1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. CHAPTER 01 DANGEROUS DRUGS: Definition, Classification,

Origin, Abuse & Trafficking---------------------------------------------Page 2-3

2. CHAPTER 02 FOUR MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF DANGEROUS

DRUGS: Hallucinogen, Narcotics, Depressant, & Sedatives
(HaNDS)---------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 4-49

3. CHAPTER 03 DANGEROUS DRUGS:

ABUSE & ADDICTION------------------------------------------------------Page 50-54

4. CHAPTER 04 DRUG TRAFFICKING----------------------------------Page 55-69

5. CHAPTER 05 DANGEROUS DRUGS: Its Prohibition--------Page 70-77

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 2

CHAPTER 01
DANGEROUS DRUGS:
Definition, Classification, Origin, Abuse & Trafficking

 WHAT IS DRUG?

→ Is a chemical substance that brings about physical, emotional or behavioral change in a

person taking it.
→ Is any substance other than food or water that is intended to be taken or administered
for the purpose of altering, sustaining or controlling the recipients physical, mental or
emotional state.

 ORIGIN OF DRUGS—

1. Natural—anything that comes from nature e.g., marijuana, opium poppy, coca bush,
etc.,
2. Synthetic—anything that is produced artificially or processed in the laboratory.

 DANGEROUS DRUGS, Legal Definition—

→ Refers to those listed in the Schedule annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on
Narcotics Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol and in the Schedules annexed to the
1971 Single Convention on Psychotropic substances as enumerated in the attached
annex which is an integral part of RA 9165. [New Definition, RA 9165]

✓ The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an international treaty to

prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs and of drugs
with similar effects except under license for specific purposes, such as medical
treatment and research.)
✓ The Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 is a United Nations treaty
designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamine-type stimulants,
barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics signed in Vienna, Austria on 21
February 1971. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 could not ban the
many newly discovered psychotropic, since its scope was limited to drugs with
cannabis, coca, and opium-like effects.)
✓ The 1988United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotics Drugs
and Psychotropic Substances was held further bolstering anti-drug laws.

→ Refers to either to PROHIBITED DRUGS or REGULATED DRUGS. [Old Definition, RA

6425]

 PROHIBITED DRUGS—which includes opium and its active components and

derivatives such as heroin and morhpine……Indian Hemp (MARIJUANA) and its
derivatives……whether Natural or Synthetic.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 3

 REGULATED DRUGS—which includes self inducing sedatives, such as

secobarbital, phenobarbital, amobarbital, amphetamine…..or any drug which
produces a physiological action similar to amphetamine; and hypnotic drugs…..

PROHIBITED DRUGS & REGULATED DRUGS: In Contrast

“PROHIBITED DRUGS are by themselves interdicted, whereas, REGULATED

DRUGS are merely controlled or directed by a rule in order to systematize their use.
PROHIBITION necessarily embraces or contemplates REGULATION, but
REGULATION does not necessarily results to PROHIBITION; on the other hand,
REGULATION may refer to both PERMISSIVENESS and PROHIBITON.

 FOUR MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS—

✓ HaNDS
1. HALLUCINOGEN
2. NARCOTICS
3. DEPRESSANT
4. STIMULANT

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 4

CHAPTER 02
FOUR MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS:
Hallucinogen, Narcotics, Depressant, & Sedatives (HaNDS)

I. HALLUCINOGEN
→ Drug which can cause hallucinations, perceptual anomalies, and other substantial
subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness or refers to any substance
which causes changes in perception or hallucinations.
→ It also called as PSYCHEDELICS which derived from the Ancient Greek words psychē
(ψυχή, "mind") and dēloun (δηλοῦν, "to make visible, to reveal"), or "mind-revealing".
→ Sir Thomas Browne in 1646 coined the term 'hallucination' from the Latin word
"alucinari" meaning "to wander in the mind".
GABA RECEPTORS

→ Is a chemical messenger that is widely distributed in the brain. GABA’s natural

function is to reduce the activity of the neurons to which it binds. Some
researchers believe that one of the purposes that GABA serves is to control the
fear or anxiety experienced when neurons are overexcited.
→ GABA is classified as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, as opposed to excitatory
neurotransmitters, the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central
nervous system. It plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the
nervous system.
→ GENERAL EFFECTS OF HALLUCINOGENS
1. Increase heart rate and pulse rate
2. Elevated or increase blood pressure
3. Increase activity of the body due to the effect on the brain
4. Enlarge or dilated pupils of the eyes
5. Increase body temperature
6. Paleness of the face and skin of the body
→ PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HALLUCINOGEN
1. Strong emotional feeling
2. Recalling previously suppressed ideas and thoughts
3. A feeling of great creativity and imagination
4. Very lucid and astonishingly clear thoughts
5. Intensification of sensory impressions
6. Changes in sensation. Sounds are “seen”, simple things appear very beautiful and
color seems to be “heard”
7. A mood of joy and strong feeling of religious awareness
8. A feeling of oneness with the universe.
 THREE COMMON TYPES OF HALLUCINOGEN—
1. PSYCHEDELICS—are a drug whose primary action is to alter cognition and
perception.
2. DISSOCIATIVES—a drug that produce analgesia, amnesia and catalepsy at
anesthetic doses. It also produces a sense of detachment from the surrounding
environment.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 5

3. DELIRIANTS— a drug that induce a state of delirium in the user, characterized by

extreme confusion and an inability to control one's actions. They are called deliriants
because their subjective effects are similar to the experiences of people with
delirious fevers
 COMMON EXAMPLES OF HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS—
1. MARIJUANA
2. LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)
3. MESCALINE
4. KETAMINE
5. PSILOCYBIN
6. PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP)

→ MARIJUANA (Cannabis)
→ Brief Facts—
→ Refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant
(Cannabis) or a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive
drug or medicine.
→ The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); one of 483
known compounds in the plant, including at least 65 other cannabinoids.
→ It can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract.
→ Often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a "high" or "stoned" feeling, a
general change in perception, euphoria (heightened mood), and an increase in
appetite.
→ Mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug. It may also be used for religious or
spiritual purposes.
→ Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when
cooked and eaten. They last for between two and six hours
→ Its earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC.
→ Regarded as the “ASSASINS OF THE YOUTH” dangerous drugs.
→ Middle East - the Bec ka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the biggest producer
of cannabis in the Middle East.
MARIJUANA STREET NAME—
1. Mary jane 6. Pot
2. Flower 7. Tea
3. Pampapogi 8. Joint
4. Brownies 9. Dope
5. Damo

→ THREE TYPES OF CANNABIS PLANT (MARIJUANA)

1. CANNABIS SATIVA—is characterized by leaflets that are narrower, branches that
are farther apart, and coloration that tends more toward spring green. And it is tend
to be taller and produce fewer leaves.
2. CANNABIS INDICA—is characterized by broad leaflets that offer overlap, branches
that are closer together, and coloration that tends more toward deep olive green. And
it tends to be shorter and bushier, producing fuller, denser flower buds.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 6

3. CANNABIS RUDERALIS—is characterized by varied leaflets in the mature leaves, a

shorter stature and generally small size.
→ HISTORY OF CULTIVATION AND USED OF MARIJUANA
→ Chronological listed account—
→ Cannabis is indigenous to Central and South Asia. There is evidence of
inhalation of cannabis smoke from the 3rd millennium BCE, namely charred
cannabis seeds found in a ritual brazier at an ancient burial site in present-day
Romania. The earliest written reference to cannabis dates back to 2727 B.C.,
from the Chinese emperor Shennong.
→ In 2003, a leather basket filled with cannabis leaf fragments and seeds was
found next to a 2,500- to 2,800-year-old mummified shaman in the northwestern
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Evidence of cannabis consumption
was also found in Egyptian mummies dated about 950 BC.
→ Hemp is called ganja (Sanskrit: गञ्जा, IAST: gañjā) in Sanskrit and other modern
Indo-Aryan languages. Some scholars suggest that the ancient drug soma,
mentioned in the Vedas, was cannabis, although this theory is disputed.
→ Cannabis was also known to the ancient Assyrians, who discovered its
psychoactive properties through the Aryans. Using it in some religious
ceremonies, they called it qunubu (meaning "way to produce smoke"), a probable
origin of the modern word "cannabis". The Aryans also introduced cannabis to
the Scythians, Thracians and Dacians, whose shamans (the kapnobatai—"those
who walk on smoke/clouds") burned cannabis flowers to induce trance.
→ Hemp is called ganja (Sanskrit: गञ्जा, IAST: gañjā) in Sanskrit and other modern
Indo-Aryan languages. Some scholars suggest that the ancient drug soma,
mentioned in the Vedas, was cannabis, although this theory is disputed.
→ The principal psychoactive ingredients of Marijuana (Cannabis)
 delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC )
→ Is the principal mind-altering chemical of Marijuana (Cannabis) that over activates
certain brain cell receptors, resulting in effects such as:
a. altered senses
b. changes in mood
c. impaired body movement
d. difficulty with thinking and problem-solving
e. impaired memory and learning
→ THC was first isolated in 1964 by Raphael Mechoulam and Yechiel Gaoni at the
Weizmann Institute of Science
→ MARIJUANA THREE STRENGTH (POTENCY)—
1. LOW GRADE (0% to 1% tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] content)
2. MEDIUM GRADE (1.1 % to 2.8% tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] content)
3. HIGH GRADE (2.9 % to 4.8 % tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] content)
→ MARIJUANA FORMS/PREPARATIONS—
1. Dried flower buds
2. Kief
3. Hashish
4. Tincture
5. Hash oil
6. Infusion (dairy butter)
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 7

7. Pipe resin
→ How do people use marijuana?
→ People smoke marijuana in hand-rolled cigarettes (joints) or in pipes or water pipes
(bongs).
→ They also smoke it in blunts—emptied cigars that have been partly or completely
refilled with marijuana.
→ To avoid inhaling smoke, some people are using vaporizers. These devices pull the
active ingredients (including THC) from the marijuana and collect their vapor in a
storage unit. A person then inhales the vapor, not the smoke. Some vaporizers use a
marijuana liquid extract.
→ People can mix marijuana in food (edibles), such as brownies, cookies, or candy, or
brew it as a tea. A newly popular method of use is smoking or eating different forms
of THC-rich resins.
→ Methods/Apparatus in Smoking Marijuana—
1. The Joint
2. The Blunt
3. The Hookah
4. The Bong - is a tube with a small bowl at the end of a thinner tube inserted through
the side near the base.
5. The Waterfall
6. The Pipe
7. The Shotgun
8. The Chillum
9. The One Hitter or Bat - is a contrivance that allows the small amount of cannabis to
be burned and inhaled in a single breath.
→ LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA USE—
1. Chest Pain
2. Irregular menstrual cycle
3. Temporary loss of fertility for both sexes
4. Premature babies and birth wieghts
5. Cancer of the lungs
→ IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA USE
1. Faster heartbeat and pulse rate
2. Blood eyes
3. Dry mouth and throat
4. Altered sense of time and disorientation
5. Forgetfulness
6. Inability to coordination and slower reflexes
→ PROHIBITION OF MARIJUANA
→ EARLY LEGAL PROHIBITION
→ Cannabis was criminalized in various countries beginning in the early 20th
century.
→ In the United States, the first restrictions on sale of cannabis came in 1906 (in
District of Columbia).
→ It was outlawed in Jamaica (then a British colony) in 1913, in South Africa in
1922, and in the United Kingdom and New Zealand in the 1920s.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 8

→ Canada criminalized cannabis in the Opium and Drug Act of 1923, before any
reports of the use of the drug in Canada.
→ In 1925 a compromise was made at an international conference in The Hague
about the International Opium Convention that banned exportation of "Indian
hemp" to countries that had prohibited its use, and requiring importing countries
to issue certificates approving the importation and stating that the shipment was
required "exclusively for medical or scientific purposes". It also required parties to
"exercise an effective control of such a nature as to prevent the illicit international
traffic in Indian hemp and especially in the resin"
→ In the United States in 1937, the Marihuana Tax Act was passed, and prohibited
the production of hemp in addition to cannabis. The reasons that hemp was also
included in this law are disputed—several scholars have claimed that the act was
passed in order to destroy the US hemp industry.
→ LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA—
→ In December 2012, the U.S. state of Washington became the first state to officially
legalize cannabis in a state law (Washington Initiative 502) with the state of Colorado
following close behind (Colorado Amendment 64).
→ On January 1, 2013, the first marijuana "club" for private marijuana smoking (no
buying or selling, however) was allowed for the first time in Colorado.
→ In December 2013, Uruguay became the first country to legalize growing, sale and
use of cannabis. However, as of August 2014, no cannabis has yet been sold legally
in Uruguay. According to the law, the only cannabis that can be sold legally must be
grown in the country by no more than five licensed growers, and these have yet to be
selected; in fact, the call for applications did not go out until August 1, 2014.
→ On October 17, 2015, Australian health minister Sussan Ley presented a new law
that will allow the cultivation of cannabis for scientific research and medical trials on
patients. In December 2015, it was reported that the Canadian government had
committed to legalizing cannabis, but at that time no timeline for the legalization was
set out.
→ As drugs have increasingly come to be seen as a health issue instead of criminal
behavior, marijuana has also been legalized or decriminalized in: Czech Republic,
Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Portugal, and Canada.

→ LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)

→ Also known as acid, is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects. This
may include altered awareness of the surroundings, perceptions, and feelings as well
as sensations and images that seem real though they are not.
→ It is used mainly as a recreational drug and for spiritual reasons.
→ Typically either swallowed or held under the tongue. It is often sold on blotter paper,
a sugar cube, or gelatin. It can also be injected.
→ It is not addictive. However, adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety, paranoia,
and delusions are possible
→ History of lysergic acid diethylamide
→ LSD was first synthesized on November 16, 1938 by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann
at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland as part of a large research program
searching for medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. LSD's psychedelicproperties
were discovered 5 years later when Hofmann himself accidentally ingested an
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
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Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 9

unknown quantity of the chemical. The first intentional ingestion of LSD occurred on
April 19, 1943, when Hofmann ingested 250 µg of LSD. He said this would be a
threshold dose based on the dosages of other ergot alkaloids. Hofmann found the
effects to be much stronger than he anticipated.
→ Sandoz Laboratories introduced LSD as a psychiatric drug in 1947.
→ Beginning in the 1950s, the US Central Intelligence Agency began a research
program code named Project MKULTRA. Experiments included administering LSD to
CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes,
mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study their
reactions, usually without the subjects' knowledge. The project was revealed in the
US congressional Rockefeller Commission report in 1975.
→ On October 24, 1968, possession of LSD was made illegal in the United States. The
last FDA approved study of LSD in patients ended in 1980, while a study in healthy
volunteers was made in the late 1980s. Legally approved and regulated psychiatric
use of LSD continued in Switzerland until 1993.
→ Legal status
→ The United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (adopted in 1971)
requires the signing parties to prohibit LSD. Hence, it is illegal in all countries that
were parties to the convention, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand,
and most of Europe. However, enforcement of those laws varies from country to
country. Medical and scientific research with LSD in humans is permitted under the
1971 UN Convention.

→ Psilocin (also known as 4-HO-DMT, psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin)

→ Is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic substance. It is
present in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counterpart
psilocybin.
→ Psilocin is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The
mind-altering effects of psilocin are highly variable and subjective and resemble
those of LSD and DMT.
→ The United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (adopted in 1971)
requires its members to prohibit psilocybin, and parties to the treaty are required to
restrict use of the drug to medical and scientific research under strictly controlled
conditions.
→ Psilocybin mushrooms
→ Psilocybin mushrooms, also known as psychedelic mushrooms, are mushrooms that
contain the psychedelic compounds psilocybinand psilocin. Common colloquial terms
include magic mushrooms and shrooms.
→ They are used mainly as an entheogen and recreational drug whose effects can
include euphoria, altered thinking processes, closed and open-eye visuals,
synesthesia, an altered sense of time and spiritual experiences. Biological genera
containing psilocybin mushrooms include Copelandia, Galerina, Gymnopilus,
Inocybe, Mycena, Panaeolus, Pholiotina, Pluteus, and Psilocybe. Over 100 species
are classified in the genus Psilocybe.
→ Psilocybin mushrooms may have been used since prehistoric times. They are
possibly depicted in Stone Age rock art in Europe and Africa, and have a history of

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 10

use in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Many cultures have used these mushrooms in

their religious rites and ceremonies
→ History
→ Archaeological evidence suggests that psilocybin-containing mushrooms have been
used by humans since prehistoric times. It has been argued that prehistoric rock art
near Villar del Humo, Spain, offers evidence that Psilocybe hispanica was used in
religious rituals 6,000 years ago, and that art at the Tassili caves in southern Algeria
long shaft member from 7,000 to 9,000 years ago may show the species Psilocybe
mairei.
→ Hallucinogenic species of the Psilocybe genus have a history of use among the
native peoples of Mesoamerica for religious communion, divination, and healing,
from pre-Columbian times to the present day. Mushroom stones and motifs have
been found in Guatemala. A statuette dating from ca. 200 AD and depicting a
mushroom strongly resembling Psilocybe mexicana was found in a west Mexican
shaft and chamber tomb in the state of Colima. A Psilocybe species was known to
the Aztecs as teonanácatl(literally "divine mushroom" - agglutinative form of teó (god,
sacred) and nanácatl (mushroom) in Náhuatl) and were reportedly served at the
coronation of the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II in 1502. Aztecs and Mazatecs referred to
psilocybin mushrooms as genius mushrooms, divinatory mushrooms, and wondrous
mushrooms, when translated into English. Bernardino de Sahagún reported ritualistic
use of teonanácatl by the Aztecs, when he traveled to Central America after the
expedition of Hernán Cortés.
→ After the Spanish conquest, Catholic missionaries campaigned against the cultural
tradition of the Aztecs, dismissing the Aztecs as idolaters, and the use of
hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms, like other pre-Christian traditions, were
quickly suppressed.[6] The Spanish believed the mushroom allowed the Aztecs and
others to communicate with devils. In converting people to Catholicism, the Spanish
pushed for a switch from teonanácatl to the Catholic sacrament of the Eucharist.
Despite this history, in some remote areas the use of teonanácatl has remained.
→ The first mention of hallucinogenic mushrooms in European medicinal literature
appeared in the London Medical and Physical Journal in 1799: a man had served
Psilocybe semilanceata mushrooms that he had picked for breakfast in London's
Green Park to his family. The doctor who treated them later described how the
youngest child "was attacked with fits of immoderate laughter, nor could the threats
of his father or mother refrain him."

→ Mescaline, or 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine
→ Mescaline, or 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine, is a naturally occurring psychedelic
alkaloid of the phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects comparable
to those of LSD and psilocybin.
→ It occurs naturally in the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), the San Pedro cactus
(Echinopsis pachanoi) the Peruvian torch(Echinopsis peruviana), and in a number of
other members of the Cactaceae plant family. It is also found in small amounts in
certain members of the Fabaceae (bean) family, including Acacia berlandieri.
→ Mescaline was first isolated and identified in 1897 by the German chemist Arthur
Heffter and first synthesized in 1919 by Ernst Späth.
→ PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS—

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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 11

→ Mescaline induces a psychedelic state similar to those produced by LSD and

psilocybin, but with unique characteristics. Subjective effects may include altered
thinking processes, an altered sense of time and self-awareness, and closed-
and open-eye visual phenomena.
→ Prominence of color is distinctive, appearing brilliant and intense. Recurring
visual patterns observed during the mescaline experience include stripes,
checkerboards, angular spikes, multicolor dots, and very simple fractals that turn
very complex.
→ Legal Status—
→ In the United States, mescaline was made illegal in 1970 by the Comprehensive
Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act.
→ The drug was prohibited internationally by the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic
Substances and is categorized as a Schedule I hallucinogen by the CSA.
Mescaline is legal only for certain religious groups (such as the Native American
Church) and in scientific and medical research.
→ In 1990, the US Supreme Court ruled that the state of Oregon could ban the use
of mescaline in Native American religious ceremonies. The Religious Freedom
Restoration Act (RFRA) in 1993 allowed the use of peyote in religious ceremony
but, in 1997, the Supreme Court ruled that the RFRA is unconstitutional when
applied against states. However, in a subsequent case, the Court held that the
government had not carried the burden under the Religious Freedom Restoration
Act of showing a compelling interest that allowed no exception to the ban on the
use of the drug to accommodate a sincere religious practice. Thus, the current
state of the law is that, while the federal government may not restrict use of
peyote in ceremony, individual states do have a right to restrict its use.[58] Many
states, including the state of Utah, have legalized peyote usage with "sincere
religious intent", or within a religious organization,[citation needed] regardless of
race.
→ While mescaline-containing cacti of the genus Echinopsis are technically
controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act, they are commonly
sold publicly as ornamental plants.

1. Lophophora williamsii or peyote

→ Is a small, spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids, particularly mescaline.
→ The English common name peyote comes from the like-spelled Spanish name,
which in turn comes from the Nahuatl name peyōtl [ˈpejoːt͡ɬ], said to be derived from
a root meaning "glisten" or "glistening". Other sources translate the Nahuatl word as
"Divine Messenger". Native North Americans are likely to have used peyote, often for
spiritual purposes, for at least 5,500 years.
→ Peyote is native to Mexico and southwestern Texas. It is found primarily in the
Chihuahuan Desert and in the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and San
Luis Potosí among scrub, especially where there is limestone.
→ Known for its psychoactive properties when ingested, peyote is used worldwide as
an entheogen and supplement to various transcendence practices, including
meditation, psychonautics, and psychedelic psychotherapy. Peyote has a long
history of ritualistic and medicinal use by indigenous Americans. It flowers from

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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 12

March through May, and sometimes as late as September. The flowers are pink, with
thigmotactic anthers (like Opuntia).
→ HISTORY
→ From earliest recorded time, peyote has been used by indigenous peoples, such
as the Huichol of northern Mexico and by various Native American tribes, native
to or relocated to the Southern Plains states of present-day Oklahoma and
Texas. Its usage was also recorded among various Southwestern Athabaskan-
language tribal groups. The Tonkawa, the Mescalero and Lipan Apache were the
source or first practitioners of peyote religion in the regions north of present-day
Mexico. They were also the principal group to introduce peyote to newly arrived
migrants, such as the Comanche and Kiowa from the Northern Plains. The
religious, ceremonial, and healing uses of peyote may date back over 2,000
years.
→ Under the auspices of what came to be known as the Native American Church, in
the 19th century, American Indians in more widespread regions to the north
began to use peyote in religious practices, as part of a revival of native
spirituality. Its members refer to peyote as "the sacred medicine", and use it to
combat spiritual, physical, and other social ills. Concerned about the drug's
psychoactive effects, between the 1880s and 1930s, U.S. authorities attempted
to ban Native American religious rituals involving peyote, including the Ghost
Dance. Today the Native American Church is one among several religious
organizations to use peyote as part of its religious practice. Some users claim the
drug connects them to God.
→ Dr. John Raleigh Briggs (1851–1907) was the first to draw scientific attention of
the Western scientific world to peyote. Louis Lewin described Anhalonium lewinii
in 1888.
→ Arthur Heffter conducted self experiments on its effects in 1897. Similarly,
Norwegianethnographer Carl Sofus Lumholtz studied and wrote about the use of
peyote among the Indians of Mexico. Lumholtz also reported that, lacking other
intoxicants, Texas Rangers captured by Union forces during the American Civil
War soaked peyote buttons in water and became "intoxicated with the liquid".
Arguably, this is the first documented use of peyote by non-Native Americans.
2. N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
→ N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or N,N-DMT) is a powerful psychedelic compound of
the tryptamine family.
→ Historically, it has been consumed by indigenous Amazonian cultures in the form of
ayahuasca for divinatory and healing purposes.
→ It was first synthesised in 1931, and in 1946, microbiologist Oswaldo Gonçalves de
Lima discovered its natural presence in plants.
→ In the 1960s, it was detected in mammalian organisms as well.
→ In the 1960s, it was detected in mammalian organisms as well.
→ DMT is known for its relatively short duration of action, intense effects and rapid
onset. For that reason, DMT was known as a "businessman's trip" during the 1960s
in the United States.
→ DMT can be inhaled, injected, or orally ingested, and its effects depend on the dose,
both of DMT and of any MAOI taken with it. The effects last a short period of time, 5
to 15 min. Longer effects can be achieved by oral ingestion: over 3 hours. DMT can
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Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 13

produce psychedelic experiences involving euphoria and hallucinations. In most

countries, DMT is illegal.
→ LEGAL STATUS
→ DMT is classified as a Schedule I drug under the UN 1971 Convention on
Psychotropic Substances, meaning that international trade in DMT is supposed
to be closely monitored; use of DMT is supposed to be restricted to scientific
research and medical use. Natural materials containing DMT, including
ayahuasca, are not regulated under the 1971 Psychotropic Convention.
3. Ayahuasca or iowaska, or yagé
→ Is an entheogenic brew made out of Banisteriopsis caapi vine and other ingredients.
The brew is used as a traditional spiritual medicine in ceremonies among the
Indigenous peoples of the Amazon basin.
→ It has been reported that some psychoactive effects can be felt from consuming the
ayahuasca vine alone.
→ Ayahuasca is known by many names throughout Northern South America and Brazil.
→ Ayahuasca is the hispanicized style spelling of a word in the Quechua languages,
which are spoken in the Andean states of Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia.
→ In the Quechua languages, aya means "spirit, soul", "corpse, dead body", and waska
means "rope" and "woody vine", "liana". The word ayahuasca has been variously
translated as "liana of the soul", "liana of the dead", and "spirit liana".
→ EFFECTS
→ People who have consumed ayahuasca report having spiritual revelations
regarding their purpose on earth, the true nature of the universe as well as deep
insight into how to be the best person they possibly can. This is viewed by many
as a spiritual awakening and what is often described as a rebirth. In addition, it is
often reported that individuals feel they gain access to higher spiritual
dimensionsand make contact with various spiritual or extra-dimensional beings
who can act as guides or healers.
→ The ingestion of ayahuasca can also cause significant, but temporary, emotional
and psychological distress. Excessive use can lead to serotonin syndrome, with
symptoms such as tremors, diarrhea, autonomic instability, hyperthermia,
sweating, muscle spasms and possible death. Long-term negative effects are not
known
→ The ingestion of ayahuasca can also cause significant, but temporary, emotional
and psychological distress. Excessive use can lead to serotonin syndrome, with
symptoms such as tremors, diarrhea, autonomic instability, hyperthermia,
sweating, muscle spasms and possible death. Long-term negative effects are not
known

→ Ketamine
→ Ketamine, sold under the brand name Ketalar among others, is a medication mainly
used for starting and maintaining anesthesia.
→ It induces a trance-like state while providing pain relief, sedation, and memory loss.
→ Other uses include for chronic pain and for sedation in intensive care. Heart function,
breathing, and airway reflexes generally remain functional.

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Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 14

→ Effects typically begin within five minutes when given by injection with the main
effects lasting up to 25 minutes.
→ Ketamine, categorized as a “dissociative anesthetic,” is used in powdered or liquid
form as an anesthetic, usually on animals. It can be injected, consumed in drinks,
snorted, or added to joints or cigarettes. Ketamine was placed on the list of
controlled substances in the US in 1999.
→ Short- and long-term effects include increased heart rate and blood pressure,
nausea, vomiting, numbness, depression, amnesia, hallucinations and potentially
fatal respiratory problems. Ketamine users can also develop cravings for the drug. At
high doses, users experience an effect referred to as “K-Hole,” an “out of body” or
“near-death” experience.
→ Due to the detached, dreamlike state it creates, where the user finds it difficult to
move, ketamine has been used as a “date-rape” drug.
→ Ketamine was discovered in 1962.
→ Ketamine was first synthesized in 1962 by Calvin L. Stevens, a professor of
Chemistry in Wayne State University and a Parke Davisconsultant conducting
research on alpha-hydroxyimine rearrangements. After promising preclinical
research in animals, ketamine was introduced to testing in human prisoners in 1964.
These investigations demonstrated ketamine's short duration of action and reduced
behavioral toxicity made it a favorable choice over phencyclidine (PCP) as a
dissociative anesthetic. Following FDA approval in 1970, ketamine anesthesia was
first given to American soldiers during the Vietnam War.
→ It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most
effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic
medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 0.08 and 0.32
USD per dose.
→ Ketamine is also used as a recreational drug
→ EFFECTS
1. Common side effects include psychological reactions as the medication wears
off. These reactions may include agitation, confusion, or hallucinations.
2. Elevated blood pressure and muscle tremors are relatively common, while low
blood pressure and a decrease in breathing are less so. Spasms of the larynx
may rarely occur. Ketamine has been classified as an NMDA receptor
antagonist; it also acts on opioid receptors and monoamine transporters among
others.
→ Medical Uses
1. Uses as an anesthetic
2. Pain management
3. Depression
4. Recreational.
→ Legal status
→ Ketamine is a "core" medicine in the World Health Organization's Essential Drugs
List, a list of minimum medical needs for a basic healthcare system.
→ The increase in illicit use prompted ketamine's placement in Schedule III of the
United States Controlled Substance Act in August 1999.

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Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 15

→ Phencyclidine (PCP)
→ Phencyclidine (PCP), also known as angel dust and Sernyl among others, is a
dissociative drug.
→ PCP was brought to market in the 1950s as an anesthetic pharmaceutical drug but
was taken off the market in 1965 due to the high prevalence of dissociative
hallucinogenic side effects. Moreover, the discovery of ketamine by Parke-Davis
researchers was thought to represent a better-tolerated alternative for use as an
anesthetic medication. Since this time a number of synthetic derivatives of PCP have
been sold as dissociative drugs for recreational and non-medical use.
→ PCP was discovered by Victor Maddox, a chemist at Parke-Davis in Michigan, while
investigating synthetic analgesic agents.
→ As a recreational drug, PCP may be ingested orally, smoked, insufflated or injected
→ EFFECTS
1. Behavioral effects can vary by dosage. Low doses produce a numbness in the
extremities and intoxication, characterized by staggering, unsteady gait, slurred
speech, bloodshot eyes, and loss of balance. Moderate doses (5–10 mg
intranasal, or 0.01–0.02 mg/kg intramuscular or intravenous) will produce
analgesia and anesthesia. High doses may lead to convulsions. Users frequently
do not know how much of the drug they are taking due to the tendency of the
drug to be produced illegally in uncontrolled conditions.
2. Psychological effects include severe changes in body image, loss of ego
boundaries, paranoia, and depersonalization. Hallucinations, euphoria, and
suicidal impulses are also reported, as well as occasional aggressive behavior.
Like many other drugs, phencyclidine has been known to alter mood states in an
unpredictable fashion, causing some individuals to become detached, and others
to become animated. PCP may induce feelings of strength, power, and
invulnerability as well as a numbing effect on the mind.

II. NARCOTIC
→ Drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep.
→ The term narcotic, from ancient Greek narkō, "to make numb") originally referred
medically to any psychoactive compound with sleep-inducing properties.
→ In the United States, it has since become associated with opiates and opioids,
commonly morphine and heroin, as well as derivatives of many of the compounds found
within raw opium latex. The primary three are morphine, codeine, and thebaine.
→ The term "narcotic" is believed to have been coined by the Greek physician Galen to
refer to agents that numb or deaden, causing loss of feeling or paralysis.
→ It is based on the Greek word ναρκωσις (narcosis), the term used by Hippocrates for the
process of numbing or the numbed state. Galen listed mandrake root, altercus (eclata),
[not in citation given]seeds, and poppy juice (opium) as the chief examples.
→ It originally referred to any substance that relieved pain, dulled the senses, or induced
sleep. Now, the term is used in a number of ways. Some people define narcotics as
substances that bind at opioid receptors (cellular membrane proteins activated by
substances like heroin or morphine) while others refer to any illicit substance as a
narcotic.

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Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 16

→ From a U.S. legal perspective, narcotics refer to opium, opium derivatives, and their
semi-synthetic substitutes, though in U.S. law, due to its numbing properties, cocaine is
also considered a narcotic.
→ The two most common forms of narcotic drugs are morphine and codeine. Both are
synthesized from opium for medicinal use.
→ The most commonly used drug for recreational purposes created from opium is heroin.
→ Synthesized drugs created with an opium base for use in pain management are fentanyl,
oxycodone, tramadol, demarol, hydrocodone, methadone, and hydromorphone.
→ New forms of pain medication are being created regularly. The newest drug to come out
in 2014 is zohydro, an intense dosage of hydrocodone medication, the strongest yet
created for pain management.
▪ Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961
→ The adoption of this Convention is regarded as a milestone in the history of
international drug law.
→ The Single Convention codified all existing multilateral treaties on drug control
and extended the existing control systems to include the cultivation of plants that
were grown as the raw material of narcotic drugs.
→ The principal objectives of the Convention are to limit the possession, use, trade,
distribution, import, export, manufacture and production of drugs exclusively to
medical and scientific purposes, and to address drug trafficking through
international cooperation to deter and discourage drug traffickers.
→ The Convention also established the International Narcotics Control Board,
merging the Permanent Central Board and the Drug Supervisory Board.
▪ The 1961 Convention seeks to control more than 116 drugs that it classifies as
narcotic. These include—
→ plant-based products such as opium and its derivatives morphine, codeine and
heroin (the primary category of drug listed in the Convention);
→ synthetic narcotics such as methadone and pethidine; and
→ cannabis, coca and cocaine.
▪ The Convention divides drugs into four groups, or schedules, in order to
enforce a greater or lesser degree of control for the various substances and
compounds. Opium smoking and eating, coca leaf chewing, cannabis resin
smoking and the non-medical use of cannabis are prohibited

→ OPIATE & OPIOID: In contrast

→ Opiate is a term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from
opium.
→ Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and
synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists}. Opiates are alkaloid
compounds naturally found in the opium poppy plant Papaver somniferum. The
psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include morphine, codeine, and
thebaine.
→ DANGER OF NARCOTIC ABUSE
1. Narcotic abusers neglect themselves and usually suffer malnutrition, infections,
diseases and injuries.
2. The body of the abusers is prone to toxic reactions due to impurities in the narcotic.
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Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 17

3. Fatal infections can readily transmit to the abusers body.

→ EFFECTS OF THE USE OF NARCOTICS—
1. Pen points pupils (sharp vision)
2. Drowsiness (sleepy)
3. Exphoria (excited)
4. Reduced vision
5. Respiratory depression
6. Nausea (a feeling of sickness with a inclination to vomit)
→ WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS—
1. Watery eyes
2. Runny nose
3. Yawning
4. Loss of appetite
5. Irritability
6. Tremors
7. Panic
8. Chills and sweating
9. Nausea
→ EFFECTS OF OVERDOSE
1. Shallow breathing
2. Clammy (slightly wet and sticky skin)
3. Convulsions
4. Possible death
→ KINDS OF NARCOTICS—
1. Natural
2. Semi-synthetic
3. Synthetic

 NARCOTICS OF NATURAL ORIGIN—produced directly from the poppy

plant. Examples—
1. Opium
2. Morphine
3. Codeine
4. Thebaine

1. OPIUM
→ Derived from the plant opium poppy (papaver somniferum)—papaver is Greek for poppy,
somniferum is Latin for “to dream or induce sleep”.
→ a substance that is derived by collecting and later drying the milky juice that comes from
the seed pods of the poppy plant. The substance can vary in color and may be yellow or
could range all the way to a very dark brown color.
→ Is a powerful pain reliever.
→ also used to induce sleep and to give relief to the bowels. Opium was even thought to
protect the user from being poisoned. Its pleasurable effects were also noted. The
trading and production of opium spread from the Mediterranean to China by the 15th

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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 18

century. Opium has many derivatives, including morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and
heroin.
→ Afghanistan is currently the primary producer of the drug. After regularly producing 70
percent of the world's opium.
→ Europe is the number one worldwide main consumers.
→ Opium Street Names—
1. Buddha, Chillum, Chinese Molasses, Ze, Emerald City, Aunti/Aunti Emma,
Easing Powder, Midnight Oil,
2. Some slang terms for opium include: "Bog O", "Shanghai Sally", "dope",
"hop", "midnight oil", "O.P.", and "tar".
→ The History of Opium—
→ The earliest reference to opium growth and use is in 3,400 B.C. when the opium
poppy was cultivated in lower Mesopotamia (Southwest Asia). The Sumerians
referred to it as Hul Gil, the "joy plant." The Sumerians soon passed it on to the
Assyrians, who in turn passed it on to the Egyptians. As people learned of the power
of opium, demand for it increased. Many countries began to grow and process opium
to expand its availability and to decrease its cost. Its cultivation spread along the Silk
Road, from the Mediterranean through Asia and finally to China where it was the
catalyst for the Opium Wars of the mid-1800s.
→ In Chinese culture, opium was typically used for recreational purposes, but it didn’t
become more widespread until the 17th century when the drug became more
accessible and less expensive. The common method of use would involve mixing
opium with tobacco and smoking the mixture. As its use became more widespread
throughout China, opium addiction starting to become more noticeable. While these
effects were being observed, the British was encouraging its use in order to bolster
trade between the two countries.
→ The earliest reference to opium growth and use is in 3,400 B.C. when the opium
poppy was cultivated in lower Mesopotamia (Southwest Asia). The Sumerians
referred to it as Hul Gil, the "joy plant." The Sumerians soon passed it on to the
Assyrians, who in turn passed it on to the Egyptians. As people learned of the power
of opium, demand for it increased. Many countries began to grow and process opium
to expand its availability and to decrease its cost. Its cultivation spread along the Silk
Road, from the Mediterranean through Asia and finally to China where it was the
catalyst for the Opium Wars of the mid-1800s.
→ In Chinese culture, opium was typically used for recreational purposes, but it didn’t
become more widespread until the 17th century when the drug became more
accessible and less expensive. The common method of use would involve mixing
opium with tobacco and smoking the mixture. As its use became more widespread
throughout China, opium addiction starting to become more noticeable. While these
effects were being observed, the British was encouraging its use in order to bolster
trade between the two countries.
The Silk Road
→ The Silk Road is an 18th-century term for a series of interconnected routes that
ran from Europe to China. These trade routes developed between the empires
of Persia and Syria on the Mediterranean coast and the Indian kingdoms of the
East. By the late Middle Ages the routes extended from Italy in the West to
China in the East and to Scandinavia in the North. Opium was one of the

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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 19

products traded along the Silk Road.

→ Papaver somniferum
→ the opium poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the
species of plant from which opium and poppy seeds are derived and is a valuable
ornamental plant, grown in gardens. Its native range is probably the eastern
Mediterranean, but is now obscured by ancient introductions and cultivation.
→ The opium poppy is the only species of Papaveraceae that is grown as an
agricultural crop on a large scale. Other poppy species, such as Papaver rhoeas and
Papaver argemone, are important agricultural weeds, and may be mistaken for the
crop.
→ How is Opium Administered—
1. Opium can be administered in a variety of ways. The drug can be smoked, injected
intravenously or it can be taken orally in pill form.
2. Opium can also be used in combination with other illicit drugs. For example, “Black”
is the combination opium combined with methamphetamine and marijuana while
“Buddha” is the combination of opium and high potency marijuana.
3. Opium can also be incorporated into baked goods and other food items. No matter
the method of administration, opium is a highly addictive and dangerous drug that
potentially present life-threatening consequences.
4. The traditional opium pipe is known as a "dream stick".
→ The Short-Term Effects of Opium
→ The short-term effects of using opium are similar to those seen with alcohol, Xanax
and barbiturates and can include dehydration and dry mouth and impaired cognitive
functioning which can cause users to act impulsively. Other short-term effects can
include nausea, vomiting, irregular heartbeat, headaches and respiratory depression.
If larger amounts of opium are taken, there is an increased risk of overdose in which
the following symptoms can be observed:
 Respiratory failure
 Heart failure
 Stroke
 Seizures
 Coma
 Death
→ The Long-Term Effects of Opium—
 The most obvious long-term effect of opium use in the development is the
development of tolerance in which the user will need to take more of the drug to
produce the desired effect. The increase in tolerance ultimately leads to physical and
psychological dependence and addiction. Long-term effects are dependent on how
the user administers the drug. For example, those who smoke opium is extremely
damaging to the lungs and also leads to heart damage and other cardiovascular-
related ailments and diseases.
 Smoking opium can also lead to significant and lifelong liver and kidney damage and
can also cause renal failure. Additionally, if the drug is injected or if derivatives of the
drug are injected there could be severe damage to the veins and the veins can
collapse. If opium is injected with contaminated needles the risk of contracting
infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV significantly increases. Additionally,
contaminated needles can also lead to abscesses of the skin and can result in

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Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 20

amputation.

2. MORPHINE
→ The principal active component of Opium.
→ It comes in white crystalline powder, light porous cubes, or small white tablets.
→ The word “Morphine” comes from the name of the Greek god of dreams , MORPHEUS.
→ Morphine is ten times more powerful than processed opium, quantity for quantity.
→ Hailed as a miracle drug, it was widely prescribed by physicians in the mid-1800s.
Morphine is one of the most effective drugs known for the relief of severe pain and
remains the standard against which new pain relievers are measured.
→ Morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1853–
1855.
→ Morphine became a controlled substance in the US under the Harrison Narcotics Tax
Act of 1914, and possession without a prescription in the US is a criminal offense.
Morphine was the most commonly abused narcotic analgesic in the world until heroin
was synthesized and came into use.
→ Internationally (UN), morphine is a Schedule I drug under the Single Convention on
Narcotic Drugs.
→ STREET NAME: Cube Juice, Dope, Dreamer, Emsel, First Line, God's Drug,
Hard Stuff, Hocus, Hows, Lydia, Lydic, M, Miss Emma, Mister Blue, Monkey,
Morf, Morph, Morphide, Morphie, Morpho, Mother, MS, Ms. Emma, Mud, New
Jack Swing (if mixed with heroin), Sister, Tab, Unkie, Unkie White, and Stuff.
→ History
→ An opium-based elixir has been ascribed to alchemists of Byzantine times, but the
specific formula was lost during the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul).
→ Around 1522, Paracelsus made reference to an opium-based elixir that he called
laudanum from the Latin word laudare, meaning "to praise" He described it as a
potent painkiller, but recommended that it be used sparingly. In the late eighteenth
century, when the East India Company gained a direct interest in the opium trade
through India, another opiate recipe called laudanum became very popular among
physicians and their patients.
→ Morphine was discovered as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy
plant in December 1804 in Paderborn, Germany, by Friedrich Sertürner.
→ In 1817 Sertürner reported experiments in which he administered morphine to
himself, three young boys, three dogs, and a mouse; all four people almost died.
Sertürner originally named the substance morphium after the Greek god of dreams,
Morpheus as it has a tendency to cause sleep.
→ The drug was first marketed to the general public by Sertürner and Company in 1817
as an pain medication, and also as a treatment for opium and alcohol addiction. It
was first used as a poison in 1822 when Dr. Edme Castaing of France was convicted
of murdering a patient. Commercial production began in Darmstadt, Germany in
1827 by the pharmacy that became the pharmaceutical company Merck, with
morphine sales being a large part of their early growth.[citation needed] In the 1850s
Alexander Wood reported that he had injected morphine into his wife as an
experiment; his wife died from respiratory depression.
→ Later it was found that morphine was more addictive than either alcohol or opium,
and its extensive use during the American Civil War allegedly resulted in over
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Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 21

400,000 sufferers from the "soldier's disease" of morphine addiction. This idea has
been a subject of controversy, as there have been suggestions that such a disease
was in fact a fabrication; the first documented use of the phrase "soldier's disease"
was in 1915.
Friedrich Sertürner—
→ As a pharmacist's apprentice in Paderborn, he was the first to isolate
morphine from opium. He called the isolated alkaloid"morphium" after the Greek
god of dreams, Morpheus. He published a comprehensive paper on its isolation,
crystallization, crystal structure, and pharmacological properties, which he
studied first in stray dogs and then in self-experiments. It was not only the first
alkaloid to be extracted from opium, but the first ever alkaloid to be isolated from
any plant. Thus he became the first person to isolate the active ingredient
associated with a medicinal plant or herb.
→ In the years following, he investigated the effects of morphine. However, it only
became widely used after 1815. In 1809, Sertürner opened his first own
pharmacy in Einbeck. In 1822, he bought the main pharmacy in Hamelin
(Rathaus Apotheke), where he worked until his death in 1841.

→ HOW TAKEN—(Any route, but mostly by intravenous injection.)

1. “Driving Miss Emma" is intravenous administration of morphine.
2. Multi-purpose tablets (readily soluble hypodermic tablets that can also be
swallowed or dissolved under the tongue or betwixt the cheek and jaw)
3. Morphine can be smoked, especially diacetylmorphine (heroin), the most common
method being the "Chasing The Dragon" method.
4. Maximum effect is around 20 min when given intravenously and 60 min when given
by mouth while duration of effect is between three and seven hours. Long-acting
formulations also exist.

3. CODEINE
→ A component of opium and derivative of morphine.
→ It is ten times less effective as morphine dose wise.
→ Medically prescribed for the relief of moderate pain and cough suppression. It has less
pain-killing ability than morphine and is usually taken orally. As a cough suppressant, it
is found in a number of liquid preparations.
→ Codeine is currently the most widely used opiate in the world and is one of the most
commonly used drugs overall according to numerous reports by organizations including
the World Health Organization and its League of Nations predecessor agency.
→ Known for its street name as “SCHOOL BOY”.
→ HISTORY
→ Codeine was first isolated in 1832 in France by Pierre Robiquet, a French chemist and
pharmacist already famous for the discovery of alizarin, the most widespread red dye,
while working on refined morphine extraction processes. This paved the way for the
elaboration of a new generation of safer, codeine-based specific antitussive and
antidiarrheal formulations.

Pierre Jean Robiquet—

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Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 22

→ Pierre Jean Robiquet (13 January 1780 – 29 April 1840) was a French
chemist.
→ He laid founding work in identifying amino acids, the fundamental building
blocks of proteins. He did this through recognizing the first of them, asparagine,
in 1806, in the industry's adoption of industrial dyes, with the identification of
alizarin in 1826, and in the emergence of modern medications, through the
identification of codeine in 1832, a drug of widespread use with analgesic and
antidiarrheal properties.

→ HOW TAKEN
 Usually orally, in tablet, for pain.
 Can be in liquid preparation for cough.
 Can also be injected.

→ EFFECTS
 Analgesic and cough suppressant with very little sedation or exhilarant (euphoric)
action.
 Dependence can produce partially supported, but large doses are required.
→ DANGER
 Occasionally taken liquid preparation for kicks, but large amount required.
Dependence to the drugs may occur.
 Contribution of the alcohol content to the effect may be significant.
 Occasionally resorted to by opiate-dependent persons to time them over if heroin is
difficult to obtain with inadequate result.

4. THEBAINE (paramorphine)
→ also known as codeine methyl enol ether, is an opiate alkaloid, its name coming from the
Greek Thēbai (Thebes), an ancient city in Upper Egypt.
→ A minor constituent of opium, thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and
codeine, but has stimulatory rather than depressant effects.
→ At high doses, it causes convulsions similar to strychnine poisoning.
→ While thebaine is not used therapeutically, it is the main alkaloid extracted from Papaver
bracteatum (Iranian poppy) and can be converted industrially into a variety of
compounds.

 SEMI-SYNTHETIC NARCOTICS—synthesized from narcotics of natural origin.

Examples:
1. Heroin
2. Hydromorphone
3. Oxycodone

5. HEROIN
→ otherwise known as Diacetylmorphine or Diamorphine.

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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 23

→ Heroin (diacetylmorphine) is derived from the morphine alkaloid found in opium and is
roughly 2-3 times more potent. A highly addictive drug, heroin exhibits euphoric ("rush"),
anxiolytic and analgesic central nervous system properties.
→ Heroin is called a semi-synthetic opioid, meaning that it was created from an opiate that
occurs in nature (morphine).
→ Heroin is a white or brown powder made from the sap of the poppy plant. It is an
analgesic drug (a painkiller), and its effects are like other drugs that come from the
poppy plant sap, like opium and morphine.
→ Heroin is typically injected, usually into a vein; however, it can also be smoked, snorted
or inhaled. Onset of effects is usually rapid and lasts for a few hours.
→ Heroin is also known by many street names including dope, H, smack, junk, horse, and
brown, among others.
→ The withdrawal syndrome from heroin (the so-called "cold turkey") may begin within 6–
24 hours of discontinuation of the drug; however, this time frame can fluctuate with the
degree of tolerance as well as the amount of the last consumed dose.
→ Heroin is typically injected, usually into a vein; however, it can also be smoked, snorted
or inhaled. Onset of effects is usually rapid and lasts for a few hours.
→ Heroin is also known by many street names including dope, H, smack, junk, horse, and
brown, among others.
→ The withdrawal syndrome from heroin (the so-called "cold turkey") may begin within 6–
24 hours of discontinuation of the drug; however, this time frame can fluctuate with the
degree of tolerance as well as the amount of the last consumed dose.
→ Diamorphine was first synthesized in 1874 by C. R. Alder Wright, an English chemist
working at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in London. He had been experimenting
with combining morphine with various acids. He boiled anhydrous morphine alkaloid with
acetic anhydride for several hours and produced a more potent, acetylated form of
morphine, now called diacetylmorphine or morphine diacetate.
→ In 1895, the German drug company Bayer marketed diacetylmorphine as an over-the-
counter drug under the trademark name Heroin. The name was derived from the Greek
word heros because of its perceived "heroic" effects upon a user. It was developed
chiefly as a morphine substitute for cough suppressants that did not have morphine's
addictive side-effects. Morphine at the time was a popular recreational drug, and Bayer
wished to find a similar but non-addictive substitute to market. However, contrary to
Bayer's advertising as a "non-addictive morphine substitute," heroin would soon have
one of the highest rates of addiction among its users.
→ In the U.S., the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act was passed in 1914 to control the sale and
distribution of diacetylmorphine and other opioids, which allowed the drug to be
prescribed and sold for medical purposes.
→ In 1924, the United States Congress banned its sale, importation, or manufacture. It is
now a Schedule I substance, which makes it illegal for non-medical use in signatory
nations of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs treaty, including the United States.
→ HOW TAKEN
 Oral—Oral use of heroin is less common than other methods of administration,
mainly because there is little to no "rush", and the effects are less potent.
 Injection, also known as "slamming", "banging", "shooting up", "digging" or
"mainlining", is a popular method which carries relatively greater risks than other
methods of administration.
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 24

 Smoking heroin refers to vaporizing it to inhale the resulting fumes, not burning it to
inhale the resulting smoke. It is commonly smoked in glass pipes made from glass
blown Pyrex tubes and light bulbs. It can also be smoked off aluminium foil, which is
heated underneath by a flame and the resulting smoke is inhaled through a tube of
rolled up foil, This method is also known as "chasing the dragon" (whereas smoking
methamphetamine is known as "chasing the white dragon").
 Insufflation—Another popular route to intake heroin is insufflation (snorting), where
a user crushes the heroin into a fine powder and then gently inhales it (sometimes
with a straw or a rolled-up banknote, as with cocaine) into the nose, where heroin is
absorbed through the soft tissue in the mucous membrane of the sinus cavity and
straight into the bloodstream.
 Suppository—Little research has been focused on the suppository (anal insertion)
or pessary (vaginal insertion) methods of administration, also known as "plugging".
These methods of administration are commonly carried out using an oral syringe.
Heroin can be dissolved and withdrawn into an oral syringe which may then be
lubricated and inserted into the anus or vagina before the plunger is pushed. The
rectum or the vaginal canal is where the majority of the drug would likely be taken
up, through the membranes lining their walls.
→ EFFECTS
1. respiratory depression (decreased breathing) and about a quarter of those who use
heroin become physically dependent.
2. Abscesses
3. infected heart valves
4. blood borne infections
5. Constipation
6. pneumonia.
7. Decreased kidney function (nephropathy)

6. Hydromorphone
→ Hydromorphone, also known as dihydromorphinone, and sold under the brand names
Dilaudid among others, is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.
→ It is a derivative of morphine; to be specific, it is a hydrogenated ketone thereof.
Comparatively, hydromorphone is to morphine as hydrocodone is to codeine—that is, a
semi-synthetic drug.
→ Hydromorphone was first synthesized and researched in Germany in 1924; Knoll
introduced it to the mass market in 1926 under the brand name Dilaudid, indicating its
derivation and degree of similarity to morphine (by way of laudanum)—compare Dicodid
(hydrocodone), Dihydrin (dihydrocodeine), and Dinarkon (oxycodone).
→ The brand name Dilaudid is more widely known than the generic term hydromorphone
and, because of this, Dilaudid is often used generically to mean any form of
hydromorphone.
→ Adverse effects of hydromorphone are similar to those of other potent opioid analgesics,
such as morphine and heroin.
→ The major hazards of hydromorphone include dose-related respiratory depression,
urinary retention, bronchospasm and sometimes circulatory depression. More common
side effects include light-headedness, dizziness, sedation, itching, constipation, nausea,

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 25

vomiting, headache, sweating, and hallucinations. These symptoms are common in

ambulatory patients and in those not experiencing severe pain.
→ increase in annual aggregate production quotas of hydromorphone from 766 kilograms
in 1998 to 3,300 kilograms in 2006, and an increase in prescriptions in this time of 289%,
from about 470,000 to 1,830,000. The 2013 production quota was 5968.75 kilograms.
→ Like all opioids used for analgesia, hydromorphone is potentially habit-forming and is
listed in Schedule II of the United States' Controlled Substances Act of 1970 as well as
in similar levels under the drugs laws of practically all other countries and is listed in the
Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs. The DEA ACSCN for hydromorphone is 9150.
→ In 2009, Ohio approved the use of an intramuscular injection of 500 mg of
hydromorphone and a supratherapeutic dose of midazolam as a backup means of
carrying out executions when a suitable vein cannot be found for intravenous injection.
→ Hydromorphone and midazolam was injected intravenously to execute double-murderer
Joseph Wood in Arizona on July 24, 2014. Wood was heavily sedated (Stage 3 "Surgical
anasthesia") within 4 minutes from start but took almost two hours to transition to stage 4
(cessation of respiration) and deat
7. Oxycodone
→ Oxycodone is synthesized from thebaine, a third component of opium. Like morphine, it
is used for pain relief. Oxycodone is taken orally. When abused, the tablets are crushed
and snorted, or dissolved in water and injected.
→ is a semisynthetic opioid synthesized from thebaine, an opioid alkaloid found in the
Persian poppy, and one of the many alkaloids found in the opium poppy. It is a
moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally indicated for relief of moderate to severe
pain.
→ Oxycodone was developed in 1917 in Germany as one of several semi-synthetic
opioids in an attempt to improve on the existing opioids.
→ Oxycodone is the most widely recreationally used opioid in America. The U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services estimates that about 11 million people in the
US consume oxycodone in a non-medical way annually.
→ Diverted oxycodone may be taken orally or ingested through insufflation; used
intravenously, or the heated vapors inhaled. In 2008, recreational use of oxycodone and
hydrocodone were involved in 14,800 deaths. Some of the cases were due to overdoses
of the acetaminophen component, resulting in fatal liver damage.
→ Freund and Speyer of the University of Frankfurt in Germany first synthesized
oxycodone from thebaine in 1916, a few years after the German pharmaceutical
company Bayer had stopped the mass production of heroin due to hazardous use,
harmful use, and dependence. It was hoped that a thebaine-derived drug would retain
the analgesic effects of morphine and heroin with less dependence. Unfortunately, this
was ultimately not found to be the case.
→ The first clinical use of the drug was documented in 1917, the year after it was first
developed. It was first introduced to the US market in May 1939.
→ In early 1928, Merck introduced a combination product containing scopolamine,
oxycodone, and ephedrine under the German initials for the ingredients SEE, which was
later renamed Scophedal (SCOpolamine ePHEDrine and eukodAL). This combination is
essentially an oxycodone analogue of the morphine-based Twilight Sleep, with
ephedrine added to reduce circulatory and respiratory effects.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 26

→ The personal notes of Adolf Hitler's physician, Dr. Theodor Morell, indicate Hitler
received repeated injections of "eukodal" (oxycodone).
→ In the early 1960s, the United States government classified oxycodone as a schedule II
drug.
→ In 1996, Purdue Pharma introduced OxyContin, a controlled release formulation of
oxycodone. The product has been a commercial success, and since its introduction,
Purdue has earned more than $31 billion from OxyContin.
→ Oxycodone is subject to international conventions on narcotic drugs. In addition,
oxycodone is subject to national laws that differ by country.
→ The 1931 Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of
Narcotic Drugs of the League of Nations included oxycodone.
→ The 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of the United Nations, which replaced
the 1931 convention, categorized oxycodone in Schedule I.
→ Under the Controlled Substances Act, enacted in 1971 by President Richard Nixon,
oxycodone is a Schedule II controlled substance whether by itself or part of a multi-
ingredient medication. The DEA lists oxycodone both for sale and for use in
manufacturing other opioids as ACSCN 9143 and in 2013 approved the following annual
aggregate manufacturing quotas: 131.5 metric tons for sale, down from 153.75 in 2012,
and 10.25 metric tons for conversion, unchanged from the previous year.
→ SIDE EFFECTS
1. The effects of oxycodone include pain relief, euphoria, anxiolysis, feelings of
relaxation, and respiratory depression.[29] Common side effects of oxycodone
include constipation (23%), nausea (23%), vomiting (12%), somnolence (23%),
dizziness (13%), itching (13%), dry mouth (6%), and sweating (5%).[29][30] Less
common side effects (experienced by less than 5% of patients) include loss of
appetite, nervousness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, urine retention, dyspnea, and
hiccups.
2. In high doses, overdoses, or in some persons not tolerant to opioids, oxycodone can
cause shallow breathing, slowed heart rate, cold/clammy skin, pauses in breathing,
low blood pressure, constricted pupils, circulatory collapse, respiratory arrest, and
death.
3. Oxycodone overdose has also been described to cause spinal cord infarction in high
doses and ischemic damage to the brain, due to prolonged hypoxia from suppressed
breathing

 SYNTHETIC DRUGS—produced entirely in the laboratory.

EXAMPLES—
1. MEPERIDINE
2. METHADONE
3. PENTAZOCINE

8. Pethidine
→ Pethidine, also known as meperidine and Demerol, is a synthetic opioid pain
medication of the phenylpiperidine class.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 27

→ Synthesized in 1939 as a potential anticholinergic agent by the German chemist

Otto Eisleb, its analgesic properties were first recognized by Otto Schaumann
while working for IG Farben, Germany.
→ Pethidine was the first wholly synthetic opioid developed.
→ Compared with morphine, pethidine was thought to be safer, carry a lower risk of
addiction, and to be superior in treating the pain associated with biliary spasm or
renal colic due to its putative anticholinergic effects. These were later discovered
to be all myths, as it carries an equal risk of addiction, possesses no
advantageous effects on biliary spasm or renal colic compared to other opioids,
and due to its toxic metabolite norpethidine is more toxic than other opioids -
especially during long-term use.
→ The adverse effects of pethidine administration are primarily those of the opioids
as a class: nausea, vomiting, sedation, dizziness, diaphoresis, urinary retention,
and constipation.
→ Unlike other opioids, it does not cause miosis because of its anticholinergic
properties. Overdose can cause muscle flaccidity, respiratory depression,
obtundation, cold and clammy skin, hypotension, and coma.

9. Methadone
→ Methadone, sold under the brand name Dolophine, among others, is an opioid
used to treat pain and as maintenance therapy or to help with detoxification in
people with opioid dependence.
→ Detoxification using methadone can either be done relatively rapidly in less than
a month or gradually over as long as six months. While a single dose has a rapid
effect, maximum effect can take five days of use.
→ While a single dose has a rapid effect, maximum effect can take five days of use.
The effects last about six hours after a single dose and a day and a half after
long-term use in people with normal liver function.
→ Methadone is usually taken by mouth and rarely by injection into a muscle or
vein.
→ Called as Pectoral syrup or sweet amorphous.
→ Side effects are similar to those of other opioids. Commonly these include
dizziness, sleepiness, vomiting, and sweating. Serious risks include opioid abuse
or a decreased effort to breathe.
→ Methadone was first synthesized in 1937 by German scientists Max Bockmühl
and Gustav Ehrhart at the IG Farben company. They were searching for a
painkiller that would be easier to use during surgery, with less addiction potential
than morphine or heroin.
→ It was approved for use in the United States in 1947.
→ Methadone was introduced into the United States in 1947 by Eli Lilly and
Company as an analgesic under the trade name Dolophine, which is now
registered to Roxane Laboratories. Since then, it has been best known for its use
in treating opioid dependence

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 28

→ Methadone is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the

most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.
→ Methadone is a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States.
→ Methadone is also regulated internationally as a Schedule I controlled substance
under the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961.

III. DEPPRESANT/SEDATIVES
→ Depressants are also occasionally referred to as "downers" as they lower the
level of arousal when taken.
→ a drug that lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to depress or reduce
arousal or stimulation, in various areas of the brain.
→ Drugs which may reduce anxiety and excitement.
→ Used in excessive amounts, depressants induce a state of intoxication similar to
that of alchohol.
→ Intoxication doses result in impaired judgment, disorrientation, slurred (unclear)
speech, drunken behavior without the odor of alcohol, and loss of motor
coordination.
→ EFFECTS:
1. A usual dose of a barbiturate causes a calming, relaxing effect which
promotes sleep.
2. Relief of anxiety and excitement
3. Reduced mental and physical activity
4. A marked decreased in breathing.
→ Examples—
 ALCOHOL
 BARBITURATES
 METHAQUALONE
 MEPROBOMATE
 BENZODIAZEPINES

1. Alcohol
→ Fermented or distilled liquids or drug containing ethanol and intoxicating
substances.
→ a drink that contains ethanol, an anesthetic that has been used as a
psychoactive drug for several millennia.
→ Ethanol is the oldest recreational drug still used by humans. Ethanol can
cause alcohol intoxication when consumed.
→ Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes for taxation and
regulation of production: beers, wines, and spirits (distilled beverages). They
are legally consumed in most countries around the world.
→ Effects of alcohol—sedation, impairs mental and physical functions, increase
the risk of heart attack and stroke.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 29

2. Barbiturates
→ Made from barbituric acid called “BARBS”.
→ Prescribed to induce sleep or, in smaller doses, to provide calming effect.
→ All are legally restricted to prescription only.
→ Larger doses can cause sleep twenty to sixty minutes after taking it orally.
→ An overdose of barbiturates may progress through stages of sedation, sleep and
comatose to death from respiratory arrest to cardiovascular complications.
→ Can produced both physical and psychological dependence.
→ Potentiation with alcohol can produce physical dependence.
→ Taken ORALLY (as a tablet or capsule);sometimes intravenously.
→ Barbituric acid was first synthesized November 27, 1864, by German chemist Adolf
von Baeyer. This was done by condensing urea (an animal waste product) with
diethyl malonate (an ester derived from the acid of apples).
→ There are several stories about how the substance got its name. The most likely
story is that Baeyer and his colleagues went to celebrate their discovery in a tavern
where the town's artillery garrison were also celebrating the feast of Saint Barbara –
the patron saint of artillerymen. An artillery officer is said to have christened the new
substance by amalgamating Barbara with urea.
→ Another story holds that Baeyer synthesized the substance from the collected urine
of a Munich waitress named Barbara. No substance of medical value was
discovered, however, until 1903 when two German scientists working at Bayer, Emil
Fischer and Joseph von Mering, discovered that barbital was very effective in putting
dogs to sleep. Barbital was then marketed by Bayer under the trade name Veronal. It
is said that Mering proposed this name because the most peaceful place he knew
was the Italian city of Verona.
→ In the United States, the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classified most
barbiturates as controlled substances—and they remain so as of September 2015.
Barbital, methylphenobarbital (also known as mephobarbital), and phenobarbital are
designated schedule IV drugs, and "Any substance which contains any quantity of a
derivative of barbituric acid, or any salt of a derivative of barbituric acid.
→ In the United States, the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classified most
barbiturates as controlled substances—and they remain so as of September 2015.
Barbital, methylphenobarbital (also known as mephobarbital), and phenobarbital are
designated schedule IV drugs, and "Any substance which contains any quantity of a
derivative of barbituric acid, or any salt of a derivative of barbituric acid

1. Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (German: [ˈbaɪɐ]; 31 October

1835 – 20 August 1917) was a German chemist who synthesised indigo,
developed a nomenclature for cyclic compounds (that was subsequently
extended and adopted as part of the IUPAC organic nomenclature) and was the
1905 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

→ Street Names
 Barbs
 Candy
 Downers
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 30

 Phennies
 Reds
 Red Birds
 Sleeping pills
 Tooies
→ Common Barbiturates—
1. Luminal (phenobarbital) - used to prevent seizures
2. Amytal sodium (amobarbital) - used to treat sleep problems
3. Seconal (secobarbital) - short-term treatment for insomnia
→ EFFECTS:
 Small amounts make user relaxed, sociable, good humored.
 Heavy doses make the user sluggish, gloomy, and sometimes quarrel some.
 Staggering gait.
 Sedation and incoordination are progressive with dose.
 Thick speech.
→ Classification of dependence—
1. Ultra short-acting (hexobarbital)
2. Intermediate-acting (secobarbital/seconal)
3. Long-acting (menthobarbital/mebral/phenobarbital/luminal)
→ Barbiturate are abused in two ways—
1. The user of the drug had developed a tolerance to the drug. Thus, increasing
dosage; and
2. For added thrill, barbiturate is injected as a substitute to other drugs being
abused, especially ampthetamines.

3. Methaqualone
→ sold under the brand name Quaalude in the US and Mandrax in the UK and
South Africa, is a sedative and hypnotic medication.
→ The sedative–hypnotic activity of methaqualone was first noted by
researchers in the 1950s.
→ In 1962, methaqualone was patented in the US by Wallace and Tiernan.
→ Its use peaked in the early 1970s as a hypnotic, for the treatment of insomnia,
and as a sedative and muscle relaxant.
→ Methaqualone became increasingly popular as a recreational drug in the late
1960s and 1970s, known variously as "ludes" or "sopers" (also "soaps") in the
U.S. and "mandrakes" and "mandies" in the UK, Australia and New Zealand.
→ The drug was often used by hippies and by people who went dancing at glam
rock clubs in the 1970s and at discos (one slang term for Quaaludes was
"disco biscuits")
→ In the mid-1970s, there were bars in Manhattan called "juice bars" that only
served non-alcoholic drinks that catered to people who liked to dance on
methaqualone.
→ Methaqualone is one of the most commonly used recreational drugs in South
Africa. It is also popular elsewhere in Africa and in India. Commonly known as
Mandrax, M-pills, buttons, or smarties, a mixture of crushed mandrax and

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 31

cannabis is smoked, usually through a smoking pipe made from the neck of a
broken bottle.
→ An overdose can cause delirium, convulsions, hypertonia, hyperreflexia,
vomiting, kidney failure, coma, and death through cardiac or respiratory
arrest. It resembles barbiturate poisoning, but with increased motor difficulties
and a lower incidence of cardiac or respiratory depression.
→ The drug was more tightly regulated in Britain under the Misuse of Drugs Act
1971 and in the U.S. from 1973. It was withdrawn from many developed
markets in the early 1980s. In the United States it was withdrawn in 1982 and
made a Schedule I drug in 1984.
→ Methaqualone was first synthesized in India in 1951 by Indra Kishore Kacker
and Syed Hussain Zaheer, for use as an antimalarial drug.
→ By 1965, it was the most commonly prescribed sedative in Britain, where it
has been sold legally under the names Malsed, Malsedin, and Renoval.
→ In 1965, a methaqualone/antihistamine combination was sold as the sedative
drug Mandrax, by Roussel Laboratories (now part of Sanofi-Aventis).
→ In 1972, it was the sixth-bestselling sedative in the US, where it was legal
under the brand name Quaalude. Quaalude in the United States was
originally manufactured in 1965 by the Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, based
pharmaceutical firm William H. Rorer Inc. The drug name "Quaalude"
combined the words "quiet interlude" and shared a stylistic reference to
another drug marketed by the firm, Maalox.
→ In 1978, Rorer sold the rights to manufacture Quaalude to the Lemmon
Company of Sellersville, Pennsylvania.
→ The 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street included a depiction of Quaalude
intoxication (and driving under the influence) by Leonardo DiCaprio's
character. Later, headlines were focused on Quaaludes after a deposition
became public where Bill Cosby admitted under oath that he had given the
drug to women with whom he wanted to have sex.
→ North, Central, and South American clandestine drug markets typically source
the drug from industrial-scale illegal drug labs in Mexico, Colombia, Belize,
Peru and elsewhere.
→ Methaqualone is also a minor product of drug labs in Lebanon's Biqa Valley
(also a supplier to African markets) and in all likelihood is produced for
fundraising purposes by some combatants in the current Syrian Civil War, as
is the case with heroin, opium, morphine, fentanyl analogues, Captagon, first
generation amphetamines, cannabis, hashish and others

4. Meprobomate
→ Marketed as Miltown by Wallace Laboratories and Equanil by Wyeth, among
others — is a carbamate derivative used as an anxiolytic drug. It was the
best-selling minor tranquilizer for a time, but has largely been replaced by the
benzodiazepines due to their wider therapeutic index (lower risk of toxicity at
therapeutically prescribed doses) and lower incidence of serious side effects.
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 32

→ A muscle reluctant prescribed mainly for the relief of anxiety tension and
muscles spasms.
→ Meprobamate, like barbiturates, possesses an analgesic/anesthetic potential.
It is also found as a component of the combination analgesic "Stopayne"
capsules (along with paracetamol (acetaminophen), caffeine, and codeine
phosphate).
→ First synthesized in 1950 and introduced as mild tranquilizers e.g. Miltown
and Equanil.
→ Meprobamate, like barbiturates, possesses an analgesic/anesthetic potential.
It is also found as a component of the combination analgesic "Stopayne"
capsules (along with paracetamol (acetaminophen), caffeine, and codeine
phosphate).
→ Symptoms of meprobamate overdose include: drowsiness, sluggishness,
unresponsiveness, or coma; loss of muscle control; severe impairment or
cessation of breathing; or shock.

5. Benzodiazepines (BZD, BZs)

→ sometimes called "benzos", are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical
structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.
→ benzodiazepines is useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle
spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental
procedures.
→ benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting
benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety.
→ Benzodiazepines possess sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle
relaxant, and amnesic actions, which are useful in a variety of indications such as
alcohol dependence, seizures, anxiety disorders, panic, agitation, and insomnia.
→ Most are administered orally; however, they can also be given intravenously,
intramuscularly, or rectally.
→ Have slow onset but have long duration of action.
→ To obtain “HIGH”, it is taken with MARIJUANA or alcohol.
→ In general, benzodiazepines are well-tolerated and are safe and effective drugs in
the short term for a wide range of conditions Tolerance can develop to their effects
and there is also a risk of dependence, and upon discontinuation a withdrawal
syndrome may occur. These factors, combined with other possible secondary effects
after prolonged use such as psychomotor, cognitive, or memory impairments, limit
their long-term applicability.
→ The effects of long-term use or misuse include the tendency to cause or worsen
cognitive deficits, depression, and anxiety.

6. TRANQUILIZERS
→ a drug that acts on the central nervous system and is used to calm, decrease anxiety, or
help a person to sleep. Often called depressants because they suppress the central
nervous system and slow the body down, they are used to treat mental illness as well as

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 33

common anxiety and sleeplessness. Available only by prescription, they can cause
dependence and certain ones can easily be abused.

RELEVANT TERMINOLOGY

 Anxiety: A feeling of uneasiness and distress about something in the future.

 Insomnia: Inability to go to sleep or stay asleep.
 Psychosis: A major psychiatric disorder characterized by the inability to tell
what is real from what is not real.
 Schizophrenia: A serious mental illness characterized by isolation from others
and thought and emotional disturbances.
→ Two types or classes of tranquilizers:
1. MINOR TRANQUILIZERS—are antipsychotic drugs. Antipsychotic drugs are
used to treat patients with a severe mental illness, like schizophrenia.
→ Minor tranquilizers include the well-known brand names of Valium, Librium, Xanax,
and Ativan.
→ minor tranquilizers are given fairly liberally by doctors to patients who complain about
anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders. Minor tranquilizers work by reducing
tension without heavily sedating the patient. Although they relax tense muscles, they
produce less sleepiness during the day than major tranquilizers, although at night
they do help with sleep.
2. MAJOR TRANQUILIZERS—are considered antianxiety drugs. Antianxiety drugs
are given to patients with emotional problems, like anxiety.
→ Both types of tranquilizers were first introduced in the 1950s. At the time, they
revolutionized psychiatry for they seemed to offer physicians a way to manage
psychoses (pronounced sy-KOH-sees), which are severe forms of mental illness, and to
make their patients emotionally calm and quiet. They also seemed to offer an alternative
to people simply trying to cope or put up with the everyday anxieties, tension, and
sleeplessness that many experience in their normal lives.

IV. STIMULANT
→ Drugs which increase alertness and physical disposition.
→ Covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the body, drugs that are
pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects.
→ Due to their rendering a characteristic "up" feeling, stimulants are also occasionally
referred to as “UPPERS”.
→ STREET NAMES:
 R-ball
 Skippy
 The smart drug
 Vitamin R
 JIF
 Kibbles and bits
 Speed
 Truck drivers
 Bennies
 Black beauties
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 34

 Crosses
 Hearts
 LA turnaround
 Uppers
→ GENERAL EFFECTS OF STIMULANTS:
1. Gives a feeling of being stronger, more decisive and self possessed.
2. Extended wakefulness and increase mental alertness.
3. It may induce irritability, anxiety and fear.
4. Loss of appetite resulting in decreased of body weight.
5. Pregnant women who abused shabu can cause mental retardation to their unborn
babies.
6. Loss of sexual desire; lack of interest towards work.
7. Users suffers “SCHIZOPHRENIA” or split personality leading up to violent behaviour.
8. Chronic user experience loss of memory.
9. Chronic sorters suffer from irritation of the nose leading to frequent nose bleeding.
10. Injecting shabu using dirty needles can lead to various infections, such as HIV/AIDS,
Hepatitis, etc.,
→ SHORT-TERM EFFECTS:
→ The short-term effects of stimulants include exhaustion, apathy and depression—the
“down” that follows the “up.” It is this immediate and lasting exhaustion that quickly leads
the stimulant user to want the drug again. Soon he is not trying to get “high,” he is only
trying to get “well”—to feel any energy at all.
→ LONG-TERM EFFECTS
→ Stimulants can be addictive. Repeated high doses of some stimulants over a short period
can lead to feelings of hostility or paranoia. Such doses may also result in dangerously
high body temperatures and an irregular heartbeat.

 EXAMPLES OF STIMULANTS—
1. Cocaine
2. MDMA
3. Methamphetamine
4. Caffeine
5. Ephedrine
6. MDPV
7. Mephedrone
8. Nicotine
9. Propylhexedrine
10. Pseudoephedrine
11. Catha edulis (Khat)

 COCAINE
→ also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug
→ Is an extraction from coca bush leaves. The natives chew its leaves for relief from
fatigue and refreshment from works at high altitudes.
→ In its pure form, cocaine is white. It is made up of shiny, colorless, crystals that look
like crystalline snow. In its powder form it is odorless and bitter.
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 35

→ It is called as “THE KING’S HABIT” because it is expensive.

→ White crystalline alkaloid found in the leaves of the COCA BUSH.
→ ERYTHROXYLON COCA is the botanical name of the plant COCA BUSH.
→ It takes 125 pounds of dried leaves to produce one pound of cocaine.
→ It is commonly snorted, chewed, inhaled, or injected into the veins.
→ Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of
happiness, or agitation.
→ Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, and large pupils.
→ High doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature.
→ Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety
minutes.
→ Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and
decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery.
→ The leaves of the coca plant have been used by Peruvians since ancient times.
→ Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860.
→ Since 1961 the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required
countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime.
→ After cannabis, cocaine is the most frequently used illegal drug globally.
→ As of 2008, cocaine had become the second most trafficked illegal drug in the world.
The most recent statistics show that international seizures of cocaine have continued
to increase and now total 756 metric tons, with the largest quantities of the drug
intercepted in South America, followed by North America.
→ Until 2012, Colombia was the world's leading producer of cocaine. Three-quarters of
the world's annual yield of cocaine has been produced in Colombia, both from
cocaine base imported from Peru (primarily the Huallaga Valley) and Bolivia, and
from locally grown coca.
→ The United States is the world's largest consumer of cocaine.
→ According to the European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction, cocaine
is also the second most commonly used illegal drug in Europe.
→ Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in Europe (behind
cannabis). Since the mid-1990s, overall cocaine usage in Europe has been on the
rise, but usage rates and attitudes tend to vary between countries. European
countries with the highest usage rates are the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, and the
Republic of Ireland.
→ In 2014 London had the highest amount of cocaine in their sewage out of 50
European cities.
→ Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States
(behind cannabis) and the U.S. is the world's largest consumer of cocaine. Cocaine
is commonly used in middle to upper-class communities and is known as a "rich
man's drug". It is also popular amongst college students, as a party drug.
→ A study throughout the entire United States has reported that around 48 percent of
people who graduated high school in 1979 have used Cocaine recreationally during
some point in their lifetime, compared to approximately 20 percent of students who
graduated between the years of 1980 and 1995.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 36

COCAINE: A SHORT HISTORY

→ Coca is one of the oldest, most potent and most dangerous stimulants of natural
origin. Three thousand years before the birth of Christ, ancient Incas in the Andes
chewed coca leaves to get their hearts racing and to speed their breathing to
counter the effects of living in thin mountain air.
→ Native Peruvians chewed coca leaves only during religious ceremonies. This
taboo was broken when Spanish soldiers invaded Peru in 1532. Forced Indian
laborers in Spanish silver mines were kept supplied with coca leaves because it
made them easier to control and exploit.
→ Cocaine was first isolated (extracted from coca leaves) in 1859 by German
chemist Albert Niemann. It was not until the 1880s that it started to be popularized
in the medical community. Niemann named the alkaloid "cocaine" from "coca"
(from Quechua "cuca") + suffix "ine". Because of its use as a local anesthetic, a
suffix "-caine" was later extracted and used to form names of synthetic local
anesthetics.
→ Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who used the drug himself, was the first to
broadly promote cocaine as a tonic to cure depression and sexual impotence.
→ In 1884, he published an article entitled “Über Coca” (About Coke) which promoted
the “benefits” of cocaine, calling it a “magical” substance.
→ In 1886, the popularity of the drug got a further boost when John Pemberton
included coca leaves as an ingredient in his new soft drink, Coca-Cola. The
euphoric and energizing effects on the consumer helped to skyrocket the
popularity of Coca-Cola by the turn of the century.
→ Cocaine use in society increased and the dangers of the drug gradually became
more evident. Public pressure forced the Coca-Cola company to remove the
cocaine from the soft drink in 1903.
→ By 1905, it had become popular to snort cocaine and within five years, hospitals
and medical literature had started reporting cases of nasal damage resulting from
the use of this drug.
→ In 1912, the United States government reported 5,000 cocaine-related deaths in
one year and by 1922, the drug was officially banned.
→ In the 1970s, cocaine emerged as the fashionable new drug for entertainers and
businesspeople. Cocaine seemed to be the perfect companion for a trip into the
fast lane. It “provided energy” and helped people stay “up.”
→ At some American universities, the percentage of students who experimented with
cocaine increased tenfold between 1970 and 1980.
→ In the late 1970s, Colombian drug traffickers began setting up an elaborate
network for smuggling cocaine into the US.
→ Traditionally, cocaine was a rich man’s drug, due to the large expense of a cocaine
habit. By the late 1980s, cocaine was no longer thought of as the drug of choice
for the wealthy. By then, it had the reputation of America’s most dangerous and
addictive drug, linked with poverty, crime and death.
→ In the early 1990s, the Colombian drug cartels produced and exported 500 to 800
tons of cocaine a year, shipping not only to the US but also to Europe and Asia.
The large cartels were dismantled by law enforcement agencies in the mid-1990s,
but they were replaced by smaller groups—with more than 300 known active drug
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 37

smuggling organizations in Colombia today.

→ As of 2008, cocaine had become the second most trafficked illegal drug in the
world.
→ STREET NAME
 COKE
 CRACK
 GOLD DUST
 HEAVEN’S DUST
 STAR DUST
 WHITE GIRLS
 SPEED BALLS (when mixed with HEROIN)
→ EFFECTS
 Itching
 fast heart rate
 hallucinations, and paranoid delusions
 hyperthermia and a marked elevation of blood pressure, which can be life-
threatening,
 Arrhythmias
 Anxiety, paranoia, and restlessness can also occur, especially during the comedown
 Tremors, convulsions and increased body temperature
 Severe cardiac adverse events, particularly sudden cardiac death, become a serious
risk at high doses due to cocaine's blocking effect on cardiac sodium channels.
→ How taken:
1. Oral/Chewed—Many users rub the powder along the gum line, or onto a cigarette
filter which is then smoked, which numbs the gums and teeth – hence the colloquial
names of "numbies", "gummers", or "cocoa puffs" for this type of administration. This
is mostly done with the small amounts of cocaine remaining on a surface after
insufflation (snorting). Another oral method is to wrap up some cocaine in rolling
paper and swallow (parachute) it. This is sometimes called a "snow bomb”.
2. Nasal insufflation (known colloquially as "snorting," "sniffing," or "blowing")
— is a common method of ingestion of recreational powdered cocaine. The drug
coats and is absorbed through the mucous membranes lining the nasal passages.
When insufflating cocaine, absorption through the nasal membranes is
approximately 30–60%, with higher doses leading to increased absorption efficiency.
3. Injection—a Drug injection provides the highest blood levels of drug in the shortest
amount of time. Subjective effects not commonly shared with other methods of
administration include a ringing in the ears moments after injection (usually when in
excess of 120 milligrams) lasting 2 to 5 minutes including tinnitus and audio
distortion. This is colloquially referred to as a "bell ringer".
4. Inhalation—Inhalation or smoking is one of the several means cocaine is
administered. Cocaine is smoked by inhaling the vapor by sublimating solid cocaine
by heating.
5. Suppository— (anal or vaginal insertion) method of administration, also known
as "plugging". This method of administration is commonly administered using an
oral syringe. Cocaine can be dissolved in water and withdrawn into an oral syringe
which may then be lubricated and inserted into the anus or vagina before the plunger
is pushed.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 38

→ FORMS OF COCAINE:
1. Salt - a tropane alkaloid - is a weakly alkaline compound, and can therefore combine
with acidic compounds to form various salts. The hydrochloride (HCl) salt of cocaine
is by far the most commonly encountered, although the sulfate (-SO4) and the nitrate
(-NO3) are occasionally seen. Different salts dissolve to a greater or lesser extent in
various solvents – the hydrochloride salt is polar in character and is quite soluble in
water.
2. Base—As the name implies, "freebase" is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to
the salt form. It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water-
soluble.
3. Crack— is a lower purity form of free-base cocaine that is usually produced by
neutralization of cocaine hydrochloride with a solution of baking soda (sodium
bicarbonate, NaHCO3) and water, producing a very hard/brittle, off-white-to-brown
colored, amorphous material that contains sodium carbonate, entrapped water, and
other by-products as the main impurities. The origin of the name "crack" comes from
the "crackling" sound (and hence the onomatopoeic moniker "crack") that is
produced when the cocaine and its impurities (i.e. water, sodium bicarbonate) are
heated past the point of vaporization.

 ECSTASY
→ 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy (E), is
a psychoactive drug used primarily as a recreational drug.
→ MDMA has become widely known as ecstasy (shortened "E", "X", or "XTC")
→ Desired effects include increased empathy, euphoria, and heightened sensations.
→ When taken by mouth, effects begin after 30–45 minutes and last 3–6 hours.
→ It is also sometimes snorted or smoked. As of 2017, MDMA has no accepted medical
uses.
→ Adverse effects of MDMA use include addiction, memory problems, paranoia,
difficulty sleeping, teeth grinding, blurred vision, sweating, and a rapid heartbeat. Use
may also lead to depression and fatigue. Deaths have been reported due to
increased body temperature and dehydration.
→ MDMA was first made in 1912. It was used to improve psychotherapy beginning in
the 1970s and became popular as a street drug in the 1980s.MDMA is commonly
associated with dance parties, raves, and electronic dance music.
→ MDMA is often considered the drug of choice within the rave culture and is also used
at clubs, festivals and house parties. In the rave environment, the sensory effects
from the music and lighting are often highly synergistic with the drug. The
psychedelic amphetamine quality of MDMA offers multiple reasons for its appeal to
users in the rave setting. Some users enjoy the feeling of mass communion from the
inhibition-reducing effects of the drug, while others use it as party fuel because of the
drug's stimulatory effects.
→ MDMA is used less frequently than other stimulants, typically less than once per
week.
→ MDMA is sometimes taken in conjunction with other psychoactive drugs, such as
LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, and ketamine. Users sometimes use mentholated
products while taking MDMA for its cooling sensation.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 39

→ The UK term "mandy" and the US term "molly" colloquially refer to MDMA in a
crystalline powder form.
MDMA HISTORICAL TIMELINE

→ MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by Merck chemist Anton Köllisch. At the
time, Merck was interested in developing substances that stopped abnormal
bleeding.
→ On 24 December 1912, Merck filed two patent applications that described the
synthesis and some chemical properties of MDMA and its subsequent
conversion to methylhydrastinine.
→ In 1927, Max Oberlin studied the pharmacology of MDMA while searching for
substances with effects similar to adrenaline or ephedrine, the latter being
structurally similar to MDMA. Compared to ephedrine, Oberlin observed that it
had similar effects on vascular smooth muscle tissue, stronger effects at the
uterus, and no "local effect at the eye".
→ Albert van Schoor performed simple toxicological tests with the drug in 1952,
most likely while researching new stimulants or circulatory medications. After
pharmacological studies, research on MDMA was not continued.
→ Outside of Merck, other researchers began to investigate MDMA. In 1953 and
1954, the United States Army commissioned a study of toxicity and behavioral
effects in animals injected with mescaline and several analogues, including
MDMA. Conducted at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, these
investigations were declassified in October 1969 and published in 1973
→ In 1959, Wolfgang Fruhstorfer synthesized MDMA for pharmacological testing
while researching stimulants. It is unclear if Fruhstorfer investigated the effects of
MDMA in humans.
→ A 1960 Polish paper by Biniecki and Krajewski describing the synthesis of MDMA
as an intermediate was the first published scientific paper on the substance.
→ MDMA may have been in non-medical use in the western United States in 1968.
→ An August 1970 report at a meeting of crime laboratory chemists indicates
MDMA was being used recreationally in the Chicago area by 1970.
→ MDMA likely emerged as a substitute for its analog methylenedioxyamphetamine
(MDA), a drug at the time popular among users of psychedelics which was made
a Schedule 1 substance in the United States in 1970.
→ Leo Zeff, a psychotherapist who had been known to use psychedelic substances
in his practice. Tried the drug in 1977, Zeff was impressed with the effects of
MDMA and came out of his semi-retirement to promote its use in therapy. Over
the following years, Zeff traveled around the US and occasionally to Europe,
eventually training an estimated four thousand psychotherapists in the
therapeutic use of MDMA. Zeff named the drug "Adam", believing it put users in
a state of primordial innocence.
→ Michael Clegg, In 1981, had coined "Ecstasy" as a slang term for MDMA to
increase its marketability.
→ A California laboratory that analyzed confidentially submitted drug samples first
detected MDMA in 1975. Over the following years the number of MDMA samples
increased, eventually exceeding the number of MDA samples in the early 1980s.
By the mid-1980s, MDMA use had spread to colleges around the United States.
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 40

→ In an early media report on MDMA published in 1982, a Drug Enforcement

Administration (DEA) spokesman stated the agency would ban the drug if
enough evidence for abuse could be found.
→ By mid-1984, MDMA use was becoming more noticed. Bill Mandel reported on
"Adam" in a 10 June San Francisco Chronicle article, but misidentified the drug
as methyloxymethylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA). In the next month, the World
Health Organization identified MDMA as the only substance out of twenty
phenethylamines to be seized a significant number of times.
→ By May 1985, MDMA use was widespread in California, Texas, southern Florida,
and the northeastern United States. According to the DEA there was evidence of
use in twenty-eight states and Canada.
→ Urged by Senator Lloyd Bentsen, the DEA announced an emergency Schedule I
classification of MDMA on 31 May 1985. The agency cited increased distribution
in Texas, escalating street use, and new evidence of MDA (an analog of MDMA)
neurotoxicity as reasons for the emergency measure. The ban took effect one
month later on 1 July 1985 in the midst of Nancy Reagan's "Just Say No"
campaign.
→ .In 1985 the World Health Organization's Expert Committee on Drug
Dependence recommended that MDMA be placed in Schedule I of the 1971
United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.
→ The Commission on Narcotic Drugs added MDMA to Schedule I of the
convention on 11 February 1986.
→ Since the mid-1990s, MDMA has become the most widely used amphetamine-
type drug by college students and teenagers. MDMA became one of the four
most widely used illicit drugs in the US, along with cocaine, heroin, and cannabis.
→ "Molly", short for 'molecule', was recognized as a slang term for crystalline or
powder MDMA in the 2000s.
→ MDMA is legally controlled in most of the world under the UN Convention on
Psychotropic Substances and other international agreements, although
exceptions exist for research and limited medical use. In general, the unlicensed
use, sale or manufacture of MDMA are all criminal offences.
→
→ STREET NAME:
 XTC
 ADAM or EDEN TABLET
 HUG DRUG or YUPPIE DRUG
 Molly
 Mandy
→ Demographics
→ In 2014, 3.5% of 18 to 25 year-olds had used MDMA in the United States. In Europe,
an estimated 37% of regular club-goers aged 14 to 35 used MDMA in the past year
according to the 2015 European Drug report. The highest one-year prevalence of
MDMA use in Germany in 2012 was 1.7% among people aged 25 to 29 compared
with a population average of 0.4%. Among adolescent users in the United States
between 1999 and 2008, girls were more likely to use MDMA than boys.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 41

 AMPHETAMINE
→ A stimulant prescribed by physician chiefly to reduce appetite and to relieve minor
cases of mental depression or to comfort fatigue and sleepiness. Often used to
promote wakefulness and/or increase energy.
→ Although it is a prescription medication in many countries, unauthorized possession
and distribution of amphetamine is often tightly controlled due to the significant
health risks associated with uncontrolled or heavy use.
→ The first pharmaceutical amphetamine was Benzedrine—an over-the-counter inhaler
to treat nasal congestion and asthma.
→ It is taken orally (as a tablet or capsule);sometimes intravenously.
→ Amphetamine, discovered before methamphetamine, was first synthesized in 1887 in
Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu who named it
phenylisopropylamine.
→ Its common street name—EYE OPENER, LID POPPERS, PEP PILLS, UPPERS,
HEART.
→ It’s general effect are the following—produced wakefulness, increased alertness, and
a feeling of increased initiative.
→ During World War II, amphetamines were widely used as stimulants to keep the
fighting men going (during the Viet Nam war, American soldiers used more
amphetamines than the rest of the world did during WWII).
Lazăr Edeleanu
→ a Romanian chemist of Jewish origin. He is known for being the first chemist to
synthesize amphetamine at the University of Berlin and for inventing the modern
method of refining crude oil.

 METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE [SHABU]

→ SHABU is a white odorless crystal or crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste.
Chemically known as Methamphetamine Hydrochloride.
→ It is also called as the “POOR MAN’S COCAINE” because it is cheaper than cocaine.
→ First synthetic stimulant developed by the Japanese originally called as
“KAKUZEIZAI” from the Japanese Term “KAKUZAI” which means “WAKING” and
“ZAI” which means “DRUG”.
→ Internationally, the production, distribution, sale, and possession of
methamphetamine is restricted or banned in many countries, due to its placement in
schedule II of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances treaty.
→ Methamphetamine was synthesized from ephedrine in 1893 by Japanese chemist
Nagai Nagayoshi. Three decades later, in 1919, Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
was synthesized by pharmacologist Akira Ogata via reduction of ephedrine using red
phosphorus and iodine.
Nagai Nagayoshi
→ Nagai Nagayoshi (長井 長義, August 8, 1844 – February 10, 1929) was a notable
Japanese organic chemist and pharmacologist, best known for his study of
ephedrine.
→ Japanese chemist who synthesized Methamphetamine from ephedrine in 1893.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 42

Akira Ogata
→ Akira Ogata (緒方 章, October 26, 1887 in Osaka Prefecture, Japan – August 22,
1978) was a Japanese chemist and the first to synthesize methamphetamine in
crystalline form in 1919. Ogata's synthesis of methamphetamine, from
phosphorus and ephedrine, replaced much more complicated earlier syntheses,
and continues to be used as the basis for modern production and usage of the
drug.
→ In 1912, Ogata graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of
Tokyo. In 1919 he received a degree from the Humboldt University of Berlin,
where he had performed pharmacological experiments.
→ In 1920, he was appointed assistant professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the
University of Tokyo, where he taught until 1948.
→ STREET NAME
1. Poor man’s cocaine
2. “S”
3. Shabs
4. Ubas
5. Siopao
6. Sha
7. Ice
→ HOW TAKEN
 By ingestion
 Sniffing (snorting)
 Injection
 Inhalation or smoke with a small pipe from a heated aluminum foil containing
the drug (known as the chasing the white dragon).
→ Effects:
1. Short-term effects—
 The effects are similar to cocaine but last longer- 4 to 16 hours.
 Heightened attention and energy
 Excessive talking
 Euphoria, decreased fatigue
 Increased activity, increased sexuality
 Decreased appetite
 Increased respiration
 Hyperthermia, occasionally leading to convulsions and lethal levels
2. Long-term effects
 Dependence
 Anxiety, confusion, and insomnia
 Addiction psychosis
 Paranoia
 Hallucinations, visual and auditory
 Mood disturbances
 Repetitive motor activity
 Stroke
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 43

 Weight loss
 Violent behavior, homicidal or suicidal thoughts
 'Crank bugs' - Formication (sensation of insects creeping on the skin)
causing users to pick at themselves causing ulcerations on the hand and
arms.
 Disturbed sleep patters; decreased sleep needs
 Disinterest in usual social interactions, sex, food
 Cardiovascular: Inflammation of the heart lining
 Stereotypy behavior - performing routine acts over and over again.
 Meth mouth—an oral-dental problem unique to meth abusers wherein
normal white teeth can change in a few months into twisted grayish-brown
stubs that eventually fall out.
SHABU: History of Abuse

→ Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany. Initially called

phenylisopropylamine, it was, for a long time, a drug in search of use, trying
to find application from decongestion to depression. In the 1930s , it was
initially marketed as Benzedrine, as an over-the-counter inhaler to treat nasal
congestion and asthma.
→ Methamphetamine was discovered in Japan in 1919. The crystalline powder
was soluble in water, making it a perfect candidate for injection. In the late
30s, it found use for narcolepsy and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder). It is still legally produced in the U.S., sold under the trade name
Desoxyn (Abbott. PDR 2001) with indications for ADHD and for short-term
therapy in exogenous obesity.
→ During World War II, amphetamines were widely used as stimulants to keep
the fighting men going (during the Viet Nam war, American soldiers used
more amphetamines than the rest of the world did during WWII). And after
World War II, when military surplus became available to the public,
methamphetamine abuse became epidemic.
→ In the United States in the 1950s, legally manufactured tablets of both
dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) and methamphetamine (Methedrine)
became readily available and were used non medically by college students,
truck drivers, and athletes. As use of amphetamines spread, so did their
abuse. Amphetamines became a cure-all for such things as weight control to
treating mild depression.
→ In the 1960s, the route and degree of abuse changed dramatically with the
increased availability of injectable methamphetamine. The 1970 Controlled
Substances Act severely restricted the legal production of injectable
methamphetamine, causing its use to decrease greatly. It is at present a
Schedule II stimulant finding limited use for narcolepsy, attention-deficit
disorder, and for a limited time, as an appetite suppressant for obesity.
→ In the 1980s, the smokable form of methamphetamine, "ice," became
available. Like crack cocaine, it is smoked in glass pipes, emitting no odor,
with effects lasting for 12 hours or more.
→ In the mid-80s, methamphetamine was introduced into the fringe circle of use
in the Philippines. In less than two decades, it has broken out of the urban

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 44

subcultures and gained access access into the rural communities with
devastating impact.
→ In the US, its use has undergone a resurgence, a 2004 study reporting that it
has already surpassed cocaine use.
→ Shabu, a powerfully addictive meth stimulant, easily accessible and
affordable, is the drug of choice of over 90% of Filipino drug users.

 EPHEDRINE
→ is a medication and stimulant. It is often used to prevent low blood pressure during
spinal anesthesia. It has also been used for asthma, narcolepsy, and obesity but is
not the preferred treatment.
→ It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle, vein, or just under the skin.
Onset with intravenous use is fast, while injection into a muscle can take 20 min, and
by mouth can take an hour for effect. When given by injection it lasts about an hour
and when taken by mouth it can last up to four hours.
→ Common side effects include trouble sleeping, anxiety, headache, hallucinations,
high blood pressure, fast heart rate, loss of appetite, and inability to urinate. Serious
side effects include stroke, heart attack, and abuse.
→ Ephedrine in its natural form, known as má huáng (麻黄) in traditional Chinese
medicine, has been documented in China since the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD)
as an anti-asthmatic and stimulant.
→ In 1885, the chemical synthesis of ephedrine was first accomplished by Japanese
organic chemist Nagai Nagayoshi based on his research on traditional Japanese and
Chinese herbal medicines.
→ The industrial manufacture of ephedrine in China began in the 1920s, when Merck
began marketing and selling the drug as ephetonin.
→ Ephedrine exports between China and the West grew from 4 to 216 tonnes between
1926 and 1928.
→ In traditional Chinese medicine, má huáng has been used as a treatment for asthma
and bronchitis for centuries.

 CAFFEINE
→ a stimulant compound belonging to the xanthine class of chemicals naturally found in
coffee, tea, and (to a lesser degree) cocoa or chocolate. It is included in many soft
drinks, as well as a larger amount in energy drinks.
→ Caffeine is the world's most widely used psychoactive drug and by far the most
common stimulant. In North America, 90% of adults consume caffeine daily. A few
jurisdictions restrict its sale and use.
→ EFFECTS:
 Mental Alertness
 General sense of well being
 Acid production in the stomach
 Elevated heart rate
 Irregularities in the heartbeat
 Psychological and physical dependence

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 45

 MDPV
→ Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a psychoactive drug with stimulant
properties that acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI).
→ It was first developed in the 1960s by a team at Boehringer Ingelheim. MDPV
remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004, when it was reported to be
sold as a designer drug. Products labeled as bath salts containing MDPV
were previously sold as recreational drugs in gas stations and convenience
stores in the United States, similar to the marketing for Spice and K2 as
incense.
→ Incidents of psychological and physical harm have been attributed to MDPV
use.

 Mephedrone
→ Mephedrone is a synthetic stimulant drug of the amphetamine and cathinone
classes. Slang names include drone and MCAT.
→ It is reported to be manufactured in China and is chemically similar to the cathinone
compounds found in the khat plant of eastern Africa.
→ It comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort, or inject,
producing similar effects to MDMA, amphetamines, and cocaine.
→ Mephedrone was first synthesized in 1929, but did not become widely known until it
was rediscovered in 2003.
→ By 2007, mephedrone was reported to be available for sale on the Internet.
→ by 2008 law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound.
→ by 2010, it had been reported in most of Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in
the United Kingdom.
→ Mephedrone was first made illegal in Israel in 2008, followed by Sweden later that
year.
→ In 2010, it was made illegal in many European countries, and, in December 2010,
the EU ruled it illegal. In Australia, New Zealand, and the USA, it is considered an
analog of other illegal drugs and can be controlled by laws similar to the Federal
Analog Act.
→ In September 2011, the USA temporarily classified mephedrone as illegal, in effect
from October 2011.

 Nicotine
→ Nicotine is the active chemical constituent in tobacco, which is available in many
forms, including cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and smoking cessation aids
such as nicotine patches, nicotine gum, and electronic cigarettes.
→ Nicotine is used widely throughout the world for its stimulating and relaxing effects.
Nicotine exerts its effects through the agonism of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,
resulting in multiple downstream effects such as increase in activity of dopaminergic
neurons in the midbrain reward system, as well as the decreased expression of
monoamine oxidase in the brain.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 46

→ Nicotine is addictive and dependence forming. Tobacco's(the most common source

of nicotine) overall harm to user and self-score as determined by a multi-criteria
decision analysis was determined at 3 percent below cocaine, and 13 percent above
amphetamines, ranking 6th most harmful of the 20 drugs assessed.
→ CONTENTS OF TOBACCO SMOKE
1. NICOTINE—Important active ingredients which is very addictive and toxic
[poisonous] substance.
2. TAR—substance left behind on the filter by the tobacco smoke, known to be
strong associated with cancer and aggravates bronchial and other respiratory
diseases.
3. CARBON MONOXIDE—gaseous product of incomplete combustion it is also
known as a poisonous emission from the exhaust of motor vehicles, which in
effect decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood.
→ IMMEDIATE EFFECTS:
 Smelly breath, hair and clothes
 Stained teeth and fingers
 Increase heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure
 Reduce blood supply to extremities (hands and feet because the blood vessel
are constricted]
 Stimulated central nervous system
 Smoking exposes “the smokers” and other to health risks
→ LONG TERM EFFECTS
 Sickness
 Heart attack
 Cancer
 Bronchitis and Emphysema
 Ulcers
 Infertility

 Propylhexedrine
→ Propylhexedrine (Hexahydromethamphetamine, Obesin) is a stimulant medication,
sold over-the-counter in the United States as the cold medication Benzedrex. The
drug has also been used as an appetite suppressant in Europe. Propylhexedrine is
not an amphetamine, though it is structurally similar; it is instead a cycloalkylamine,
and thus has stimulant effects that are less potent than similarly structured
amphetamines, such as methamphetamine.
→ The abuse potential of propylhexedrine is fairly limited, due its limited routes of
administration: in the United States, Benzedrex is only available as an inhalant,
mixed with lavender oil and menthol. These ingredients cause unpleasant tastes,
and abusers of the drug have reported unpleasant "menthol burps." Injection of the
drug has been found to cause transient diplopia and brain stem dysfunction.

 Pseudoephedrine
→ Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug of the phenethylamine and
amphetamine chemical classes. It may be used as a nasal/sinus decongestant, as a
stimulant, or as a wakefulness-promoting agent.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 47

→ The salts pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine sulfate are found in

many over-the-counter preparations, either as a single ingredient or (more
commonly) in combination with antihistamines, guaifenesin, dextromethorphan,
and/or paracetamol (acetaminophen) or another NSAID (such as aspirin or
ibuprofen).

 Catha Edulis (Khat)

→ Khat is a flowering plant native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
→ Khat contains a monoamine alkaloid called cathinone, a "keto-amphetamine", that is
said to cause excitement, loss of appetite, and euphoria. In 1980, the World Health
Organization (WHO) classified it as a drug of abuse that can produce mild to
moderate psychological dependence (less than tobacco or alcohol), although the
WHO does not consider khat to be seriously addictive. It is a controlled substance in
some countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Germany, while its
production, sale, and consumption are legal in other nations, including Djibouti,
Ethiopia, Somalia, and Yemen.

V. OTHER DRUGS OF ABUSE

 CONTROLLED PRECURSORS & ESSENTIAL CHEMICALS (commonly known as—

INHALANTS, VOLATILE SOLVENT, DELIRIANTS)
→ Liquid, solid, or mixed substances having the property of releasing toxic, vapors, or
fumes or any chemical substances which, when sniffed, smelled, inhaled, or
introduced into the physiological system of body produce or induce a condition of
intoxication, inebriation, excitement, stupefaction, dulling of the brain or nervous
system, depression, giddiness, paralysis or irrational behavior or in any manner
change, distort, or disturb the auditory, visual, or mental processes.
→ STREET NAMES:
 Air blast
 Ames
 Amys
 Aroma of men
 Bolt
 Boppers
 Bullet
 Bullet bolt
 Buzz bomb
 Discorama
 Hardware
 Heart-on
 Hiagra in a bottle
 Highball
 Hippie crack
 Huff
 Laughing gas
 Locker room
 Medusa
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 48

 Moon gas
 Oz
 Pearls
 Poor man’s pot
 Poppers
 Quicksilver
 Rush Snappers
 Satan’s secret
 Shoot the breeze
 Snappers
 Snotballs
 Spray
 Texas shoe shine
 Thrust
 Toilet water
 Toncho
 Whippets
 Whiteout

 Four general categories of CONTROLLED PRECURSORS & ESSENTIAL

CHEMICALS (inhalants)— based on the forms in which they are often
found in household, industrial, and medical products.

1. Volatile solvents—are liquids that vaporize at room temperature. They are found
in a multitude of inexpensive, easily available products used for common household
and industrial purposes. These include paint thinners and removers, dry-cleaning
fluids, degreasers, gasoline, glues, correction fluids, and felt-tip markers.
2. Aerosols—are sprays that contain propellants and solvents. They include spray
paints, deodorant and hair sprays, vegetable oil sprays for cooking, and fabric
protector sprays.
3. Gases—include medical anesthetics as well as gases used in household or
commercial products. Medical anesthetics include ether, chloroform, halothane, and
nitrous oxide (commonly called "laughing gas"). Nitrous oxide is the most abused of
these gases and can be found in whipped cream dispensers and products that boost
octane levels in racing cars. Other household or commercial products containing
gases include butane lighters, propane tanks, and refrigerants.
4. Nitrites—often are considered a special class of inhalants. Unlike most other
inhalants, which act directly on the central nervous system (CNS), nitrites act
primarily to dilate blood vessels and relax the muscles. While other inhalants are
used to alter mood, nitrites are used primarily as sexual enhancers. Nitrites include
cyclohexyl nitrite, isoamyl (amyl) nitrite, and isobutyl (butyl) nitrite and are commonly
known as "poppers" or "snappers."

 Hazards of Chemicals Found in Commonly Abused Inhalants:

1. amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite ("poppers," "video head cleaner")—sudden sniffing
death syndrome, suppressed immunologic function, injury to red blood cells
(interfering with oxygen supply to vital tissues)
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 49

2. Benzene (found in gasoline)—bone marrow injury, impaired immunologic function,

increased risk of leukemia, reproductive system toxicity.
3. butane, propane (found in lighter fluid, hair and paint sprays)—sudden sniffing
death syndrome via cardiac effects, serious burn injuries (because of flammability)
4. Freon (used as a refrigerant and aerosol propellant)—sudden sniffing death
syndrome, respiratory obstruction and death (from sudden cooling/cold injury to
airways), liver damage.
5. Methylene chloride (found in paint thinners and removers, degreasers)—
reduction of oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, changes to the heart muscle and
heartbeat.
6. Nitrous oxide ("laughing gas"), hexane—death from lack of oxygen to the brain,
altered perception and motor coordination, loss of sensation, limb spasms, blackouts
caused by blood pressure changes, depression of heart muscle functioning.
7. Toluene (found in gasoline, paint thinners and removers, correction fluid)—
brain damage (loss of brain tissue mass, impaired cognition, gait disturbance, loss of
coordination, loss of equilibrium, limb spasms, hearing and vision loss), liver and
kidney damage
8. Trichloroethylene (found in spot removers, degreasers)—sudden sniffing death
syndrome, cirrhosis of the liver, reproductive complications, hearing and vision
damage
 Short-term effects are similar to alcohol and include:
 slurred or distorted speech
 lack of coordination (control of body movement)
 euphoria (feeling "high")
 dizziness
 Long-term effects of inhalant use may include:
 liver and kidney damage
 hearing loss
 bone marrow damage
 loss of coordination and limb spasms (from nerve damage)
 delayed behavioral development (from brain problems)
 brain damage (from cut-off oxygen flow to the brain)

 How are inhalants used?

→ Inhalants can be breathed in through the nose or the mouth in a variety of ways, such
as—
 "sniffing" or "snorting" fumes from containers;
 spraying aerosols directly into the nose or mouth;
 "bagging" — sniffing or inhaling fumes from substances sprayed or deposited
inside a plastic or paper bag;
 "huffing" from an inhalant-soaked rag stuffed in the mouth; and
 inhaling from balloons filled with nitrous oxide.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 50

CHAPTER 03
DANGEROUS DRUGS:
ABUSE & ADDICTION

 DRUG ABUSE & DRUG ADDICTION: In Contrast

DRUG ABUSE DRUG ADDICTION
→ Is the use of illegal drugs or the → Is the uncontrollable use of drugs and the
inappropriate use of legal drugs. inability to stop in spite of health or social
→ People who abuse are using them to consequences.
obtain a specific feeling—a high—that → People with drug addiction are physically
they can’t get from other substances. and emotionally unable to stop using
→ Often drug abuse is recreational with the drugs. Their bodies have become used
drugs being used to loosen a person up to having the drug in the system, and
and make them feel like they fit in with stopping the drug use brings about often
the crowd. painful physical and
NOTE:
→ Certainly, drug addiction starts with drug abuse when an individual makes a conscious
choice to use drugs, but addiction is not just “a lot of drug use”. Addiction is the
uncontrollable need or desire to use drugs.

 IMPORTANT JARGONS

1. DRUG DEPENDENCE – it is the state of psychic or physical dependence or both on

dangerous drug arising in a person following administration or use of that drug in a
periodic or continuous basis. Kinds of Drug Dependence:
 Physical Dependence – it is a condition in which the body has adjusted to the
presence of a drug resulting in clear symptoms of withdrawal when its use stops.
 Psychological Dependence – it is characterized by emotional and mental
preoccupation with the drug effects and by a persistent craving for it.
2. DESIGNER DRUG – it is the analog drug in which a molecular structure of the certain
illegal drug is modified, change in such a manner as to become 100 times stronger that
the drugs they design to imitate and the effect depend upon the drug they are designed.
3. CONFIRMATORY DRUG TEST—an analytical test using a device, tool or equipment
with a different chemical or physical principle that is more specific which will validate and
confirm the result of the screening test. It refers to the second or further analytical
procedure to more accurately determine the presence of dangerous drugs in a
specimen.
4. SCREENING DRUG TEST—a rapid drug test performed to establish potential or
presumptive result. It refers to the immunoassay test to eliminate a “negative” specimen.
5. DRUG EXPERIMENTER – refers to those who wrongfully, illegally and improperly use
any drugs for reason of curiosity, peer pressure or other similar reasons.
6. ENABLING—is any action taken by a concerned person that removes or softens the
negative effect or harmful consequences of drug use upon the user. Enabling only
makes thing worse. It is like fighting fire with gasoline.
7. ABSTINENCE – it is the cessation of use of psychoactive substance previously abuse
on or which the users develop drug dependence.
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 51

8. OVERDOSE – it is the excessive and inadvertent or deliberate consumption of a much

larger dose than that habitually use by an individual ingestion and resulting in serious
toxic reaction or death.
9. PHARMACOLOGY – it is the science of drug preparation, uses and effects.
10. CUT OFF—refers to the concentration level set to determine whether the sample is
positive or negative for the presence of a drug.
11. Facility Based/Treatment Based Data—are data gathered from the residential and out-
patient treatment and rehabilitation centers in the Philippines.
12. High—is the feeling that drug users want to get when they take drugs. There are many
types of high, including a spacey feeling, euphoria, or a feeling that a person has
“special powers”, such as the ability to fly or see into the future.
13. Rehabilitation—is a dynamic process directed towards the changes on the health of the
person to prepare him from his fullest life potentials and capabilities, and making him
law-abiding and productive member of the community without abusing drugs.
14. Tolerance—it is the increasing dosage of drugs to maintain the same effect.
15. Treatment—Is a medical service rendered to a client for the effective management of hit
total conditions related to drug abuse. It deals with the physiological without abusing
drugs.
16. Withdrawal Period—From the point of habituation or drug dependence up to the time a
drug dependent is totally or gradually deprived of the drug.
17. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROMETRY (GCMS)—a powerful
separation technique used to analyze drug, toxic substance, explosive and unknown
samples.
18. AFTER CARE—is a broad range of community based service support designed to
maintain benefit when structured treatment has been completed.
19. COMMUNITY SERVICE—is a free public labor or work with therapeutic purpose
performed for the benefit of the community designed as an after care intervention
program for the rehabilitation of a dug dependent.
20. POLY DRUG USE – the use of two or more psychoactive drug and abuse of taking all
sorts of drug at the same time.
21. POTENTIATION – the use of any other substance to maximize the effect of the drug.
22. DRUG REHABILITATION – it is the term used for the processes of medical or
psychotherapeutic treatment of a person.
23. SYNTHETIC DRUG – it is the drug that is artificially prepared with the use of chemicals.
24. WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME – it is being experienced by the person who undergoes
dosage reduction.
 Medical use of Drugs
1. Analgesic – relieves pain
2. Antibiotics – combat or control infectious organisms,.
3. Antipyretics – lower body temperature or fever due to infection.
4. Antihistamine - control or combat allergy reactions.
5. Contraceptives – prevent the meeting of the egg cell and sperm cell or prevent the
ovary from releasing egg cells.
6. Decongestants - relieves congestion of the nasal passages .
7. Expectorants - expulsion of mucus and phlegm from the lungs and the throat. Not
prescribe to newborn babies.
8. Laxatives – stimulate defecation and encourage bowel movement. Not prescribe to
pregnant women.
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 52

9. Sedatives and Tranquilizer s – calm and quite the nerves and relieve anxiety without
causing depression and clouding of the mind.
10. Vitamins – substances necessary for normal growth and development and proper
functioning of the body. Excessive intake of vitamin D can lead to nausea, diarrhea,
weight loss, calcification, and heart and kidney troubles same with Vitamin A might result
in symptoms of a disease of the liver.
 Classification of Drug User/Abuser/Addict
1. Situational user - those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional energy to
perform an important work. Such individual may or may not exhibit psychological
dependence.
2. Situational user - those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional energy to
perform an important work. Such individual may or may not exhibit psychological
dependence.
3. Hardcore addicts - those whose activities revolve almost entirely around drug use
and securing supplies. They show strong psychological dependence on the drug.
4. Hippies - Those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of life.
 THE AMOUNT OF DRUG IN A DOSE
1. Minimal Dose- the amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest amount of a
drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.
2. Maximal Dose- the largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic
effect, without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
3. Toxic Dose- the amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of
poisoning.
4. Abusive Dose- the amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired by an
individual who improperly uses it.
5. Lethal Dose- the amount of drug that will cause death.
 COMMON ROUTES IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
1. ORAL
2. INJECTION
3. INHALATION
4. TOPICAL
5. IONTOPHORESIS—the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by use of
special type of electric current for local effect to cure inflammation E.g gout, rheumatoid
arthritis.
 Top 10 most abused drugs (INTERNATIONAL SETTING)
→ The CDAC (Community Drug and Alcohol Council, Inc) recently reported the top 10 most
abused drugs. The drugs are listed below in order of most often to least often abuse.
1. Alcohol: The CDAC notes that, “with over half (51.8%) of U.S. population identified
as drinkers, alcohol is the #1 most abused substance. Nearly a quarter of the
population participates in binge drinking (58.6 million), and 6.7% of the population
reported heavy drinking (16.9 million). As a depressant, alcohol produces impaired
coordination and judgment, slurred speech, and blackouts.”
2. Tobacco: At least one quarter of Americans (6.9 million) are users of a tobacco
product making it the second most abused drug. Many individuals are drawn to
smoking because it stimulates the pleasure centers in the brain and turn on the
body’s natural chemicals that produce euphoria. Cigarette smoke contains over 4000

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 53

chemicals, causing long-term systemic effects. These risks include high blood
pressure and smoking has been proven to increase the risk of cancer.
3. Marijuana: Marijuana is the #1 most abused illicit drug and the third most abused
drug according to the CDAC. The CDAC reports that, “the dried parts of the
Cannabis plant can cause distorted perceptions, impaired coordination and problems
with learning and memory.”
4. Prescription drugs: The abuse of prescription drugs is on the rise and has moved
up in ranking to be the fourth most abused type of drug. Painkillers, such as Vicodin
and OxyContin, are the most abused prescription drugs. These drugs can produce
effects similar to heroin.
5. Cocaine: Although cocaine gained popularity back in the 1980’s, it still remains on
the top 10 list of most abused drugs: listed as the fifth most abused. According to
the CDAC, nearly 1.5 million people in America are current users of this white
powder. Cocaine use results in severe psychological dependence and intense drug
cravings. This is due to cocaine’s short-lived yet powerful effects of euphoria. With
cocaine, tolerance builds quickly, making it more dangerous.
6. Inhalants: The most often used inhalants that are abused to obtain a high include:
shoe polish, glue, gasoline, spray paint, cleaning fluid, “poppers,” and nitrous oxide
(according to the CDAC). These inhalants are simply the vapors from these toxic
substances. Most users of inhalants will experience an initial high and loss of
inhibition followed by drowsiness, slurred speech and agitation.
7. Ecstacy: Often called the “love pill”, Ecstasy is one of the most popular and most
abused drugs among youth today. It is the most popular club drug and produces
feelings of euphoria, alertness, hallucinations, and closeness with others. A
frightening fact is that nearly 65% of pills sold as Ecstasy contain other substances.
This means that the effects of Ecstasy can be both unpredictable and dangerous.
8. LSD: LSD is reported to be the most popular hallucinogen among users. Ranked
on the most abused list at number 8, LSD, also known as “acid,” is the most potent
hallucinogen in the world. It is often sold on blotting paper, or “window panes.” The
effects of LSD are unpredictable, altering the user’s mood, personality, and
sensations of reality. (CDAC, 2012).
9. Methamphetamine: The ninth most abused drug is methamphetamine, also
known as meth, crank, or speed. Meth produces feelings of well-being and energy
which can last from 4 to 16 hours. Because of its lasting effects, it is a popular drug
for both parties and nightclubs. Meth is highly addictive, and burns up the body’s
resources.
10. Heroin: Although it is last on the list of most abused drugs by the CDAC, heroin
remains a commonly abused drug today. It is made from poppy plants and is a
highly addictive opiate. It can be injected, smoked, or sniffed and creates a feeling of
a euphoric rush. Users feel an increased ability to communicate easily with others,
and report heightened sexual performance.

 LIST OF abuse DRUGs in the Philippines

2. According to the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) these are the commonly abused
substances:
1. Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 54

2. Cannabis (Marijuana)
3. Inhalants (Contact Cement)

3. The primary drug of abuse in the Philippines (Philippine Center on Transnational

Crime: Based on drug-related arrests in 2015)
1. Shabu with 95.45%
2. followed by marijuana with 4.30%,
3. and 0.25% were related to ecstasy, cocaine, nubain, diazepam, and ephedrine
seizures.

4. As of December 2015, 11,321 (26.93%) out of the 42,036 barangays in the country
were affected by illegal drugs. Metro Manila remained to be the most affected region
with 99.26% or 1,574 of the 1,706 barangays. Regions 4A and 7 followed with 49.28%
and 48.82% of their barangays, respectively, were affected.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 55

CHAPTER 04
DRUG TRAFFICKING

 DRUG TRAFFICKING—is a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture,

distribution, and sale of substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws. (UNITED
NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME [UNODC])

➢ The following are some techniques used by drug traders when crossing
borders:
 Avoiding border checks, such as by small ships, small air craft, and through
overland smuggling routes.
 Submitting to border checks with the drugs hidden in a vehicles, between
other merchandise, in luggage in or under clothes, inside the body, etc.
 Buying off diplomats to smuggle drugs in diplomatic mail/luggage, to avoid
border checks.
 Mule—a person who agrees to carry illegal drugs into another country in return for
payment by the person selling the drugs OR a lower-echelon criminal recruited by a
smuggling organization to cross a border carrying drugs or sometimes an unknowing
person in whose bag or vehicle the drugs are planted, for the purpose of retrieving
them elsewhere.
➢ Two primary means of distribution—
1. Hierarchical—arrangement includes the manufacturer who uses his men to
smuggle, wholesale and store, and distribution the drugs.
2. Hub – and – Spoke layout—takes advantage of local gangs and other localized
criminal organizations.

 DRUG TRAFFICKING HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

EARLY BEGINNING—

In the early 19th century, an illegal drug trade in China emerged and as a result, by 1838 the
number of Chinese opium addicts had grown to between four and twelve million. The
Chinese government responded by enforcing a ban on the import of opium that led to the
First Opium War (1839-1842) between the United Kingdom and Qing dynasty China. The
United Kingdom won and forced China to allow British merchants to trade opium. Trading in
opium was lucrative, and smoking opium had become common in the 19th century, so
British merchants increased trade with the Chinese. The Second Opium War broke out in
1856, with the British joined this time by the French. After the two opium wars, the British
Crown, via the treaties of Nanking and Tianjin, the Chinese government was obliged to pay
large sums of money for opium they had seized and destroyed, which were referred to as
"reparations".

The First Drug [OPIUM] Epidemic, From China to California

 In the 1850s, opium smoking was introduced by Chinese immigrants arriving in California.
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
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Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
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 By the 1890s, opium dens were common in American society and many people had fallen
to the addictive qualities of opium. Opium was then followed by an array of different opiates
like morphine, laudanum, paregoric and codeine. The use of these drugs became even
more widespread with the adoption of the hypodermic syringe.
 In 1868, as a result of the increased use of opium, the UK restricted the sale of opium in
Britain by implementing the 1868 Pharmacy Act.
 In the United States, control of opium was the responsibility of individual US states until the
introduction of the Harrison Act in 1914, following the passing of the International Opium
Convention in 1912.
 Morphine use actually became popular for pain relief during the American Civil War,
resulting in much unwitting addiction. Opiate distribution saw a second revival in the 1930s
and 1940s as part of the Harlem Jazz scene.
 Modern day opiate trafficking is now dominated by heroin, of which Afghanistan is the
predominant producer.

Marijuana Use and the Prohibition of Alcohol

→ Between 1920 and 1933, by Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,
alcohol was banned in the United States. Prohibition proved to be almost impossible to
enforce and resulted in the rise of organized crime, including the modern American
Mafia which identified enormous business opportunities in the manufacturing, smuggling
and sale of illicit liquor
→ Marijuana use became popular in the 1930s after the price of alcohol increased so much
it became unaffordable. It was during this period that studies started to emerge
documenting the relationship between marijuana use and crime and violence.
→ Mexican drug cartels have received much publicity and notoriety for the violent manner
in which they control the marijuana trade between the United States and Mexico.

The 1960s and 1970s and the Rise of Modern Drugs

→ In the 1960s, substances such as psychedelics, marijuana and amphetamines
experienced more widespread use and the government had to develop new legislation
and agencies to combat the problem.
→ “When many of the 76 million baby boomers embraced not just drugs, but also dealing
and trafficking, the drug culture exploded. The U.S. Government responded with new
laws and new anti-drug units, culminating in the creation of the Drug Enforcement
Administration in 1973.”

The 1970s and Cocaine Use

→ Cocaine use became common in the 19th century when it was used in a variety of
syrups and tonics, making it a popular household item. Freud’s experiments with and
self-proclaimed addiction to cocaine also resulted in it becoming glamorized. It would be
this glamorous reputation and “branding” as the drug of choice for upper class people,
that would lead to its widespread adoption.
→ Cocaine is derived from the leaves of the coca plant, which is found predominantly in
Bolivia, Columbia and Peru.
→ The 1980s: The Power Struggle Between Law Enforcers And Drug Traffickers
→ In the 1980s, the Medellin Cartel rose to notoriety with its domination of cocaine trading.
In 1984, Nancy Reagan made world headlines with her “Just Say No” (to drugs)
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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 57

campaign, sending a message to the youth to avoid getting mixed up in drugs. Around
the same time the DEA managed to infiltrate the Medellin cartel.
→ In 1985, crack, which is a form of cocaine that can be smoked, became firmly
entrenched in neighborhoods of New York. Crack develops appeal because it is cheap
and produces an intense high but it is highly addictive. The highly publicized death of
basketball payer Len Bias because of cocaine catapulted the drug into the public

The 1990s and 2000s: The War On Drugs Heats Up

→ In 1992, newly appointed Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari regulated the
presence of DEA agents in the country. Under the new legislation, agents are denied
diplomatic immunity, are prohibited from carrying weapons and are designated specific
cities where they are permitted to live.
→ In the mid-1990s, the Cali cartel takes over in notoriety from the Medellin Cartel, which
had become dismembered.
→ The signing of the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) by Bill Clinton
increased both trade and traffic between the Mexico and the United States border. US
Customs found it more difficult to regulate narcotics being smuggled across the border.
→ In 2000, Bill Clinton gave $1.3 billion in aid to Columbia to support coca crops being
sprayed with toxic herbicides in an effort to reduce the amount of cocaine being
produced.

 DRUG SYNDICATE—any organized group of two or more persons forming or joining

together with the intention of committing any offense prescribed under RA 9165.
 DRUG TRAFFICKING—the unauthorized manufacture, distribution or unlawful
possession of any controlled substance, for the purpose of selling.
 DRUG DISTRIBUTION PROCESS—
1. THE GROWER
→ The one responsible for the planning, harvesting and maintenance of the original
plant from which the drug is derived from.
→ The source of crops or contact to other sources from whom the crops can be
obtained.
→ Sees to it that the plant produced in the highest quality possible in sufficient
quantity.
2. THE MANUFACTURER
→ The one responsible for the processing of the raw materials supplied by the
grower.
→ Maintains a manufacturing laboratory.
→ The one who makes contact or is contacted so that the distribution can begin.
3. THE IMPORTER
→ The client or contact of the manufacturer
→ The primary seller of the drugs
→ The importer devices the plan or procedure by which the now-refined drug will
reach its destination, whether that be another country, state or other
geographical area.
4. THE SMUGGLER
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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 58

→ Has the task of smuggling the drugs into the designated area.
→ Must device techniques by which the drugs evade the scrutiny of inspection.
5. THE DISTRIBUTOR
→ The source of drugs in their respective areas.
→ The smuggler has different distributors in different areas.
6. THE DEALER
→ Most commonly called “PUSHERS”.
→ They make drugs easily available to users.
→ Some dealers are satisfied with selling drugs to already known addicts, while
some engage in addicting new customers.
7. THE CONSUMER
→ The buyer and user of drugs
→ The “DRUG ADDICTS”
→ The reason why the business of illegal drugs continue to thrive.

 THE GOLDEN TRIANGLE

➢ The Golden Triangle

is a region in Northern
Thailand, Laos and
Myanmar that is infamously
known as a production region
of drugs. Historically, the area
was famous for its opium
production and drug trade
including drug trafficking,
violence and people
smuggling. Opium has been
used as a recreational drug in
South East Asia since the
1800’s when the Opium Wars
occurred.
➢ It is an area of around
950,000 square kilometres
(367,000 sq mi) that overlaps
the mountains of three
countries of Southeast Asia: Myanmar, Laos and Thailand.
➢ Along with Afghanistan in the Golden Crescent, it has been one of the most extensive
opium-producing areas of Asia and of the world since the 1950s. Most of the world's
heroin came from the Golden Triangle until the early 21st century when Afghanistan
became the world's largest producer.

➢ Heroin from Southeast Asia is most frequently brought to the United States by
couriers, typically Thai and U.S. nationals, travelling on commercial airlines.
➢ California and Hawaii are the primary U.S. entry points for Golden Triangle heroin, but
small percentages of the drug are trafficked into New York City and Washington, D.C.
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 59

While Southeast Asian groups have had success in trafficking heroin to the United
States, they initially had difficulty arranging street level distribution. However, with the
incarceration of Asian traffickers in American prisons during the 1970s, contacts
between Asian and American prisoners developed. These contacts have allowed
Southeast Asian traffickers access to gangs and organizations distributing heroin at the
retail level.
➢ Today, Myanmar is the second largest producer of opium in the world after Afghanistan.
 THE GOLDEN CRESCENT
➢ The name
given to one of Asia's two
principal areas of illicit opium
production (with the other
being the Golden Triangle),
located at the crossroads of
Central, South, and Western
Asia. This space overlaps
three nations, Afghanistan,
Iran, and Pakistan, whose
mountainous peripheries
define the crescent.
➢ In 1991,
Afghanistan became the
world's primary opium
producer, with a yield of
1,782 metric tons (U.S. State
Department estimates),
surpassing Myanmar, formerly
the world leader in opium
production. The decrease in heroin production from Myanmar is the result of several
years of unfavorable growing conditions and new government policies of forced
eradication.
➢ Afghanistan now produces over 90% of the world's non-pharmaceutical-grade
opium. In addition to opiates, Afghanistan is also the world's largest producer of
hashish.

Golden Crescent drug supply:

general information

→ The Golden Crescent has a much longer history of opium production than does
Southeast Asia's Golden Triangle. The Golden Triangle emerged as a modern-
day opium-producing entity only in the 1980s, after the Golden Crescent did so
in the 1950s. The Golden Triangle began making an impact on the opium and
morphine market in the 1980s and has steadily increased its output since then
in order to match the increasing demand. During the invasion of Afghanistan in
2001, retaliation to the September 11th terrorist attacks, the Golden Crescent’s
opium production took a huge hit, producing almost 90% less opium than in
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Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 60

2000.
→ At the peak of its opium production in 2007, the Golden Crescent produced
more than 8,000 of the world’s almost 9,000 total tons of opium, a near
monopoly. The Golden Crescent also dominates the cannabis resin market due
to the high resin yields of the region (145 kg/ha), four times more than Morocco
(36 kg/ha). The Golden Crescent also caters to a much larger market, about
64% more than the Golden Triangle. It produces and distributes over 2,500 tons
of opiates to Africa, Europe, the Americas and Central Asia and supplies almost
9.5 million opiate users worldwide.
→ Despite worldwide efforts to capture and seize as much opium product as
possible, total opiate seizures only brought in 23.5% of the total estimated
product distributed worldwide. Of these seizures around 97% of opium and
morphine seizures are made in the Middle East and heroin seizures are made
mostly in the Middle East or Europe.
→ In Afghanistan only one percent of the heroin that is exported illegally is
intercepted and destroyed by the national governments. Although Afghanistan
is the major producer of opiates in the Golden Crescent, most of the seizures
are made in Iran, their neighbor to the west. This is because traffickers are
arrested while crossing the border from Afghanistan to Iran so that they can
distribute the product to Europe and Africa where there is a high demand for
opiates. In Pakistan the majority of traffickers arrested are 38 percent Nigerians
and 32 percent Pakistanis.
→ These traffickers, essential to the transportation of the drugs from the source to
end-user markets, make large profits because of how risky the job is. A rough
estimate of how many people are currently involved in drug trafficking is above
one million. The majority of opium produced in Afghanistan comes from the
Kandahar and Helmand provinces, Helmand being the major producer. Of the
5,300 tons of opium produced in Afghanistan, 2,700 tons is transformed into
heroin. In 2008, almost half of the heroin produced was used in Iran. Even
though Afghanistan is the leading producer, only 7% was used there.

THE FIRST OPIUM WAR

→ The First Opium War (第一次鴉片戰爭, 1839–42), also known as the Opium
War and the Anglo-Chinese War, was fought between the United Kingdom
and the Qing dynasty over their conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations,
trade, and the administration of justice for foreign nationals in China.

 FACTUAL BACKGROUNDER
→ British sales of opium began in 1781, in exchange for silver from Chinese
merchants, and sales increased fivefold between 1821 and 1837. The East
India Company ships brought their cargoes to islands off the coast, especially
Lintin Island, where Chinese traders with fast and well-armed small boats took
the goods for inland distribution, paying for them with silver and causing a shift
in its flow.
→ By 1838, the British were selling roughly 1,400 tons of opium per year to China.
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Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 61

Legalization of the opium trade was the subject of ongoing debate within the
Chinese administration, but it was repeatedly rejected, and as of 1838 the
government sentenced native drug traffickers to death.
→ In response to the ever-growing number of Chinese people becoming addicted
to opium, the Qing Daoguang Emperor took strong action to halt the import of
opium, including the seizure of cargo.
→ In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor appointed scholar-official Lin Zexu to the post
of Special Imperial Commissioner, with the task of eradicating the opium trade.
→ Lin banned the sale of opium and demanded that all supplies of the drug be
surrendered to the Chinese authorities. He also closed the channel to Canton,
effectively holding British traders hostage in the city. As well as seizing opium
supplies in the factories, Chinese troops boarded British ships in international
waters outside Chinese jurisdiction, where their cargo was still legal, and
destroyed the opium aboard.
→ the Chinese Commissioner Lin Zexu destroyed 20,000 chests of opium in
Guangzhou. Given that a chest of opium was worth nearly US$1,000 in 1800,
this was a substantial economic loss. The British queen Victoria, not willing to
replace the cheap opium with costly silver, began the First Opium War in 1840,
the British winning Hong Kong and trade concessions in the first of a series of
Unequal Treaties.

ND
2 OPIUM WAR

→ A war between British government and China from 1856 to 1860 in which
British forces fought towards legalization of the opium trade, to expand
coolie trade, to open all of China to British merchants, and to exempt foreign
imports from internal transit duties. France joined the British. The war is also
known as the "Arrow War", referring to the name of a vessel at the starting
point of the conflict. The Arrow War resulted in a second group of treaty ports
being set up; eventually more than 80 treaty ports were established in China,
involving many foreign powers. All foreign traders gained rights to travel within
China.
→ Following China's defeat in the Second Opium War in 1858, China was
forced to legalize opium and began massive domestic production.
Importation of opium peaked in 1879 at 6,700 tons, and by 1906, China was
producing 85 percent of the world's opium, some 35,000 tons, and 27 percent
of its adult male population regularly used opium—13.5 million people
consuming 39,000 tons of opium yearly.[60]From 1880 to the beginning of the
Communist era, the British attempted to discourage the use of opium in China,
but this effectively promoted the use of morphine, heroin, and cocaine, further
exacerbating the problem of addiction.

 THE SILK ROAD

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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 62

→ The Silk Road is an 18th-

century term for a series of
interconnected routes that ran from
Europe to China. These trade routes
developed between the empires of
Persia and Syria on the
Mediterranean coast and the Indian
kingdoms of the East. By the late
Middle Ages the routes extended
from Italy in the West to China in the
East and to Scandinavia in the
North. Opium was one of the
products traded along the Silk Road.

 THE BALKAN ROUTE

→ The Balkan route is a

comprehensive route between
the Middle East and Europe
across the Balkans, where
parts of the EU's external
borders run. The concept has
been used in connection with
the refugee crisis in Europe
since 2015 and with drug
smugglers.

 THE RICHEST
TRANSNATIONAL
ORGANIZED CRIME GROUP
IN DRUG TRAFFICKING

1. Intsevskaya
Bratva—Revenue:$8.5
billion

➢ Russian mafia groups sit on the other side of the organizational spectrum from
Yakuza. Their structure, according to Frederico Varese, a professor of
criminology at the University of Oxford and an expert on international organized
crime, is highly decentralized. The group is composed of 10 separate quasi-
autonomous “brigades” that operate more or less independently of each other.
The group does pool its resources, however, and the money is overseen by a 12-

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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 63

person council that “meets regularly in different parts of the world, often
disguising their meetings as festive occasions,” Varesi says.
➢ It’s estimated that the group claims upwards of 9,000 members, and that it’s
bread and butter is the drug trade and human trafficking. Russian organized
crime in general is heavily involved in the heroin trade that originates in
Afghanistan: it’s estimated that Russia consumes about 12% of the world’s
heroin, while it contains just 0.5% of the world’s population.

2. Yamaguchi Gumi—Revenue:$6.6 billion

Yakuza
→ Its name was originated from the Japanese card game Oicho Kabu, a
card game that represents the numbers eight, nine and three – the total
is 20, a useless number that means also a bad fortune for the player.
→ Aka “good for nothing”
→ The Yakuza or boryokudan, is the most influential organized crime
group in Japan.
→ The Japanese police, and media by request of the police, call them
bōryokudan (暴力団?, "violent groups"). while the yakuza call
themselves "ninkyō dantai" (任侠団体 or 仁侠団体?, "chivalrous
organizations").
→ Today, many yakuza members wear prosthetic finger tips to avoid
being conspicuous. The gangs engage in criminal activities such as
international drug-smuggling, human trafficking, and arms
smuggling. However, they also hold significant amounts of stock in
large, legitimate corporations, and some have close ties with the
Japanese business world, the banking sector, and the real estate
market.
→ DIFFERENT YAKUZA GROUPS—
1. Yamaguchi-gumi
2. Sumiyoshi-kai
3. Inagawa-kai
4. Aizukotetsu-kai

➢ One of the largest known gang in the world is called the Yamaguchi Gumi, one of
several groups collectively referred to in Japan as “Yakuza,” a term that is roughly
equivalent to the American use of “mafia.” The Yamaguchi Gumi make more
money from drug trafficking than any other source, according to Hiromitsu
Suganuma, Japan’s former national police chief. The next two leading sources of
revenue are gambling and extortion, followed closely by “dispute resolution.
➢ The Yakuza date back hundreds of years, and according to Dennis McCarthy,
author of An Economic History of Organized Crime, Yakuza groups are among the
most centralized in the world. While other East Asian gangs like Chinese Triads,
which are a loose conglomeration of criminals bonded together mostly by familial
relations, Yakuza are bound together by “elaborate hierarchies,” and members,
once initiated, must subvert all other allegiances in favor of the Yakuza. Even with
the Japanese government cracking down on Yakuza in recent years, this

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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 64

centralized structure has made it easy to attribute a massive amount of revenue to

this single gang.
➢ Rokudaime Yamaguchi-gumi?) is Japan's largest yakuza organization. It is named
after its founder Harukichi Yamaguchi. Its origins can be traced back to a loose
labor union for dockworkers in Kobe before World War II.
➢ It is one of the largest criminal organizations in the world. According to the National
Police Agency, it had 20,400 active members and 18,600 associated members in
2007. It is, by far, the largest of the boryokudan groups, and its membership
encompasses roughly 45% of the 86,300 yakuza in the Japanese underworld.
Leading members of the Yamaguchi-gumi number 102 people in total; 1 kumichō (
組長; boss), 15 shatei (舎弟; younger brother) and 86 wakachū (若中; child) as of
November 2005.
➢ The Yamaguchi-gumi are among the world's wealthiest gangsters, bringing
in billions of dollars a year from extortion, gambling, the sex industry, arms
trafficking, drug trafficking, real estate and construction kickback schemes. They
are also involved in stock market manipulation and Internet pornography.
➢ The Yamaguchi-gumi has its headquarters in Kobe, Japan, but it operates all
across Japan and has overseas operations in Asia and the United States.[citation
needed] Its current kumicho (Boss), Shinobu Tsukasa, has declared an
expansionist policy—even making inroads into Tokyo, traditionally not Yamaguchi
turf. They also have multiple groups working overseas.

3. Camorra—Revenue:$4.9 billion
→ While the Italian-American mafia has been severely weakened in recent decades
by law enforcement, the Italian mafia in the old country is still running strong.
Despite years of efforts from citizens, journalists, and government officials, the
local governments in Italy remain linked to and protective of various mafia
groups, to the point where a 2013 study from the Università Cattolica and the
Joint research Centre on Transnational Crime estimated that mafia activities
generate revenue of $33 billion dollars, mostly divided among Italy’s four major
mafia gangs.
→ Camorra is the most successful of these groups, raking in an estimated
$4.9 billion per year on everything from “sexual exploitation, firearms trafficking,
drugs, counterfeiting, gambling … usury and extortion,” according to the report.
And Camorra has been at it a long time. Based in Naples, the group’s history
dates back to the 19th century, when it was formed initially as a prison gang. As
members were released, the group flourished during the bloody political
struggles in Italy during the 1800s by offering protection services and as a force
for political organization among Italy’s poor.

4. Ndrangetha—Revenue: $4.5 billion

→ Based in the Calabria region of Italy, the ‘Ndarangheta is the country’s second
largest mafia group by revenue. While it is involved in many of the same illicit
activities as Camorra, ‘Ndrangheta has made its name for itself by building
international ties with South American cocaine dealers, and it controls much of
the transatlantic drug market that feeds Europe. It has also been expanding its
operations in the U.S. and has helped prop up the Gambino and Bonnano crime
families in New York. In February, Italian and American police forces arrested
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 65

dozens of ‘Ndrangheta and Gambino family members and charged them with
crimes related to the transatlantic drug trade.
→ The word “’Ndrangheta” comes from the Greek meaning courage or loyalty.
The ’Ndrangheta formed in the 1860s when a group of Sicilians was banished
from the island by the Italian government. They settled in Calabria and formed
small criminal groups. There are about 160 ’Ndrangheta cells with roughly 6,000
members. They specialize in kidnapping and political corruption, but also engage
in drug trafficking, murder, bombings, counterfeiting, gambling, frauds, thefts,
labor racketeering, loansharking, and alien smuggling. Cells are loosely
connected family groups based on blood relationships and marriages. In the
U.S., there are an estimated 100-200 members and associates, primarily in New
York and Florida.

5. Sinaloa Cartel—Revenue: $3 billion

→ Sianola is Mexico’s largest drug cartel, one of several gangs that has been
terrorizing the Mexican population as it serves as the middleman between South
American producers of illegal drugs and an unquenchable American market. The
White House Office of Drug Control Policy estimates that Americans spend $100
billion on illegal drugs each year, and the RAND Corporation says that about
$6.5 billion of that reaches Mexican cartels. With an estimated 60% market
share, Sinola cartel is raking in approximately $3 billion per year.
→ Despite the fact that Sinaloa’s leader was arrested February, the cartel seems to
have avoided the sort of bloody—and costly—succession battle that has plagued
some groups when a leader is taken out of commission.

 DRUG CARTEL
→ Are criminal organizations developed with the primary purpose of promoting and controlling
drug trafficking operations. They range from loosely managed agreements among various
drug traffickers to formalized commercial enterprises.

BASIC STRUCTURE OF DRUG CARTEL

1. Falcons (Halcones)—Considered the "eyes and ears" of the streets, the

'falcons' are the lowest rank in any drug cartel. They are responsible for
supervising and reporting the activities of the military and their rival groups.
2. Hitmen (Sicarios)—The armed group within the drug cartel that are responsible
for carrying out assassinations, kidnappings, thefts, extortions, operating
protection rackets, and defending their 'plaza' from rival groups and the military.
3. Lieutenants (Lugartenientes)—The second highest position in the drug cartel
organization that are responsible for supervising the hit men and falcons within
their own territory. They are allowed to carry out low-profile executions without
permission from their bosses.
4. Drug lords (Capos)—The highest position in any drug cartel that are
responsible for supervising the entire drug industry, appointing territorial leaders,
making alliances, and planning high-profile executions.

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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 66

 INFAMOUS DRUG CARTEL IN THE WORLD

1. Columbian Medellin Cartel

➢ The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world’s drug
trafficking network.
➢ Founded during the 1980’s by Colombian drug lords in the name of Pablo
Escobar Gaviria and drug bosses Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top
aid cocaine barons Juan David and the Ochoa Brothers.

2. The Cali Cartel

➢ The downfall of the Medellin Cartel is the rise of the Cali Cartel- the newly
emerged cocaine monopoly.
➢ The cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due to this, it was called
the best and the brightest of the modern underworld. “They are professionals of
the highest order, intelligent, efficient, imaginative, and nearly impenetrable”- US-
Drug Enforcement Agency.
➢ Marijuana—the drugs that the CALI CARTEL subjected to trafficking when it just
starting their illegal activity.

3. Tijuana Cartel
➢ Home base: Northern Mexico (Tijuana and Baja)
➢ Criminal activities: Drug trafficking, contract killings, bribery, racketeering
➢ Boss: Eduardo Arellano Felix
➢ The fall of the Colombian cartels in the 1990s created a vacuum that three
Mexican cartels have more than adequately filled. Specifically, they are the
Sinaloa cartel, headed by Joaquin Guzman; the Juarez cartel, headed by
Vicente Carrillo Fuentes; and the Tijuana cartel, probably headed by Eduardo
Arellano Felix.
➢ The DEA regards the Tijuana cartel, also known as the Arellano Felix
Organization (AFO), as the most violent and aggressive among the three,
and turf wars between the three have cost hundreds of lives over the last
decade.It is believed that the AFO hands out as much as $1 million a week in
bribes to stay in business.

4. The Chinese Triad

➢ Organized Crime Syndicates in China
➢ It refers to Chinese societies common mystical symbol; an equilateral triangle
representing Chinese basic concept of Heaven, Earth and Man.
➢ These OC are highly skilled in Martial Arts, therefore police officers special unit
created in combating OC, must be more than physically fit.
➢ A triad is one of many branches of Chinese transnational organized crime
organizations based in the PRC, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and also in
countries with significant Chinese populations, such as the United States,
Canada, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Thailand, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Spain, South
Africa, Australia and New Zealand.
➢ Today, there are Six Great Triads and a large number of smaller associated
groups. With more than 100,000 members world-wide, the TRIADS are the
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PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 67

largest criminal organization on earth. Of the Great Six, five are based in
Hong Kong or Taiwan, and one in Shanghai. Since Britain handed Hong Kong
back to China in 1999, the triads have greatly expanded their influence on the
mainland. They have ties with the Chinese police and Communist party officials,
making prosecution of triad leaders rare.
➢ The TRIADS run East Asia's heroin smuggling trade, worth $200 billion per
year; smuggle weapons to war-torn regions; fence stolen cars, boats, and
electronics worth $3 billion annually; and traffic people to Europe and North
America, where the would-be immigrants end up as indentured servants, drug
dealers, or sex slaves in local Chinatowns. Human trafficking earns the triads
an estimated $3.5 US each year.
➢ Since the 19th century, when the first opium bans started to rise, Chinese
criminal gangs have been involved in worldwide illegal drug trade. During the
60s and 70s many triads converted from opium into heroin, which was
produced from opium plants in the Golden Triangle and made into heroin in
China, and then trafficked to North America and Europe. Nowadays the
most important triads active in the international heroin trade are the 14K
and the Tai Huen Chai. Recently, the triads have started to smuggle
chemicals from Chinese factories to North America, for the production of
methamphetamine, and to Europe for the production of ecstasy.

14 K
→ The 14K (十四K) is a triad group based in Hong Kong but active
internationally. It is the second largest Triad group in the world with
around 25,000 members split into thirty subgroups. They are the main
rival of the Sun Yee On, which is the largest Triad.
→ The 14K is responsible for large-scale drug trafficking around the world,
most of it heroin and opium from China or Southeast Asia. This is their
primary business in terms of generating income, but they are also involved in
illegal gambling, loan sharking, money laundering, murder, arms trafficking,
prostitution, human trafficking, extortion, counterfeiting and, to a lesser
extent, home invasion robberies.

BAMBOO TRIAD

→ The United Bamboo Gang (Chinese: 竹聯幫; pinyin: Zhūliánbāng) is the

largest of Taiwan's three main Triads. They are reported to have roughly
100,000 members. The membership consists largely of waishengren
(Mainland Chinese) and has had historic ties to the Kuomintang; they are
said to be motivated as much by political ideology as by profit. The gang
gained global notoriety when it became directly involved in politics in the early
1980s; alleged mob boss and his accomplices Tung Kuei-sen and Wu Tun
murdered writer Henry Liu in California in 1984. Chen Chi-li was arrested in
Taiwan, tried, and convicted; however, his life sentence was commuted after
seven years, at which point he fled to Cambodia, where he lived until his
death. The incident was later portrayed in the 2009 American political thriller
film Formosa Betrayed, produced by Will Tiao.
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 68

→ Bamboo Union and Four Seas Gang and Heaven Way Alliance, saying
"Taiwan's three main criminal organisations“
→ In July 2009, Chinese Bamboo Union hitman Bai Xiao Ye stabbed and
slashed a man to death in a Las Vegas, Nevada karaoke bar and wounded
two others. In 2013, Bai was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole.
Bai had also been charged with fatally shooting a man and wounding another
at a Los Angeles karaoke bar

5. The Francisco Group

➢ The Francisco Group is an organized crime faction of the Philippine syndicate
originating and operating in the Philippines. It was founded by ex-members of the
Kuratong Baleleng vigilante groups.
➢ The Francisco Group was founded in 1996 by Manuel Francisco Sr. and his
close allies in the anti-communist movements. The gang drew membership from
disgruntled members of the Kuratong Baleleng and the vigilante groups in
Mindanao. In the beginning the group was mainly involved in fighting the
communist and Muslim rebels, but later they quit the anti insurgency to get
involved in organized crime instead.
➢ The gang is known for its sophisticated carnapping schemes in which expensive
cars, mostly from the Philippines but also from other countries, are carnapped
and released to the blackmarket when the group has received the payment.
While it is these carnapping activities that they are mainly known for, the group is
also heavilly involved in drug trafficking, extortion,robbery and contract
killing. It is alleged that they have political connections: locally, due to the
clannish closeness of certain families in Mindanao.
➢ Cells of the Francisco Group are active in most major cities in the Philippines.
They have connections to the Mexican Mafia and the Sinaloa Cartel, and a rival
of the Kuratong Baleleng because the Francisco gang broke away from the
Kuratong Baleleng despite being of mainly Christian Cebuano origin also.
➢ In December 2013, the Philippine National Police - Anti-Illegal Drugs Special
Operations Task Force and the Philippine Drug Enforcement confirmed reports
that the Mexican Sinaloa Cartel had started operations in the country.
➢ On August 3, 2016, Duterte said that the Sinaloa cartel and the Chinese triad
are involved in the Philippine drug trade.
➢ About nine Chinese drug cartels are involved on most illegal drug trade in the
Philippines. The U.S. Department of State found out that Chinese drug cartels
are behind the trade of methamphetamine hydrochloride on the Philippines.
➢ President divulged the names of the members of a large Chinese triad group in
an interview with PTV-4 on July 7. The members of the triad group included
Chinese drug lords, namely Wu Tuan, aka tatay Co, Peter Lim, aka tiger
balm, and Herbert Colangco, with the three under the protection of Marcelo
Garbo Jr, one of the Philippine National Police generals named by Duterte on
July 5.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 69

CHAPTER 05
DANGEROUS DRUGS: Its Prohibition

 INTERNATIONAL SETTING

1. EARLY LAWS
TH
→ 7 CENTURY SHARIA LAW—The prohibition on alcohol under Islamic
Sharia law, which is usually attributed to passages in the Qur'an, dates back to
the 7th century. Although Islamic law is often interpreted as prohibiting all
intoxicants (not only alcohol), the ancient practice of hashish smoking has
continued throughout the history of Islam, against varying degrees of resistance.
→ In the Ottoman Empire, Murad IV attempted to prohibit coffee drinking to
Muslims as haraam, arguing that it was an intoxicant, but this ruling was
overturned soon after his death in 1640.
→ In 1360 King Ramathibodi I, of Ayutthaya Kingdom (now Thailand ),
prohibited opium consumption and trade. The prohibition lasted nearly 500
years until 1851, when King Rama IV allowed Chinese migrants to consume
opium.
th
→ 16 CENTURY MING EMPEROR prohibits the smoking of tobacco mixed
with opium. The prohibition ended in 1644 with the coming of the Qing dynasty,
which encouraged smokers to mix in increasing amounts of opium. Tobacco
mixed with opium was called madak (or madat) and became popular
throughout China and its seafaring trade partners (such as Taiwan, Java, and the
Philippines) in the 17th century.
→ Opium prohibition in Chine began in 1729, when the Qing Yongzheng
Emperor disturbed by madak smoking at court and carrying out the
government's role of upholding Confucian virtues, officially prohibited the sale of
opium, except for a small amount for medicinal purposes. The ban punished
sellers and opium den keepers, but not users of the drug. Opium was banned
completely in 1799, and this prohibition continued until 1860.
→ In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor appointed scholar-official Lin Zexu to the
post of Special Imperial Commissioner, with the task of eradicating the opium
trade which lead to the 1ST OPIUM WAR.
→ In 1888, , Benjamin Broomhall, an active opponent of the opium trade of
British government to China, write two books to promote the banning of opium
smoking: The Truth about Opium Smoking and The Chinese Opium Smoker,
which leads to cessation of British government opium trade to China.
→ The Mao Zedong government is generally credited with eradicating both
consumption and production of opium during the 1950s using unrestrained
repression and social reform. Ten million addicts were forced into compulsory
treatment, dealers were executed, and opium-producing regions were planted
with new crops.
→ Around 1860 in America—Efforts to regulate the sale of pharmaceuticals
began, and laws were introduced on a state-to-state basis that created penalties
for mislabeling drugs, adulterating them with undisclosed narcotics, and improper
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 70

sale of those considered "poisons". Poison laws generally either required labels
on the packaging indicating the harmful effects of the drugs or prohibited sale
outside of licensed pharmacies and without a doctor's prescription. Prominent
pharmaceutical societies at the time supported the listing of cannabis as a
poison.
→ Pharmacy Act 1868 in the United Kingdom—the first modern law in Europe for
the regulating of drugs.
→ In UNITED STATES, The first drug law was passed in San Francisco in
1875, banning the smoking of opium in opium dens.
→ Britain's All-India Opium Act of 1878—formalized ethnic restrictions on the use
of opium, limiting recreational opium sales to registered Indian opium-eaters and
Chinese opium-smokers only and prohibiting its sale to workers from Burma.
→ In 1880—The U.S. and Qing Dynasty China complete an agreement
prohibiting the shipment of opium between the two countries; Qing China
itself was still reeling from the effects of fighting the Opium War after a failed
attempt to stem the British importing of opium into China proper
→ In 1891, the State of California passed a law which requires that narcotics carry
warning labels and that their sales be recorded in a registry.
→ Australia's Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act
1897, addressed opium addiction among Aborigines, which prohibited Opium
sale to the general population in 1905, and prohibited opium smoking and
possession in 1908.

2. THE MODERN LAW

→ In 1906 The US Pure Food and Drug Act requires that certain specified drugs,
including alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and cannabis, be accurately labeled
with contents and dosage. Previously many drugs had been sold as patent
medicines with secret ingredients or misleading labels. Cocaine, heroin,
cannabis, and other such drugs continued to be legally available without
prescription as long as they were labeled. It is estimated that sale of patent
medicines containing opiates decreased by 33% after labeling was mandated.
→ California Pharmacy and Poison Act in 1907—made it a crime to sell opiates
without a prescription, and bans on possession of opium or opium pipes.
→ Opium Exclusion Act of 1909 prohibited the importation of opium altogether in
America.
→ In 1911 the United States first Opium Commissioner, Hamilton Wright
argues that of all the nations of the world, the United States consumes most
habit-forming drugs per capita.
→ In 1913, The American Medical Association created a propaganda department
to outlaw health fraud and quackery. In the same year, California outlawed
cannabis.
→ The Harrison Act—was passed in 1914 passed in fulfillment of the
International Opium Convention of 1912, and required sellers of opiates and
cocaine to get a license. While originally intended to regulate the trade, it soon
became a prohibitive law. It soon became legal precedent that any prescription
for a narcotic given by a physician or pharmacist – even in the course of medical
treatment for addiction – constituted conspiracy to violate the Harrison Act.
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 71

→ In 1919, the Supreme Court ruled in Doremus Case that the Harrison Act
was constitutional and in Webb that physicians could not prescribe narcotics
solely for maintenance. In Jin Fuey Moy v. United States, the court upheld that
it was a violation of the Harrison Act even if a physician provided prescription of a
narcotic for an addict, and thus subject to criminal prosecution.
→ In 1909, the International Opium Commission was founded, and by 1914, 34
nations had agreed that the production and importation of opium should be
diminished.
→ In 1924, 62 nations participated in a meeting of the Commission.
Subsequently, this role passed to the League of Nations, and all signatory
nations agreed to prohibit the import, sale, distribution, export, and use of all
narcotic drugs, except for medical and scientific purposes.
→ An International Opium Convention was signed by 13 nations at The Hague
on January 23, 1912 during the First International Opium Conference. This
was the first international drug control treaty and it was registered in the
League of Nations Treaty Series on January 23, 1922. The Convention provided
that "The contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to control, or to
cause to be controlled, all persons manufacturing, importing, selling, distributing,
and exporting morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts, as well as the
buildings in which these persons carry such an industry or trade.“
→ The treaty became international law in 1919 when it was incorporated into the
Treaty of Versailles. The role of the Commission was passed to the League of
Nations, and all signatory nations agreed to prohibit the import, sale, distribution,
export, and use of all narcotic drugs, except for medical and scientific purposes.
→ The prohibition of alcohol commenced in Finland in 1919 and in the United
States in 1920.

➢ Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on

the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic
beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933.
➢ During the 1920s Prohibition era, when the 18th Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution banned the sale, manufacture and transportation of
alcoholic beverages, Italian-American gangs (along with other ethnic
gangs) entered the booming bootleg liquor business and transformed
themselves into sophisticated criminal enterprises, skilled at smuggling,
money laundering and bribing police and other public officials. During this
time, the Sicilian Mafia in Italy, which had flourished since at least the mid-
19th century, was under attack from the Fascist regime of Benito
Mussolini (1883-1945). Some Sicilian Mafiosi escaped to the United States,
where they got involved in bootlegging and became part of the burgeoning
American Mafia. The Mafia in the U.S. and Sicily were separate entities,
although the Americans adopted some Italian traditions, including omerta,
an all-important code of conduct and secrecy that forbid any cooperation
with government authorities.

→ In Sweden, a referendum in 1922 decided against an alcohol prohibition law

(with 51% of the votes against and 49% for prohibition), but starting in 1914

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 72

(nationwide from 1917) and until 1955 Sweden employed an alcohol rationing
system with personal liquor ration books ("motbok").
→ In 1925, United States supported regulation of cannabis as a drug in the
International Opium Convention. and by the mid-1930s all member states had
some regulation of cannabis.
→ In 1930, The Federal Bureau of Narcotics was created. For the next 32 years it
was headed by Harry J. Anslinger who came from the Bureau of Prohibition as
did many of its initial members.
→ In 1932, Democrat Franklin Roosevelt ran for President of the United States
promising repeal of federal laws of Prohibition of alcohol.
→ In 1933, Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is repealed.
The amendment remains the only major act of prohibition to be repealed, having
been repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution.
→ In 1935, US President Roosevelt hails the International Opium Convention and
application of it in US. law and other anti-drug laws in a radio message to the
nation.
→ In 1937 US Congress passed the Marijuana Tax Act. Presented as a $1
nuisance tax on the distribution of marijuana, this act required anyone distributing
the drug to maintain and submit a detailed account of his or her transactions,
including inspections, affidavits, and private information regarding the parties
involved. This law, however, was something of a "Catch-22", as obtaining a tax
stamp required individuals to first present their goods, which was an action
tantamount to confession. This act was passed by Congress on the basis of
testimony and public perception that marijuana caused insanity, criminality, and
death.
→ In 1951, The US 1951 Boggs Act increased penalties fourfold, including
mandatory penalties.
→ In 1956, The US Daniel Act increased penalties by a factor of eight over those
specified in the Boggs Act. Although by this time there was adequate testimony
to refute the claim that marijuana caused insanity, criminality, or death, the
rationalizations for these laws shifted in focus to the proposition that marijuana
use led to the use of heroin, creating the gateway drug theory.
→ In 1965, In Laos, the CIA's airline, Air America, began flying Hmong (Meo)
opium out of the hills to Long Tieng and Vientiane. This opium was being
refined into high grade no. 4 heroin, which is what was being used by U.S.
soldiers. During the Laotian Civil War, Long Tieng served as a town and airbase
operated by the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States.
→ In 1961, the adoption of Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.
(Note: The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an international
treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs and
of drugs with similar effects except under license for specific purposes, such as
medical treatment and research.)
→ In 1969, US Psychiatrist Dr. Robert DuPont conducts urinalysis of everyone
entering the D.C. jail system in August 1969. He finds 44% test positive for
heroin and starts the first methadone treatment program in the Department of
Corrections in September 1969 for heroin addicts.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 73

→ In 1970, The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted into law by US
Congress. The CSA is the federal U.S. drug policy under which the manufacture,
importation, possession, use and distribution of certain substances is regulated.
→ In1971, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.

(Note: The Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 is a United

Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamine-
type stimulants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics signed in
Vienna, Austria on 21 February 1971. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
of 1961 could not ban the many newly discovered psychotropics, since its scope
was limited to drugs with cannabis, coca, and opium-like effects.)

→ In 1971, the Vietnam War is linked with concerns over drugs and the Nixon
administration coins the term War on Drugs.
▪ Starting in 1965, the CIA's Airline, Air America had been flying opium for the
Hmong (Meo) hill tribe opium farmers until as late as 1971. "Southeast Asia's
Golden Triangle region has become a mass producer of high-grade no. 4
heroin for the American market." The heroin refined in Laos was being
shipped to Vietnam and this high grade fluffy white no. 4 heroin is what was
being used by U.S. soldiers there.
▪ May: Congressmen Robert Steele (R-CT) and Morgan Murphy (D-IL) release
an explosive report on the growing heroin epidemic among U.S. servicemen
in Vietnam.
▪ June 17: Nixon declares war on drugs. He characterized the abuse of
illicit substances as "public enemy number one in the United States".
Under Nixon, the U.S. Congress passed the Controlled Substances Act
of 1970. This legislation is the foundation on which the modern drug
war exists. Responsibility for enforcement of this new law was given to the
Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs and then in 1973 to the newly
formed Drug Enforcement Administration. During the Nixon era, for the
only time in the history of the war on drugs, the majority of funding goes
towards treatment, rather than law enforcement.
▪ Later in the month the U.S. military announces they will begin urinalysis of all
returning servicemen. The program goes into effect in September and the
results are favorable: "only" 4.5% of the soldiers test positive for heroin.
→ In 1972, United States President Richard Nixon announced the
commencement of the so-called "War on Drugs." Later, President Reagan added
the position of drug czar to the President's Executive Office.
→ In 1973, New York introduced mandatory minimum sentences of 15 years to
life imprisonment for possession of more than 113 grams (4 oz) of a so-
called hard drug, called the Rockefeller drug laws after New York Governor and
later Vice President Nelson Rockefeller. Similar laws were introduced across the
United States.
→ California's broader 'three strikes and you're out' policy adopted in 1994
was the first mandatory sentencing policy to gain widespread publicity and
was subsequently adopted in most United States jurisdictions. This policy
mandates life imprisonment for a third criminal conviction of any felony
offense.
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 74

→ In 1972, March 22, US The National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse
recommends legalizing possession and sales of small amounts of marijuana.
Nixon and the Congress ignore the suggestion.
→ In 1974, A US Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, chaired by Sen. James O.
Eastland on The Marihuana-hashish epidemic and its impact on United States
security invited 21 scientists of the first rank from seven different countries to
testify, including Gabriel G. Nahas and Nils Bejerot. The testimony of these
experts showed that the evidence accumulated by scientific researchers on
marijuana had turned dramatically against this drug.
→ In 1974, the Inter Agency Committee on Drug Prevention Education was created
and played vital role in the integration of drug abuse prevention concepts in
social actions programs
→ In 1979, Illegal drug use in the U.S. peaks when 25 million of Americans used an
illegal drug within the 30 days prior to the annual survey.
→ In 1979, the first International non-governmental organization conference was
held in Jakarta, Indonesia, followed by the second which was held from
November 3 to 8, 1980 at Manila. After the second conference, the Philippine
council of Non-Governmental Organization was organized.
→ In 1986, The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 was enacted into law by US
Congress. It changed the system of federal supervised release from a
rehabilitative system into a punitive system. The bill enacted new mandatory
minimum sentences for drugs, including marijuana.
→ In 1988, Near the end of the Reagan administration, the Office of National Drug
Control Policy was created for central coordination of drug-related legislative,
security, diplomatic, research and health policy throughout the government. In
recognition of his central role, the director of ONDCP is commonly known as the
Drug Czar. The posit
→ In 1988, the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotics Drugs
and Psychotropic Substances was held further bolstering anti drug laws.
→ In 1992, Illegal drug use in the U.S. fell to 12 million people.
→ In 1993, December 7, Joycelyn Elders, the US Surgeon General, said that the
legalization of drugs "should be studied", causing a stir among opponents.
→ In 1998, The US government commissions the first-ever full study of drug policy,
to be carried out by the National Research Council (NRC); the Committee on
Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs is headed by Econometrician
Charles Manski.
→ In 2001, The US National Research Council Committee on Data and Research
for Policy on Illegal Drugs is published. The study reveals that the government
has not sufficiently studied its own drug policy, which it calls "unconscionable".
→ In 2001, 16 million in the U.S. were drug users.
→ In 2008 Several reports state the benefits of drug courts compared with
traditional courts. Using retrospective data, researchers in several studies found
that drug courts reduced recidivism among program participants in contrast to
comparable probationers between 12% to 40%. Re-arrests were lower five years
or more later. The total cost per participant was also much lower. Office of
National Drug Control Policy reports that the Actual youth drug use, as
measured as the percent reporting past month use has declined from 19,4% to
14,8% among middle and high school students between 2001 and 2007.
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 75

→ In 2009, Gil Kerlikowske, the current Director of the Office of National Drug
Control Policy, signaled that the Obama Administration would not use the term
"War on Drugs," as he claims it is counter-productive and is contrary to the policy
favoring treatment over incarceration in trying to reduce drug use. "Being smart
about drugs means working to treat people who go to jail with a drug problem so
when they get out and return to the communities you protect, you will be less
likely to re-arrest them".
→ In 2010, California Proposition 19 (also known as the Regulate, Control & Tax
Cannabis Act) was defeated, with 53.5% of California voters voting "No" and
46.5% voting "Yes."
→ In 2010, The Fiscal Year 2011 National Drug Control Budget proposed by the
Obama Administration devote significant new resources, $340 million, to the
prevention and treatment of drug abuse.
→ In 2012, Colorado and Washington (state) pass laws to legalize the
consumption, possession, and sale of marijuana.
→ In 2014, Alaska and Oregon pass laws to legalize the consumption, possession,
and sale of marijuana.
→ In 2016 recreational marijuana use is legalized in California, Massachusetts,
Nevada and Maine.

 Evolution of Philippine Dangerous Drugs Law

→ Sec. 39 (v), Act No. 182 (The Law on Municipal Code in the Phils.) enacted 31
January 1901—It provides therein that the Municipal Councils of the various
municipalities to be organized thereunder were empowered, among others, to
provide “for the closing of opium joints and punish the keeping or visiting of any place
where opium is smoked or sold for the purpose of smoking.
→ Manila City Ordinance No. 152—Section 3 provides that no person shall visit or be
present at or in any place where opium or any of its derivatives or compounds are
smoked or otherwise used in or on the human body, or unlawfully sold, given away,
or otherwise disposed of.
→ On January 26, 1903, the Philippine Commission enacted ACT NO. 597, Entitled “An
Act Regulating the practice of Pharmacy in the Philippine Islnd, containing among
other provisions—the establishment of or creation of a board of pharmaceutical
examiners under the department of the interior.
→ ACT of (United States) Congress dated 3 March 1905, entitled “ An Act to Revise
and Amend the Tariff Laws of the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes,” it
empowered to enact legislation to prohibit the importation and sale, or adopt
such other measures as maybe required for the suspension of the evils
resulting from the sale and use of the drug, but that after March first, nineteen
hundred and eight, it shall be unlawful to import into the Philippine Islands
Opium, in what ever form, except by the government, and for medicinal
purposes only, and at no time shall it be unlawful to sell opium to any native of
the Philippine Island except for medical purposes.

Pursuant to ACT of (United States) Congress dated 3 March 1905, the Philippine
Commission enacted Act No. 1461, entitled “An Act for the purpose of restricting
the sale and suppressing the evil resulting from the sale and use of opium
NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL
By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 76

until March First, Nineteen Hundred and Eight, when its importation or use for
any but medicinal purposes is forbidden by act of Congress”.

This legislation—considered as the Philippine first comprehensive law on

dangerous drugs—defined opium users, declaring unlawful certain acts
concerning the use, sale, and distribution of opium, established a licensing
procedures of persons allowed to sell or distribute opium, as well as the sale,
distribution and importation thereof, and providing penal sanctions for the
violations of its provisions and seizure and forfeiture of illegally imported,
sold, possessed or used opium.

→ On October 10, 1907, the Philippine Commission enacted ACT NO. 1761, entitled
“An Act gradually to restrict and regulate the sale and use of Opium pending
the ultimate prohibition of the importation of Opium into the Philippine Islands
in the Act of Congress (of the United States) approved March 3rd, nineteen
hundred and five, and prohibiting any persons from having possession of
Opium, Cocaine, or Alpha or Beta Eucaine in any of the several forms, or any
derivative or preparation of any such drugs……..

This law covered the same subjects as the earlier law repealed by it, but it
expanded the regulatory and restrictive coverage thereof.

→ On February 27, 1914, the then Philippine Legislature enacted ACT No. 2339,
known as the INTERNAL REVENUE LAW of 1914, which, among others defined
“PROHIBITED DRUG, and providing for the persons lawfully authorized to possess
and use prohibited drugs.
→ On February 28, 1914, the same legislative assembly enacted ACT NO. 2381,
entitled “An Act Restricting the use of Opium and repealing Act NO. 1761.

This law prohibited the ownership, preparation, or administration of prohibited drugs

(except those lawfully authorized under Act No. 2339), the maintenance of a dive or
resort where opium is smoked or otherwise unlawfully used, the importation of
prohibited drugs into the Philippines, the sale or delivery of any prohibited drugs, and
the custody of any opium pipe or other apparatus designed for smoking, injecting or
administering opium, and authorized the Chief of Constabulary to supervise its
enforcement.

→ When the Revised Administrative Code was enacted in 1917, it embodied therein
as its Chapter 30 the earlier mentioned Pharmacy Law and also the earlier Medical
Law, which provided for the licensing of Pharmacist and Doctors authorized to
prescribed, sell and distribute prohibited drugs, and imposing penal sanctions for
violations thereof.
→ When the REVISED PENAL CODE (RPC) was enacted in 1930—it took effect
January 1, 1932—it embodied a Title on Crimes Relative to Opium and other
Prohibited Drugs, consisting of Five (5) articles, and repealed Sections 2 to 5 and 8
& 9 of ACT No. 2381.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education
 77

→ On June 20, 1953, RA 953 was enacted by the Philippine Congress otherwise
known as “THE NARCOTIC DRUGS LAW”, among others, it prohibited any person
to sell, barter, exchange or give away any of the said drugs except in pursuance to
the conditions of permit and in forms thereunder prescribed, but it did not affect the
existing laws on Food and Drugs, or offense relative to opium in other drugs, then
embodied in both the Revised Administrative Code and in the Revised Penal Code.

For the first time, this law declared a prohibition on the Cultivation of Marijuana
(INDIAN HEMP) as a national policy.

→ On June 22, 1957, RA 1937 was enacted—which later became PD No. 1464,
promulgated 11 June 1978)—among other things, it prohibit the importation of
MARIJUANA, OPIUM, POPPIES, COCA LEAVES, Opium pipes and parts
thereof, of whatever material, or any other Narcotics or Synthetic Drugs which
are or hereafter declared as habit forming by the President of the Republic of the
Philippines…prescribing penalties of a fine of not more than one thousand
pesos or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or both. If the offender is
an alien, he shall be deported after serving the sentence; and if the offender is a
public officer or employee, he shall suffer disqualifications to hold public
office, to vote and participate in any public election for ten years.
→ On 30 March 1972, RA 6425, otherwise known as the DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT
of 1972, was approved. This enactment was a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 543
and House Bill No. 658, and was finally passed by both Houses of Congress on 15
March 1972.

This law, with some amendments, is the law in force—prior to its repeal by RA 9165
in 2002—relative to the use, possession, sale, distribution, importation, and/or
manufacture of Dangerous Drugs in the Philippines.

→ On 13 December 1993, RA 7659 (otherwise known as Law on Heinous Crimes

or the Death Penalty Law in the Philippines) was approved, re imposing the Death
Penalty and amending for that purpose certain provisions of the Dangerous Drugs
Act of 1972, to wit: Sections 3,4,5,7,8 and 9. Sections 14, 14-A and 15, Sections 16,
20 and 24, and inserting new Sections 15-A and 20-A.
→ On June 07, 2002, RA 9165 otherwise known as “COMPREHENSIVE
DANGEROUS DRUG ACT OF 2002” was signed into law by then President Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo, which took effect on July 04, 2002 repealing RA 6425 otherwise
known as the “Dangerous Drug Act of 1972”.

NOTES IN DANGEROUS DRUGS AND VICE CONTROL

By: Michael Angelo R. Martinez, RCrim. CST, MCJ [On going]
PRC License No. 0016802
Program Head, VMC Department of Criminology Education