Biology Study Guide

Isomorphic life cycle having a single or a similar form Heteromorphic life cycle having different forms (as in both sporophyte and gametophyte) Autotrophy - the ability to be self-sustained by producing food from inorganic compounds. Without sunlight Photoautotrophy carrying out photosynthesis to acquire energy Photosynthesis - The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen is byproduct. Gametophyte the sexually-reproducing plant, the one that produces gametes Sporophyte the asexually-reproducing, or spore-bearing, plant. (diploid) Spores produced are haploid and are products of meiosis. Syngamy fertilization where two gametes unite to form a diploid embryonic sporophyte. Gymnosperm - A plant, such as a cycad or conifer, whose seeds are not enclosed within an ovary. Angiosperm Flowering plants with encased seed

Chapter 7 Protostomic development Blastopore becomes adult animals mouth. Spiral cleavage. Coelom forms as a split in cell mass. Determinate development. Deuterostomic development Blastopore becomes the anus and mouth forms later. Radial cleavage. (echinoderms and chordates) Coelom forms as an outgrowth of archenteron. Indeterminate development. Echinoids sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars Deuterostomes - Phylum Echinodermata and Chordata Echinodermata includes sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers Chordata includes animals with backbones - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals Echinodermata: Body pentaradially symmetrical, around an oral-aboral axis; endoskeleton of calcium carbonate; a water vascular system, tube feet. Sea Star (Asteroidea): o Has arms or rays. o Madreporite - to one side of central disk near junction of two arms. Here, seawater enters the water vascular system. o Dermal branchiae - (fingerlike) important part of respiratory system. o Pedicellariae - chewing action around the bases of spines o Ambulacral groove - runs the length of each ray o Ampullae- on the reverse side of tube feet (expand and contract) o Locomotion - tube feet (also for attachment) o Feeding - Predators on mussels, oysters, snails, barnacles, polychaetes and many other animals. To feed, a sea star places its body over the prey and

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secretes enzymes to partially digest it. Food fragments are then taken into the pyloric stomach and digestive gland for further digestion and absorption. Development As do all echinoderms, a sea star begins life as a larva. The first larval stage is a bilaterally symmetrical, free-swimming larva called a bipinnaria. The bipinnaria gradually changes its body form to become a many armed brachiolaria larva. The brachiolaria eventually settles down and metamorphoses into an adult sea star. Chordata - Bilaterally symmetrical; a notochord; pharyngeal gill slits; a dorsal, tubular nerve cord; a post-anal tail. Subphylum Urochordata - tunicates, sea squirts, salps Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets, marine fishlike animals. They lack a backbone, a skeletal system, and a well-defined head. Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha - lack paired appendages and have no jaws; skeleton of cartilage, not bone. Notochord is present. Class Myxini - hagfis. Mouths have four pairs of tentacles. Class Cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys, jawless. Live in sea and occasionally in fresh water. Superclass Gnathostomata - jawed vertebrates, usually two pairs of appendages Class Chondrichthyes - fishes whose skeletons are composed of cartilage instead of bone. The sharks, skates, and rays. Class Osteichthyes - Largest of fish groups. All have skeletons of bone and are commonly called bony fishes. Class Amphibia - Frogs, toads, and salamanders. Class Reptilia - lizards, snakes, turtles, and alligators. Most have appendages but some do not. Class Aves - All birds. Feet covered with scales, evidence of reptilian ancestry. Class Mammalia - Includes all mammals, including humans. All have hair. Bony fishes are different from sharks in that sharks have skeletons composed of cartilage.

Chapter 9 Spirogyra reproduces sexually by a process called conjugation. Conjugation tubes from cells in each filament empty contents from cell of (-) filament and goes to (+). The two haploid nuclei fuse to produce a diploid zygote with protective wall. Zygotes called zygospore. Eventually germinates and undergoes meiosis. Each haploid cell that results then grows into a new generation of haploid individuals. Diatoms: Gametic meiosis sexual life cycle [phylum: diatoms] Spirogyra: zygotic meiosis [phylum: chlorophyta (green algae)] Macrocystis: alternation of generations [phylum: phaeophyta (kelps, brown algae)] Laminaria: alternation of generations [phylum: phaeophyta (kelps, brown algae)] Fucus: gametic meiosis [phylum: phaeophyta (kelps, brown algae)] Chlamydomonas: zygotic meiosis [phylum: chlorophyta (green algae)]

Ulva: alternation of generations [phylum: chlorophyta (green algae)] Diatoms have two valves in their cell walls. Glasslike cell walls (frustules). Cell walls made of polymerized silica. Centric radially symmetrical Pennate bilaterally symmetrical Diatoms lack flagella. They move by secreting material through a long groove, called a raphe, that runs parallel to the main axis of the frustule. Diatomaceous earth accumulations of glass-like frustules from fossil diatoms.

Phaeophyta Holdfast: root-like attachment that anchors the alga in place. Not photosynthetically active. Receptacles contain the conceptacles. Conceptacles contain the antheridia and oogonia. Cell walls cellulose.

Chlorophyta Ulva alternation of generations is isomorphic. Isomorphic: same form (indistinguishable difference) heteromorphic: different in size and appearance.

Chapter 10

Plant cell walls made of cellulose Sporophyte spores gametophyte archegonium and antheridium egg sperm zygote Sporophyte Everything in this alternation of generations is mitosis EXCEPT production of spores which is product of meiosis. Plants are heteromorphic Unlike higher plants, bryophytes contain no vascular tissue (non-vascular) Vascular tissue cells joined into tubes through which water and the products of photosynthesis are transported Bryophytes consist of liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Mosses are more advanced Gemmae cups the cup-shaped structure on the upper surface of the thallus in which asexual buds are produced.

Chapter 11

Two characteristics that unite ferns o All have flagellated sperm o Sporophyte generation is the most prominent Developmental name for fiddlehead is circinate vernation Frond, petiole, blade, pinnae, rachis, fiddlehead, rhizome Sori are on the underside and produce spores. Sporangium release spores into air through dehiscence process (splits open).

Chapter 12

Angiosperms are of the phylum anthophyta. They differ from all other plants in two ways o They reproduce by means of flowers o Seeds are enclosed in fruits Monocots in 3s usually, leaf venation usually parallel Dicots in 4s or 5s usually, leaf venation usually netlike