Pre calculus

Fall
2022/2023
Function -> The function F from the set A to B is rule that assigned each
element of A to exactly one element is set B.

Ex2.1:13-20: Evaluate the function.

-> f(x) x2+2x
=

find: f(0).f(3),f(-3),f(a),fc-x),f).
AnS:f(d 02 =

+
2x =0

f(3) 342x3 9 6 15
= =

+
-

f(-3) 32+2x 3 9 = -
=
-
6 = 3

f(a)-a +
2a

f( x) (x)2 2( x) x2-2X
-
=

+
-
=

f(t) =) 2(t) 1 2x9 H

a +
=
+
=

-> f(x) (x- 1)

=

find f(0).fc1,f(x +1),f(x*x1)

f(0) 10 11 1 11 1
=
- = -
=

f( 1 1 -1+1 =1 21 2
-
=
-
=

f(x 1) 1(x 1)
+
= +
-
1) (x) =

21-24:Evaluate the pace wise defined function.

f(x) ifx+ =

(2x 3i)x>2 -

-find f(-3), f(0),f(2),f(Z)

f( 3) 5 - =

f(0) 5 =

f(2) 5 =

f(3)2x3 = -
33 =
 3✗ if ✗ so

→
fix
)=lif_ (X
✗≤ 2

-212 ifx>2
find fc-51-kobfaj.FI -1151 ,

fl-51--3×-5=-15 f- (21--2-1.1--3
710)=01-1--1 f-(5) 15-212=32--9
≤

f( 1) =
1+1--2

29.36 > And _kohf( a-ih.and-fa-h-f.tn/=o

h
1+-6×1=2×-3 2-3-11×1=1/2+3
Ans:f(a) =2a -3 Ans :f( a) =a2 -13

fla-ih-2.la/-h)-3--2a+2h.3
fca-ihd-la-hk-3-a2-h2-2ah-3.la#--a=2a-2h-3-l2a---
f-cai-h-fa.ec#h-2ah-3-a-3
h h h h

=2É=2¥=2 =a✗aht
h h

)
=h2+n2ah_¥a
=h+2a
The domain of the function: is the set of all real number for which the expression
is defined as a real real number.

→ Find the domain of the following function. .

-
fix)=✗+2→R( - • ios ) -
fcx)= → [ 2 ,
-104

- fcxt-x2-5X-RC-cs.es) -
f- (×)=☒ _
( -0,2]

{2 } fcx
-

fc*i=¥→R - _

)i- → (2 ,
_
as )

fix)= →
R -
{ -3,3 }
✗2 -9

→ fix) → fix)=✗F3
✗ 2- 4

Ans :
✗ 2-41=0 Ans :X -330

( X -211×+21--10 ✗ ≥3
✗ -42 ,X≠ -2 Domain :[ 3. 1- as )
Domain :R -
f-2,2}

→
fix ) _- - → fix)=€✗-6
2×-8
Ans :X -3 ≥O ,
2×-81=0 Ans :X2_ ✗ -630
✗ 23 ✗ 1=4 ( ✗ +211×-3 ) ≥0

Domain :{ × ≥3and✗-1-4 } Domain:L -

is , -27013ns)
Graphs of function: if f is a function with domain A then the graph of f is the
set of ordered pairs. •

→ F(x)= 2x -3 1-

X F(x)= 2x-3

1
-2 2.(-2)-3=-7 - I _ *

-1 2.(-1)-3=-5 -2 _

0 2.0-3=-3 -3 -•

1 2.1-3=-1 - 4-

2 2.2-3=1 •
-5 _

-6 -

2
→ F(x)= X ^ -7 -

.:
2
X X
-2 4 .
4-

-1 1 3-

0 0 2-

1 1 1-

2 4 ( I 1 1

21
)
-
2 - I

→ F(x)= |X|
^

2-
X F(x)= |X| . .

-2 |-2|=2 .
I -
.

-1 |-1|=1 its -1 '

I 2
0 |0|=0 - I _

1 |1|=1 ✓

2 |2|=2
→
fix)=✗r ^

✗ f(✗)=TX 2

0 50--0
-
.
4 A -2

→ Sketch the graph of defined function.

↳ fix )=f✗ ✗ < -1

①
,

'
-
× ,
× ≥ -1

Ans:
✗ fcxtx ✗ fix) -4×2

f- f
- I llopen) -1 o

-2 -2 0 I

-3 -3 I 0

I 2
1-✗

'
's >
's
'

→ .

i. i

•
-2

✗
• -3

✓
Sketch the graph :
↳ fcx)=l✗ / + ✗
4

Y
✗ -2

O
-1

O
0

02
I 2

4
"
H
3 •

2→f( ×
)=f× if ✗ ≤°
✗ -2 -1 0 ✗ 0 I 2
↑
[
.

✗ + lifx > O Y -2 -1 0 Y I 23
•

-3 -2 - I 1 2 3
.

-1

.
-2

-3

fix
)={2
if
3. → ✗≤ - I ✗ - I -2 -3 ✗ -1 0 I

2 Y 0
✗ 2 if ✗ > -1 Y 2 2 I I

:|
4

→ → , , , ,
-
I

-2

-3
The vertical line test: a curve in the coordinate plan is the graph of a function
if and only if no vertical line intersects the curve more than once

I V21
A B C

Ans: (a): Since she vertical line cuts the graph more than one point. Then given
curve does not define the function
Ans: (b): Since each vertical line will cut the graph at only one point. Then the
.given curve represents a function
Ans: (c): Since she vertical line cuts the graph more than one point. Then given
.curve does not define the function

Does the equation define Y as a function of X?

2
(A) Y - X =2 The last equation is a rule that gives one value of Y for each value
Y= X + 2 of x so it defines y as a function of x
2

(B) ✗ 2+12=4
y? 4- ✗
2
I subtract xD

y
-

_ ± Ed ( Take square roots)

The last equation gives t wo value of y for a given value of x Thus the equation
does not define y as a function of x
The vertical line test:A curve in the coordinate plane is the graph of a
function if and only if no vertical line intersects the curve more than once.

Determine whether the curve is the graph of a function

Ans: (a): Since she vertical line cuts the graph more than one point. Then given
curve does not define the function.
Ans: (b): Since each vertical line will cut the graph at only one point. Then the
given cur ve represents a function.
Ans: (c): Since each vertical line will cut the graph at only one point. Then the
given cur ve represents a function.
Ans: (d): Since she vertical line cuts the graph more than one point. Then given
curve does not define the function.
 Role → y"-12×2=6 No

y3+1×1=3 yes

→ Determine the equation Y as a function x.

↳ ✗ 2+24=4
2
211--4 -
✗

y =

-4-2×2 yes It's a function

,

2→ ✗ + y
2=9

y2=9 ✗
-

y=±9Fx No, It's not a function

Equations that define function.
Does the equation define Y as a function of X?
A→ y-
✗2=2 b-> ✗ 2-1×2=4

Solution:
A- → y
-
✗ 2=2 The last equation is a rule that gives one value of y for each value of «, so it
✗ 2+2
defines y as a function of r. We can write the function as f(x) = X+ 2
f-

b -1×2+12=4 The last equation gives t wo values of y for a given value of r. Thus, the equa-
2--4 ✗2 tion does not define y as a function of x.
✗ -

y-i.FI

= ✗
2
fair

1=1×1
 Transformation of function

1- vertical shift of graph

→
fix)= ✗2+2

→ fcx)=✗2

→
fix)=✗2 → fcx)=✗2 -2

Suppose c > 0.
To graph y = f(r) + c, shift the graph of y = f(x) upward c units.
To graph y = f(x) - c, shift the graph of y = f(x) downward c units.
2
Use the graph of F(X) = X to sketch the graph of each function
2 2
a) g(x)= X + 3 b) h(x)= X - 2
So the y-coordinate of each point on the graph of g is 3 units above the cor-
responding point on the graph of f. This means that to graph g we shift the
graph of f upward 3 units, as in Figure 1.
2-Horizontal shift of graph

Suppose c > 0.
To graph y = f(r - c), shift the graph of y = f(x) to the right c units.
To graph y = f(r + c), shift the graph of y = f(x) to the left c units.
2
-Use the graph of F(x)= X to sketch the graph of each function

2 2
a) g(x) = (X +4) b) h(x)= (X-2)
Solution
(a) To graph g, we shift the graph of f to the left 4 units
(b) To graph h, we shift the graph of f to the right 2 units
3-Reflecting the graph of the function

To graph y = -f(x). reflect the graph of y = f(x) in the x-axis.

To graph y = f(-x). reflect the graph of y = f(x) in the y-axis.
·

- sketch the graph of the function

acf(x)
= -
x-b g(x)xx
+

A
B

·
-Describe the transformation and sketch the graph
I → fc✗1=( ✗ -212+2

Ansi ✗ 2-
Shift 2 Shift 2
( ✗-212-4×-212+2
Unit right Unit up

→ (X
- 2)2+2

✗ E-
2) 2
→(X
-

2-y-kxt-F-i-2-nns.it/-yF-
Shift 2

Unitright
→ ☒ +2
Shift 2

Unit up

→ 5×-1+2

%
→ ☒
4- vertical stretch and shrinking of graph

To graph y = cf(x):
If C > I, stretch the graph of y = f(r) vertically by a factor of c.
If 0 < C < 1, shrink the graph of y = f(x) vertically by a factor of c.
-Use the graph of F (x) = X to sketch the graph of the function
glx )=3X2 b→hW=jx
'
a →
-Describe the transformation and sketch the graph
a f(x) 2.3)x 12
+
=
+

Ansif(x) =
- 3(x 1)- + 2
+

x (x ()2
+
+
- +3(x+ H - c-3(x 12
+
- 1 - 3(x+ H)- +
2

32X 12+

(x + 1)-(-
-/
-> X2

-
1

-
3(x+
1+21- - 3(x -
+ 1

-
3

2+ f(x) 1 =

+ 11 1)
-

Ansif(x) = (x -11-1

Transformation

Ix
Ix sIx 11 I
unit right unit down

I
(x)(x - 1)

1x+1
f(x) crf(x-c -+ -f(x) reflect
(f(x)(1sketoink
+ x-axis

f(x) 3bf(x 1)
-
+
-
f(x) reflect y-axis

1x f(x) x-shift up
=
5 units

shift 2 units
right
Write the equation

Ansif(x) (x-)-
=
+ 3 - up

right

2- f(x) xx shift
=
3 units left

sketch vertical
by a factor of b
reflect in xaxis

write the equation

Ans: f(x) 5(x+3)

=

reflect in x-axis - - 5((3)

 4- even and odd function

- F is even if f(-x)=f(x) for all X in the domain of F

- F is odd if f(-x)= -f(x) for all X in the domain of F

-> determine whether the function are even,odd,or neither even nor odd

a→ fix)=✗5+✗
Ans :-C -
×) =L - XP + C- ×)

= -
✗ 5- ✗ = -1×5-1×1 There for f is an odd function
= - fix

b-> gcx) -

- 1- ✗
4

Ans ✗7=1 C- ×)
"
There for function
gc g
is an even
-
: -

= 1-1×4 =gC✗)

( → hcx) -

_ 2x -
✗
2

Ans htx)=2t✗)
:
-
C- ×)2 Since htxlthcx) and htx > ≠ hat -

, we conclude that his

= -
2x -
✗
2
neither even nor odd .
 Quadratic function, Maximum and Minima

A quadratic function is a function F of the form:

-
f(x) ax-
=

+ bx + 0 -where a bandare real numbers and a to

A quadratic function f(x) ax+ =

+ bx + e Can be expressed in the standard form:

-> f(x) a(x =

-
h)- + k

f(x) a(x-h)-
=
"
I + 1,aco
·Vertex(h,K)

n
X

f(x) a(x-)
=
↑
K-

+
p
·

k,ac0
vertex (h,K)

Here, h = and K f(h)or k

= =

0-Ebli
If a>0, then the minimum value of F is f(h) =k
If a<0, then the maximum value of F is f(h) =k
Example:Consider the quadratic function f-( x) = -
✗
2
+
✗ +2 .
(a)Express f in standard form.
(b) Find vertex
(c) Find X and Y intercepts
(d) Find the maximum or minimum value of F
(e)Sketch the graph of F
(f) Find domain and rang of F

Ans : a = -1 ,
b=l and C=2

a-> h= -

Fa = -

¥, =-3 and K -
- c- (E) = 2- (
¥ )=2+¥= %
4A , ,

= a(✗ - h )2 -1K

f- (x) = _ [✗ -

+ vertex -1h K) ,
= [
I ,
]
,

b vertex Chik)=[ ]
→
-
_

§ ,

C. → - ✗ 2-1×+2=0

- ( x2 -
✗ - 2) 0 =

- ( ✗ + 1) ( ✗ 2) - = 0 This gives ✗ = -1 and ✗= 2

→ Hence ✗ intercepts are : -1 and 2

→ Now y intercepts = flo) 02+0+2=2

=

Hence y intercepts = 2

→ Here a = -1<0 ,
then the maximum value of f=K=

@
→
Here a = -1<0, then the
graph of f is :

§
(3) %)

f-→ Domain = [ -1,2 ] ,

Range = C- as ,
%]
+ a
f(x)
-
=
- x2 + 2x + 4

Intercepts
x-intercepts. y = 0

-
f(x) 0 =

x2+ 2x 4 0+
=
x-
ac
x
eac
-

I
1
4
-

10 0
=
=

4-

50
x
0, x
=
=

-
2

x =
- 1.23,x = 3.23
- 1.25 3.23

y intercepts. x = 0

y cAlways
=

4
y =

->
function has maximum value at he and value K=5

-> Domain.
R
->
f(x) x2
=
+
2x +
2

- write standard form

- write vertex
- find intercepts
- sketch the graph
- find maximum or minimum value
- find domain

Ans: a 1, b 2,=
c- 2

It standard form 2x Vertex =(h,1) (1,1) =

f(x) =
a(x h)- + k - 3 intercepts
-

h
a=
=

= = = = X intercepts y= 0
=

f(x) 0 =

k f(h) f(-1) (-1)- 2) 1)

= =
=

+
-
+ 2 x2+ 2x + 2 0 =

-1 - 2+2 1 = x = 5.1.2
2.1
f(x) 1(x (-1))-+)
= -

f(x) = (x + 1)- +
1 =
=N0
Real

I
47 2 fix) has no xintercepts

( -1,1)
I
yintercepts
y =
- I

y2 =

B- Since a KO, the function f has minimum value at xxhot and value yoko
Ex Domain R
→ Modeling with functions .

Exm gardener has 140 feet of fencing to rectangular vegetable garden

: A .

a->
find function that models the area of the garden she can fence
a .

b-> find the dimensions of the largest are she can fence .

Solution :

Y feet let lenght = ✗ feet and width =

y feet
✗ feet
Given the perimeter 2×+2
y = 140

✗ + y =
70

y 70
= -
✗

Area of the rectangle =

length width .

A =
✗ .

y
= ✗ .
(70 - ×)

2
A a) =
70 ✗ -
✗

quadratic function fcx) 2

A (x) is a =
a✗ + b✗+ C
with a=
-1
, b--70 , C 0
=

The area Acx) is maximum when ✗= -_b

2a

✗ = -70 = 35
2g ,,
✗ +1=70 Substitute ✗ = -35

y 70 -35
=

y = 35 The dimensions are length 35ft and width =35ft

Combining functions .

→ Ietfandgbe function with domains Aand B. Then the functions f- +

g. f- g ,

fg and flg are defined as follows .

(f-+ g) (x) _-f(✗ )

gcx) -1 Domain AMB
( f- g) (x)=f( ×) gcxl -
Domain AAB
( fg )( ×)=f( ×) g. ( x) -
Domain ANB

( f/g)( x )= Domain {✗ EAABIGLX) -1-09

964

→
find f-g. f-g. f. g. fig and other domains .

Where fcx) _ -2×+3 , gcx)=✗2 _

4

Ansif-g-fcxl-g.cn → f- g=f( ×) -

gcx)
= 2×+3 -1×2-4 = 2×+3 ( -
✗ 2- 4)

= ✗2+2×-1 = 2×+3 - ✗ 2+4

Df+g=DfhDg=RnR=R = -
✗ 2+2×+7

Df g =D .fnDg=R
-

→
f. g=fcx) gcx) -

→ f/g= = -2×+3
= (2×+371×2-4)
gcx) ✗ 2-4
= 2×3 -8×+3×2-12 =
Dfntg {✗ lgcx) -
-0
-
}
Dg
Dfg =DfhDg=R = R { -2.2}
-
→ Composition of the function
f- 9

✗ f(×) gtkx)
-

9 of

↳ Composition of gandf

→ let f- and g are two function then composition of g and f.

Domain : .

☐ fog =D f(g(xD A Dgcx)

→

→
Dg of =Dg. (f(✗1) A Dfcx)
-
Dfof Dfcfcx)) A Dfcx)
=

Dgog Dglgcx ) n
= )
Dgcx)

→ find fog gof , fof and gog and other domain

, .

where fcx)= 2×+3

gcx)= ,

Ans:Df=R , Dg R {03 = -

fog )( )
( × =
fig (xD -
(gof)(x) _
-

Dgcfcxll
=f( g. (2×+3)
3×-1=2 -3×+3 .
=

=
¥ +3=-6+311 ✗
=
¥
Domain =P {o} -

-
( f- ◦ f) ( x) fcfcx) = Domain --
Dgcfcx)) A Dfcx)
{
= 2.1×+31+3 = R -

¥}n R

= 4×+6+3=4×+9 -
(
go g) ( x) =
gcgcx))
Domain = RAR =R =g( F) =
-3¥ 13¥
= = ✗

Domain = RAR - Lo}

→ Composition of the
function .

→ find f+g ,
f- g. fg , -4g and their domains .

where fcx)= ✗ 2+2 ✗ , gcx)= -3×2-1

A- =D :R B=D:R
AnB=R
-
Cftg)( ×)=f( ×
)+g( ×) _ ( f-g)( x) _- fcx) g(× )
-

= ✗ 2+2×+3×11 = ✗ 2+2/1 -
(3×2-1)
= 4×2+2×-1 DR = ✗
2
-12×-3×2+1
= -2×2+2×+1 DR

-
( fg) (x) : fcx ) .

gcx) - ( flgkx)=fcx) /gcx)

=( ✗ 2+2×713×2 1) Dir { }
=

§
-
-

✗2+6×3 2x
"
=3 ✗ -
-
DR
→
One to One functions and their Inverses
.

A function is one to one if and

only ifno horizontal line intersects its graph
more than once .

→ showing that a function is one to one .

n n

'

h '

n .

fcx) fix)
3×-2
¥
-
= -
-

,
f( ✗ ) fcxe)
,
=

3×1-2=3×2-2 f( × ) fcx
, = ,)

3×1=312-2/-121
2¥ -2¥ _

3¥ _-$¥→ 2x? -
1=2×3 - I

✗i - ✗a fcx) is 1- I 2×7--2×22 #

2¥ -25¥ =

✗ ? = ✗ 3
✗, = ± ✗2 fcx) is not 1- I
→The
Inverse ofa function

Definition .ie/-fbeaoneto0nefunctionwithdomainAandrangeB.Then
'
it's inverse function f- has domain Band Ais defined
range by .

'
f- ( y)=xfcx)=y

→ find the inverse of the

following function .

↳ fix)= 2→fc✗)= #
3×-2 ✗ -3

put y=fcx) put y=f( ×)

y= -2×+3 y= ✗ -3
3×-2

y( 3×-21=2×+3 Y( ✗-3)=X -3
3×9-29=2×+3 yx -3y=× -3
1) =X -3
3✗y -2/1=3+29 ✗(
y -

✗
(39-2)=3 -12g ✗ = €3
y r -

✗= -3+29
39-2

interchange ✗andy interchangyandx

y= 3×-2
y= -2+3/1
✗ I -

Thenputy -1--1×1 put y=f -1×1

fix)= f- ( ) 21--3/1
'
x --

3×-2 ☒ -1
→A function and their graphs
polynomial .

→A polynomial function of degree n is a function of the form :

PCX) an Xn + an ✗
"'
= _ , + . . .

+ a. ✗ + Go
where n is a nonnegative
integar and an -40

Not : for end behaviour

y=lim( leading term)
✗ →± as

fxm :
pcx) =-3 ✗3+2×2+5 Pex)= -5×2+3×7-2×9+3
leading term -3×3
=
leading term -2×9 =

leading coefficient =-3 leading coefficient -2 =

Degree of pal = 3 Degree of pcx) = 9

Constant coefficient = 5 Constant coefficient =3
→ fxm sketch the graph of polynomial function Make sure your graph shows
: .

all intercepts and exhibits the proper and behavior .

>
↳ pcx)=✗ + ✗2- ✗ -1

Solution :
intercepts
for ✗ -
intercepts :
pcx) -0C Solve for ×) end behavior :

>
× + ✗2- ✗ -1=0 y time leading term
-

_
+ as
2
✗ ( ✗ + 1) -11×+17=0 =/ im 1×3) = as
✗ → + as

( ✗ + 1) (+2-1)=0
( ✗ + 1) ( ✗ 1) (✗ +17=0
-

y= time
leading term) - as

Hence ✗ intercepts are : -1 , -1,1 = time✗ 3) = -

as
✗→ -
as

y intercepts plo)= -1
-

Task Table :
plot :

✗ p(✗)= ✗3-1×2 _
× -1

-2 -3

_
I

-
0.5 0.375
0.5 -1.125
2 9

→ The end behavior of the polynomial on the

leading term or

highest degree term of polynomial

fxmiplx)= -3×3+2×1,5
→
find the end behavior of pal .

✗→ + as ✗→ - as [ -3×3+2×75 ]=✗→+as(→ ✗3) = -3613=-36)= -

as

pcx)=lim (-3×3)=-31-073
✗
→ - as ✗→ + as = -3C -
as )3
=
+ as

→ sketch the graph of polynomial

→
12
pcx)=( ✗ - 1) (✗+ 1) (✗+ 2)

%
Ans find the Zeros
:

putpcx)=0
( ✗ 1) ( ✗ + 1) (11+2)=0
-

4
✗ =L ✗ = -1 ✗= -2 2

Zeros :L ,
-1 , -2

→ prepare the table -4

-6
✗ pcx) -8

-3 (-3-111-3+1) (-3+2)=-8
-2 0
- 1.5 C- 2. 5)(-0.5110-5)=0.625
- I 0

0 C- 1) (1) (2) = -2

I 0

2 (1) (3) (41=12

→ pcx)=✗3 -2×2-4×+8
Ans find Zeros :p#0
:
prapertable
✗3-2×2-4×+8
✗ Plx)
✗4×-2) -41×-21=0

( ✗ 2) ( x2 -47=0
-
-3 25
( ✗ -271×-211×+21=0 -2 0

A-
2,11--2,11=-2 0 8
2 0

3 5

I
"

-2 2 3
-3 -

t.gl
-10

-15

✗ -20
→ -0

pH)→ - as -25
→
sketch the graph of the polynomial function -
Make sure your graph shows all intercepts exipits the paper

end behavior .

8 .

↳ plx)=(✗ - 1) (✗ + 1) ( ✗ -21 AS : ✗→ as
6

pcx) :O ¢ Y→cs
(✗ d) ( ✗ + 1) (✗-27=0 2-

✗ =\ ,
-1,2 Zeros ofpcx) → -2 -
i i. 2 3 4

-2
( ✗ intercepts)
-

-4
✗ Y Cx , 'D
-
2 -12 (-2-12) -6
- I 0 C- 1,0)
-8
0 2 (0,2)
I 0 ( 1,0) -10
1. 5 -0.6 ( 1.5, -0.6)
2 0 (2,0) AS ✗→ -
as v. -12

3 8 (3) 8)
Y→ -
as

→
dim ✗ 3=f
✗→ -
as = -
as

✗ % ( as)
>
→
dim = as

✗ → as
2→pC✗)=✗3_ ✗ 2-12/1
pcx)=0
✗ 3- ✗ 2-12×-0

✗ [ ✗ 2- ✗ -129=0

✗( ✗ - 4) ( ✗ +33=0

✗ = 0,4 , _
3. Zeros ofpcx) 40 .

( x-

intercepts) 30 As
: ✗ → as

✗ Y kid 20 y→os
-
4 -32 C- 4,32)
-3 0 ( -3,0) .IO
10 ( -1,10)
to 0 ( 0,0)
-4 -5 -2 -1 2 3 4 5
42 -20
0
(-2 , -20)
( 4,0)
5 do 15,40)
20 .

-30
.

As:✗→ -
as - 40

y→ -
as
→ Dividing polynomials
DCN → Divisor
QCX )→ Quotient
RW→ Remainder
pcN→ polynomial # long Division

→
find pal and Q( ×) of the following function .

-2×3 -13×2+5×+2 PCX )= ✗ 6+2×4 -3×3+10

→ PLX)= →

131×1=11-3 ① ( ×)= ✗ 2-2

Ans : Ansi ✗
'
+0×5+2×4-3×3 -10×2+0×+10

✗-3
9✗+32QCH
2×13,3×3,5×+2
"
✗ +4×2-3×+8

_2/I6I ✗ 2- 2*0×5+2=13×30×70×+10
91×2+5×+2 #i2
-9×2+-2-71 4#3×3,0×2,0×+10

3/2×+2 _#I8✗2_
-321×-1-96 -3×1=8×2+0×+10
98 → Rcx) #±
8×2/-6×+10
Q( ✗1=2×2+9×+32 -8×-2-+1-6
121×1=98 -6×+26

"
①(f) = ✗ +4×2-3×+8

RCX)= -6×+26
 find the quotient and remainder by division.
-I using long

- x2-2x 6
1x -> P(x) D(x).Q(X) + R(X)
+

x- 2
x- x3- 2x 6 (x 2)(x2+x)
+ = -
+ 6

x + X

2c
x

bits
-

a(x) X2- X
=

R(x) G
=

2 3x5x320x.5
-

x2 + x + 3

AnS:
3x2 -
8x - 1

x-x(x 3x30x-2ux - - b
-x3x3 +9x2
-x3.9x2-20X-5 a(x) 3x2-8X-1
=

-3 8x2-24X
-

R(x) 5X= -
2
*2 + 4x E -

2=
= x= G

5x 2
-
→ synthetic Division

Exmiuse synthetic division to divide 2×3-7×2 -15

→ by ✗ -3 .

3 2 -7 o 5
6 -3 -9

2 -
I -3 -4

pcx)
-

_ 2×3 -7×2+5
DIX> = ✗ -3

QCX)=2×2 -
✗ -3

131×1=-4

→ ✗ +3--0
✗ +3
✗ =-3

C. =-3
✗3- 0×2-8×+2

-
3 I 0 -8 2 Rex)= -1

I -3 9 -3 QCX)=✗2-3×+1

PC 3) =R= -1
-

I -3 l - l
→ pcx ) -6×5+10×3-1×+1 derided by
- G- -2

p( ✗2- 6×5+0×4 -110×70×7×+1

- 2 6 0100 1 I

-12 24-68136-274

6 -12 34-68137-273

121×1=-273
Q(✗1--6×4 -12×3+34×2-68×+137

pts) R - = -273

→ show that cis a Zero ofpcxl and find Zeros ofpcx) .

p(×) _- ✗
3
-3×2-13×+15 C=1

1 I -3 -13 15 Q(✗)= ✗ 2-2×-15

0 I -2 -15 121×1=0
I -2 -15 0 pct )=R=0

→
1 is a Zero ofpcx)
PCX)=Q( ✗I. DCX) +
Rcx)

( ✗ 2-2×-15)( ✗ 1) +0 -

( x 5)( ✗ + 3) (x-D
-

Zeros : 5 ,
-3 ,
I
→ The Remainder theorem .

If the divided then the remainder the

→ polynomial pal is by ✗ - c. is

value pcc) .

Exm use the remainder theorem and

:
synthetic division to find the
value of the
polynomial :

→ pcx)
= 3×5+5×3-4×3+7×+3
1 use remainder when
:
PCH is derided by ✗+2

2. use remainder to find pc 2) -

Ans ↳ plx)
: = 3×5+5× -4×3-10×2+7×+3
"

DW = ✗ +2=0 ✗= -2
b-> Here pl 2) is the remainder
2 35 -4 07 3
-

-6 2 4 -8 2
of pcx)
0
PC -21=5
3- I -2 4 -
i 5

"
3
QIN =3× _ ✗ -2×2+4×-1
121×1=5

Quast ion → If pcx) 3+2×2+3 ✗ -1 divided 3) Then what

= ✗ is
by ( ✗+

is the remainder ?
Ans: put ✗ +3=0
by reminded theorem
3
✗ =-3 plc) =p C- 3) =L 3) +2C 3) 2+31-3)
- -

= -27 + 18 - 9 - I

= -
19
→
factor Theorem
Zero of p if and if factor of pcx)
C is a
only ✗ C is
- a .

QQ.DK) Rlx)
plx)
=
+

p ( x) = Q(✗7. ( X - C) + PCC)
◦
p( ×) = Q(×) ( ✗ . - c)

is a factor of pcxl
Quastion show that the given value
: c is zero of pcx) and find all

the Zeros of pal

→ pcx
) ✗3-8×+8 C=2 = ,

An S : C is Zero of pcx)

p( c) = 0

Now p (2) = 23-8.2+8=8 -16+8=0

p (x
) = ① ( x) (✗ -2)
.

use synthetic division method →The Zeros of pcx) , we had

✗ 2+0×2-8 ✗ 8 C- 2 to put acx)=0 , and solve
pcx) = + ,

✗ 2+2×-4=0
2 I 0 -
8 8
02 4 -8 ✗ =
=Ñ
2.1

I 2 -4 0 ✗ =

✗ =
,
✗ =

2 2

✗ = - l ± F-
→Complex number
a complex number is an expression of the form a + bi
where a→ real part of complex number
:

b->
imaginary part of complex number
i → is the
imaginary number i=F

→
find real and imaginary part of the complex number .

↳ 2+3 i 3→ -

ji
real part = 2 real part _
- i

imaginary part =3 imaginary part = -

£
9. → -2 4-> -2-4 i

real part = -2 real part = -2

imaginary part = 0
imaginary part = -4

→ Addition :(a + bi ) + (C + di ) = ( a + c) +
( b + d) i

bi) (C ( b- d)i
→Subtraction
:( a + -

+ di) = (a -
C) +

→ Multiplication :( a + bit
.
Cadi ) =
Cac -
bd) + Cad + be)i
→ Express the following in the form aibi

a-> (3+51)+(4-2) ↳ (3+51)-(4-9)

b. → (3+51714-2) d→ i 23

Solution :
a→ (3+5)+(4-21)=(3+4)+15-2)i=7+3i
b-> (3+51)-(4-21)=(3-4) _
( 5-1-21)i= -
I + 7- i
C (3+51714-2)=(3.4-51-2) ) + (31-2)+5.4)i-22+141
.

→
☐ → 123=1.22+1--4.2 ) -1=1-1 )i= i
' "
-

Number conjugate
3. +
Ii 3- Ii

complex conjugates I - i Item

Hi - Hi

5 5

→ Dividing complex numbers

91¥ --(¥%;) =
(ac+bd)+cbc
C' * d2
→ Express the following in the form a + bi .

a-
>
¥¥=(¥¥)i¥:)=¥"= -

¥ ¥i

b→
¥i=7¥i)( ¥8 % ¥
i
= = - i

→ square roots of negative numbers .

a-> Ft = if -

_ i

b → Ft = if = hi

c→ Fs = it

→ Using square roots o

negative numbers

( T2 - B) (3+5-4) = ( T2 -
if)
i B) ( 3 +

= ( 255 i B) (3+2 i)
-

= (653+253) i (2.253-355) +

= 8 + is
→ Quadratic equation with complex solutions .

a→ ✗ 2+9=0 → ✗= -1-5-9 = ± ira = -1-3 i

The solution are therefore 3i and -3 i

b→ ✗ 2+4×+5=0 → ✗ =
¥5
2

= _4
2
-4-1=-54
=

2
=
#=i = -2 ± i

The solution are -2 + i and -2 i -

→ Eualuat and write the resent on the form a+ bi .

I → (2+51)+(4-0)=6 - i

2 → (-6+6 it +19 - i 1=3+5 i

3
→
C- 4 +
it _ (2-51)=-6+6 i
4
→ Gi - ( 4- it =
-
4+7 i
b- → 17 i )( 4+21=28+14 i
- _
Hi -2 ?

= 28+10 i +2 Role→ i 2=-1

= 30+10 i

?
6→2ij- - i) = i -2

= i - 2C 1)-

= i +2
7- → = É
(3+4 i)(3- 4i )

= l5-2Oi-3i+ = i
32+42 25

11-2-31 23i_
.

= = _

25 25

8→ i=i
2- 3i ( 2- 3i ) ( 2+3 i )

= -52+781+78%7.12 = 52+156=-117
22 + 3
2
13

= =
¥5 +
13

= -5+12 i
→The
fundamental theorem of Algebra and complete fractionation .

→
fundamental theorem of Algebra .

" ""

p(×) = an ✗ + An - i ✗ + . . .
+ a, ✗ + Go ( n ≥ 1. an -1-0)

which complex coefficients has at least one complex Zero

.

→ Complex
factorization theorem
If pal is a
polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 ,
then there exist complex numbers a ,
C. , Ca ,
. . .

,
Cn l with a -1-0) such that

plx) = a(✗ -
G) ( ✗ (2) - . . . ( ✗ Cn)
-

→ Example 1 : let pcx) = ✗3+4 ✗ .

a→ find all the Zeros of p .

b→ find the complete factorization of p .

Solution :
pi) 0 =

✗ 3+4 ✗ = 0

✗ (✗ 2 + 4) = 0

✗ = 0 , ± Ii

a→ The Zeros of pcx) are 0,2 i , -2 i

b → pcx) ✗( ✗ Ii) ( ✗ + Ii) = -
→ Example let pcx)
: = ✗
3
-3×2-1×-3
a→ find all the Zeros of pcx)
b → find the complete factorization of pH)
solution a → we first factor PCH as follows
: .

pcx) = ✗ 3-3×2 + ✗ -3 given

= ✗ 4×-3) + ( ✗ 3) -

group terms
= ( ✗ 3) (✗ 2+1)
- factor ✗-3

find the Zeros of pea each factor equal to 0

→ We by setting .

p(×) = ( X 3) ( ✗ 2+17
-

This factor is 0 when ✗ =3 This factor is 0 when

✗= i or _
i

→ Setting ✗ -3=0 , we see that ✗ =3 is a Zero .

Setting ✗ 2+1--0 ,
we get
✗ 2=-1 , so ✗ = ± i so the Zeros
,
of pcx ) are 3 , i and - i

→
b :
pcx)=( ✗ 3) ( X i )( ✗-
- -
l i ))
-

= ( ✗ - 3) ( ✗ - i) ( ✗ + i )
→ Example : let pcx) = ✗3- 8.

a→ find all the Zeros of pcx)

b-> find the complete factorization of pcx)

solution → pcx) o -

✗3-8=0

( x 2)(✗2+2×+41=0
-

✗ = 2 , -1 ± Fi

a → The Zeros of pcx) are 2 -1+1 Bi , ,

- l - l Ti
b → pcx)=( ✗ 2) ( ✗ l - - -
l + Fi ) )( X -
C - l -
Fi))
= ( ✗ 2) ( ✗ +1 Fi) (
- - ✗ + i
+
Fi)

b:-( a b) Ca? ab + b4
3
a - -

as + b '
= (a+ b) Lae - ab +
b4

→ Example :
let p(✗)= ✗
"
+2×2-8
a→ factor p into linear and irreducible quadrad- factor with real coefficients .

b.→ factor p completely into linear factor with complex coefficients .

"
Solution → a → p (x) = ✗ +2×2-8
= ( ✗ 2- 2) ( ✗ 2+4)
= (x - B) (✗ G) ( + ✗ 2+41

b→pc✗)=C✗ - B) ( ✗ +5211×2+4 )
= (✗ - G)( ✗ B) ( ✗ sik ✗ + Ii)
+ -
→ let pcx)= 3-2×+4
✗

a find
→ all Zeros of pal real complex
, .

b- find the complet factorization of pal

> .

Solution → 11=1 :p( D= 13-2.1+4--3=10 ✗ = -2 is Zerosofpcx)

pl D= -13
- -
2. C- 1) +4--5=10 pcx)=(✗+2) QCX)
-

↓
✗ =2 :p(2) = 23-2.2+4=8-1-0
find
p( 2)- = -23 2. C-2) +4=0
-

pcx)= ✗ 3+0×2 -2×+4

- 2 I 0 -2 4 QCX)= ✗ 2-2×+2
0 -2 4 -4

I -2 2 0

→
for other Zeros put Qcx)=0
'
✗ -2×+2=0

✗= _b±bM= +2+-1-2134.1--2
29 2.1

e-
212€ = 22
2

= 2i
I

✗= I + i ,
I - I
→
Rational function

Asymptotes :
is a
straight line that
continually approaches a
given
carve but does not meet it at finite distance
any
.

→ Asymptotes of Rational function Rx) : =

→ ① (x) -1-0 , pal and QQ are polynomial

→
a : vertical asymptotes setting : denominator = 0 and solve ×

That is Q( ✗1=0 ( solve for ×)

→
b Horizontal asymptotes:limr)
:

✗ term ) → + as ( leading of denominator

→ pal and QCX) are polynomial
Exmifcx)=
# V. An
solution :

[ ,,,gµ
10000

✗ × )=± 1000

100
I 1/1=1
10 1/10--0.1
µ, µ ,, , ,, ,
1000 1/1000=0.001
10000 1/10000=0.0001 ✓
↳ type graph

→
fed -2¥ L
3×+6
)
a->find Asymptotes 2→ -
type graph
b-> find intercepts
C find domain ]
→
r
solution → a: 3×+6=0
3 ✗ = -6
YY• =-3
✗ = -2

b:X intercepts y=o

-

y intercepts
-
x=o

3×+3-0 -

y=
-3×+6 3.0+6

✗ =-3
2 y
c. Domain 12-1-23
→ fxmircx)=
✗ +3

- find the domain

D: R {-3 } -

-
find ×
,y intercepts

y intercepts ✗=o ✗ intercepts y=o

-
-

y=¥§= -2
3 ¥-3 -0
✗ +2=0
20 ,
%) ✗ = -9

( -2,0 )
find
-

asymptotes
vertical asymptotes Horizontal
asymptotes
Dominator
y=¥
✗ +3=0 I
y=
✗ =-3

Stritch the graph

,→i;
-

-4+2 -2.2
.

y =L
l
Y
.
- -

-4-+2 I
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

HA
e. ¢ ,,
→
-

&
,

i. -2

Rang : R - El } i

,
-

✓=-3

VA
→ rcx
)
-2,1¥
- find domain

D :R -
{ 3}

- find my intercepts
g- intercepts :✗=0 ✗ -

intercepts :y=0
y
-2-0-5=-5
.
-2×-5=0
0-3 3 ✗ +3

( 0 ,
%) 2×-5=0
2✗=5→✗=% (5/2,0)
find
-

asymptotes
UA :X -3=0 HA :y=2¥
✗ =3 y=2
^

/
÷i..%5
i
-
stitch the graph 4 .

- - - - -
a- - - -

'
=3
I
i
,
< , , ☐ o
>
→ , , "

-2 i
-

Range :P { 23 -

→
I
 → Exponential function

Exponential function with base a is a defined for all real numbers

✗
by fcx)=a× where a > 0 and a -1-1 .

→ Example :

fcx) = 2
×
Bases
✗

91×1=3 → Base 3
✗
h ( ✗ 1=10 → Base 10

→ Draw the graph of each function .

" ×

a→ =3 b → gcx)=(

Solution :

✗ fat =3
✗
91×1=(1-3)
×

-3 1/27 27 Y Y y=3×
-2 119 9
- ' "3 3

O I I

1 3 113 < >✗

2 9 I '
119
-

3 27 1127

Domain : R Range :( 0 , + as )
?⃝
→ Graphs of exponential functions .

fcx)=a× → la>0 ,
a -1-7

→ Has domain R and x-axis) is horizontal

range 10 , as ) - The line y=0 ( the a

of f. The of f has of the following

asymptote graph one shapes .

→
find the exponential function Ex)=a× whose graph is
given .

^ ^
y

±
↳ 2. 9)

< > < > ×

-3 0 I 2 3 -3 0 3
, ✓

→ let the function be fCH=a✗ → let the function be fcx)=a×

9=92 115--9-1
a = -1-3 115=1 /a
a- 31Since a >0 ) a = 5

→Therefor the function is -9×7--3✗ →There for the function is fcx)=5×

→ Describe the transformations and sketch the graph .

I→ f( ×) = 4×-2
Transformations
• sketch the graph of fcx)=4×
, ,,, gun,, , µ,
•
,gµ , ,
,
, ,

2→ f( ✗I = 2- 3×
Transformations
×
• Sketch the graph of fcxl =3

• Reflect on ✗ axis

• shift 2 units upwards .

NY

×
< >
, ,

-
I

2 -2

-3
→ Discribe the transformation and sketch the graph .

↳ g( ✗7=2×-3
^

I
2x
Transformation
• sketch the graph of gcx)=2× < 2×53
• Shift 3 unit down .
1

✗
2→fcx)= - 2- +3 ✓

Transformation ^

• sket the graph of -Kx)=2× ✗ ✗

×
2- 2
• reflect in
y-axis 2-
×

reflect in
-

• x-axis -2

• shift 3. unit up -
✗
2- +3 < >

-2-13
×
- 2-

3→h( )=2 -3×-2

×

Transformation

[
×
3.
• sketch the graph of hcx)=3×
" 3×-2
• "" " "" " " "
° "
• Reflect in x-axis -3×-2
• shift 2 unit up
< >
-3×72

- 3×-2
✓
 Discribe the transformation and stitch the
→ graph .

↳ f( ✗7=2×+3 3N
Transformation
"""" the ʰ°f R
I
• Shift 3 unit to the left . R :(0,07
< >
-3 -2 -1 I 2 3

'
V
Y 12 I 2

"

2→f( )=2-3× × 3 g.
✗

Transformation 2 D :P
R :(-00,2)
"
• Stritch the graph of -3 I

• reflect in x-axis < >

-3 -2 -1 I 2 3 4
• Shifted unit up . -1
×
-2 2-3
-3

y 43 I 3 -4 -3
"

V
→ The natural exponential function

The natural exponential function fcx)=e

×

exponential function is the

with the base e. It is often referred to as the exponential function .

^ Y

| y=e×
×

y e-
=

×
, ,

Domain R :

Range :(0 ,
+ as )
→
find the function

^ a

12,16) ( -2 ,
I, )
< > < >

-
✓

→
fix = a
×

→
f(✗)=a✗
2 -2
16 = a 114 = a

a = FG = 4 1 14 = I /a
2

f-( )
x = 4
×
a2 = 4
a = 2
f-G) = 2
×
→
Definition of the logarithmic function

let a be a positive number with a # 1. The logarithmic with base a ,

toga is defined by toga ✗ y

"
denoted by , a ✗ = =

So ,
toga ✗ is the exponent to which the base a must be raised to give × .

logarithmic form Exponential form

→ Exponent
log a
✗ =
y→ Exponent at = ✗
↓ "
Base
Base

logarithmic form Exponential form

log 100.000--5 105=100.000

,◦

log , 8=3 23 = 8

log , (1/8)=-3 2-3 =

1/8
"
5- r 5 5
logs
-
=

→ properties of logarithms
property Reason

must raise to the power 0 to get 1

1.
toga 1=0 we a .

2. log aa=1 we must raise a to the power 1 to get 0 .

✗
✗ must raise to the power ✗ to "
3.
toga a = we a
get a .

✗
4. a' ga
◦
= ✗
toga✗ is the power to which a must be raised to
get ✗ .
→ Common logarithm
The logarithm with base 10 is called the common logarithm and is denoted

by omitting the base log ✗ log

: =
,◦
✗

→ Natural logarithm
The logarithm with base e is called natural logarith and is denoted
by In : In ✗ =
loge ×

1092 ✗
#✗
a
a → Exponential a log , ✗

| f
" "
"" "" → """ " " %
"

s ) < >

v u

→ Express in exponential form .

→ Express in logarithmic
→
8=23 1. 2
10928=3 → g- → -3=109 -1g
1. =
,

125=53 2.4-3/2=0.125→
2.
log g- 125=3 → -2-3=10940.125
3.
109%4=-2 → 4=1,1-52 3.ie?-y-3--logey-3--lny
 → Evaluate the expression

1.
log 22 = I 5. log , , Fi =
log ,( 111×2=12
,

109232=109225--5
"2
2. 6.
log ↳ T2= log ,(2)
%
log , /F)
=

3.
109,35 = 5 =
log , (4×2)×2

4. 1010825=25
=
log , 4%1=1-4

definition of logarithmic find

→ Use the to ✗ .

b- → ✗ -35=243
1.
log g. ✗ = =

2.
109×100=2 → 100=112
103×2
10 = ✗

×
3. 8=2
109,8 ✗→
_-

2%2
×

✗ =3
 .

→
find the function of form y= toga ✗ whose graph is
given .

1¥ IF
"
"

Ans Anf
✗=
-12 l ✗=3
y=§
:

y
= -
, ,

y= toga
✗ -1
y :
toga ✗ I -

- I =

'
toga -1 £ =
log a 3
a- =

-12
a = 2→ put in 1 at =3 →
Sequare both side .

9
y
=
log , ✗ a =

→ find the function y=1oga×

\ \
( 9 2) ,

( Ya -
"
,

Ans 2=109 a9 Ans

: :

-1=109
'
a
42
a2=9 a- =
112
a 59=3
at 2-
=
=

Y log g.= ✗ a = 2

y= log , ✗
→ Describe the transformation and sketch the graph .

5
t.gl/)--2-loggX a 2+1095/1
Transformation 3

graph offal logs ✗

2
• Sketch the -
iogsx
• ship, gun;+, upward ,

2. y=logg( ✗ - 3) ✓

t÷
3
log ,✗
'

Transformation 2 ;
• sketch the graph of 109211 .
1 !

• shift 3. units to the right .

I 109,1×-31
.
i

2 2 '

i D :(3,01
→
Y -1 0 I
V
✗ =3 R :B
VA

3. y= -1093×-3
i.
Transformation
•
sketchthegraphofloggx i
• reaectinx.a.is
• shift -3 units down

loggx
-2 -

-3

0
Y - I I

D :( 0,0s) -310g,×
R :( cs.co)
-
-> The law of logarithms.
1.
log, (AB) logA xlog B
-

2.10g, (F)-loga-logB

3.109. (A) -Clog A

-> Evaluate the expressions.

I.log 192-1093-log, log, 64-log435

2.og9 x10g, 16-10g. 9.16-109,2144-1og222

3.10g 833:33 10g 8-3310922- 33.3 log,2. 33.3.99

-> use
the laws of logarthmic to expand the expressions.

1.109 (ABY -> 109A log, Blog, Axelog, B

2.
log, totallog x1x32)-ogexxis
-
109x 10ge(x32)
+
-

logcx31)
-
logx+10g(x32)-x3+1)
 3.
Log - loge xxi efloge xx
-f [logx <xx1-logx3)
-

I [log elog(x+13logex3)
x

-If Elogexx log(x+1)-510ge x)

-> use the laws of logarithmic to combine expressions.

1.log 12 x 10g7*_log2=log12 +
10g 7*-log

-
log log br
2.
Flog(x3+1-8logx'x8log(x2)
-
log(x31*-logx***+10g(x21e
-
log-log xeloge

-loge -log N
logs
-
e
->
Evaluat

1.log 192-logs-log (211og,64-884-3

1094

2.10g, 100 -

109, 18-109,50 -> log, [t00] -

log, tool logs a

- NoYa,_2
log 3

-> use the laws of logarathmic to espand the expression.

1.
log) *2+1 (log(xx1xlog(x21-log(x2.1)
·El -
log(x +1x10g(x3)-log(x2))

2.
logeticFlog 10-log x-10g(x21-10g x123
-
xlog10 -1ogx-log(x(1)-3log(xe)
-> use the laws of logarthmicto compine.

1. In 5 +21nx-31n( x2+5)
9
- In5+1n X2. In ( x4, 5)
- In
sess

2.
I log (axx1x+ log(x-4) -elog >

-
log
log
in
-> Exponential and logarithmic equations

-> change of base proberty.

logB-tgB-togae
Example log
3-193-togs3·
e

10942

->
find the solution of the exponential equation correct up
to four decimal.
=
1.10 eb x log23-1,3900

2x
2.3 = Iex =
logs 5
5
excl+bg
1093

e
excl-ofo
exc1 4699 + 1

x
= 12325
3.413 = 8 - 5x 10gs 4
=

Sxo
1093
OtoR
<x=1261 x=
16110.232
->
Tete2So
↓t
Y Y eex=2
ye y-6=0 excloge2
In 2
ex -

1y+3) y-2) O
= exc 0.6931
as
yy = 2 x
-
of
eeX=3,e24=2 x j0.346 5
↓
This can not be
logarithme

-> solve the logarithmic equation.

1. 10510-2=8
log(2xx+10g (2+ x1 = 2x x +

2.10g,(x'x21-2x3x.2-2
x2.x-2-1=0
x3_x.6 =8
(x-3)(x+2) - 0

x -3 x = -2not avilable

5.109sx x109s(x+1)-log,20 + 10gs X.(x+1)-log,20

x(x+1) = 20
x3xx-20=0
(x +5((x-4) = x= -
5, x = 4
-> The unit circle.

The unit circle is the circle of radius (centered at the origin in the

xx-plane. Its equation is x

2-y2=

Example show thatthe point

-

pot) is on the unit circleo

=
x = ye I

151"1812 =
p is on the unit circle

terminal point: the point p(xy) determine by this is called the

-> way
terminal point determined number.
by real

⑪90'
"

4.15 T: 1800

#60 #30
"

t Terminal point determined byt

O (1,0)
#) G (1512,/2)
I/ 102/2,
5e/c)
#/3 ( // e, 5/2)
#/2 CO, 1)
->
find the terminal point determined
by each given real number 1.

IT
- 3.T =

=4+ t
2. T
I fel
- ↑T
otx = f

->
Reference number: The reference numbert associated with is the
shortest distance along the unit circle between the terminal point
determined by and the x-axis.

find reflance
T -

IT -> number for

T-et
T:
T

-> find the reflence number.

1.T=1 II - iT=
SH-I
2T
31 I
= -

sT-lot t -

3. II O 6. T = 3T O
=
 Trigonometric functions of real
-> numbers.

Definition of the trigonometric functions: let to be real number

any
and let p(x,y) be the terminal point on the unit circle determined by f

Sint-y coSf = x fant =

x(x +0)

cact-11y +0) Sect =

xx10) cott =

= <y +0)

->
find the exact value by terminal function at the given
real value.

a -> sin
T--b
bsin-
t
<see
of Y
Dtan
sul
Y-#e==
-> Signs of the trigonometric function.

11 Sin, CSC all I

A to is 0 to
t
fan, (of cos, sec

III TH to
IT sPtoCT IV

Identifies
=>

Pythagorean
- Sinet cost = 1
- faut -I - sect
- I - Cofef- cscef

-> Trigonometetric rations

I cos
= COSCIT - T =
+COST3UVe

2- Sin (5 T13) =5in 127-1/3) --SinT3=-512

3 - Sin(2Tcf) =-Sint

A - Sin (3T/2+H) =-Cost

 Examples:
a -> find the Reference number.
b - find the terminal point.
- - find the values of all trigonometric functions.

1 x
t 7π14
=

E π/4

-8
a+ =

b+ (x2/2, 5() -

C +Sin7N14 y = =- 52/2 CSCFT/4=-2/5

COS7N14 =x=5212 SeCFT14 =2/52
tan7N/4
5 ,2 -1Co+ 7π14 -
-

= = = =

v2/2

2+t 19π/6 =

a+ E π/6

D
=

b ( 5512, 1/2)
+
- -

C-> Sin19TT16 = +12 (5(19 T116 = - 2

COS19TT16 =-512 Sec19+16 = - 2153

(-, t)
tanlant1o-e Tan1aN(6 = 5
3xt = - 11T13

Ex
a+ T13

*
=

b + (12,5512)
c-sindM8:51 (S(11+13 = 2/5

COS11T13 =1/2 SeC IIT13=2

tanlIn/3=52=5 tan 1413 = 1/5

1/2

Ifind the value of

trigonometric function off.

Cost = - 4/5 t is in #
CoS2t + Sine= 1
(4/5)2+Sin
- = 1

Sint21-16/26
Sinit = 1 0125 = 1315
Sint = - 3/5 cst = -
5/3
cost -
= 4/5 sect--514
tant= 55 =314cott 4/3 =

-
45

tant=-314 tis in FU
1 tan't - sect
1 + (- 314)2= sect Sint=-315 (5(+ -
= 513

sect= 25116 cost 4/5 =

Sect 51%
=

sect- 514 tant -314

= Co+ + 4/3
= -

Sint-tant. Cost
= -
3/4. 4/5 = -316
-> Trigonometric graphs
t COS t

: Yor
8 I

#/2 O
# -

3π/2 O
2π1

-> sketch
the graph of the
following function.

1+ f(x) 1+ Sinx

of the
=

Transformation
·sketch the graph of
· shift I unit
six
upward.

2+ f(x) 1-C05X
=

f(x) c05x + 1

At i t
=
-

ratia
Transformation
· Sketch the graph of COSx
· reflect in x-axix -COSx
· shift, unit upward-CoSx+1

y
=
- 1 +1 0
=
->The amplitude, period, and phase shift function

1 - f(x) aSink(x b)
=
-

2 + f(x) acoSk(X b)
=
-

Example->Amplitude - I al

phase shift-bunit right

period-
y25in32x- )
=
-More trigonometric graphs.

-
Tan x = Tan(x +T - Sex se(X T1)
=
+

-
Cof x co+(x + T1)
=
-
cS(x (S((x + T1)
=

-period of tanx and cotx is i

-period of Sexx and CSCx is aT

-> skitch
the graph of CSCX and SecX

5........
x Sin x Sec X -> CSCX

O O as
-------------------Y 1 =

#12 I I

# o I

3π12 - I -

2π O S
*

I skitch the graph of SeCx.

-Secx -
-
----------------
-> seCx

y1
=

#/2 Co

# 1 0
exY
-
=

#2
M1 3x12
3412 as

2π1 =-
- -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
j
->
skitch the graph of tanx

to
a
-SoSEIprtnebrr
ate
-> Trigonometric function of Angles.

-> Relation between degree and radians. -

Degree measure from given radian

180: 41 Radian-rad. 1800 π rad

Radian from Irad (180/π1)0

measure degree. =

180" i1 rad xrad (180x/π)0

=

I = T1/180 rad
x-
* rad
-> find the radian measure for given degree measure.

1.820+
82xrad = 1.43 rad.

2. 72 -
-

1-72°xrad = 1.25 rad

3.2.5 -

-2.5%xrad 0.035rad =

->
find the degree measure for given radian measure

1.2π13 +
(5x50-120
2. - 1.5 - 1 - 1.5x
0 = - 74.48

3.5 -

c-cx+0 18 =
-> length of a Circular Arc

Lo r
S

Arc lenght 5 =
r.O
where O is in radian

-> find the lenghts in the

given figure.
v 5
given =

angle -360 150:=2500

3
-

1500
-
230xrad=4.01 rad
lenght: 5 V.O
=

=
3x4.81
5 =1203 unit

-> find the radians of Circle if are the laught for on the circle subtands
a centeral
angle of 1553

Ans: 5 r.O
=

155 153x
+3
=
-

5 V.O =

4
r5
-
Ev 6cm
=
 Area of the
=> sector

⑭A-ErOE where is in radian

-> find the area of the sector shown in figure

v 10cm
=

150
10Cm 0 =

30x =
A =

tr
-
tx0 - 0 A- πCm

->
A sector ofa circle ofradians 24cm has on area 200 cmfind the
Center angle.

Ans + 200
x24x0
-

0 =

cox
⑦=1 radian.
->The trigonometric Ratios
·
Note:

Sino-o.cco.e
=>

adjacent Hypotenuse A
Sin COS fan
7

opposite Tant=, cotO-A

2
1)
Identity => 1 A
=
0",
+

-> find the exact value of

tignometric rations
six of the angle
①
In the
triangle.
A8
↓ ( ·

15 A &H
H

12A2 02 07
= +

- 82 152
+
12 A2 02 =

= 289 82 12+72 =

H 189 17
= = A2 64 49
= +

A 15
=

Sin G 15/17, CSCO 17/15

= =

COSO 8 /17, SecE= 17/8

=
Sin F 7/8, CSCO
=
= 8K

TanG 15/8, c0+0 8115

=
= COSE=15/8, seCE=8/
TanE 7 /T, CofE 15/7
=
=
- Sinlaws and cosine laws

1. If two angle and one side are given use sin laws
2. If two sides and the angle opposite on of those sides use sin law)

3. If two sides and the included anglecuse coslaws

1. If these sides are the Quation Case Cos laws)
given in

Sin laws.
AB-si
Coslaw 5: 1+ ar bc22bCCOSA
=

2 b2 x+ a-2aCCosB
-

3- 0 arb--2abCosC
=

-> Solve
the triangle
Solution: <A + <B+<c 100 =

b C 46 20 x 180
+
+ =

x 100
=
- 46 - 20

(46
A 20, B x 1120
=

C65
=

-6 20 Sint
e
- -

6 1=
a 51.18 - =

0 saib - = e4.3
 solve the
-> triangle
1 - b 60,6- 30,2A 700
= =

Ans: we will use coslaws.

ar-bec-2bCCOSA
- 603+303-2.60.30. COS780
- 3600 900+
-
3600 x 0.342
a2 3260.7 (a
=

=
= 60.7 = a 57.2 =

Now we will use sin laws to find angle B

A.T
-x(A + (B x) 180 +
=

a
70 + 80.5 + x 100 =

xc 100= -
150.3
LC 29.70
=

SinB =

0g
O
Sin B 0.985
=

<B Sin (0.985)

"
=

<B 80.50
=
-> solve the triangle
1 + a 10,b 12,C16
=
=
=

We will use coslaws.

a2 b2c2-2bcCOSA
-

102 123+16--2.12.16COSA
=

100 +44 +256-384COSA

584COSA = 400-100
cosA =

50 0.781=

-
<A cos 10.781)
=

LA 30.60
=

Now we will use sin laws to find angle B

argo.Ever
-> <A + (B + x 180
=

30.6 40.5+ x180

+
=

(c 100
=
-
87.1
xC 92.90
=

SinB 0.74 =

<B Sin(0.74)
=

<B 40.50
=
->
The area of the triangle withsides a band care.

A5b)(5 c
-
- -

where -> s
ab
+ c
=

->
find the area of the
triangle forthe following sides.

1- a 7.b=
8.c 9
= =

(12
s aeb
or
= A - 8)(12-9) -

A + x3

=A
-
2

=12 A = 26.8
=

2 a 11.b100.c 101
- =
=
=

(106-100ETON

E
A

sE
-

At6x5

A 100
=
+ A 649.63
=