;sd.

njhy;gbktpay;:

jpwdha;T mZF KiwfSs; gutyhfg; gyuJ

ftdj;jpidAk; <h;j;j Xh; mZFKiw njhy;gbktpay;
mZFKiwahFk;. kdpjd; ve;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; tho;e;jhYk;
mtdplk; mtdJ njhd;ikahd epidTfs; gbe;J fplf;fpd;wd|
mit mtdJ nray;fspYk; czh;TfspYk; Clhb epw;fpd;wd
vd;Wk; njhy;gbktpay; $WfpwJ. kpfg; goikahd rpy epidTfs;
kdpjdpd; epfo;fhyr; nray;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Ngr;Rf;fs;
Kjypatw;wpy; FwpaPLfshf mikfpd;wd. ,tw;iwf; fz;lwpe;J
ntspg;gLj;JtJjhd; jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gilfshFk;.
njhy;gbktpay; jpwdha;T ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Gije;J fplf;fpd;w
njhy;gbkq;fisj; NjLfpwJ| mtw;iw tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jdhy;
,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w rpy #oy;fs;> nrhw;fs;
Kjypatw;iwr; rhpahd Kiwapy; Ghpe;J nfhs;s njhy;gbktpay;
cjTfpwJ vd;W $wyhk;.

197
 njhy;gbkq;fs; gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; xU r%fj;jpy;
eilngw;w epfo;rr; pfs;. gpur;rpidfs;> mDgtq;fs; Kjypad
njhy;gbtq;fspd; %ykhfg; gy jiyKiwfl;Fk; gazk;
nra;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; epfo;fhyj;jpd; nray;fspy; gy fle;j fhy
epidTfspd; njhlh;r ; ;rp vd;gJ njhy;gbktpay; $Wk; fUj;jhf
mikfpd;wJ.

njhy;gbktpay; Ma;thsh;fspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftuhd

ehh;j;Nuhg;/gpiu Njly; njhd;kk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;L
tw;GWj;Jfpwhh; (jp.R.eluhrd;> jpwdha;Tf;fiy> g.182) ,j;jifa
Njly; njhlh;ghd mbf;fUj;J ,d;iwa ,yf;fpaq;fspy; kpFjpahf
,lk; ngw;wpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. n[afhe;jdpd; ‘rpy Neuq;fspy;
rpy kdpjh;fs;’ ehtypy; ,sk; tajpy; ghypay; td;Kiwf;F
Mshd fq;fh> jd; tho;tpy; jpUkzk; Kjyhd ruhrhpg;
ngz;fSf;fhd chpikfs; ,d;wpj; jdpj;J tho;fpwhs;. gpd;dh;>
jdJ ,d;iwa epiyf;Ff; fhuzkhd gpuGitj; Njbf;
fz;Lgpbf;fpwhs;. Vw;fdNt jpUkzkhfp kidtp> Foe;ijfSld;
tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; gpuGTld; jd; tho;it ,izj;Jf;
nfhz;L jd; tho;f;ifapd; jdpikf;F KbT fl;lj; Jzpfpwhs;.
MjhtJ fq;fh vDk; ngz; jdf;Fhpa Jiziaj; NjLtjpNyNa
,Wjp tiu> jd; tho;f;ifiar; nrytpLfpd;whs;. ,J etPd
tho;f;ifapy; Njly; Fwpj;j njhd;kk; ntspg;gLk; KiwahFk;.

rPijapd; tho;tpy; Neh;e;j Ngutyq;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy;

njhd;kq;fshf cUkhwpd. RPij ,uhkidg; gphpe;jJk; gpd;dh;
kPz;Lk; ,uhkDld; ,ize;jJk; mt;thW ,ize;jNghJ
,uhkdhy; mf;fpdpg; gpuNtrk; nra;ag;gl;lJk; njhd;kq;fshf
cUkhwp ,d;iwa ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
n[afhe;jdpd; ‘mf;fpdpg; gpuNtrk;’ vd;w rpWfij ,t;thW
mike;j xU njhd;kj;jpd; kWgbtkhFk;. XU ngz; jdf;F vd;d
Neh;fpwJ vd;gijf; $lg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s ,ayhj tajpy;> kdk;
Kjph;rr; pailahky; cly; kl;LNk Kjph;e;jpUf;Fk; epiyapy; xU
gzf;fhu ,isQuhy; ghypay; td;Kiwf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLfpwhs;.
,jidg; gpd;dh; mg;ngz; jd; jhaplk; njhptpj;jNghJ> me;jj;jha;.
,r;nra;jpiag; nghpJg;gLj;jpj; jd; kfspd; tho;f;if rpijaf;
fhuzkhf mikahky;> rpwpJ ePiuj; jiyapy; Cw;wp>‘,Jjhd;
cdf;F mf;fpdpg; gpuNtrk;! eP Rj;jkhapl;Nl’ vd;W $wpj; jd;
ngz;iz ,ay;ghd tho;f;ifia thOkhW nra;JtpLfpwhh;.
,uhkd; rPijf;F elj;jpa mf;fpdpg; gpuNtrj;jpw;F
vjph;kiwahdjhf ,J mikfpwJ. njhy;gbkj;jpid kWGidT
nra;J fhyj;jpw;Nfw;wthW Gjpa nghUz;ikapy; gilg;gjhf

198
,r;rpWfij mikfpwJ. ,jpy; neUg;G vy;yh mRj;jq;fisAk;
cz;L Jha;ikg;gLj;jp tpLfpwJ vd;w goikahd fUj;J
nray;gLtij – vjph;kiwahfr; nray;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.

fl;lw;w ngz;ikapd; Mw;wy; Fwpj;j vz;zq;fs;

njhy;gbkq;fshfp ghQ;rhyp vd;w FwpaPl;bd; %yk; kf;fshy;
epidT $ug;gl;ld. gy Ehw;whz;LfSf;Fg;gpd; kfhftp
Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; ghQ;rhyp Fwpj;j njhd;kj;ijj; jkJ
‘ghQ;rhyp rgjk;’ fhg;gpaj;jpy; kWGidT nra;jhh;| ,jpy;
ghQ;rhypiag; ghujj; jhahf cUtfk; nra;J ghbAs;shh;.

ghk;Gfisf; Fwpj;j Mjpkdpjdpd; mr;rTzh;T> ,d;wsTk;

njhlh;fpwJ. Kd;Ndwpr; nry;Yk; kdpjiug; gpbj;J ,Oj;Jf; fPNo
js;StjhfTk; rkak; epilj;jhy; tpOq;fptpLtjhfTk; fw;gpjk;
nra;fpw gz;Gfs; ,d;iwa ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rpw;gpapd; ‘rh;g;g ahfk;’ vd;w ftpij>

“ehfq;fs; mopf;Fk;
ahfq;fs; njhlq;fpNdhk;
nfhba rh;g;g ahfk;
vkJ rh;g;g ahfj;jpy;
rpwpaJ FwpaJ
nghpaJ nebaJ
G+ehfk; Kjy; nghwp ehfk; tiu
vhpAk; vhpAk;
fhpAk; fhpAk;
me;j
vhpjow; rhk;gypy;
xU gukgjj;ij
vq;fs;
rpuk gjj;jhy;
rpU\;bj;Jf; nfhLg;Nghk;
Vnddpy; ,J
[dNk [a ahfk;”
(rpw;gp> rh;g;g ahfk;)

,f;ftpijapy; ghk;Gfspd; nfhLikiaf; $wp. mtw;Wf;F

khwhf kdpj vOr;rpiaf; ftpQh; rpj;jphpf;fpwhh;.

,t;tifapy; rkfhyr; rpf;fy;fis tpkhprpf;Fk; Kiwapy;

njhd;kq;fs; fzf;fpylq;fhj Kiwfspy; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

199
khDltpay;:

gz;il ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Kjypatw;iw Muha

cfe;j xU mZFKiw khDltpay; mZFKiwahFk;.
khdpltpay; vDk; ,j;Jiw kdpj ,dk;> gz;ghL> r%fq;fspd;
gof;ftof;fq;fs; ek;gpf;iffs; Kjypatw;iw Muha;fpw xU
JiwahFk. xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjp kf;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;> gof;f
tof;fq;fs;> gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs; Kjypatw;iwf; Fwpj;J
Muha;tjd; %yk; mth;fis ey;y Kiwapy; Ghpe;J nfhs;s
,aYk; vd;W khdpltpay; ep&gpj;jJ. Mq;fpNyah;fs; jkJ
Ml;rpia ,e;jpahtpy; epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;sr; nra;j Kaw;rpfSs;
xd;wpd; tpisTjhd; khdpltpay;. ,e;jpahtpy; tho;e;j gy;NtW
,dq;fs; Fwpj;J Mq;fpNyah;fs; tphpthd Ma;Tfis
Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. ,jdhy; xt;nthU gFjpapYk; tho;fpd;w kf;fspd;
,ay;Gfs; gw;wp ed;F Ghpe;J nfhz;l gpwF> mth;fisj; jq;fs;
Ml;rpf;Fk; fPo; itg;gJ Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vspjhapw;W.
,t;thWjhd; khdpltpay; ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfkhdJ.

khdpltpay; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,dj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs;>

gof;f tof;fq;fs;> tuyhW> jpUkz cwTKiwfs;> rhjpj;
njhd;kq;fs;> jpUtpohf;fs;> czT> cil gw;wpa nra;jpfs;
Kjypatw;iw Muha;fpwJ. ,jd;%yk; me;je;j kf;fspd;
tuyhw;iwAk; njspTgLj;jpf; nfhs;stpaYk;. ,f;nfhs;iffs;

,yf;fpaq;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; ngUksT cjtp

Ghpfpd;wd vd;W $wyhk;. ,jdhy; Ghpe;J nfhs;s XhpU rhd;Wfs;
fhzyhk;.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; mf;fhy fl;lj;Jr; r%f mikg;gpd;

,d;wpaikahj $Wfisr; Rl;br; nry;fpd;wd kdpj ,dk;
Njhd;wpr; rpWrpW FOf;fshf Kjypy; tho;e;jdh;| mjd; gpd;dh;
rpW ,df;FOf;fs; rpd;dQ;rpwpa Ch;fisr; Rw;wp xU jiytdpd;
fPo; tho;e;jdh;| ,j; jiyth;fs; Ntsph;fs; vd;Wk; fpohh;fs;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;. %Nte;jh;fshd Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah;fs;
Nte;jh;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;. Ntsph;fis tpl> Nte;jh;fs;
nry;ttsKk; gilgyKk; cilath;fshf ,Ue;jdh;. Ntsph;fs;
vspa Kiwapy; kf;fSlDk; Gyth;fSlDk; njhlh;G
nfhz;bUe;jdh; vd;gijg; GwehDhw;Wg; ghly;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

GwehDhw;wpy; <h;e;Jhh; fpohd; Njhad; khwd; vd;w

jiytidf; Fwpj;j ghly; xd;W ,df;FOj;jiyth;fspd;
tho;f;if epiy gw;wpf; $Wtjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ghliyf;
fhz;f:

200
 “epug;ghJ nfhLf;Fk; nry;tKk; ,yNd
,y;nyd kWf;Fk; rpWikAk; ,yNd
,iwAW tOkk; jhq;fp mkufj;J
,Uk;GRitf; nfhz;l tpOg;Gz;Nehahy; jPh;e;J
kUe;Jnfhs; kuj;jpd; ths;tL kaq;fp
tLtpd;wp tbe;j ahf;ifad; nfhilnajph;e;J
<h;e;ij NahNd ghz;grpg; gifQd;
,d;ik jPu Ntz;bd; vk;nkhL
ePAk; tk;Nkh Kjtha; ,uty!
ahk;jd; ,uf;Fk; fhiyj; jhd; vk;
cz;zh kUq;Fy; fhl;bj; jd;Ch;
fUq;iff; nfhy;yid ,uf;Fk;
jpUe;jpiy neLNty; tbj;jprpd; vdNt”

(GwehDhW> gh.180).

,g;ghlypd; fUj;J tUkhW: <h;e;Jhhpd; jiytd; Njhad;

khwd; ghzh;fspd; grpiag; Nghf;Fgtd;. mtd; jpde;NjhWk;
nfhLf;Fk; mstpw;Fr; nry;t tsKilatd; my;yd;|
Nfl;gth;fSf;F ,y;iy vd;W $Wk; rpWikf; Fzk; cilatDk;
my;yd;| gpwUf;fhfg; Nghhpl;L tpOg;Gz;fis clk;gpy; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;ltd;. ghy; vLf;fg;gl;l mj;jp kuj;jpidg; Nghd;W mtd;
clk;gpy; tLf;fs; cs;sd. tiraw;w cliy cilatd;.

mtdplk; nrd;W ,ue;jhy; mtd; ghzdpd; grpj;j

tapw;iwf; fhl;b> nrhy;ydplk; ghzdpd; grpj;j tapw;iwf; fhl;b>
nfhy;ydplk; xU Nty; tbj;Jj; jUkhW Nfl;Fk; jd;ikAilath;.
mj;jifa Ntypidf; nfhz;L Nghhpl;L vjphpfis ntd;W mjd;
topf; fpilf;Fk; nghUisf; nfhz;L mtd; ghzh;fspd; grpiaj;
jPh;f;Fk; tof;fkilatd; vd;W xU Gyth; gpwpnjhU ,utydplk;
$Wtjhfg; ghly; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,g;ghly; kdpj ehfhpf
cUthf;fj;jpy; muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;F Kd;dh;
,df;FOf;fs; ,Ue;jikiaAk;> ,df;FOj;jiythpfspd;
epiyiaAk;> ,g;ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ. khdpltpay; Nfhl;ghLfspd;
Jiz nfhz;Ljhd; ,j;jifa ghly;fisr; rhpahd Nfhzj;jpy;
Ghpe;J nfhs;stpaYk;.

gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; muRfs; Njhd;Wk; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dh;

,df;FOf;fs; ngaUk; GfOk; ngw;wpUe;jd. fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
NguuRfs; Njhd;wp typikaile;j NghJ. ,df;FOf;fs;
nry;thf;fpoe;jd. Nguurh;fs; goikahd ,df;FOj; jiyth;fsplk;

201
ngz; Nfl;gJk;> ngz;iz kze;J nfhz;L> ,df;FOf;fspd;
rpwpa epyg;gug;Gfisf; ifafg;gLj;jpj; jq;fs; ehl;Lg; gFjpAld;
,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. ngz; nfhLf;f kWj;jNghJ Nghhpl;L
,df;FOf;fis mopj;J mt;te;epyg;gFjpfisj; jq;fs; ehl;Lld;
,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. ,j;jifa r%f mtyq;fisg;
GwehDhw;wpy; cs;s kfl;ghw;fhQ;rpg; ghly;fs; rpj;jphpf;fpd;wd|
gpd;tUk; ghliyf; fhz;f:

“EjpNty; nfhz;L Ejy;tpah; Jilahf;

$ba $Wk; Nte;Nj! je;ijAk;
neba my;yJ gzpe;J nkhop ayNd!
,/J ,th; gbtk; Mapd;> itnaapw;W
mhpkjh; kiof;fz; mk;kh mhpit
kuk;gL rpWjPg; Nghy
mzq;fh apds;jhd; gpwe;j Ch;f;Nf”

(GwehDhW> 349)

,g;ghlypd; fUj;J: ngz; Nfl;Fk; Nte;jDk; tPuj;jpdhy;

fLk; nrhw;fisf; $Wgtd;| ,r;rpwpa> ,sikAk; moFk; tha;e;j
ngz;zpd; je;ijAk; gzpTilatd; my;yd;| ngUkpjKk; tPuKk;
cilatd;. ,t;tpU rhuhhpd; tPug; gz;gpd; fhuzkhfTk; ngz;zpd;
mofpid Kd;dpl;L Nghh; tpLtJ cWjp| ,jdhy; ,t;tofpa
ngz; gpwe;j Fb moptJ cWjp! kuj;jpidf; file;J jPapid
cz;lhf;Fk; jPf; filNruy; mk;kuj;jpidNa mopg;gijg;Nghy>

,g;ngz;zpd; vopy; fhuzkhf ,ts; gpwe;j Fb moptJ

cWjp vd;gJ ,g;ghlypd; fUj;jhFk;.

,df;FOj; jiyth;fSf;Fk; %Nte;jh;fSf;FkpilNa

Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;wpdikiaAk; mjd; fhuzkhf ,df;FOf;fs;
mope;J kiwe;jjijAk; khdpltpay; nfhs;iffspd; Jiz
nfhz;L mwpayhk;. ,f;nfhs;iffis ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nghUj;jpg;
ghh;g;gJ rpwe;j gad;fis cUthf;Fk;.

gz;ila kf;fspd; czT> cil> ciwAs;> gof;f

tof;fq;fs; Kjypatw;iwAk; khDltpay; mZFKiwapd; top
czuyhk;.

202
tpdhtpilfs;:

1.. cstpay;- tiuaW.

cstpay; vDk; jdpj;Jiw ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpy;

,d;W Nghplk; ngWfpwJ. kdpjdpd; elj;ijfs;> vz;zq;fs;
Kjypatw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w rpy tprpj;jpukhd ,ay;Gfisg;
Ghpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; Xh; mwptpaNy cstpayhFk;. Foe;ij
cstpay;> kpif cstpay;> r%f cstpay;> KjpNahh; cstpay;
vd;W gy gphpTfshf ,d;W cstpay; tsh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. xU
gilg;gpd; Mf;fj;jpy; ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspapd; kdKk;
nray;gLtjhy;> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpy; cstpay; ,d;wpaikahj
,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.

2. njhy;gbktpay; vd;why; vd;d? ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tf;F mJ

vt;tifapy; cjTfpwJ?
jpwdha;T mZF KiwfSs; gutyhfg;
gyuJ ftdj;jpidAk; <h;j;j Xh; mZFKiw njhy;gbktpay;
mZFKiwahFk;. kdpjd; ve;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; tho;e;jhYk;
mtdplk; mtdJ njhd;ikahd epidTfs; gbe;J fplf;fpd;wd|
mit mtdJ nray;fspYk; czh;TfspYk; Clhb epw;fpd;wd
vd;Wk; njhy;gbktpay; $WfpwJ. kpfg; goikahd rpy epidTfs;
kdpjdpd; epfo;fhyr; nray;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Ngr;Rf;fs;
Kjypatw;wpy; FwpaPLfshf mikfpd;wd. ,tw;iwf; fz;lwpe;J
ntspg;gLj;JtJjhd; jpwdha;tpd; mbg;gilfshFk;.
njhy;gbktpay; jpwdha;T ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Gije;J fplf;fpd;w
njhy;gbkq;fisj; NjLfpwJ| mtw;iw tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jdhy;

,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w rpy #oy;fs;> nrhw;fs;

Kjypatw;iwr; rhpahd Kiwapy; Ghpe;J nfhs;s njhy;gbktpay;
cjTfpwJ vd;W $wyhk;.

3. khdpltpay; vd;why; vd;d?

gz;il ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Kjypatw;iw Muha

cfe;j xU mZFKiw khDltpay; mZFKiwahFk;.
khdpltpay; vDk; ,j;Jiw kdpj ,dk;> gz;ghL> r%fq;fspd;
gof;ftof;fq;fs; ek;gpf;iffs; Kjypatw;iw Muha;fpw xU
JiwahFk. xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjp kf;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;> gof;f
tof;fq;fs;> gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs; Kjypatw;iwf; Fwpj;J
Muha;tjd; %yk; mth;fis ey;y Kiwapy; Ghpe;J nfhs;s

203
,aYk; vd;W khdpltpay; ep&gpj;jJ. Mq;fpNyah;fs; jkJ
Ml;rpia ,e;jpahtpy; epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;sr; nra;j Kaw;rpfSs;
xd;wpd; tpisTjhd; khdpltpay;.

4. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; mf;fhy fl;lj;Jr; r%f mikg;gpd;

,d;wpaikahj $Wfisr; Rl;br; nry;fpd;wd-.vt;thW? –
tpsf;Ff.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; mf;fhy fl;lj;Jr;
r%f mikg;gpd; ,d;wpaikahj $Wfisr; Rl;br; nry;fpd;wd
kdpj ,dk; Njhd;wpr; rpWrpW FOf;fshf Kjypy; tho;e;jdh;|
mjd; gpd;dh; rpW ,df;FOf;fs; rpd;dQ;rpwpa Ch;fisr; Rw;wp xU
jiytdpd; fPo; tho;e;jdh;| ,j; jiyth;fs; Ntsph;fs; vd;Wk;
fpohh;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;. %Nte;jh;fshd Nru> Nrho>
ghz;bah;fs; Nte;jh;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;. Ntsph;fis tpl>
Nte;jh;fs; nry;ttsKk; gilgyKk; cilath;fshf ,Ue;jdh;.
Ntsph;fs; vspa Kiwapy; kf;fSlDk; Gyth;fSlDk; njhlh;G
nfhz;bUe;jdh; vd;gijg; GwehDhw;Wg; ghly;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

GwehDhw;wpy; <h;e;Jhh; fpohd; Njhad; khwd; vd;w

jiytidf; Fwpj;j ghly; xd;W ,df;FOj;jiyth;fspd;
tho;f;if epiy gw;wpf; $Wtjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ghliyf;
fhz;f:

“epug;ghJ nfhLf;Fk; nry;tKk; ,yNd

,y;nyd kWf;Fk; rpWikAk; ,yNd
,iwAW tOkk; jhq;fp mkufj;J
,Uk;GRitf; nfhz;l tpOg;Gz;Nehahy; jPh;e;J
kUe;Jnfhs; kuj;jpd; ths;tL kaq;fp

tLtpd;wp tbe;j ahf;ifad; nfhilnajph;e;J

<h;e;ij NahNd ghz;grpg; gifQd;
,d;ik jPu Ntz;bd; vk;nkhL
ePAk; tk;Nkh Kjtha; ,uty!
ahk;jd; ,uf;Fk; fhiyj; jhd; vk;
cz;zh kUq;Fy; fhl;bj; jd;Ch;
fUq;iff; nfhy;yid ,uf;Fk;
jpUe;jpiy neLNty; tbj;jprpd; vdNt”
(GwehDhW> gh.180).

,g;ghlypd; fUj;J tUkhW: <h;e;Jhhpd; jiytd; Njhad;

khwd; ghzh;fspd; grpiag; Nghf;Fgtd;. mtd; jpde;NjhWk;
nfhLf;Fk; mstpw;Fr; nry;t tsKilatd; my;yd;|

204
Nfl;gth;fSf;F ,y;iy vd;W $Wk; rpWikf; Fzk; cilatDk;
my;yd;| gpwUf;fhfg; Nghhpl;L tpOg;Gz;fis clk;gpy; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;ltd;. ghy; vLf;fg;gl;l mj;jp kuj;jpidg; Nghd;W mtd;
clk;gpy; tLf;fs; cs;sd. tiraw;w cliy cilatd;.
mtdplk; nrd;W ,ue;jhy; mtd; ghzdpd; grpj;j tapw;iwf;
fhl;b> nrhy;ydplk; ghzdpd; grpj;j tapw;iwf; fhl;b>
nfhy;ydplk; xU Nty; tbj;Jj; jUkhW Nfl;Fk; jd;ikAilath;.
mj;jifa Ntypidf; nfhz;L Nghhpl;L vjphpfis ntd;W mjd;
topf; fpilf;Fk; nghUisf; nfhz;L mtd; ghzh;fspd; grpiaj;
jPh;f;Fk; tof;fkilatd; vd;W xU Gyth; gpwpnjhU ,utydplk;
$Wtjhfg; ghly; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,g;ghly; kdpj ehfhpf
cUthf;fj;jpy; muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;F Kd;dh;
,df;FOf;fs; ,Ue;jikiaAk;> ,df;FOj;jiythpfspd;
epiyiaAk;> ,g;ghly; tpsf;FfpwJ. khdpltpay; Nfhl;ghLfspd;
Jiz nfhz;Ljhd; ,j;jifa ghly;fisr; rhpahd Nfhzj;jpy;
Ghpe;J nfhs;stpaYk;.

5. KjpNahh; cstpay; gw;wp cstpayhh; $Wk; fUj;J vd;d?

KJikf; fhyj;jpy; xU kdpjd; milAk; ,og;Gf;fs;

mtid KOikahfg; ghjpf;Fk;. gzk;> kjpg;G> cly; eyk;
Kjypait Fiwaf; Fiwa xU Kjpath; fLikahfg;
ghjpf;fg;gLthh;. ,jid czh;e;J nfhz;L FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fs;
,zf;fkhd #o;epiyia Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ cstpayhh;
$Wk; fUj;J| Mdhy; eilKiwapy; ,jidg; gyUk;
nraw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy| ,jdhy; Kjpa fztd; - kidtp> je;ij-
kfd; rpf;fy;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,r;rpf;fy;fs; ,f;fhy
,yf;fpaq;fspy; kpFjpahfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw
ed;Kiwapy; Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk; tpsf;fTk; KjpNahh; cstpay;
gw;wpa nfhs;ifawpT ,d;wpaikahJ Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wJ| ,e;j
jsj;jpy; jhd; ,yf;fpaKk; cstpaYk; vd;w xg;gha;T ed;F
nray;gltpaYk;.

$W : 13.
,yf;fpa ,af;fq;fs; (gpupT-4: njhlh;r;rp)

elg;gpay;

elg;gpay; cyf ,yf;fpaq;fs; midj;jpYk; kpFe;j

nry;thf;Fg; ngw;w xU Nfhl;ghlhFk;. kdpj tho;f;ifapid
cs;sthNw ntWk; jfty;fshf ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kPz;Lk; vLj;Jf;
fhl;Ltjy;y xU ey;y fiyQdpd; gzp> kdpj tho;f;if Fwpj;j

205
jdJ Njly;fis xU fiyQd; jhd; czh;e;jthNwjhd;
,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhl;Lfpwhd;| my;yJ jhd; fz;lij> czh;e;jij
vt;thW xU thrfDf;Ff; fhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;W xU ftpQd;
epidf;fpwhNdh mt;thNw jdJ gilg;gpy; fhl;Lfpwhd;| mt;thW
fhl;Ltjw;F Kaw;rp nra;fpwNghJ xU ftpQd; jdJ
fUj;Jf;fisAk; tpkhprdq;fisAk; ,izj;Nj xU gilg;ig
cUthf;Ffpwhd;. r%fj;jpy; kdpjdpd; epiy vd;d? Vd; kdpjd;
Jd;GWfpwhd;? kfpo;rr ; pailfpd;whd;? kdpjd; Vd; czh;tpd;wp
mbikg;gl;Lf; fplf;fpwhd; Nghd;w tpdhf;fSf;Fhpa tpilfisj;
NjLk; NghJ> xU ftpQd; jdJ kdj;jpy; Njhd;wpa tpilfisAk;
,izj;Nj xU gilg;gpid cUthf;Ffpd;whd;. ,jidNa
jpwdha;tsh;fs; “hpayprk; vdg;gLk; vjhh;j;jthjk; vd;gJ
tho;f;ifiag; Gwtakhd Neh;ikNahL> KOikahf> cs;sJ
cs;sthNw tiue;J> fhl;Ltij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l xU fiy>
,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if” vd;W tpsf;Ffpd;wdh;. (e.gpr;rKj;J>
,yf;fpa ,af;fq;fs;> g.160). vdNt ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ajhh;j;jthjk;
vd;gJ kdpj tho;f;if gw;wpa Muha;r;rp vd;W $wyhk;.
tho;f;ifapidf; fhuz fhhpaj; njhlh;Gld; tpsf;f Kaw;rp
nra;Ak; Kaw;rpiaNa jpwdha;thsh;fs; elg;gpay; vd;W
Fwpf;fpd;wdh;. elg;gpaypd; gz;Gfisf; fPo;tUkhW fhzyhk;.
 elg;gpay; vd;gJ tho;f;if Fwpj;J ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xU Ma;T.
 eilKiwapy; fhzj;jf;f xU epfo;rr
; p> my;yJ
xUthpd; nrhy; my;yJ gz;G Kjypatw;wpw;fhd
rKjhaf; fhuzq;fisj; NjLtJ.
 kw;wth;fshy; fPo;j;jukhdJ> mw;gkhdJ vd;W
xJf;fg;gl;l nra;jpfisAk; kdpjh;fisAk; elg;gpay;>
,yf;fpaj;jpy; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ.
 fiyQdpd; jd;Dzh;r;rpg; Gyg;ghlhf ,y;yhky;
vjhh;j;jkhd rhd;Wfisf; fhl;b xU epfo;rr; pia
tpkhprpg;gJ.
 tho;tpd; frg;ghd mDgtq;fs;> tpfhukhd nghUs;fs;
Kjypatw;iw ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghLnghUshf khw;WtJ.
kpfr; rhjhuzkhd epfo;rr
; pfisf; $lr; rpj;jphpg;gJ.
 r%fj;ij cz;ikahfr; rpj;jphpg;gJ. ,jdhy;
vjhh;j;jthjp tifkhjphpahd fij khe;jh;fisAk;
gilf;fpwhh;.
 r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kuz;ghLfisAk;> r%f
khw;wq;fisAk; rpj;jphpg;gJ elg;gpay;.

206
  r%f Kuz;ghLfspd; tpisthd FiwghLfisf;
fijkhe;jh;fs; %yk; rpj;jphpg;gJ tpkhprpg;gJ
vjhh;j;j thjj;jpd; ,ay;ghFk;.
 goikapid vjph;j;J tpLjiy ngw;w Gjpa
kdpjidr; rpj;jphpg;gJ.
Nkw;fz;l $Wfs; elg;gpaypd; gz;Gfshfj;
jpwdha;thsh;fshy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. ftpij> ciueil>
rpWfij> ehty; Kjypa midj;J ,yf;fpa tiffspYk;
elg;gpay; rpwg;ghd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. jkpopy; thdk;ghb
,af;fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j GJf;ftpQh;fs;> uh[k; Iah; njhlq;fp
,d;W nghd;dPyd; tiuAs;s gy rpWfijahrphpah;fs;>
ehtyhrphpah;fs; KjypNahh; elg;gpay; ,yf;fpaq;fisg;
gilj;jth;fs; Mth;.

kdpjd; ,ay;gpNyNa Rje;jpukhf ,Uf;f Ntz;batd;|

Mdhy; r%fj;jpd; Vw;wj;jho;TfSk; kdpjUs; nghpatd; rpwpatd;
vd;w ghFghLk; rfkdpjid mbikg;gLj;jp tpLfpd;wd. kdpjd;
,jid czuhj epiyapy; ,Uf;fpwhd;. czh;e;jgpd; mtd;
vOr;rpailthd; vd;w rpe;jidia ,yf;fpaq;fs; Cl;Lfpd;wd|
gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juj;jpd; ghly;fs; ,t;tifapd|
rhd;whfg; gpd;tUk; thpfisf; fhzyhk;.

“rpd;dg; gaNy rpd;dg;gaNy Nrjp Nfslh

MSk; tsuZk; mwpTk; tsuZk;
MJjhz;lh tsh;r;rp!

MirNahL <d;wtSf;F mJNt – eP

jUk; kfpo;rr
; p
ehSk; xt;nthU ghlk; $Wk;
fhyk; jUk; gapw;rp – cd;
euk;NghLjhd; gpd;dp tsuDk;
jd;khd czh;r;rp
kdpjdhf tho;e;jpl NtZk;
kdjpy; italh – jk;gp
kdjpy; italh
tsh;e;J tUk; cyfj;Jf;Nf – eP
tyJ ifalh eP
tyJ ifalh!
jdpAilikf; nfhLikfs; jPuj;
njhz;L nra;alh – eP
njhz;L nra;alh

207
 ,g;ghly; r%f mikg;gpy; fhzj;jf;f xU FiwghLfis
tpsf;FtJld; mij vjph;nfhs;s kdpjDf;Fj; Njitahd Ra
mwpitAk; jd;dpiy czh;jypd; NjitiaAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
r%fk; jdpAilikr; r%fkhf cs;sijAk; mjd; jPikfisAk;
Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ| mij khw;wpr; r%fj;jpy; midtUf;Fk; rk
tha;g;Gf;fs; fpilf;f midtUk; ghLgl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
nra;jpiaAk; ,g;ghly; czh;j;Jtijf; fhzyhk;.

r%fj;jpy; epyTfpd;w gy jPikfisAk;>

nfhLikfisAk; fz;bj;J tpkhprpj;jy; elg;gpaypd; jdpr;rpwg;ghd
gz;ghFk;. ftpQh; ituKj;Jtpd; ftpij xd;iwf; fhzyhk;:

“,e;j
tujl;rpiz tpy;iy
tisg;gJ ahh;?
uhkh;fSf;F ,d;W
uj;jkpy;iy
[dfNdh ghtk;
rha;T ehw;fhypapy;
,dp ehNk
xbg;gNj
epahak;
vq;Nf
rPijfNs nfhQ;rk;
NfSq;fNsd;”

(ituKj;J> ,d;ndhU Njrpa fPjk;> g.20)

,d;W ngz;fisr; rpj;jputijf;F cs;shf;Fk; kpfTk;

jPtukhd r%ff; nfhLikfSs; xd;W tujl;rpiz. ,jid
vjph;j;J tpkhprpf;Fk; ftpQdpd; Fuiy ,f;ftpijapy; fhzyhk;.
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd r%fj;jPikiag; ngz;fNs vjph;f;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w nra;jpia ,f;ftpij Kd;itg;gijf; fhz;f:

jkpopd; etPd ,yf;fpaj;jpy; elg;gpay; rpj;jphpg;Gf;Ff;

FiwNtapy;iy| njhl;l ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;
elg;gpay; kpFe;j nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. K.t.mfpyd;>
n[afhe;jd;> ,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujp> Re;ju uhkrhkp> nghd;dPyd;
Kjypa gy gilg;ghspfs; elg;gpay; epiyapy; gilg;Gf;fis
cUthf;fpAs;sdh;| ftpQh;fSs; K.Nkj;jh> kPuh> rpw;gp> jdpifr;

208
nry;td;> ,d;Fyhg; Nghd;w gy ftpQh;fs; elg;gpaiyj; jq;fs;
ftpijfspd; mb ehjkhff; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdh;.

Gidtpay;:

kdpj ,dk; gy;NtW tuyhw;Wf; fl;lq;fisf; fle;J

te;jpUg;gijg; Nghd;W ,yf;fpaKk; gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy;
gy;NtW Nghf;FfisAk; newpfisAk; fle;J te;jpUf;fpwJ.
njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; cah;e;j tpOkpa nra;jpfisr;
rpwe;j Kiwapy; NgRtijAk; kf;fSf;F topfhl;LtijAk;
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jd. ,j;jifa cah;e;j ,yf;fpaq;fs;
nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vdg;gl;ld. nrt;tpay; fhyfl;lj;jpidr;
Nrh;e;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l ,yf;fz tpjpfs;> kuGfs;
Kjypad gpw;fhyj;jpy; ngUk; jilfshf khwpg;Nghapd. vdNt
,yf;fpak; Kd;ida ,Wf;fkhd kuGfis tpl;L tpyf> Gjpa
ghijapy; nry;y Ntz;ba #oy; Vw;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa xU
Njitia mbnahw;wpg; gpwe;jJjhd; Gidtpay; vDk; ,yf;fpa
newp. ,jid Mq;fpyj;jpy; “Nuhkd;brprk;” vd;wiog;ghh;fs;.

Gidtpay; vd;gJ fhjy;> tPuk;> ,aw;if gpwe;j

epfo;rr
; pfs;> jdpkdpj Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> jd;Dzh;rr ; pg; Gyg;ghL>
fw;gidr; rpwg;G Mfpa $Wfisf; nfhz;lJ vd;W
jpwdha;thsh;fs; $Wth;(e.gpr;rKj;J> ,yf;fpa ,af;fq;fs;> g.26).
Gidtpaypd; ,ay;Gfshfg; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; $wyhk;.
 kpfg; goikahd nghUsw;w tpjpfis kWg;gJ
 jdpkdpjh;fis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp> mtdJ
rpf;fy;fs;> rpwg;Gf;fs; Kjypatw;Wf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
jUtJ.
 r%f mtyq;fisAk; jPikfisAk; kpfj; jPtpukhf
vjph;f;ff; $baJ.
 kdpj czh;r;rpfis kpfj; jPtpukhd Nghf;Fld;
rpj;jphpj;jy;
 fw;gid cyfpy; rQ;rhpj;jpUj;jy;
 tof;fpypUf;fpw tpjpfspypUe;J Kw;W KOjhd
tpLjiy ngwj; Jbf;Fk; Jbg;G
 kf;fSf;Fg; Ghpaf; $ba vspikahd nrhw;fisAk;
njhlh;fisAk; nfhz;L ftpijfs; Gidjy;.

209
 Nkw;fz;l $Wfs; Gidtpaypd; ,yf;fzq;fs; vd;W
jpwdha;thsh;fs; $Wth;.

jkpo; ,yf;fpa kugpy; nrt;tpay; fhyk; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;w

rq;f fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; Njhd;wpa gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; GidTf;
$Wfs; gy fhzg;gl;lhYk; mtw;iwg; Gidtpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
vd;W $Wtjpy;iy| mit gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;Wk; Guhzq;fs;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. jkpopy; ,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;bd;
njhlf;fj;jpYk; 19Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; kpfg; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpYk;
kfhftp Rg;ukzpa ghujpahh; Njhd;wpa gpd;dNu Gidtpay;
,yf;fpak; jkpopy; cUg;ngw;wJ vd;W $wyhk;.
Gidtpay; kdpj ,dj;jpd; KOikahd tpLjiyiag;
NgRfpwJ vd;gJ Kd;dh;f; $wg;gl;lJ. ghujpahh; jhk; elj;jpa
‘,e;jpah’ gj;jphpifapy; ‘]tje;jpuk; ]kj;Jtk;> ]Nfhjuj;Jtk;’
vd;w Nfh\q;fisg; nghwpj;jpUe;jhh;. FU Nfhtpe;jh; vd;w
jiyg;gpy; mth; ghbAs;s ftpijapy; kdpjh;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij
kpFjpAk; tw;GWj;jpf; $wpAs;shh;| mg;ghly; thpfs; gpd;tUkhW
mike;jpUf;fpd;wd:

“Ekf;fpdp jUkk; Etd;wplf; Nfz;kpd;

xd;whk; flTs;. cyfpilj; Njhd;wpa
khdplnuy;yhQ; Nrhjuh;. khDlh;
rkj;JtKilahh; Rje;jpuQ; rhh;e;jth;
rPlh;fhs;! Fyj;jpDk; nraypDk; midj;jpDk;
,f;fzk; njhl;L ahtpUk; xd;Nw”

(ghujpahh;> ghly;fs;> g.27)

,g;ghlypy; ghujpahh; Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;w

nfhs;iffis tw;GWj;jpf; $wpapUg;gijf; fhz;f:

“Rje;jpu Njtp’ vd;w ghlypYk;>

“Njtp! epd; ndhsp ngwhj
NjaNkhh; NjakhNkh?
Mtp mq;Fz;Nlh? nrk;ik
mwKz;Nlh? Mf;fKz;Nlh?
fhtpa Ehy;fs; Qhdf;
fiyfs; Ntjq;fSz;Nlh?
ghtpah; md;Nwh epd;wd;
ghydk; gilj;jpyhjhh;”

vd;W Rje;jpuj;jpd; ngUikiaf; $Wfpwhh;.

210
 r%fj;jpy; xUtd; kw;wtid mbikg; gLj;JtJ jtW
vd;W ghujpahh; jPtpukhff; fz;ldk; nra;fp;d;whh;. Gidtpay;
ftpQh;fs; r%fj;jpd; jtWfisAk; jPikfisAk; Neubahf
czh;r;rpfukhff; fz;ldk; nra;th; vd;w fUj;J Kd;dh;f;
$wg;gl;lJ. ghujpahh; jk; ghly;fspy; mbikj; jdj;jpd;
rpd;dkhd Kbahl;rpiaf; fz;bf;fpwhh;.

“kd;dh;fF
; ePjp xU tif – gpw
khe;jh;f;F ePjp kw;Nwhh; tif”

vd;W tUk; ghlybfs; ghujpahhpd; fUj;Jf;Frr; rhd;whf

mikfpd;wd.

ghQ;rhyp rgjj;jpy; jUkd; ehl;bidg; gzag; nghUshf

itj;jNghJ gpd;tUkhW ghLfpwhh;:

“ehl;L khe;j nuy;yhk; jk; Nghy;

euh;fs; vd;W fUjhh;
Ml;L ke;ijahk; vd;W cyif
murh; vz;zptpl;lhh;
fhl;Lk; cz;ik Ehy;fs; - gyjhk;
fhl;bdhh; fNsDk;
ehl;L uh[ ePjp – kdpjh;
ed;F nra;atpy;iy
Xuk; nra;jp lhNk jUkj;J
cWjp nfhd;wp lhNk
Nfhuk; nra;jp lhNk – gpwiuj;
Jahpy; tPo;j;jp lhNk
Ciu MSik Kiwik – cyfpy;
Xh; Gwj;Jk; ,y;iy!

kf;fspd; czh;r;rpfis kjpf;fhky;> kd;dh;fs;

nray;gLtJk; kf;fs; tpNuhjr; nray;fspy; <LgLtJk;>
,g;ghly;fspy; kpfj; jPtpukhff; fz;bf;fg;gLtij czuyhk;.

Fwp;g;gpl;l rpy czh;r;rpfis kpfj;jPtpukhd Kiwapy;

vLj;Jiug;gJ Gidtpaypd; Nghf;fhFk;. ghujpahhpd; ftpijfspy;
,g;gz;G kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;:

“rhj;jpuk; NgRfpwha; - fz;zk;kh

rhj;;jpuk; VJf;fB!

211
 Mj;jpuk; nfhz;lth;fN; f – fz;zk;kh
rhj;jpuk; cz;NlhB
%j;jth; rk;kjpapy; - tJit
Kiwfs; gpd;G nra;Nthk;
fhj;jpUg; NgNdhB! - ,Jghh;
fd;dj;jpy; Kj;j nkhd;W”

(ghujpahh;> fz;zd; ghl;L)

Gidtpay; ftpijfspd; ,ay;GfSs; xd;W cah;thd

fw;gidfspy; rQ;rhpj;jpUj;jy; vd;gJ Kd;dh;f; $wg;gl;lJ.
ghujpahhpd; gpd;tUk; ftpij thpfisf; fhzyhk;.

“kq;fpa Njhh; epytpdpNy fdtpypJ fz;Nld;|

taJ gjpdhwpUf;Fk;| ,staJ kq;if
nghq;fp tUk; ngUepyT Nghd;w xsp KfKk;
Gd;difapd; GJepyTk; Nghw;w tUe;JNjhw;wk;
Jq;fkzp kpd;NghYk; tbtj;jhs; te;J

Jhq;fhNj vOe;njd;idg; ghnud;W nrhd;dhs;

Mq;fjdpy; fz; tpopj;Njd; mllhNth mllh
monfd;Dk; nja;tk;jhd; mJntd;Nw”

moFj; nja;tk; Fwpj;j ,g;ghlyhdJ> Gidtpay;

ftpQh;fspd; fw;gidAyfr; rQ;rhpg;Gf;Fj; jf;f rhd;whFk;.

ghujpahhpd; ftpijfspy; vspa nkhopeilAk; nrhw;fSk;

,ilkpile;J fplf;fpd;wd vd;gJ gyUf;Fk; Vw;Gila
nra;jpahFk;. ghujp> ghujpjhrd;> Rujh Kjyhd ftpQh;fspd;
gilg;Gf;fspy; Gidtpaypd; gy $Wfs; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.

njhd;ikahd ,yf;fpa newp- nrt;tpay;:

nrt;tpay; vd;gJ cyfpd; njhd;ikahd ,yf;fpa

newpahFk;. njhd;ik kpf;f fpNuf;f> yj;jPd; ,yf;fpaq;fNs
nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ld. ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs;
Kjd;ikahditahfTk; cah;e;jdthfTk;
Jha;ikahditahfTk; mike;jd vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;thsh;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. jkpopy; nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
vdg;gLgit rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;.

212
 nrt;tpay; vd;w ,yf;fpa newpapd; gz;Gfisf; Fwpj;Jg;
gy jpwdha;thsh;fs; $wpAs;sdh;. mtw;wpy; ,d;wpaikahj
rpytw;iwf; fhzyhk;.
 nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gpw nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fl;Fj;
jiyikNaw;ff; $ba jFjpAiladthf ,Uf;Fk;.
gpw ,yf;fpaq;fl;F ,it Kd;khjphpahf
mikfpd;wd.
 nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; cyf KOtjpYk;
njhd;ikAiladthf ,Uf;fpd;wd. gpw;fhyj;J
,yf;fpaq;fshy; gpd;gw;wj;jf;f njhd;ikAiladthf
,it ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW kuGfis
Vw;Wf;nfs;Sk; gz;Gz;L. rKjha kuGfs;> ,yf;fpa
kuGfs; Kjypa $Wfs; nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 nrt;tpay; ftpijfspy; ftpQdpd; jdpg;gl;l tpUg;G
ntWg;Gf;fs; ,lk; ngWtjpy;iy. ftpijapy;
$wg;gl;Ls;s nghUNs Kjd;ik ,lj;jpidg;
ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
 nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jdpg;gl;l kdpjh;fs;>
jdpg;gl;l FOf;fSf;Fhpa nra;jpfs; ,lk;
ngWtjpy;iy| midtUf;Fk; nghJthd cyfg;
nghJikahd czh;r;rpfs;> fUj;Jf;fs;
Nghd;witNa ,tw;wpy; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
 nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wk;
NghJk;> jPtpukhd czh;r;rpfisf; $Wk; NghJk;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; $Wfpd;wd| fl;lw;w czh;r;rpfis
mit $Wtjpy;iy.
 vjidAk; fhuz fhhpa ,iaGld; $Wk; gz;G
nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,yf;fpa cs;slf;fKk; cUtKk; nghUe;jp ,Uf;ff;
$ba Kiwapy; nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
mikfpd;wd.
 nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; fw;gid $l>
kugpw;Fl;gl;l epiyapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;| vy;iy
kPwpa fl;lw;w fw;gidfs; nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
,Ug;gjpy;iy.

213
 Nkw;$wg;gl;ltw;Wld;> fUj;Jf;fs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; tUk;
Kiw> nghJ kdpj khjphpahd fij khe;jh;fs;> nghUj;jkhd
KbTg; gFjpfs; Nghd;witAk; nrt;tpaypd; gz;Gfs; vd;W
jpwdha;thsh;fs; $Wth; (rq;fr; nrt;tpay;> gf;.46-47).

nrt;tpaypd; gz;Gfs; gy rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

fhzg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.

nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; njhd;ikAilait

vd;gjw;Nfw;wthW rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; njhd;ik ,q;F
vz;zj;jf;fJ. rq;f fhyk; nghJthf fp.K.3Mk; Ehw;whz;L
Kjy; fp.gp.3Mk; Ehw;whz;Ltiu cs;s fhyg;gFjpiar; Nrh;e;jJ
vd;gJ gyUk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba fUj;jhFk;. rq;fk; vd;w
mikg;gpid cUthf;fp> ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gz;ilj; jkpoh;
tsh;j;jdh;. ,jid>

“njhy;yhiz ey;yhrphpah;
Gzh; $l;Lz;l Gfo;rhy; rpwg;gpd;
epye;jU jpUtpd; nebNahd;”
(kJiuf; fhQ;rp> 761-763)

vd;w thpfspd; top mwpayhk;. GwehDhw;wpy; cs;s ghz;bad;

neLQ;nropadpd; tQ;rpdf; fhQ;rpg; ghlypYk; ,f;fUj;jpidf;
Fwpj;j thpfs; cs;sij czh;f:

“Xq;fpa rpwg;gpd; cah;e;j Nfs;tp

khq;Fb kUjd; jiytdhf
cyfnkhL epiy,a gyh; Gfo; rpwg;gpd;
Gyth; ghlhJ tiuf vd; epytiu”
(GwehDhW> 72)

khq;Fb kUjd; vd;Dk; Gythpd; jiyikapy; Xh; mikg;G

,Ue;J ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy; <Lgl;L te;jJ vd;gij ,t;thpfs;
czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,it Nghd;w nra;jpfs; jkpopd; njhd;ikia
czh;j;j ty;yd.
nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; jiyikg; gz;G cilait vd;w
fUj;jpw;fpzq;fr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; jiyikAiladthf
,Uf;fpd;wd. jkpo; vd;W $wpaTld; rq;fKk; epidTf;F
tUksTf;Fj; jiyik rhd;wjhfr; rq;f ,yf;fpak; epyTfpwJ.

“fz;Zjw; ngUq;flTSk; fofNkhr; lkh;e;J

gz;Zwj; njhpe;jha;e;j ,g;gRe;jkpo;”

214
vd;w jpUtpisahlw;Guhz thpfs; jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpy; flTshfpa
rptngUkhd; ,dpjkh;e;jpUe;j nra;jpiaf; $Wfpd;wd. ,J
jiyikg; gz;Gf;Fr; rhd;W.

jkpOld; ,ize;J vz;zg; gLfpd;w kJiu efuKk;

jiyikg; gz;GilaJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; gyTz;L.

“jkpo; epiyngw;w jhq;fU kugpd;

kfpo; eid kUfpd; kJiu”

vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ rpWghzhw;Wg;gil. ,J efuq;fSs; vy;yhk;

jiyrpwe;jJ kJiu vd;Wk; jiyikg; gz;Gf;Ff; fhuzk;
mq;F epiyngw;wpUf;Fk; jkpo; jhd; vd;Wk; $WfpwJ. ,J Nghy;
fhzg;gLk;. gy Fwpg;Gf;fs; jiyikg; gz;G vDk; nrt;tpay;
gz;Gf;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpd;wd.

nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gz;GfSs; xd;W kuGfisg;

gpd;gw;WtjhFk;. rq;f ,yf;fpak; nghpJk; kuGfisg;
Nghw;WtjhfTk; kuGtop elg;gjhfTk; mike;jUf;fpwJ.

“ehlf tof;fpDk; cyfpay; tof;fpDk;

ghly; rhd;w Gyndwp tof;fk;”

vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLtJ ,yf;fpak; vj;jifaJ vd;gij

tpsf;Fk; mbg;gil kuG vd;W $wyhk;.

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s jpiz Jiwfs; $l>

nrwpthd kuGfs; jhk; ntl;rp> tQ;rp. copiQ> Jk;ig> thif>

fhQ;rp> ghlhz; vd;w Gwj;jpizfs; nrwpthd kuGfshf

mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. kdpjdpd; Gwtho;T epfo;rr
; pfs;
,j;jpizfSs; VNjDk; xd;wpy; mikj;Jf; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; chpadthf mike;jpUf;fpd;w Jiwfs;>
ftpijf;Fhpa fUj;Jf;fisj; jUfpd;wd| jpiz> Jiw vd;whthW
,yf;fpa kuGfs; kpfTk; $h;ikahf mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

mfg;ghly;fspy; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy

Kjypa jpizfs; mtw;wpw;Fhpa Kjy;> fU chpg; nghUs;fs;
Kjypad nrwpthd kuGfs; vd;W $wyhk;. gphpTk; gphptpd;
epkpj;jq;fSk; gw;wpf; $Wtjhf ,Ue;jhy; mjw;Fhpa epyk;>
nghOJ> ,lk; vd;w gpd;dzpapy;jhd; $w Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

215
tpjpKiw| ,t;tpjpKiw gpwo;e;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; mfg;ghly;fs;
vd;W $wg;glkhl;lh vd;gJ ,yf;fpa kuG> ,Nj Nghy;
mfg;ghly;fspy; $w;Wf;fSk; ,d;dpd;dthW jhd; mika Ntz;Lk;
vd;w kuGfs; cz;L. ,itaidj;Jk; rq;f ,yf;faq;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; kuGfisg; Nghw;Wk; jd;ikf;Fr; rhd;whfpd;wd.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s gy kuGfs; gpw;fhyj;jpy;

gjpndd;fPo;f;fzf;F Ehy;fspYk; fhg;gpaq;fspYk; gf;jp
,yf;fpaq;fspYk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sijf; fhzyhk;. kuGfisg;
Nghw;WtJld;> kuGfisj; Njhw;Wtpg;gdthfTk; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; rKjhar; rpj;jphpg;G vDk; gz;G

cilad vd;gJ Kd;dh;f; $wg;gl;lJ.

rq;f fhyr; rKjhaj;jpy; kd;dh; - Gyth; cwT epiyfs;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. kd;dh;fs; gyh; Gyth;fshfTk; Gyth;fis
kjpg;gth;fshfTk; ,Ue;j rKjha epiy Gwg;ghly;fspy; fhl;lg;
gLfpd;wJ. Nrukhd jf^h; vwpe;j ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiwapd;
KuRf; fl;bypy; mwpahJ cwq;fpa Gyth; NkhrpfPudhiu kd;dd; -
jPq;F nra;ahJ - ghJfhj;j nray; Fwpj;j GwehDhw;Wg; ghly;
,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ:

“khrw tprpj;j thh;GW ts;gpd;

ikgL kUq;Fy; nghypa kQ;iQ
xypneLk; gPyp xz;nghwp kzpj;jhh;
nghyq;Fio copiQnahL nghypar; #l;bf;
FUjp Ntl;if cUnfO Kurk;.
kz;zp thuh msit vz;nza;
Eiu Kfe;jd;d nkd;G+Q; Nrf;if
mwpahJ Vwpa vd;idj; njWtu
,Ughw; gLf;Fepd; ths;tha; xopj;jij
mJhck; rhYk; ew; wkpo; KOJ mwpjy;
mjndhLk; mikahJ mZf te;Jhpd;
kjDil KOTj;Njhs; xr;rpj; jz;nzd
tPrp NahNa tpayplk; fko
,tz;,ir cilNahh;f;F my;yJ mtzJ
cah;epiy cyfj;J ciwAs; ,d;ik
tpsq;ff; Nfl;l khW nfhy;
tyk;gL FUrpy;eP <q;F ,J nraNy’
(GwdhDhW> 50)

216
 ,g;ghly; md;iwa r%fj;jpy; kd;dh;fs; Gyth;fsplk;
nfhz;bUe;j el;gpidAk; jkpo; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j gw;wpidAk; ed;F
tpsf;Fk; r%ff; Fwpg;Gila ghlyhFk;.
nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> epiyj;j cz;ikfisf;
$Wfpd;wd vd;gJ Kd;dh;f; $wg;gl;lJ. cyfj;jpid ca;tpf;f
$baJ md;G vDk; NgUzh;r;rpahFk;| ,jidg; gy;NtW mw
,yf;fpaq;fs; tw;GWj;jpf; $wpAs;;sd. rq;f ,yf;fpak;> md;G
vDk; mbg;gil czh;r;rp cyfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; vjidAk; tpl
cah;e;jJ vd;w fUj;jpidf; $WfpwJ.

“epyj;jpDk; nghpNj| thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W

ePhpDk; Mustpd;Nw rhuy;
fUq;Nfhw; FwpQ;rpg; G+f; nfhz;L
ngUe;Njd; ,iof;Fk; ehlndhL el;Ng”
(FWe;njhif> gh.3)
,f;FWe;njhifg; ghly;> epyk;> thd;> ePh; vd;w ,aw;ifg;
nghUl;fs; vtw;iwAk; tpl md;Gjhd; cah;e;jJ vd;w fUj;jpidf;
$WfpwJ. ,Nj Nghy; mike;j gpwpnjhU ghliyAk; fhz;f:
“tphpjpiug; ngUq;fly; tis,a cyfKk;
mhpJngW rpwg;gpd; Gj;Njs; ehLk;
,uz;Lk; Jhf;fpd; rPh; rhyhNt!
G+g;Nghy; cz;fz; nghd; Nghy; Nkdp
khz; thp my;Fy; FWkfs;
Njhs; khWg^ck; itfNyh nlkf;Nf”
(FWe;njhif> gh.101)

,e;j cyfk;> NjtUyfk; vd;w midj;ijAk; tpl>

jiytpapd; md;Ng rpwe;jJ vd;w fUj;J ,g;ghlypy;
Gyg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.

mwj;jpd; ngUikiar; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; gyglg; Gfo;e;J

$Wfpd;wd. cyfpy; epiyahdJ mwk; xd;Wjhd; vd;w
nra;jpiaAk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. ,it Nghd;w
ghly;fspy; epiyj;j cz;ikfisf; $Wk; gz;G ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sijf; fhzyhk;.

rq;fg; ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ngah; Rl;lh kuG>

jw;rhh;gpd;ik> nghJikAzh;T> fhuz fhhpa ,iaG> %d;W
xUikfs; (nray;> ,l> fhy xUik) Kjyhd $Wfs; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLtij czuyhk;.

217
tpdh tpilfs;:

1. nrt;tpay;- tiuaW.

nrt;tpay; vd;gJ cyfpd; njhd;ikahd ,yf;fpa

newpahFk;. njhd;ik kpf;f fpNuf;f> yj;jPd; ,yf;fpaq;fNs
nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ld. ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs;
Kjd;ikahditahfTk; cah;e;jdthfTk;
Jha;ikahditahfTk; mike;jd vd;gJ ,yf;fpaj;
jpwdha;thsh;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. jkpopy; nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
vdg;gLgit rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;.

2. .elg;gpaypd; gz;Gfis tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

kdpjd; Vd; czh;tpd;wp mbikg;gl;Lf; fplf;fpwhd; Nghd;w

tpdhf;fSf;Fhpa tpilfisj; NjLk; NghJ> xU ftpQd; jdJ
kdj;jpy; Njhd;wpa tpilfisAk; ,izj;Nj xU gilg;gpid
cUthf;Ffpd;whd;. ,jidNa jpwdha;tsh;fs; “hpayprk; vdg;gLk;
vjhh;j;jthjk; vd;gJ tho;f;ifiag; Gwtakhd Neh;ikNahL>
KOikahf> cs;sJ cs;sthNw tiue;J> fhl;Ltij
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l xU fiy> ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if” vd;W
tpsf;Ffpd;wdh;. (e.gpr;rKj;J> ,yf;fpa ,af;fq;fs;> g.160). vdNt
,yf;fpaj;jpy; ajhh;j;jthjk; vd;gJ kdpj tho;f;if gw;wpa
Muha;r;rp vd;W $wyhk;. tho;f;ifapidf; fhuz fhhpaj;
njhlh;Gld; tpsf;f Kaw;rp nra;Ak; Kaw;rpiaNa
jpwdha;thsh;fs; elg;gpay; vd;W Fwpf;fpd;wdh;. elg;gpaypd;
gz;Gfisf; fPo;tUkhW fhzyhk;.
 elg;gpay; vd;gJ tho;f;if Fwpj;J ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; xU Ma;T.
 eilKiwapy; fhzj;jf;f xU epfo;rr ; p> my;yJ
xUthpd; nrhy; my;yJ gz;G Kjypatw;wpw;fhd
rKjhaf; fhuzq;fisj; NjLtJ.
 kw;wth;fshy; fPo;j;jukhdJ> mw;gkhdJ vd;W
xJf;fg;gl;l nra;jpfisAk; kdpjh;fisAk; elg;gpay;>
,yf;fpaj;jpy; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ.
 fiyQdpd; jd;Dzh;r;rpg; Gyg;ghlhf ,y;yhky;
vjhh;j;jkhd rhd;Wfisf; fhl;b xU epfo;rr ; pia
tpkhprpg;gJ.
 tho;tpd; frg;ghd mDgtq;fs;> tpfhukhd
nghUs;fs; Kjypatw;iw ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghLnghUshf
khw;WtJ. kpfr; rhjhuzkhd epfo;r;rpfisf; $lr;
rpj;jphpg;gJ.

218
  r%fj;ij cz;ikahfr; rpj;jphpg;gJ. ,jdhy;
vjhh;j;jthjp tifkhjphpahd fij khe;jh;fisAk;
gilf;fpwhh;.
 r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kuz;ghLfisAk;> r%f
khw;wq;fisAk; rpj;jphpg;gJ elg;gpay;.
 r%f Kuz;ghLfspd; tpisthd FiwghLfisf;
fijkhe;jh;fs; %yk; rpj;jphpg;gJ tpkhprpg;gJ
vjhh;j;j thjj;jpd; ,ay;ghFk;.
 goikapid vjph;j;J tpLjiy ngw;w Gjpa
kdpjidr; rpj;jphpg;gJ.
Nkw;fz;l $Wfs; elg;gpaypd; gz;Gfshfj; jpwdha;thsh;fshy;
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. ftpij> ciueil> rpWfij> ehty;
Kjypa midj;J ,yf;fpa tiffspYk; elg;gpay; rpwg;ghd
,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ

3. nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpag; gz;Gfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wf

nrt;tpay; vd;w ,yf;fpa newpapd; gz;Gfisf; Fwpj;Jg; gy

jpwdha;thsh;fs; $wpAs;sdh;. mtw;wpy; ,d;wpaikahj
rpytw;iwf; fhzyhk;.
nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gpw nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fl;Fj;
jiyikNaw;ff; $ba jFjpAiladthf ,Uf;Fk;. gpw
,yf;fpaq;fl;F ,it Kd;khjphpahf mikfpd;wd.
nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; cyf KOtjpYk; njhd;ikAiladthf
,Uf;fpd;wd. gpw;fhyj;J ,yf;fpaq;fshy; gpd;gw;wj;jf;f
njhd;ikAiladthf ,it ,Uf;fpd;wd.nrt;tpay;
,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW kuGfis Vw;Wf;nfs;Sk; gz;Gz;L.
rKjha kuGfs;> ,yf;fpa kuGfs; Kjypa $Wfs; nrt;tpay;
,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
nrt;tpay; ftpijfspy; ftpQdpd; jdpg;gl;l tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fs;
,lk; ngWtjpy;iy. ftpijapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s nghUNs Kjd;ik
,lj;jpidg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jdpg;gl;l
kdpjh;fs;> jdpg;gl;l FOf;fSf;Fhpa nra;jpfs; ,lk;
ngWtjpy;iy| midtUf;Fk; nghJthd cyfg; nghJikahd
czh;r;rpfs;> fUj;Jf;fs; Nghd;witNa ,tw;wpy; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wk; NghJk;> jPtpukhd
czh;r;rpfisf; $Wk; NghJk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; $Wfpd;wd| fl;lw;w
czh;r;rpfis mit $Wtjpy;iy.vjidAk; fhuz fhhpa
,iaGld; $Wk; gz;G nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

219
,yf;fpa cs;slf;fKk; cUtKk; nghUe;jp ,Uf;ff; $ba
Kiwapy; nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs; mikfpd;wd.nrt;tpay;
,yf;fpaq;fspd; fw;gid $l> kugpw;Fl;gl;l
epiyapy;mike;jpUf;Fk;| vy;iy kPwpa fl;lw;w fw;gidfs;
nrt;tpay; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
Nkw;$wg;gl;ltw;Wld;> fUj;Jf;fs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; tUk; Kiw>
nghJ kdpj khjphpahd fij khe;jh;fs;> nghUj;jkhd KbTg;
gFjpfs; Nghd;witAk; nrt;tpaypd; gz;Gfs; vd;W
jpwdha;thsh;fs; $Wth

4. Gidtpaypd; ,ay;G;fis tpsf;Ff

 kpfg; goikahd nghUsw;w tpjpfis kWg;gJ

 jdpkdpjh;fis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp> mtdJ rpf;fy;fs;>
rpwg;Gf;fs; Kjypatw;Wf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUtJ.
 r%f mtyq;fisAk; jPikfisAk; kpfj; jPtpukhf
vjph;f;ff; $baJ.
 kdpj czh;r;rpfis kpfj; jPtpukhd Nghf;Fld; rpj;jphpj;jy;
 fw;gid cyfpy; rQ;rhpj;jpUj;jy;
 tof;fpypUf;fpw tpjpfspypUe;J Kw;W KOjhd tpLjiy
ngwj; Jbf;Fk; Jbg;G
 kf;fSf;Fg; Ghpaf; $ba vspikahd nrhw;fisAk;
njhlh;fisAk; nfhz;L ftpijfs; Gidjy;.
Nkw;fz;l $Wfs; Gidtpaypd; ,ay;Gfshff; $wyhk;.

5 .Gidtpay; ,yf;fpak; jkpopy; cUg;ngw;wJ vg;NghJ?

jkpo; ,yf;fpa kugpy; nrt;tpay; fhyk; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;w rq;f

fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; Njhd;wpa gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; GidTf;
$Wfs; gy fhzg;gl;lhYk; mtw;iwg; Gidtpay; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
vd;W $Wtjpy;iy| mit gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;Wk; Guhzq;fs;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. jkpopy; ,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;bd;
njhlf;fj;jpYk; 19Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; kpfg; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpYk;
kfhftp Rg;ukzpa ghujpahh; Njhd;wpa gpd;dNu Gidtpay;
,yf;fpak; jkpopy; cUg;ngw;wJ vd;W $wyhk;.

220
 $W 14. jkpo; Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;Jjy;
(gpupT-4:epiwT)

jkpopy; jpwdha;tpw;F mz;ikf;fhy tuyhW cz;L vd;Wk;>

NkYk;>jpwdha;T vd;gjw;F ,yf;fpaj;ij mwpar; nra;jy;>
Ghpar;nra;jy;> ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gpwUf;F nfhz;L nry;Yjy;>
,yf;fpaj;w;Fk; thrfDf;Fk; eLNt ,ilntspfisf;Fiwj;jy;
vd;w nghJthd nghUspy; jpwdha;it ehk; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. njhlf;fj;jpy; vy;yh nkhopfspYk;> ,j;jifa
nghJthd nghUspy;jhd;>jpwdha;T ,Ue;jJ vd;gjid ehk;
mwpe;Jnfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mg;gb mwpe;Jnfhz;lhy> jkpopy;
jpwdhtpw;F ePz;l tuyhW ,Ue;jJ vd;Wk;
mjdstpy;mJrpwg;ghfNt ,Ue;jJ vd;Wk; Ghpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

NkYk;> jkpopy; ciufspd; kuGk;

gzpAk;>md;iwj;jpwdha;tpd; gzpiar; nra;jd. ,Ugjhk;
Ehw;whz;by; jpwdha;T Gjpa mwptuha;rr ; pr; #o;epiyapy; MoKk;
mfyKk; ngw;Wj; jdpj;jpwd;fNshLk;> gz;GfNshLk; ,d;W
Gjpjha;g; gpwe;Njhk; vd;w Njhw;wj;NjhLk; czh;NthLk;
tshe;jpUf;fpwJ vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpa
tuyhw;wpy; njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyk; Kjy; ,d;W tiu gy;NtW
fhyfl;lq;fspy; jpwdha;T jj;jpj; jsph;eilapl;L tsh;e;J
te;Js;sJ. “kpfr; rpwe;j ,yf;fpak; Njhd;wp tsh;e;j jkpo;
nkhopapy; vd;d fhuzj;jhNyh jpwdha;T Ehy;fs; Njhd;whky;
Ngha;tpl;ld” vd;W m.r. Qhdrk;ge;jd; tUe;jpf; $Wfpwhh;
(,yf;fpaf;fiy> g.133). vdpDk; Kw;wpYk; ek;gpf;ifaw;Wg; Ngha;
tplf;$ba msTf;Fj; jkpopy; jpwdha;T twz;L Ngha;tpltpy;iy.
jpwdha;Tfs; jkpopy; ‘jpwdha;T’ vd;w ngahpy; vOjg;gltpy;iyNa
jtpu> ciufs;> ,yf;fzq;fs; %ykhfj; jpwdha;T tsh;e;J jhd;
te;jpUf;fpwJ.

jkpopy; ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T ciuahrphpah;fspd; fhyk;

njhl;Lj; njhlq;fpajhf rp.R.nry;yg;gh $WtJk; ftdpf;fj;jf;f
nra;jpahFk; (jkpopy; ,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;> g.9). ciuahrphpah;fshd
,sk;G+uzh;> Nguhrphpah;> er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;> Nrdhtiuah;> mbahh;f;F
ey;yhh; Kjypath;fs; jq;fs; ciufspd; %yk; jpwdha;T
tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpdh;.

jkpopd; Kjy; Ehyhd njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;

jpwdha;Tf;F chpa nra;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij vtUk;
kWf;ftpayhJ. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; %d;W mjpfhuq;fs; vd;w
ghFghLk; xt;Nthh; mjpfhuj;jpYk; ,ay;fs; vd;w cl;gFg;gpy;

221
itj;Jr; nra;jpfis tpsf;Fk; KiwAk; gFg;GKiwj; jpwdha;tpd;
ghw;ghl;litfs; vd;W $wyhk;.

xU jpwdha;thsdgilg;ghspfspd; r%fg; ghh;it vt;tifapy;

jdJ Ma;tpdhy; khw;wkilaf; $Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpnay;yhk;
rpe;jpj;J; Ma;Tf;Fhpa ,yf;fpag; gilg;igj; njhpT nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. rhd;whf> jkpo;j; jpwhdha;Tyfpy; khw;wq;fis
cUthf;fpa Ma;Tfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. jkpo; nkhop
Fwpj;j Ra Nkd;ik czh;Tfs; jkpof ,yf;fpa> murpay;
cyfpy; epytpa NghJ fyhepjp f.ifyhrgjpapd; jkpo; tPuAfg;
ghly;fs; gw;wpa Ma;T ntspte;jJ| ,jd; gpd;dh; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fisf; fz;%bj;jdkhfg; Nghw;whky;> mwptpay;
topepd;W rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; Nkd;ikia vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Nghf;F
jkpo; Ma;Tyfpy; Njhd;wpaJ.;.
neLey;thilapy; tUk; ,g;gFjp Fsph; fhyj;jpd;
rpukq;fis tUzid nra;fpwJ. Fsph;fhyk; te;Jw;wJ| cld;
kionga;J nts;sk; ngUf> mjidj; jhq;f ,ayhj Nfhtyh;fs;
jhq;fs; tsh;j;JtUk; Mdpiufisg; ghJfhg;ghd Ntw;wplj;jpw;Ff;
nfhz;L nry;fpd;wdh;. Gjpa ,lk; Nehf;fpr; nry;tjhy; Vw;gl;l
tUj;jj;Jld;> Fsphpdhy; Vw;gLk; rpukj;ij ePf;f ifapy; neUg;Gf;
Fr;rpfis Ve;jpf; nfhz;L gw;fs; giw nfhl;b eLq;fpa epiyapy;
Jd;Gw;wdh;. tpyq;Ffs; Nka;jy; njhopiy kwf;fpd;wd| Fuq;Ffs;
Fsphpdhy; tpiwj;Jg; Nghapd| gwitfs; kuq;fspdpd;W fPNo
tpOfpd;wd. gRf;fs;> jk; fd;Wfs; ghy; cz;ghd; Ntz;b
kbfspy; tha;itj;jJk; mtw;iw cijj;Jj; js;Sfpd;wd.
kiyAk; FspUk; tz;zk; mike;jpUf;Fk; $jph;fhyk; vd;W
ef;fPuh; tUzid nra;fpd;whh;. xU gUtfhyj;jpd; njhlf;fj;ijf;
fz;l Gyth; mjid Xh; xOq;F Kiwf;Fl;gLj;jp mofpa
nrhy;Nyhtpakhfj; jPl;bAs;shh;. ,Nj Fsph; fhyj;ij ef;fPuUf;F
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; ef;fPuUlDk; vj;jidNah Nfhb kf;fs;
mDgtpj;jpUg;ghh;fs;| vdpDk; xUth; $l> jhk; Efh;e;j ,aw;ifr;
nray;fis ,aw;ifaDtj;ij ,t;thW ftpijahfj; jPl;l
Kaw;rp nra;atpy;iy| ef;fPuh; xUtUf;Nf ,J ,ad;wpUf;fpwJ

FwpaPl;bay;:

FwpaPl;bay; vd;gJ gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;by; gpnuQ;R

ehl;by; Njhd;wpa Xh; ,yf;fpa ,af;fk; MFk;. ,jpy; njhlf;f
fhyj;jpy; Kad;W rhjidfs; gilj;jth;fs; G+jNyh;> ghy;
nth;Nyd;> hpk;ghL> ky;yhh;Nk Kjypa ftpQh;fshth;. gpnuQ;R
ehl;by; Njhd;wpa ,t;tpaf;fk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyfpd; gpw
gFjpfspYk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJ.

222
 FwpaPL vd;gJ Fwpj;Jr; rpy tpsf;fq;fs;
jpwdha;thsh;fshy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd| mtw;iw xUthW njhFj;Jf;
fhzyhk;:
 xd;iw kw;nwhd;why; Fwpg;gNj FwpaPl;bd;
mbg;gilj;jd;ik
 Ez;ikahd fUj;Jf;fis czh;j;Jjy;
 thrfdpd; rpwe;j czh;r;rpfisj; Jhz;Ljy;
 cyfpay; czh;Tfis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
 FwpaPl;Lf;Fk; Fwpf;fg;gLk; nghUSf;Fk; ,ilNa
rPuhd ,iaG ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 xU FwpaPL kw;nwhd;iwf; Fwpg;gjhf kl;Lky;yhky;
Fwpf;fg;gLk; nghUis NkYk; rpwg;gpg;gjhfTk;
nghUis NkYk; rpwg;gpg;gjhfTk; cs;sJ.
Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;s FwpaPL gy
tifshf mikfpd;wJ vd;W jpwdha;thsh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;.
FwpaPl;bay; 19 Mk; Ehw;whz;by;jhd; Njhd;wpanjdpDk;
FwpaPLfisf; ftpijapy; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jp Kiwfs; jkpo;
,yf;fpa kugpy; Kd;dNu fhzg;gl;l xd;whFk;. rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; cs;Siw vd;gJ FwpaPl;bidf;
Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhy;yhFk;.

jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijfspy; FwpaPLfs; gyg;gy Kiwfspy;

vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sd. K.Nkj;jhtpd; ‘muspg;G+ mOfpwJ’ vd;w
ftpijapy; muspg;G+ jpUkzkhfhky; re;jpf;Fk; xU ngz;izf;
Fwpj;j FwpaPlhf mikfpwJ.

“G+f;fspNy ehDnkhU
G+tha;j;jhd; gpwg;ngLj;Njd;
G+thfg; gpwe;jhYk;
nghd; tpuy;fs; jPz;liyNa
nghd; tpuy;fs; jPz;liyNa ehd;
G+khiy ahfiy Na”
(K.Nkj;jh> fz;zPh;g;G+f;fs;)

,f;ftpijapy; muspg;G+ - jpUkzkhfhj ngz; Fwpj;j

FwpaPl;L xg;Gik kpFe;j Mw;wYld; Gyg;gLtij czuyhk;.
Vida G+f;fisg; Nghd;wNj muspg;G+ vd;whYk; mJ gpwuhy;
tpUk;gg;gLtjpy;iy| rpwg;Gf;Fhpajhff; fUjg;gLtjpy;iy.
mJNghyNt jpUkzkhfhj ngz;nzhUj;jpiaAk; VidNahh;

223
tpUk;Gtjpy;iy| rpwg;Gf;Fhpatshf md;gpw;Fhpatshff;
fUJtjpy;iy| ,e;j xg;Gik ,f;ftpijapd; rpwg;ghfg;
Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.
jkpo;g; gz;ghl;L kugpy; fhzg;gLk; rpy ,d;wpaikahj
njhd;kq;fs; FwpaPLfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiw jkpo;g;
GJf;ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ftpQh; mg;Jy; uFkhdpd;
‘ghy;tPjp’ njhFg;gpYs;s gpd;tUk; ftpijiaf; fhz;f:

“Gwj;jpiizr; Rak;tu kz;lgj;jpy;

Nghyp esd;fspd; $l;lk;
ifapy; khiyAld;
FUl;Lj; jkae;jp”
(mg;Jy; uFkhd;> ghy;tPjp)

Njh;jypy; thf;fpid Ntz;b Ntl;ghsh;fs; gyh;

fhj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;| ,th;fSs; ey;yth; ahh;? jPath; ahh;? vd;W
fz;lwpa> ,aytpy;iy| ,th;fSf;F thf;fspf;ff; $ba
nghJkf;fs; ifapy; thf;Fhpik cs;sJ. nghJkf;fSf;F ey;y
Ntl;ghsiuAk; jPa Ntl;ghsiuAk; gFj;jwpAk; jpwd;> ghh;it
,y;iy. ,jidf; Fwpf;ff; ftpQh; esd;> jkae;jp gw;wpa
njhd;ikf; fijiaf; FwpaPlhff; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

Gwj;jpizr; Rak;tu kz;lgk; - Njh;jy; fsk;

Nghyp esd;fs; - Ntl;gsh;fs;
ifapy; khiy - thf;Fhpik
FUl;Lj; jkae;jp - thf;fhsh;

,t;thW njhd;kf; FwpaPL KOikahfg; nghUSld; nghUe;jp

mjid tpsf;Ftijf; fhzyhk;.

tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;> kdpjh;fs; rpy rkaq;fspy;

FwpaPLfshff; ftpijapy; miktJz;L. ,e;j Ehw;whz;by;
fhe;jpabfs; Rje;jpuk; vd;w mKjRugpid ,e;jpa ehl;Lf;F tpl;Lr;
nrd;w gpd;dUk; kf;fspd; epiy tWik epiwe;jjhf cs;sJ
vd;gij K.Nkj;jh gpd;tUk; ftpijf; FwpaPl;bd; %yk; fhl;Lfpwhh;:

“mKj Rugpiaj; jhd;

eP je;J nrd;wha;…
,g;NghJ
vq;fs; iffspy; ,Ug;gNjh
gpr;irg; ghj;jpuk;”
(K.Nkj;jh> fz;zPh;g;G+f;fs;)

224
,f;ftpijapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; mKjRugp vd;gJ ,e;jpa ehl;bd;
tpLjiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; FwpaPL MFk;. FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;
NghJ midtUf;Fk; njhpe;j nghUs;fisf; FwpaPLfshf
Mf;FtJ xUtif. rpw;rpy ftpQh;fs; jhq;fNs Gjpjhfr; rpy
FwpaPLfis cUthf;FtJk; cz;L| rhd;whf xU ftpijiaf;
fhzyhk;.
“fhaq;fSld;
fjwYld; - Xb
xspAnkhU gd;wpiaj;
Njbf; nfhj;Jk;
grpaw;w fhf;iffs;”
(fyhg;hpah> kw;whq;Nf)

fhjy; Njhy;tpaile;j xUtidf; Fwpf;Fk; FwpaPlhf

fhak;gl;l gd;wp ,f;ftpijapy; mikfpd;wJ. mtid NkYk;
Jd;GWj;Jk; ghh;itfisf; Fwpf;f> Njbf; nfhj;Jk; fhf;iffs;
FwpaPlhf mikfpd;wd. ‘mtspd; ghh;it’ vd;w ,f;ftpijapy;
FwpaPL kpFe;j Mw;wYld; czh;r;rpg; Gyg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikAld;
mike;jpUg;gijf; fhz;f.

cUj;Njhw;wtpay;:

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpy; gbktpay; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;

cUj;Njhw;wtpay; kpff; Fwpg;gplj; jf;f Xh; ,yf;fpa newpahFk;.

‘,Nk[;’ vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypw;Fhpa jkpo; tbtk;jhd; gbkk;

vd;gjhFk;. ,jid> cUj;Njhw;wtpay; vd;Wk; cUf;fhl;rp vd;Wk;
rpyh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. xU ftpQd; jhd; czh;j;j tpUk;gpa
fUj;jpid thrfd; kdj;jpy; nrhy;Nyhtpakhff; fhl;rp tbtkhff;
fhl;LtJjhd; gbkk; my;yJ cUj;Njhw;wtpay; MFk;. xU rpy
nrhw;fisf; $wpa mstpNyNa mr;nrhw;fs; czh;j;Jk; nghUs;
thrfd; cs;sj;jpy; fhl;rpahf tphpa ntz;Lk;. jkpo;
,yf;fpaq;fspy; gbkk; jdp ,yf;fpa ,af;fkhf cUthFk;
Kd;dNu> Xh; ,yf;fpa cj;jpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gy ,lq;fspy; gbkq;fs; ,lk;
ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. FWe;njhifapy; jiytd; xUtd; guj;ijapd;
,y;yj;jpypUe;J jpUk;gp> jd; tPl;Lf;F te;J jiytpiar; re;jpj;J
kPz;Lk; guj;ijapd; tPl;Lf;Fr; nry;fpwhd;. ,jdhy; vhpr;rYw;w
guj;ij jiytidf; fpz;ly; nra;fpwhs;| mg;ghly; tUkhW:

“fodp kh mj;J tpise;J cFjPk; gok;

225
 god this fJhck; Cud;
vk;,y; ngUnkhop $wp> jk;kpy;
ifAk; fhYk; Jhf;fj; Jhf;Fk;
Mbg; ghit Nghy
Nktd nra;Ak; jd; Gjy;td; jha;fN
; f”
(FWe;njhif> gh.8)

jiytd; jdpj;jd;ik VJkpd;wp> jiytp nrhd;dijf;

Nfl;L mg;gbNa elg;gtd; vd;W guj;ij jiytid Vsdk;
nra;fpwhs;. ,jidf; Fwpg;gpl “ifAk; fhYk; Jhf;fj; Jhf;Fk;
Mbg;ghit Nghy” vd;w gbkj;ijg; guj;ij $Wtjhfg; Gyth;
Myq;Fb tq;fdhh; gilj;Js;shh;.

FWe;njhif Kjw;ghlypy; - jpg;Gj; Njhshh; ghbaJ – xU

Fwpg;gpl;l nrhy;ypid kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; $Wtjd; %yk; gbkf;
fhl;rpiag; Gyth; gilf;fpd;whh;. ghliyf; fhzyhk;.

“nrq;fsk; glf;nfhd;W mTzh;j; Nja;j;j

nrq;Nfhy; mk;gpd; nrq;Nfhl;L ahid
foy; njhb> Nrva; Fd;wk;
FUjpg; G+tpd; Fiyf;fhe;jl;Nl”
(FWe;;njhif> gh.1)

,g;ghlypy; KUfdpd; Nghh;f;fsf; fhl;rpiaf; $wp mjd;

nrk;ik epwj;ijf; $wp> mNj Nghd;w nrk;ik epwKs;s fhe;js;

kyh;fs; jq;fs; kiy ehl;bYk; ,Ug;gjhfj; Njhop $wp>

ifAiw kWj;jjhf ,g;ghly; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,jpy;
Nghh;f;fsf; fhl;rpiaf; $w> nrk;ik vd;w epwj;ijg; Gyth;
fhl;rpg;gLj;j tpiofpwhh;. ,jdhy; ,g;ghly; KOtJk; nrk;ik
vd;w nrhy;gapd;W tUkhW mikj;Js;shh; Gyth;. ,jdhy;>
,g;ghliyg; gbf;Fk; thrfd; fz; Kd;Nd Nghh;f;fsf; fhl;rp Xh;
cUj;Njhw;wkhf tphptijf; fhzyhk;. kugpyf;fpaq;fspy; gbk
Ml;rpf;F ,J jf;f rhd;whf mikfpd;wJ.

ghiyf;fypapy; jiytdhy; eyd; cz;zg;gl;L gphptile;j

xU ngz;zpd; kdczh;Tfisr; rpwe;j gbkq;fspd; %yk; ghiy
ghba ngUq;fLq;Nfh ghLfpwhh;. jiytd; gphpe;J nrd;w gpd;
thbapUf;Fk; jiytpapd; epiyiaf; fhl;Lk; gbkq;fisf;
fhzyhk;.

“Njhs; eyk; cz;L Jwf;fg; gl;Nlhh;

226
 Nts;ePh; cz;l FilNahud;dh;
ey;Feh; Ghpe;J eyDzg;gl;Nlhh;
my;Feh; Nghfpa Cuhh; md;dh;
$bdh; Ghpe;J FzDzg;gl;Nlhh;
#bdh; ,l;l G+Nthh; md;dh;”
(ghiyf; fsp> 23)

Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l ghlypy; Nts;ePh; cz;l Fil (gjdPh;

cz;lgpd; vwpag;gl;l gid Xiy)> kf;fs; elkhl;lk; Fiwe;j
Ch;> #lg;gl;L thbagpd; vwpe;j G+ Mfpa %d;Wk; jiytpapd;
,uq;fj;jf;f epiyia czh;j;Jk; gbkq;fshFk;.

gbkj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; Fwpj;Jj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; gy

nra;jpfisf; $wpAs;sdh;| mtw;wpy; xU rpytw;iwf; fhzyhk;:
 vy;yhg; nghUs;fisAk; fhl;rp;g;gLj;JtJ gbkj;jpd;
mbg;gilg; gz;G
 gbkj;ij ctik> cUtfk;> tUzid> xU
milj;njhlh; Kjypa vjd; topapYk; cUthf;fyhk;.
 gUg;nghUs;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; Ez;nghUs;fSk;
fhl;rpg; gLj;jg;gLjy; gbkj;jpd; ,ay;ghLk;.

gbkq;fs; gy tiffshfj; jpwdha;thsh;fshy;

$wg;gLfpd;wd. gphpd;];ld; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; gbkq;fisf; fhl;rpg;
gbkk;> Xirg;gbkk;> Kfh;Tg; gbkk;> Ritg;gbkk;> njhLTzh;Tg;
gbkk; vd;W thpirg;gLj;jpf; $WfpwJ.

midtUf;Fk; ed;F njhpe;jpUf;ff;$ba xU nra;jpiaf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ fhl;rpg;gbkk; MFk;. rhd;whf xU
gbkj;jpizf; fhZq;fs;:

“Mfhag; ge;jypy;
epyhg; gok;”

,jpy; epytpid xU gokhff; fhl;rpg; gLj;Jfpwhh; ftpQh; rpw;gp.

kPuh jkJ ftpij xd;wpy;> cwf;fj;jpy; Mo;e;jpUf;Fk; xU

ngz;iz vOg;gyhkh Ntz;lhkh vd;w Fog;gj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
xUtdpd; czh;r;rpfisg; gbkj;jpd; %yk; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

“xU fy;iy tPrpaJk;

227
 thpir thpiraha; mkh;e;jpUf;Fk;
gwitfs; rpjwpg;
gwg;gijg; Nghy;
cd; Japy; moFfs;
rpjwpg; gwe;J tpLNk”

xU ngz; JapYk; mofpidf; Fwpf;f> gwitfs; thpiraha;

mkh;e;jpUg;gijf; fhl;Lfpwhh; ftpQh;.

,Nj Kiwapy; xU FLk;gj;jpd; tWik epiyiaf; fhl;l>

tpgj;Jf;Fs;shd thfdk;> xd;iwf; $wp tpsf;Ffpwhh; ftpQh;
rpw;gp.

“FLk;gk;
ghyj;Jr; Rthpy; Nkhjpa
thfdk; Nghy;
tWik ghjhs
tpspk;gpy; epd;wJ”

rpw;gpapd; nksd kaf;fq;fs; vd;w ftpijapy; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;s ,g;gbkKk; fhl;rpg; gbkk; vd;w tifiar; Nrh;e;jjhFk;.

vspjpy; gUg;nghUs; mbahff; fhl;l tpayhj kpf El;gkhd

rpe;jidfisg; gbkq;fspd; %yk; czu itg;gJ fUj;Jg; gbkk;
MFk;. KJik vd;gJ vspjpy; gpwuhy; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba

nghUs; my;y| kpf El;gkhf czug;gl Ntz;ba xd;whFk;.

,jid>

“fhyj;jpd; $iuAs;
Xl;bypUe;J
vz;z tiy gpd;dp gpd;dp
Xa;fpwJ %isr; rpye;jp
czh;tpd; xspg;gl;by;
Gydpd; thilf; fhw;W
thhp apiwe;j goe;JhR”

,jpy; rpye;jp tiy> goe;JhR> thilf; fhw;W Kjypait

gbkq;fshf mike;J KJikapd; epiyia tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

gbkq;fs; rpy fUj;Jf;fis> fhl;rpfis kl;Lk;

tpsf;Ftdty;y| Fwpg;gpl;l xypfisAk; tpsf;fty;yit.

228
Xypg;gbkq;fs; vd;W ,it miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. rhd;whf kio
nga;J epd;wijf; Fwpf;f Ntz;ba ftpQh;> mjid xU Xirapd;
%yk; ngw itf;fpwhh;. Gj;jpRthjPdk; ,y;yhj xUtd;
vtiuahtJ Vrj; njhlq;fpagpd; gbg;gbahf Xir Fiwe;J
tpLfpd;wJ. ,jidg; Nghy> nga;J Xa;e;j kio vd;W
gbkj;jpidg; gilf;fpwhh; rpw;gp.

“igj;jpaf; fhudpd;
tirr; nrhw;fs; Nghy
Nja;e;J jPdf;Fuypy;
Xa;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;
kio”

,f;ftpijapy; kio epd;wJ vd;w fUj;jpid tpsf;f>

igj;jpaf; fhudpd; tir vd;w Xiria ctikahff; $wp
ftpijiag; gilj;jpUf;fpwhh; ftpQh;. ,JNt Xirg;gbkk;.

xU fUj;ij tpsf;f VNjDk; xU RitAzh;Tld;

,izj;Jf; $Wk; Kiwjhd; Ritg;gbkk; vdg;gLk; jkpo; vd;w
nrhy; ,dpik gag;gJ vd;W $Wfpwhh; ghujpahh;| ,e;j ,dpik
vj;jifaJ? Njd; xUtdJ ehtpy; gLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; Ritiatpl
,dpikahdJ vd;W $Wfpwhh;.

“nre;jkpo; ehnld;Dk; NghjpdpNy - ,d;gj;

Njd; te;J ghAJ fhjpdpNy vq;fs;
je;ijah; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy”

,jpy; ehtpd; Ritiaf; fhjpd; Ritf;F Vw;wpf; $Wfpwhh;

ghujpahh;| ,JNt Ritg; gbkk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
ftpQh; ituKj;Jtpd; xU gbkj;ijf; fhzyhk;.
“japh; rhjj;Js;
Cd;wp itj;j
CWfha; Nghy;
,e;j tho;f;if
Urp Fiwe;J tUfpwJ”

,f;ftpijapy; ehtpd; Ritf;Fhpa CWfhapd; Rit

tho;f;ifia tpsf;f cjTfpwJ. tho;f;if vd;w fUj;Jg;
nghUisr; Ritg;nghUs; nfhz;L tpsf;Ffpwhh; ftpQh;.

gbkk; ftpijapd; jiy rpwe;j cj;jpfSs; xd;W. jkpo;

,yf;fpa kugpy; GJf;ftpij ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfspy; vOj;J>

229
thdk;ghb> rpw;wpjo;fspy; gbkk; Xh; ,af;fkhfNt tsh;e;jpUf;fpwJ
vd;W $wyhk;.

tpdh tpilfs;:

1. cUj;Njhw;wtpay; vd;w nrhy;ypd; tpsf;fj;jpidj; jUf

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpy; gbktpay; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;

cUj;Njhw;wtpay; kpff; Fwpg;gplj; jf;f Xh; ,yf;fpa newpahFk;.
‘,Nk[;’ vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypw;Fhpa jkpo; tbtk;jhd; gbkk;
vd;gjhFk;. ,jid> cUj;Njhw;wtpay; vd;Wk; cUf;fhl;rp vd;Wk;
rpyh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. xU ftpQd; jhd; czh;j;j tpUk;gpa
fUj;jpid thrfd; kdj;jpy; nrhy;Nyhtpakhff; fhl;rp tbtkhff;
fhl;LtJjhd; gbkk; my;yJ cUj;Njhw;wtpay; MFk;.

2. FwpaPl;bidf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhy; ahJ?

FwpaPl;bay; 19 Mk; Ehw;whz;by;jhd; Njhd;wpanjdpDk;
FwpaPLfisf; ftpijapy; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jp Kiwfs; jkpo;
,yf;fpa kugpy; Kd;dNu fhzg;gl;l xd;whFk;. rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; cs;Siw vd;gJ FwpaPl;bidf;
Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhy;yhFk;.

3. gbkj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; Fwpj;Jj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; fUj;jpid

tpsf;Ff.
gbkj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; Fwpj;Jj; jpwdha;thsh;fs; gy
nra;jpfisf; $wpAs;sdh;| mtw;wpy; xU rpytw;iwf; fhzyhk;:
 vy;yhg; nghUs;fisAk; fhl;rp;g;gLj;JtJ gbkj;jpd;
mbg;gilg; gz;G
 gbkj;ij ctik> cUtfk;> tUzid> xU
milj;njhlh; Kjypa vjd; topapYk; cUthf;fyhk;.
 gUg;nghUs;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; Ez;nghUs;fSk;
fhl;rpg; gLj;jg;gLjy; gbkj;jpd; ,ay;ghLk;.
gbkq;fs; gy tiffshfj; jpwdha;thsh;fshy;
$wg;gLfpd;wd. gphpd;];ld; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; gbkq;fisf; fhl;rpg;
gbkk;> Xirg;gbkk;> Kfh;Tg; gbkk;> Ritg;gbkk;> njhLTzh;Tg;
gbkk; vd;W thpirg;gLj;jpf; $WfpwJ.

4. GJf;ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLk; gbk Ml;rpf;F xU rhd;W

fhl;Lf.

230
midtUf;Fk; ed;F njhpe;jpUf;ff;$ba xU nra;jpiaf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ fhl;rpg;gbkk; MFk;. rhd;whf xU
gbkj;jpizf; fhZq;fs;:
“Mfhag; ge;jypy;
epyhg; gok;”
,jpy; epytpid xU gokhff; fhl;rpg; gLj;Jfpwhh; ftpQh; rpw;gp.
kPuh jkJ ftpij xd;wpy;> cwf;fj;jpy; Mo;e;jpUf;Fk; xU
ngz;iz vOg;gyhkh Ntz;lhkh vd;w Fog;gj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
xUtdpd; czh;r;rpfisg; gbkj;jpd; %yk; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

“xU fy;iy tPrpaJk;

thpir thpiraha; mkh;e;jpUf;Fk;
gwitfs; rpjwpg;
gwg;gijg; Nghy;
cd; Japy; moFfs;
rpjwpg; gwe;J tpLNk”

xU ngz; JapYk; mofpidf; Fwpf;f> gwitfs; thpiraha;

mkh;e;jpUg;gijf; fhl;Lfpwhh; ftpQh;. ,Nj Kiwapy; xU
FLk;gj;jpd; tWik epiyiaf; fhl;l> tpgj;Jf;Fs;shd thfdk;>
xd;iwf; $wp tpsf;Ffpwhh; ftpQh; rpw;gp.
“FLk;gk;
ghyj;Jr; Rthpy; Nkhjpa
thfdk; Nghy;
tWik ghjhs
tpspk;gpy; epd;wJ”

rpw;gpapd; nksd kaf;fq;fs; vd;w ftpijapy; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;s ,g;gbkKk; fhl;rpg; gbkk; vd;w tifiar; Nrh;e;jjhFk;.

vspjpy; gUg;nghUs; mbahff; fhl;l tpayhj kpf El;gkhd

rpe;jidfisg; gbkq;fspd; %yk; czu itg;gJ fUj;Jg; gbkk;
MFk;. KJik vd;gJ vspjpy; gpwuhy; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba
nghUs; my;y| kpf El;gkhf czug;gl Ntz;ba xd;whFk;.
,jid>
“fhyj;jpd; $iuAs;
Xl;bypUe;J
vz;z tiy gpd;dp gpd;dp
Xa;fpwJ %isr; rpye;jp
czh;tpd; xspg;gl;by;
Gydpd; thilf; fhw;W
thhp apiwe;j goe;JhR”

231
,jpy; rpye;jp tiy> goe;JhR> thilf; fhw;W Kjypait
gbkq;fshf mike;J KJikapd; epiyia tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

gbkq;fs; rpy fUj;Jf;fis> fhl;rpfis kl;Lk;

tpsf;Ftdty;y| Fwpg;gpl;l xypfisAk; tpsf;fty;yit.
Xypg;gbkq;fs; vd;W ,it miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. rhd;whf kio
nga;J epd;wijf; Fwpf;f Ntz;ba ftpQh;> mjid xU Xirapd;
%yk; ngw itf;fpwhh;. Gj;jpRthjPdk; ,y;yhj xUtd;
vtiuahtJ Vrj; njhlq;fpagpd; gbg;gbahf Xir Fiwe;J
tpLfpd;wJ. ,jidg; Nghy> nga;J Xa;e;j kio vd;W
gbkj;jpidg; gilf;fpwhh; rpw;gp.

5. FwpaPl;bay; gw;wpr; rhd;WfSld; tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

FwpaPl;bay; vd;gJ gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;by; gpnuQ;R ehl;by;

Njhd;wpa Xh; ,yf;fpa ,af;fk; MFk;. ,jpy; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy;
Kad;W rhjidfs; gilj;jth;fs; G+jNyh;> ghy; nth;Nyd;> hpk;ghL>
ky;yhh;Nk Kjypa ftpQh;fshth;. gpnuQ;R ehl;by; Njhd;wpa
,t;tpaf;fk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyfpd; gpw gFjpfspYk; nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;wJ.
FwpaPL vd;gJ Fwpj;Jr; rpy tpsf;fq;fs;
jpwdha;thsh;fshy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd| mtw;iw xUthW njhFj;Jf;
fhzyhk;:
 xd;iw kw;nwhd;why; Fwpg;gNj FwpaPl;bd;
mbg;gilj;jd;ik
 Ez;ikahd fUj;Jf;fis czh;j;Jjy;
 thrfdpd; rpwe;j czh;r;rpfisj; Jhz;Ljy;
 cyfpay; czh;Tfis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
 FwpaPl;Lf;Fk; Fwpf;fg;gLk; nghUSf;Fk; ,ilNa
rPuhd ,iaG ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 xU FwpaPL kw;nwhd;iwf; Fwpg;gjhf kl;Lky;yhky;
Fwpf;fg;gLk; nghUis NkYk; rpwg;gpg;gjhfTk;
nghUis NkYk; rpwg;gpg;gjhfTk; cs;sJ.
Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;s FwpaPL gy
tifshf mikfpd;wJ vd;W jpwdha;thsh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;.
FwpaPl;bay; 19 Mk; Ehw;whz;by;jhd; Njhd;wpanjdpDk;
FwpaPLfisf; ftpijapy; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jp Kiwfs; jkpo;
,yf;fpa kugpy; Kd;dNu fhzg;gl;l xd;whFk;. rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; cs;Siw vd;gJ FwpaPl;bidf;
Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhy;yhFk;.

232
 jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijfspy; FwpaPLfs; gyg;gy Kiwfspy;
vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sd. K.Nkj;jhtpd; ‘muspg;G+ mOfpwJ’ vd;w
ftpijapy; muspg;G+ jpUkzkhfhky; re;jpf;Fk; xU ngz;izf;
Fwpj;j FwpaPlhf mikfpwJ.

“G+f;fspNy ehDnkhU
G+tha;j;jhd; gpwg;ngLj;Njd;
G+thfg; gpwe;jhYk;
nghd; tpuy;fs; jPz;liyNa
nghd; tpuy;fs; jPz;liyNa ehd;
G+khiy ahfiy Na”
(K.Nkj;jh> fz;zPh;g;G+f;fs;)

,f;ftpijapy; muspg;G+ - jpUkzkhfhj ngz; Fwpj;j

FwpaPl;L xg;Gik kpFe;j Mw;wYld; Gyg;gLtij czuyhk;.
Vida G+f;fisg; Nghd;wNj muspg;G+ vd;whYk; mJ gpwuhy;
tpUk;gg;gLtjpy;iy| rpwg;Gf;Fhpajhff; fUjg;gLtjpy;iy.
mJNghyNt jpUkzkhfhj ngz;nzhUj;jpiaAk; VidNahh;
tpUk;Gtjpy;iy| rpwg;Gf;Fhpatshf md;gpw;Fhpatshff;
fUJtjpy;iy| ,e;j xg;Gik ,f;ftpijapd; rpwg;ghfg;
Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.

jkpo;g; gz;ghl;L kugpy; fhzg;gLk; rpy ,d;wpaikahj

njhd;kq;fs; FwpaPLfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiw jkpo;g;
GJf;ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ftpQh; mg;Jy; uFkhdpd;
‘ghy;tPjp’ njhFg;gpYs;s gpd;tUk; ftpijiaf; fhz;f:

“Gwj;jpiizr; Rak;tu kz;lgj;jpy;

Nghyp esd;fspd; $l;lk;
ifapy; khiyAld;
FUl;Lj; jkae;jp”
(mg;Jy; uFkhd;> ghy;tPjp)
Njh;jypy; thf;fpid Ntz;b Ntl;ghsh;fs; gyh; fhj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;|
,th;fSs; ey;yth; ahh;? jPath; ahh;? vd;W fz;lwpa>
,aytpy;iy| ,th;fSf;F thf;fspf;ff; $ba nghJkf;fs; ifapy;
thf;Fhpik cs;sJ. nghJkf;fSf;F ey;y Ntl;ghsiuAk; jPa
Ntl;ghsiuAk; gFj;jwpAk; jpwd;> ghh;it ,y;iy. ,jidf;
Fwpf;ff; ftpQh; esd;> jkae;jp gw;wpa njhd;ikf; fijiaf;
FwpaPlhff; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

Gwj;jpizr; Rak;tu kz;lgk; - Njh;jy; fsk;

Nghyp esd;fs; - Ntl;gsh;fs;

233
 ifapy; khiy - thf;Fhpik
FUl;Lj; jkae;jp - thf;fhsh;

,t;thW njhd;kf; FwpaPL KOikahfg; nghUSld;

nghUe;jp mjid tpsf;Ftijf; fhz;f:tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;>
kdpjh;fs; rpy rkaq;fspy; FwpaPLfshff; ftpijapy;
miktJz;L. ,e;j Ehw;whz;by; fhe;jpabfs; Rje;jpuk; vd;w
mKjRugpid ,e;jpa ehl;Lf;F tpl;Lr; nrd;w gpd;dUk; kf;fspd;
epiy tWik epiwe;jjhf cs;sJ vd;gij K.Nkj;jh gpd;tUk;
ftpijf; FwpaPl;bd; %yk; fhl;Lfpwhh;:

“mKj Rugpiaj; jhd;

eP je;J nrd;wha;…
,g;NghJ
vq;fs; iffspy; ,Ug;gNjh
gpr;irg; ghj;jpuk;”
(K.Nkj;jh> fz;zPh;g;G+f;fs;)

,f;ftpijapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; mKjRugp vd;gJ ,e;jpa ehl;bd;

tpLjiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; FwpaPL MFk;.

khjphp tpdhj;jhs;

jhs; - 31914 - ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;.

fhyk;:3 kzpkjpg;ngz;- 75
gFjp-m (10x 2=20 kjpg;ngz;fs);
(m) midj;Jtpdhf;fSk; XhpU thpfspy; tpilasp:

1. jpwdha;tpd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?

2. jpwdha;thsdpd; jiyaha gzp ahJ?
3. ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;if vd;gJ ahJ?
4. tpjpKiwj;jpwdha;T – tiuaW
5. fw;gid vd;why; vd;d?
6. Mw;wy;kpf;f czh;rr; papd; ,yf;fzk;- tiuaW.
7. fl;likg;Gf; $Wfs;- Fwpg;G tiuf.
8. nrt;tpay;- tiuaW.
9. njhy;gbktpay;- Fwpg;G tiuf
10. FwpaPl;bidf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhy; ahJ?

234
gFjp-M(5x5=25 kjpg;ngz;fs;)

(M) midj;Jtpdhf;fSf;Fk; xU gf;f mstpy; tpilasp:

11 (m) .jpwdha;tpd; ,ay;Gfs; - tpsf;fk; jUf.

my;yJ
(M) kjpg;gPl;L Kiwj; jpwdha;tpy; ,uz;L $Wfs; vit?

12. (m) tpjpKiwj; jpwdha;tpd; gad;fs; vit?

my;yJ
(M)xg;gPlL
; Kiwj; jpwdha;tpd; gad;fis tpsf;Ff.

13. (m) .ftpijAk; nrhy; tsKk; Fwpj;Jr; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff

my;yJ
(M cyfpaw; fw;gid vd;gij tpsf;Ff

14. (m ) . jFjpAila czh;r;rpapd; gz;Gfs; vit?

my;yJ
(M kUl;if vDk; nka;g;ghl;ilr; rhd;Wld; tpthp?

15. (m )Gidtpaypd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Ff

my;yJ
(M Gwtbtf; $W ctik–rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff

gFjp - , (3x10=30kjpg;ngz;fs;)

(,) VNjDk; %d;Wtpdhf;fSf;F fl;Liu tbtpy;; tpilasp

16. jkpopy; jpwdha;T tsh;r;rpAk; tuyhWk; tpsf;Ff.

17. fw;gid vd;gjw;F N[hrg; mbrd; $Wk; tpsf;fk; gw;wpr;

rhd;Wld; fl;Liu tiuf.

18. xyp eaj;jpd; rpwg;igr; rhd;Wld;tpsf;Ff.

19 . FwpaPl;bay; gw;wpr; rhd;WfSld; tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu tiuf.

20.jpwdha;tpd; gad;fisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wf.

235
பார்வை நூல் கள்

1. தா.ஏ.ஞானமூர்த்தி - இலக்கியத் திறனாவியல் ஐந்திணைப்

பதிப் பகம் சென் ணன.

2. மு.வரதராெனார் - இலக்கியத்திறன் - பாரி நிணலயம் -

சென் ணன..

3. சு.பாலெ்ெந்திரன் - இலக்கியம் திறனாய் வு, .அைியகம் .,

சென் ணன.

4. அ.ெ.ஞானெம் பந்தன் - இலக்கியக் கணல, ணெவசித்தாந்த

நூற் பதிப் புக் கழகம் , சென் ணன.

5. க.ணகலாெபதி - இலக்கியக் கணல, ணெவசித்தாந்த

நூற் பதிப் புக் கழகம் சென் ணன

6. ந.ெஞ் சீவி - இலக்கிய இயல் ,.கூட்டு;றவு எழுத்தாளர் ெங் கம் ,

சென் ணன

7 தமிழை்ைல் - நநாக்கு, மீனாட்சி பதிப் பகம் ,

8 க.பஞ் ொங் கம் - தமிழ் இலக்கியத்திறனாய் வு வரலாறு,

செல் வன் பதிப் பகம் , புதுணவ.

9 குநளாரியா (சமா.ஆ) - இலக்கியக் சகாள் ணக, பாரி

நிணலயம் ;சென் ணன.

10. கு.பகவதி(ப.ஆ) - திறனாய் வு அணுகுமுணறகள் ,

உலகத்தமிழாரய் ெ்சி நிறுவனம் , சென் ணன

11. ந. பிெ்ணெ முத்து - திறனாய் வும் இலக்கியக்

சகாள் ணளகளும் , நவங் கடரங் கன் பதிப் பகம் , சென் ணன.

12. தி.சு. நடராஜன் - திறனாய் வுக் கணல,

13 இ.மணறமணல - இலக்கியமும் ெமூகவியலும்

14 பாலா - ொர்லிெம் அன் னம் .சிவகங் ணக

15 நகா. நகெவன் - இலக்கியமும் இயக்கப் நபாக்குகளும்

236