INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION

GENERIC SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMME BY AERODROME OPERATORS

VERSION 1.0 – 2 JULY 2021

Introductory Notes

This generic document was developed by the ICAO Asia/Pacific Aerodrome

Assistance Working Group (AP-AA/WG) and approved by the AOP/SG/5 and
published by ICAO Asia and Pacific Office, Bangkok for reference by States
in the Asia/Pacific Region. When referring to this generic document, States are
expected to customize the content in accordance to the States’ legislations,
regulations and situations.

ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs), Procedures for Air

Navigation Services and Guidance Materials shall take prevalence in the event
of any conflict between the aforementioned provisions and this generic
document.

Enquiries and feedbacks regarding this generic document can be made to

ICAO APAC Office at [email protected].
CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY GENERIC SURVEILLANCE
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AT AERODROMES

CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY

GENERIC
SURVEILLANCE
PROGRAMME AT
AERODROMES

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Foreword

This manual is a [CAA] safety programme document. It contains processes determined to

be necessary in supporting operational safety at aerodromes in the [State]. This manual is
being issued under the authority of the Director General of [CAA].

Copies are available at the office of:

[Post holder]
[Address]

This document may be amended from time to time as necessary, and the Director General
of [CAA] will provide such amendment service.

The term "Head" as referred to in this manual describes the most senior [CAA] officer
responsible for certification, registration and continuing safety oversight functions and
surveillance of aerodromes, heliports and air navigation services. The incumbent official
holding this position reports directly to the Director General, [Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)].

Comments from staff members of [CAA], stakeholders, (or members of the) concerned
aviation industry users and public about the contents of this manual are welcome.
Clarifications or inquiries can be directed to:

Head of Aerodrome Standards

[Office]
[Address]
[Telephone]:
[Email]:

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Amendments

Record of amendment Record of corrigenda

Date Date Entered Date Date Entered
Number Number
Applicable Entered by: Applicable Entered by:

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Revision History

Revisions to this Document shall be made by authorised personnel only. After inserting the
revision, enter the required data in the revision sheet below. The ‘Initials’ has to be signed
off by the personnel responsible for the change.

Rev No. Revision Date Revision Details Initials

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Table of Contents
Foreword..................................................................................................................... ii
Amendments...............................................................................................................iii
Revision History..........................................................................................................iv
Chapter 1 – Introduction..............................................................................................1
1.1 Purpose.............................................................................................................1
1.2 Background.......................................................................................................1
Chapter 2 – Inspection Techniques.............................................................................4
Chapter 3 – Knowledge and Equipment for Self-Inspection........................................5
Chapter 4 – Components of a Safety Self-Inspection Program...................................6
Chapter 5 – Regularly Scheduled Inspection..............................................................7
Chapter 6 – Continuous Surveillance Inspection.......................................................13
Chapter 7 – Periodic Condition Inspection................................................................16
Chapter 8 – Special Inspections................................................................................19
Chapter 9 – Condition Reporting...............................................................................21
Table 9-1 Safety Risk Assessment Matrix (Risk Index).........................................21
Table 9-2 Safety Risk Tolerability Matrix...............................................................22
Chapter 10 – Categorization of Deficiency and Deadline for Correction...................23
Appendices................................................................................................................24
Appendix 1 Suggested Aerodrome Safety Self-Inspection Checklists...............24
Appendix 1-A Aerodrome Safety Self-Inspection Checklist.................................25
Appendix 1-B Continuous Surveillance Checklist................................................27
Appendix 1-C Periodic Condition Inspection Checklist........................................28
Appendix 1-D Special Inspection Checklist.........................................................29
Appendix 1-E Quarterly Inspection – Mobile Fuelers..........................................30
Appendix 1-F Quarterly Inspection – Fuel Storage Areas...................................31

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Chapter 1 – Introduction

1.1 Purpose

1.1.1 The purpose of this document is to ensure safety of the existing facilities and
maintain systematic records and a process to notify the concerned
departments/divisions/sections to rectify the deficiencies which do not conform to all
the specifications contained in the [Directive/Manual etc.].

1.2 Background

1.2.1 While some hazardous aerodrome conditions develop virtually instantaneously,

others are gradual. It is important that the aerodrome operator have an aerodrome
safety surveillance self-inspection program that monitors specific aerodrome
conditions in order to identify unsatisfactory conditions for prompt corrective
actions. The programs vary in scope and effectiveness from verbal instructions and
unscheduled and unrecorded inspections to very comprehensive inspection
programs with multiple daily schedules and widely distributed responsibilities.

1.2.2 The self-inspection program is a key component of an aerodrome operator’s

aerodrome certification program.

1.2.3 The operator of certified aerodrome is required regularly to conduct scheduled,

continuous surveillance, periodic and special inspections, and a daily safety self-
inspection to ensure that prompt corrective action is taken to eliminate unsafe
conditions on the aerodrome. The specific requirements of the inspection program
at each certified aerodrome are addressed in the aerodrome certification manual.
This guideline suggests components, responsibilities and items for regularly
scheduled, continuous surveillance, periodic condition and special inspections, and
checklists for use during any of these aerodrome safety inspections. This guidance
can be modified as necessary to meet specific local situations.

1.2.4 Responsibilities

a) Safety Self-Inspection. Self-inspection is a primary responsibility of the

Aerodrome Operator. Primary attention should be given to such operational
items as pavement areas, safety areas, markings, signs, lighting, aircraft
rescue and firefighting, fuelling operations, navigational aids, ground vehicles,
obstacles, public protection, wildlife hazard management and construction.
Inspection of areas that have been assigned to individual air carriers, fixed
base operators, or other tenants can be made the responsibility of the user.
However, the certificate holder is ultimately responsible for operating the
aerodrome safely.

b) Recommended Inspection Frequency

1) Regularly scheduled inspection. The aerodrome should be inspected

daily preferably during times when aircraft activity is minimal in order to
minimise the impact on aerodrome operations. Part of this inspection
should be done during the hours of darkness at those aerodromes that is
open after dark. In accordance with ICAO Annex 14, Volume I, Section
2.9.3, movement area shall be inspected at least once daily where the
aerodrome reference code number is 1 or 2, and at least twice daily where

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the aerodrome reference code number is 3 or 4. With reference to PANS-

Aerodromes (Doc 9981), Part II, Chapter 3, Section 3.3.1, the frequency
and detail of inspections may be increased from the minimum specified in
Annex 14 , depending on the traffic expected and the type of inspection
being performed.

[Note: States are reminded to replace the references to ICAO provisions

with national regulations.]

2) Continuous surveillance inspection. Those activities and facilities that

have been identified to require continuous surveillance should be
inspected any time personnel are in the movement area. Hazardous
conditions can occur at any time and in a short period of time. [CAA] may
approve a schedule of inspection as per the need of the situation at the
particular aerodrome.

3) Periodic condition inspection. Periodic condition inspection of activities

and facilities can be conducted on a regularly scheduled basis but less
frequently than daily. The time interval could be weekly, monthly, or
quarterly, depending on the activity or facility.

4) Special inspection. Special inspections of activities and facilities should

be conducted after receipt of a complaint or when an unusual condition or
unusual event occurs on the aerodrome, such as a significant
meteorological event or an accident or incident. Special inspections should
also be conducted at the end of construction activity to ensure that there
are no unsafe conditions present related to the construction activity. A
special inspection should be conducted prior to construction personnel
leaving the aerodrome in the event that corrective actions are necessary.
Special inspections should be documented on the appropriate portions of
the regularly scheduled inspection checklist.

5) Inspection Records. An effective safety self-inspection program includes

procedures for reporting and correcting deficiencies. This means that the
aerodrome operator should have a work order system in place so that
deficiencies can be corrected in an expeditious manner.

i) The operator should issue a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM), as

appropriate, through AIS Division reporting deficient conditions that
could have an immediate and critical impact on the safety of aircraft
operations. When corrective actions have been taken, the NOTAM
should be cancelled.

ii) For even the smallest aerodrome, it is desirable to use a safety self-
inspection checklist that constitutes a written record of conditions
noted, and acts as a check on follow-up actions taken. The scheduled
use of a dated checklist will assure the regularity and thoroughness of
safety inspections and follow-up. The checklist can be an important
administrative tool for aerodrome management. It can provide a
snapshot of the condition of the aerodrome, indicating trends, defining
problem areas, indicating systems that are beginning to deteriorate
and helping to define budgetary requirements. It is most desirable to
use a format (see examples, Appendices 1–5) in which each

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inspected area of the aerodrome complex is positively noted. Retain

the checklist until indicated actions are completed. However, the
regularly scheduled inspection checklist should be the basic log
documenting that safety inspection responsibilities are being met.

iii) The inspection records should be kept for a minimum of [.....] years as
agreed with the [CAA].

c) Follow-up. The aerodrome operator should follow up on complaints or

requests for corrective action and on all deficient items or problem areas noted
during the daily inspection. Determine which problems require immediate
attention and treat those with highest priority, including developing appropriate
NOTAM notification.

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Chapter 2 – Inspection Techniques

2.1 Inspectors should vary the pattern of the inspection. Fixed inspection patterns, while
easy to learn, do not provide for an adequate inspection. The use of such fixed
inspection patterns can lead to complacency and to the possibility of missing items
that are in need of correction.

2.2 When conducting an inspection on a runway and when there is time to do only one
pass on that runway, inspection personnel, whenever practical, should drive towards
the direction of landing aircraft with high intensity flashing beacon and headlights in
the day and at night. This practice will enable self-inspection personnel to see
approaching aircraft and improve visibility of the vehicle to pilots. However, it is
recommended that a runway inspection be done in both directions. Inspection
personnel should also inspect the stub taxiways between the runway and parallel
taxiway as these areas are commonly overlooked.

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Chapter 3 – Knowledge and Equipment for Self-Inspection

Note:- Please also refer to the APAC Regional Guidance on Aerodrome Operations
Personnel Competency Requirement Framework.

3.1 Aerodrome personnel who conduct safety self-inspections (referred to as

inspectors) should receive training in at least the following areas:

1) aerodrome familiarization, including aerodrome signs, marking, and lighting;

2) ICAO Annex 14 Vol. 1 and national regulations;
3) ICAO PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981);
4) Safety Management System (SMS);
5) Radio Telephony;
6) Obstacle Limitation Surfaces;
7) Pavement design, drainage system;
8) Aerodrome Manual and Aerodrome Emergency Plan;
9) Notice to Airmen (NOTAM/SNOWTAM) notification procedures;
10) Procedures for pedestrians and ground vehicles in movement areas and safety
areas;
11) Aerodrome inspection procedures and techniques; and
12) Discrepancy reporting procedures.

3.2 Inspectors should know the location and types of aerodrome facilities, rules and
regulations and be familiar with the Aerodrome Certification Manual.

3.3 Inspectors should have a vehicle equipped with:

1) A two-way ground control radio capable of communicating with the Aerodrome

Control Tower on controlled aerodromes;

2) A beacon for night time (or inclement weather conditions) inspections; and

3) A beacon and/or checkered flag for daytime inspections.

3.4 Inspectors should know and use correct radio communication phraseology,
procedures and techniques, as specified in the Aeronautical Information Publication
(AIP).

3.5 Inspectors should be supplied with checklists covering the various inspection areas
(sample aerodrome safety self-inspection checklists are contained in Appendices
1–5). While format of checklists varies, it is important to develop a checklist that is
useful for the aerodrome and its operation. If certain inspectors will be responsible
for only certain items, separate checklists pertinent to those areas may be
developed. A sketch of the aerodrome should accompany the checklist so that the
location of problems can be marked for easy identification.

3.6 Inspectors should review the most recently completed checklist from the previous
inspection cycle prior to beginning the inspection, so as to identify any
unsatisfactory item for enhanced awareness.

3.7 If construction is in progress, inspectors should be familiar with the safety plan for
the project.

3.8 Inspectors should be familiar with the aerodrome certification manual requirements.

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Chapter 4 – Components of a Safety Self-Inspection Program

4.1 A successful safety self-inspection program has four components:

a) A regularly scheduled inspection of physical facilities (which must be conducted

once or twice daily at aerodromes certified under [State regulations] and with
reference to Section 1.2.4 of this document). If the aerodrome is open after
dark, there should also be a night time inspection of lighting;

b) Continuous surveillance inspection of certain aerodrome activities, such as

fuelling operations, construction, airfield maintenance, aircraft turn-around
operation, etc.;

c) A periodic condition inspection program for such things as surveying approach

slopes, obstacles, etc.; and

d) Special inspections during unusual conditions or situations, such as changing

weather or days of unusually high number of aircraft operations.

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Chapter 5 – Regularly Scheduled Inspection

5.1 The regularly scheduled inspection consists of specific observations of aerodrome

physical facilities on at least once or twice daily, as specified in Section 1.2.4. This
inspection should concentrate on the areas described in this section, which are also
included in Appendix 1-A. If deficiencies exist, the inspector should indicate the
deficient item and identify its location on an aerodrome sketch, providing
dimensions and depths, as necessary. If appropriate, the inspector should take
photographs to document the condition.

5.1.1 Pavement Areas. The condition of pavement surfaces is an important part of

aerodrome safety. Pavement inspection should be conducted daily before flight
operations commence to ensure pavement surfaces are clear. As a minimum, a
daily inspection should be performed of all paved areas that are the responsibility of
the aerodrome operator. During the pavement inspection, the inspector should:

1) Check the pavement lips—the area between full-strength pavement and

shoulders or paved shoulders and safety areas—to assure that they are no
greater than necessary to allow water to drain off the pavement. A lip height no
greater than [1 1/2] inches is usually sufficient to allow proper drainage.

2) Determine if there are any cracks wide enough to cause directional control
problems for an aircraft. Report and monitor these cracks.

3) Determine if there are any holes that could cause directional control problems
for an aircraft. (any hole that cannot be covered by a [5]-inch circle, and the
side slope at any point in the hole that exceeds [3] inches in depth and is [45]
degrees or greater, is a discrepancy. If the hole cannot be covered by a [5]-inch
circle but the side slope at any point in the hole that exceeds 3 inches in depth
or is less than [45] degrees, it may be a discrepancy if it is determined to be a
surface variation that could impair directional control of an air carrier aircraft.)

4) Check the condition of pavement areas for cracks, scaling, sapling, bumps, low
spots, and for debris that could cause foreign object damage to aircraft.

5) Check for vegetation growth along runway and taxiway edges that may impede
drainage from the pavement surface.

6) Check for vegetation growth in cracks.

7) Report and monitor any cracks, holes, variations and vegetation that can cause
loss of aircraft directional control or may cause pavement damage, including
damaged caused by damming or ponding water.

5.1.2 Safety Areas (runway strip including runway end safety area and taxiway
strips). The inspector should know the dimensions of the runway and taxiway
safety areas at the aerodrome. The dimensions of the safety areas should be
documented in the aerodrome manual. During the safety area inspection, the
inspector should:

1) Determine if there are any hazardous ruts, depressions, humps or variations

from the normal smooth surface.

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2) Check to ensure no object is located in a safety area, except objects that must
be in the safety areas because of their functions (such as runway lights, signs,
or navigational aids). These objects must be constructed on frangibly mounted
structures of the lowest practical height. The frangible point must be no higher
than 3 inches above grade.

3) Determine if the base for any equipment in safety areas is at grade level and
equipment and NAVAIDs mounted on frangible couplings.

4) Check to ensure that manhole and handhole covers are at grade level and can
support vehicles and aircraft. Check to ensure that mounts for light fixtures are
at grade level.

5) Check for surface variation and other damage caused by rodents or other
animals.

6) Report any objects that are not frangible or not at grade level. Also report
extraneous equipment and objects, such construction equipment, and surface
variations that would cause damage to an aircraft or impede emergency
response vehicles.

5.1.3 Markings. Aerodrome markings provide important information to pilots during take-
off, landing, and taxiing. To avoid confusion and disorientation, aerodrome
markings should be in compliance with [directive/manual etc.]. The inspector should
know the appropriate markings required at the aerodrome. During the marking
inspection, the inspector should:

1) Check markings for correct color-coding, peeling, blistering, chipping, fading,

and obscurity due to rubber build up.

2) Check to see if all runway holding position markings are clearly visible.

3) During and after construction projects, check new markings for compliance with
[directive/manual etc.] marking standards.

4) If the markings have glass beads, check markings during periods of darkness
to determine if the reflectivity of glass beads is adequate at night.

5) Report and monitor any nonstandard marking or markings that are obscured,
faded or deteriorating.

5.1.4 Signage. Signs provide important information to pilots while taxiing. To avoid pilot
confusion and disorientation, aerodrome signs should be in accordance with
[directive/manual etc.]. The inspector should know the appropriate signage
standards and specifications at the aerodrome and

1) Check signs to ensure they are easy to read, in accordance with colour
standards, retro-reflective, and that all lighted signs are working and not
obscured by vegetation, dirt, etc.

2) Check signs to ensure they are frangible mounted and concrete bases are
properly maintained at grade level.

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3) Check to see that sign panels are not missing or damaged, that they have the
correct legend and arrow orientation, and that they are not cracked or broken.

4) During and after construction projects, check new signs for compliance to
[directive/manual etc.].

5) During periods of darkness, check signs to ensure they are properly

illuminated. Ensure mandatory instruction signs are illuminated with the
associated runway lighting system. Check signs for correct operations; that
they are on the correct circuits, they do not flicker and that they follow the
intensity setting of the runway or taxiway lights.

6) Report and monitor any nonstandard sign or any sign that is not functioning, is
faded or damaged.

5.1.5 Lighting. At night and during periods of low visibility, lighting is important for safe
aerodrome operations. Inspection of lighting is best accomplished during periods of
darkness in order to evaluate lighting systems when they provide the primary visual
aid for pilots. The inspection should concentrate on the lighting owned by the
aerodrome operator. However, the inspector should observe any lighting owned or
operated by others and report any observed problems immediately to the
appropriate responsible owner. During the lighting inspection, the inspector should:

1) Check to ensure that the following are operable, if installed, and that vegetation
or deposits of foreign material do not obscure the light fixture.

– Runway and taxiway edge lights;

– Apron edge lights;
– Runway centre line and touchdown zone lights;
– Taxiway centre line lights or centre line reflectors;
– Runway threshold/end lights; and
– Runway guard lights (both elevated and in-pavement, if installed).

2) Check that the following are operable, if installed:

– Ramp lights and floodlights used in construction to ensure they are

properly shielded);
– Obstacle
– lights; and
– Lighting in fuel storage areas.

3) Report all fixtures missing and lights that are not working or appear dim.

4) Report any missing or broken light fixture lenses.

5) Ensure that runway and taxiway lights and runway threshold lights are the
proper color and are oriented correctly.

6) Check that lights function properly through the manual or radio control
features, and that photocell controls function properly.

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7) Check the lights for proper alignment, aiming and correct changes in
intensity, for correct height, erosion around the bases and the height of
frangibility.

5.1.6 Navigational Aids (NAVAIDs). The inspection of NAVAIDs should

concentrate on the visual navigational aids owned by the aerodrome
operator. During the inspection of NAVAIDs, the inspector should:

1) Determine if the segmented circle is clear of vegetation and that it can

be seen easily from the air.
2) Determine if the aerodrome rotating beacon is visible and working properly.

3) Check the wind cone(s) to ensure that it swings freely, the cone fabric is not
faded or frayed, and, if lighted, that all lights are operating.

4) Determine if the Runway End Lights (RENLs) are flashing in proper sequence
and mounted on frangible couplings.

5) Check Visual Glide Slope Indicators (VASIs, PLASIs, or PAPIs) to ensure that
their lights are working and mounted on frangible couplings.

6) Determine if the Approach Lighting systems are functioning properly.

7) Report and monitor any NAVAID that is malfunctioning, inoperable or

misaligned, damaged or missing.

5.1.7 Obstacles. The inspection of obstacles should concentrate on a visual check of

construction underway on or near the aerodrome that could affect aircraft
operations. This also includes checking for any vegetation, especially, trees that
may penetrate the obstacle limitation surfaces. During the inspection of obstacles,
the inspector should:

1) Check to ensure that construction equipment, especially tall cranes being used
at construction sites, are not an obstacle. If construction is found and thought to
create an obstacle, the aerodrome operator should determine if proper
notification to [CAA] or Aerodrome Layout Plan review, has been provided.

2) Determine if obstacles are properly marked and lighted.

3) Direct any person proposing construction near a public-use aerodrome

infringing the obstacle limitation surfaces to [CAA] or Civil Aviation Office
immediately.

4) Report and monitor any obstacle light that is missing, inoperative or damaged,
and any object that appears to be an obstacle and is not properly marked or lit.

5.1.8 Fuelling Operations. The daily inspection on aircraft fuelling operations should
concentrate on a quick inspection for the most common problems concerning
compliance with local fire safety codes at fuel storage areas and with mobile
fuelers. The inspection should also include security, fire protection, general
housekeeping, and fuel dispensing facilities and procedures. A more detailed
fuelling operation inspection should be scheduled quarterly (see Quarterly Fuelling

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Operations under Periodic Condition Inspection). During the daily inspection of

aircraft fuelling operations, the inspector should:

1) Determine if the fuelling operator is permitting any unsafe fuelling practices or

is in violation of local fire code, such as failure to bond aircraft with the mobile
fuellers during fuelling operations or fuelling personnel smoking while fuelling
aircraft.
2) Check to ensure that the appropriate signs for the fuel farm are installed and
that all gates are locked except when the facility is occupied by an authorized
user.

3) Report and monitor any unsafe fuelling practices and violation of local fire
codes.

5.1.9 Construction. The inspector should be familiar with the aerodrome’s construction
safety procedures and guidance during aerodrome construction. During the
construction inspection, the inspector should:

1) Determine if stockpiled material and construction materials are properly stored

to keep them from being moved by wind, jet blast, or prop wash, and is not left
in safety areas or movement area.

2) Check all construction adjacent to movement areas to ensure areas are

identified with conspicuous marking and lighting.

3) Determine if construction equipment (such as bulldozers, cranes, etc.) are

marked and lighted and parked clear of the safety areas.

4) Ensure construction barricades are properly positioned to define the limits of

construction and hazardous areas and, if barricades are lighted, check to
ensure lights are working properly and are positioned correctly.

5) Check to ensure that debris and foreign objects are continuously being picked
up around construction areas.

6) Check for open trenches in the safety areas or adjacent to movement areas.

7) Check operation of lighting in areas adjacent to construction daily before the

construction crews depart for the day. In particular, ensure that mandatory
instruction signs remain lit with the associated runway lights, even on taxiways
that have been closed for construction.

8) Check NOTAMs daily during construction projects to ensure they accurately

reflect the conditions on the aerodrome.

9) Verify that closed taxiways or runways are properly marked and lighted.

10) Report and monitor any dangerous condition created by construction activity,
including damage to signs, lights, markings and NAVAIDS or equipment and
supplies left in movement areas and safety areas.

5.1.10 Rescue and Fire Fighting. During the inspection of rescue and firefighting (RFF)
capabilities, the inspector should:

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1) Check the status of RFF response, including the availability of equipment, fire
fighters and extinguishing agent. Ensure that such RFF capabilities comply with
the approved Aerodrome Certification Manual and that the aerodrome’s fire
category is still appropriate for air carrier aircraft served.

2) Ensure alarm and emergency notification communication systems are

operable.

3) Determine the adequacy of available fire extinguishing agents.

4) Check for construction or maintenance activity on the movement area that

could affect RFF response routes. Ensure that the RFF Department has been
notified if construction or maintenance activity could affect emergency
response routes.

5) Report and monitor any RFF vehicle, equipment or extinguishing agent that is
not available or inoperative; any RFF personnel that are not available; and any
changes to aircraft that may require a change to RFF capabilities. Notify
aerodrome authority and [CAA] if RFF vehicles is inoperative and cannot be
replaced immediately, as specified under Aerodrome.

6) Manual and issue a NOTAM regarding non-availability of any rescue and

firefighting capability, as specified under Aerodrome Manual.

5.1.11 Public Protection. During the public protection inspection, check gates, fencing,
locks, and other safeguards are in place and functioning properly to prevent
inadvertent entry to movement areas by unauthorized persons and vehicles and
offer protection from jet blast. Report and monitor any safeguards that are damaged
or missing. In accordance with the aerodrome’s security plan, report unauthorized
persons or vehicles in the movement area.

5.1.12 Wildlife Hazard Management. During the wildlife hazard inspection, the inspector
should check for evidence of birds or animals on the runways, taxiways, aprons,
and ramps or other signs that wildlife problems may have developed - such as large
flocks of birds on or adjacent to the aerodrome. Wildlife hazards found during the
daily self-inspection should be properly documented. All dead wildlife found and all
wildlife aircraft strikes should be reported to the [CAA] on form specified in table x.x
of Aerodrome Manual. Additionally, the inspector should check fencing and gates
for wildlife accessibility and should ensure that wildlife control equipment is
available and operational.

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Chapter 6 – Continuous Surveillance Inspection

6.1 Continuous surveillance inspection consists of general observation of activities for

compliance with regulations, procedures, etc., as well as abnormalities with
physical facilities that are readily apparent. This is performed any time inspection
personnel are on the movement area. Continuous surveillance of aerodrome
physical facilities and activities should cover at least the areas described in this
section, which are also included in Appendix 1-B.

6.1.1 Ground Vehicles. During the continuous surveillance inspection of ground

vehicles, the inspector should:

1) Determine if vehicle drivers are following the aerodrome’s procedures and

arrangements for the orderly operations of ground vehicles (including mowing
machines or other maintenance vehicles in the safety areas). Extra attention
should be paid to ground vehicle activity during construction and other special
events.

2) Ensure that prior entering the airside, the permitted driver has a valid Airside
Driving Permit (ADP) & Airside Vehicle Permit (AVP) are issued to vehicles that
complied with the required standards and condition of the vehicle.

3) Report and monitor any vehicle operator that is not complying with the
aerodrome’s vehicle procedures and arrangements.

4) Report any ground vehicle accident observed and any ground vehicle signs
and markings that are damaged, missing or obscured.

6.1.2 Fuelling Operations. The inspector should:

1) Emphasize fire and explosion hazards inherent in aircraft refuelling.

2) Ensure proper bonding is being used, deadman controls are not blocked, and
no smoking prohibitions are being observed, and aircraft are not being fuelled
inside hangars.

3) Check for proper parking of mobile fuellers to ensure these vehicles are at least
3 m (10 feet) apart and 15 m (50 feet) from buildings.

4) Check for fuel leaks or spills in the fuel storage area and around mobile
fuellers.

5) Determine if the fuel farm is free of flammable materials, including litter and
vegetation.

6) Report and monitor any of unsafe fuelling conditions discussed above and
other obvious violations of local fire code and aerodrome fuel fire safety
procedures.

6.1.3 Construction. The Inspector should check construction projects to ensure that the
contractor is following the construction safety plan. During the continuous

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surveillance inspection of construction activity, the inspector should check for, and
report, any of the following conditions:

1) Unauthorized use of runways, taxiways, and aprons by construction personnel

and equipment.

2) Conditions that may result in runway incursions and other irregularities. This
includes ensuring that construction areas are delineated appropriately with
barricades, cones, markings, etc.

3) Construction equipment is not operated in NAVAID critical areas unless

coordination with NAVAID department/division/section of the aerodrome has
been accomplished.

4) Perimeter gates are left open and unattended, unlocked or construction

vehicles and personnel are not following access and escort procedures.

5) Construction vehicles not properly marked or missing appropriate flags and/or

beacons.

6) Foreign object debris on haul roads adjacent to movement areas that can be
tracked onto taxiways, aprons, and ramp areas.

7) Confusing or missing signs, markings or lighting that could potentially confuse

or mislead pilots.

8) Barricades and lighting are in place and operational.

6.1.4 Public Protection. Pay special attention to public protection during construction
and special events. During the continuous surveillance inspection of safeguards
used to protect the public, the inspector should check for, and report, any of the
following conditions:

1) Unauthorized personnel, vehicles, and animals, particularly in areas aircraft

passengers and the general public are present on the air carrier ramp and
other portions of the movement area, i.e, remote aircraft parking locations.

2) Inoperable or blocked gates, particularly those that would impede access by

aircraft rescue and firefighting equipment.

3) Open or unlocked gates and missing or damaged signs posted to prevent

unauthorized access to the airfield.

4) Damaged or missing jet blast fences.

6.1.5 Wildlife Hazard Management. During the continuous surveillance inspection of

wildlife hazards, the inspector should check for, and report, any of the following
conditions:

1) Birds or animals, such as dogs, deer, etc., on or adjacent to the runways,

taxiways, aprons, and ramps to determine if there is a potential wildlife hazard
problem.

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2) Potential hazard created by birds on or adjacent to the aerodrome.

3) Wildlife strikes and carcasses found on the runways. Report these to the [CAA]
on form specified in Aerodrome Manual.

6.1.6 Foreign Object Debris (FOD). The inspector should continuously check for, and
remove any FOD in movement areas, aircraft parking areas, loading ramps, and
any adjacent areas.

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Chapter 7 – Periodic Condition Inspection

7.1 Periodic condition inspections consist of specific checks of physical facilities on a

regularly scheduled basis (but less frequently than daily). Checks may require use
of equipment (e.g., Walker Bar to measure VASI glide slope angles or transit to
survey approach slopes, or continuous friction measurement equipment) or
checking specific features of physical facilities. Periodic inspection of aerodrome
physical facilities and activities should cover at least the areas described in this
section, which are also included in Appendix 1-C.

7.1.1 Pavement Areas. The inspector should check pavement surfaces for rubber build
up, polishing, or other items affecting friction.

7.1.2 Markings. The inspector should:

1) Check pavement markings to ensure they are correct and clearly visible.
Markings on concrete and faded asphalt should be outlined with a black border.

2) Determine if markings are visible at night; especially examine for rubber build
up in the touchdown zone areas.

7.1.3 Signs. The inspector should check sign faces for peeling and for fading or faded
colors.

7.1.4 Quarterly Fuelling Inspections. [directive/manual etc.] are required to establish

fire safety standards for safe fuelling operations and conduct quarterly inspections
of the fuelling facilities. Sample quarterly inspection checklists for fuel storage areas
and mobile fuellers are included in Appendix 1-E & 1-F. Typical fire safety
standards to inspect quarterly are listed below. Aerodromes certified under [State
regulations] are required to maintain a record of this inspection for at least [.......]
months.

1) Fuel storage areas and loading/unloading stations. The inspector should:

– Check fuel storage areas for adequate fencing and security to prevent
unauthorized access or tampering.

– Check for “No Smoking” signs that are clearly visible.

– Check fuel storage areas for materials such as trash or vegetation that
could contribute to the spread of fire. Also check for equipment, functions
or activities that could be ignition sources.

– Note if fuelling equipment appears to be in good operating condition and

free of fuel leaks.

– Check piping for reasonable protection from damage by vehicles if piping

is above ground.

– Check fuel storage areas for at least two accessible and serviceable fire
extinguishers.

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– Check for explosion proof equipment, switches and wiring that is

reasonably protected from heat, abrasion or impact, which could cause an
ignition source.
– Check for piping, filters, tanks and pumps being electrically bonded
together and interconnected to an adequate grounding/earthing rod.

– Check loading stations for deadman control features.

– Look for a boldly marked emergency cut off capable of stopping all fuel
flow with one physical movement. The emergency cut off should be
located outside the probable fuel spill area near the route that normally is
used to leave the spill area or to reach the fire extinguishers.

2) Mobile fuellers. At least once every [.......] months, inspect all fuel trucks to
ensure they meet fire safety standards. The inspector should:

– Note if mobile fuellers appear to be in good operating condition and free of

fuel leaks.

– Check mobile fuellers for parking at least 15 m (50 feet) from a building
and at least 3 m (10 feet) from each other.

– Check for flammability labels on all sides. Lettering should be at least 3

inches high. Also check for hazardous materials placards on all sides.

– Check the cab for a “No Smoking” sign and the presence of smoking
equipment. Ashtrays and cigarette lighters are not to be provided.

– Check for two fire extinguishers, accessible from each side of the mobile
fueller. Fire extinguishers should be charged, sealed and tagged from the
last fire extinguisher inspection.

– Check emergency fuel cut offs to ensure they are boldly marked and
operable. There should be an emergency fuel cut off accessible from each
side.

– Check electrical equipment, switches, wiring and tail light lens covers for
explosion proof construction and reasonable protection from heat, abrasion
or impact which could be an ignition source.

– Check for serviceable bonding wires and clamps.

– Check nozzles for deadman control feature.

– Check the vehicle exhaust system for exhaust leaks and for adequate
shielding if it extends under the fuel tank portion of the vehicle.

7.1.5 Navigational Aids. Periodically check the aiming of REILs and Visual Glide Slope
Indicators.

7.1.6 Lighting. The inspector should:

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1) Determine that power generator and circuit resistance tests are being
conducted.

2) Ensure lights with adjustable optical systems are checked for proper aiming.

7.1.7 Obstacles. The inspector should:

1) Check to ensure there are no overhead power lines in the aircraft parking
areas.

2) Annually survey trees and other structures near the aerodrome that could affect
glide path angles, approach light lanes, or intruding Obstacle Limitation
Surfaces.

7.1.8 Rescue and Fire Fighting. The inspector should:

1) Periodically determine if the aerodrome rescue and firefighting service is

capable of meeting response times.

2) Ensure that recurrent training and hot-fire drills are being conducted.

3) Check to ensure the availability of adequate entry tools.

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Chapter 8 – Special Inspections

8.1 Special inspections occur after receipt of a complaint or as triggered by an unusual

condition or event. A special inspection should be conducted after an accident or
incident. Depending upon circumstances, special inspections may include the
inspection of any of the specific facilities or activities under the other three
components. A special inspection of aerodrome physical facilities and activities
should cover at least the areas described in this section, which are also included in
Appendix 1-D.

8.1.1 Pavement Areas. After a rain or thunderstorm, the inspector should check the
pavement areas for ponding and edge damming.

8.1.2 Markings and Signs. The inspector should:

1) Determine if markings are visible at night especially when the pavement is wet
following a rain.

2) After construction or maintenance operations, ensure that pavement markings

are correct.

8.1.3 Safety Areas. The inspector should:

1) Ensure that the storm sewer system is checked to verify that inlets are not
clogged and drainage channels are free of debris. Note any standing water.

2) Ensure all inlet covers are in place and sewer covers are at grade level.

3) Conduct a special inspection before reopening a runway or taxiway following

any construction or maintenance that has been performed in or around that
safety area.

4) Any time an aircraft has left the pavement and entered a safety area, check to
ensure that no ruts or holes have been made by the aircraft tires or by
personnel and equipment during the recovery operation.

5) Check for construction and maintenance activities to ensure that no hazardous

conditions have been created.

6) Physically drive or walk the safety areas to check for any discrepancies.

8.1.4 Construction. The inspector should:

1) Ensure that construction areas are barricaded and lighted properly.

2) Check construction equipment to ensure that they are parked within the pre-
arranged areas.

3) Conduct night inspections to ensure that barricades, warning lighting, and

reflectors are adequate to keep aircraft away from the construction area.

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4) Check the location of construction material and stockpiles to ensure that they
are outside of safety areas and do not block any signs.
5) Check any movement areas adjacent to construction areas or movement areas
traversed by construction vehicles to ensure there is no FOD present.

6) Check movement areas around construction sites for potentially confusing

marking, lighting, and signs that could cause pilot confusion or result in a
runway incursion.

8.1.5 Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (SMGCS).

1) For operations below 1,200 feet runway visual range, the inspector should
conduct an initial inspection of stop bar lights, runway guard lights, taxiway
centre line lights, and taxiway edge lights installed on the low visibility routes in
accordance with the aerodrome’s SMGCS plan.

2) SMGCS lighting systems that are not electronically monitored should be

periodically inspected every 2 to 4 hours for during operations below 1,200 feet
to 600 feet. For operations below 600 feet, these inspections should take place
every 2 hours. Such inspections should be detailed in the aerodrome’s SMGCS
plan.

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Chapter 9 – Condition Reporting

Alert users of the aerodrome to any unsafe conditions that exists and that could affect their
operations. Ensure appropriate NOTAMs are issued for unsafe conditions that are identified
during an inspection but cannot be corrected immediately. After reporting NOTAMs to the
AIS, follow-up to ensure that the NOTAMs were processed and transmitted.

On receipt of an inspection report, the organization concerned is required to submit a

Corrective Action Plan (CAP) within an agreed period. The CAP is a written confirmation by
the concerns division/Department detailing the measures they intend to implement, to
address all of the findings of non-compliance.

The CAP must incorporate actions that at least will remedy the deficiency in the short term
and prevent a future re-occurrence.

Table 9-1 Safety Risk Assessment Matrix (Risk Index)

Risk Severity
Risk
Catastrophic Hazardous Major Minor Negligible
probability
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Frequent 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E
(5)
Occasional 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E
(4)
Remote 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E
(3)
Improbable 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E
(2)
Extremely
Improbable 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E
(1)

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Table 9-2 Safety Risk Tolerability Matrix

Suggested Criteria
Suggested Assessment Risk
[Acceptability/
Criteria Index
Action Required]
5A, 5B, 5C Unacceptable under the
4A, 4B, existing circumstances.
3A
[Do not permit any
Intolerable operation until sufficient
Region control measures have
been implemented to
reduce risk to an
acceptable level.]
5D, 5E Acceptable based on
Tolerable 4C, 4D, 4E risk mitigation.
Region 3B, 3C, 3D It may require
Acceptable2A, 2B, 2C management decision.
Region
3E, Acceptable
2D, 2E
1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E

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Chapter 10 – Categorization of Deficiency and Deadline for Correction

As the ultimate purpose of inspection/surveillance is to identify the safety hazards; assess

the safety risk and rectify the deficiencies as required, it is practical here to utilize the safety
risk probability table and safety risk severity table of Safety Management System Manual of
aerodrome to find the level of probability and severity of the risk associated with the
deficiency. The risk arising out of the deficiency is then assessed using the safety risk
assessment matrix (risk index) Table 9-1 above. After getting the risk index, it is checked
against the safety risk tolerability matrix Table 9-2 above and the outcome will be referred to
Safety Review Board. If it is in the Intolerable Region, then the issue is immediately put
forward as a top priority to the [CAA] for immediate action. If it falls under the tolerable
region and deficiency can be rectified within the expertise and budget of aerodrome, then it
will be rectified within three to six months, depending on the nature of deficiency. However,
if it is not within the capacity, then aerodrome will coordinate with the [CAA] to rectify the
same within one or two fiscal year, as the case may be.

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Appendices

Appendix 1 Suggested Aerodrome Safety Self-Inspection Checklists

An aerodrome safety self-inspection checklist should cover the condition of the facilities and
equipment on the aerodrome for it to be a part of a good safety inspection program. The
checklist should be developed so that it is useful for the aerodrome and its operation. A
sketch of the aerodrome is highly recommended to readily identify the location of problems
found during the daily inspection.

The suggested checklists consist of a listing of facilities and equipment and a series of
conditions that are inspected.

The blank squares indicate the conditions to be evaluated for each facility. A check (√) in
one of these squares would indicate that the condition of the facility and equipment was
found to be satisfactory. On the other hand, an “x” in one of these squares would indicate
that the condition of the facility and equipment was found to be unsatisfactory.

When an unsatisfactory condition is found:

1. An ― “x” for each applicable square should be entered;

2. A note provided in the Remark/Action Taken section;

3. The location of the condition should be identified in the aerodrome sketch; and

4. Appropriate follow-up action including NOTAMs should be initiated. Corrective action

should be documented on either the self-inspection checklists or on a separate work
order system.

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Appendix 1-A Aerodrome Safety Self-Inspection Checklist

DATE : DAY : √
Satisfactory

Day Inspector/Time : Night Inspector/Time : X

Unsatisfactory

RESOLVED
FACILITIES CONDITIONS D N REMARKS BY
(Date/Initials)
Pavement lips over 3”
Hole – 5” diam. 3” deep
Cracks/heaves
Pavement
FOD: gravel/debris/sand
Areas
Rubber deposits
Ponding/edge dams

Ruts/humps/erosion
Drainage/construction
Support equipment/aircraft
Safety Areas
Frangible bases
Unauthorized objects

Clearly visible/standard
Runway markings
Taxiway markings
Markings
Holding position markings
Glass beads

Standard/meet Sign Plan

Obscured/operable
Signs
Damaged/retroreflective

Obscured/dirty/operable
Damaged/missing
Faulty aim/adjustment
Lighting Runway lighting
Taxiway lighting
Pilot control lighting

Rotating beacon operable

Navigational Wind indicators
Aids RENLs/VGSI systems

Obstacle lights operable

Obstacles Cranes/trees

Fueling Fencing/gates/signs
Operations Fuel marking/labelling
Fire extinguishers

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RESOLVED
FACILITIES CONDITIONS D N REMARKS BY
(Date/Initials)
Frayed wires
Fuel leaks/vegetation

Barricades/lights
Equipment parking
Construction Material stockpiles
Confusion signs/markings

Equipment/crew
Aircraft Rescue availability
and Fire Communications/alarms
Fighting Response routes affected

Fencing/gates/signs
Public
Jet blast problems
Protection
Wildlife present/location
Complying with WHMP
Wildlife Hazards
Dead birds

Comments/Remarks :

Airfield Map on Reverse Side

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Appendix 1-B Continuous Surveillance Checklist

DATE : DAY : √ Satisfactory

TIME : INSPECTOR : X Unsatisfactory

FACILITIES CONDITIONS √ REMARKS/ACTION TAKEN

Ground Rules/Procedures Followed
Vehicles
Fire/Explosion Hazards
Fueling
Signing/No smoking
Operations
Safety Plan
Runway Incursions
Construction Runway & Taxiway Use
FOD

Unauthorized Persons
Public Unauthorized Vehicles
Protection Gates clear

Birds/Animals
Wildlife Hazards
Pedestrians in Movement
Areas
Miscellaneous Passenger Load/Unload
Debris in Movement Area

Additional Remarks

Airfield Map on Reverse Side

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Appendix 1-C Periodic Condition Inspection Checklist

DATE : DAY : √ Satisfactory

TIME : INSPECTOR : X Unsatisfactory

FACILITIES CONDITIONS √ REMARKS/ACTION TAKEN

Rubber Deposits
Pavement
Polishing
Areas
Visible
Markings and
Standards
Signs
Physical Facilities
Mobile Fuelers
Fueling Fire Extinguishers
Operations Fuel Marking/Labelling
Frayed Wiring

Navigational RENLs/VGSI Aiming

Aids
Power Generator Check
Circuit Resistance Test
Lighting
Aim/Adjustment

Surveyed Trees/Structures
Obstacles Overhead Power Lines

Response Times
Aircraft Rescue
Live Fire Drills
and Fire
Training
Fighting

Additional Remarks

Airfield Map on Reverse Side

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Appendix 1-D Special Inspection Checklist

DATE : DAY : √ Satisfactory

TIME : INSPECTOR : X Unsatisfactory

FACILITIES CONDITIONS √ REMARKS/ACTION TAKEN

Pavement Ponding/Edge Dams
Areas
Visible after rain
Markings and
Standards after Construction
Signs
Drainage
Reopening Runways
Safety Areas
Reopening Taxiways

Barricades
Construction Lights
Construction
Equipment Parking

SMGCS Lighting
SMGCS
Additional Remarks

Airfield Map on Reverse Side

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Appendix 1-E Quarterly Inspection – Mobile Fuelers

Inspector : Fueling Agent : Date :

S – Satisfactory Jet A Fuelers 100LL Fuelers Other Fueler

U – Unsatisfactory
R – Remarks Below S U R S U R S U R
No smoking sign in cab
Flammability Signs/Haz Mat
Placards all sides
Bonding Cables and Clips
functional
Deadman Control for all
nozzles
2 Fire Extinguishers – Proper
type/Inspected
Emergency Shutoffs operable
and marked
No Fuel Leaks –
Hoses/Gaskets/Valves
Vehicle Exhaust System –
Shielded/Leak free
No evidence of Smoking – No
ashtray in cab
Vehicle Parking – 10' apart/50'
from buildings.
Explosion proof electrical/Light
lens intact
Ignition Sources (Clothing,
Shoes, Matches)
No of Mobile
Fuelers
Proper Fueling Procedures Jet A _________
Observed 100 LL
________
Fueling Personnel Meet
Other
Training Requirements
_________
Fueling Personnel Training
Records maintained
Remarks :

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Appendix 1-F Quarterly Inspection – Fuel Storage Areas

Inspector : Fueling Agent : Date :

S – Satisfactory Other
Jet A Section 100LL Section
U – Unsatisfactory _________
R – Remarks Below S U R S U R S U R
Fencing/Locks/Signs
Piping protected from vehicles
No Smoking signs posted
Deadman Controls for loading
stations
2 Fire Extinguishers –
Inspected/Accessible
Boldly Marked Emergency
Cutoffs – Location
No Fuel Leaks
Bonding wire/clips at loading
stations/operable
Piping/Pumps bonded and
grounded
No vegetation or materials to
spread fire
No evidence of Smoking
Hoses in good condition
Explosion Proof Electrical
Equipment

Remarks :

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