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something to hook you up
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/ 46
Fatima has connected
By submitting her
resume online Fatima her professional
's practicing green se social media account
to both her laptop
and smartphone.
Fatima Aktar is finishing her degree in social media marketing, During her time at school
she has learned about how to use technology for productivity, and specifically how to
use technology in social media marketing. Fatima recently visited her school’s career
counseling center and received a list of tips to use technology to find an entry-level job
in her field. She will use the technology with which she is familiar to search for openings,
research the companies, schedule and keep track of interviews, and create a professional
online presence.
Module 1: Impact of Digital Technology co Figure 1-1 Electronic digital computer
IN THE COURSE of a day you might use technology to complete
assignments, watch a streaming video, flip through news head-
lines, search for directions, make a dinner reservation, or buy
something online. At school, at home, and at work, technology
plays a vital role in your activities.
In this module, you will learn how technology has developed
over time, explore the ways technology impacts our daily home
and work lives, and discover how to choose and prepare for a
career in technology.
Explain Society’s Reliance on Technology
‘Over the last quarter century technology has revolutionized our lives. Because of advances
in technology you can more quickly and effectively than ever before access, search for, and
share information. You can manage your finances, calendars, and tasks. You can play games
and watch videos on your phone or computer for entertainment and relaxation. Digital
literacy (also called computer literacy) involves having a current knowledge and under
standing of computers, mobile devices, the web, and related technologies, Being digitally
literate is essential for acquiring a job, using and contributing to global communications,
and participating effectively in the international community
‘A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in
its own memory, that can accept data, process the data to produce information, and store the
{information for future use, Data is raw facts, such as text or numbers. A computer includes
hardware and software, Hardware isthe device itself and its components, such as wites, cases,
switches, and cleetronic cireuits. Software consists ofthe programs and apps that instruct
the computer to perform tasks, Software processes data into meaningful information
Outline the History of Computers
People have relied on tols and machines to count and manipulate numbers for thousands
of years. These tools and technologies have evolved from the abacus in ancient times, tothe
first computing machines in the nineteenth century, o today's powerfl handheld devices
soch as smartphones and tablets.
‘The frst generation of computers used vacuum tubes (Figure 1-1), cylindrical glass
tubes that controlled the flow of electrons, The ENIAC and UNIVAC are examples of
these expensive machines. Their use and avalablity were limited due to thei large sie,
the amount of power they consumed, the heat they
generated, and how quickly they wore out
with vacuum tubes ‘The next generation of computers replaced vacuum
tubes with transistors, which were smaller, cheaper,
and more reliable. These computers contained many
components still in use today, including tape and
disk storage, memory, operating systems, and stored
programs
In the 1960s, computer engineers developed
integrated circuits, which packed the equivalent of
thousands of vacuum tubes or transistors into a silicon
chip about the size of your thumb. In 1971, Ted Hoff
and a team of engineers at Intel and IBM introduced
the microprocessor. A microprocessor isthe “brains”
ofa computer, a chip that contains a central processing
‘nit, Microprocessors were even faster, smaller, and less
expensive than integrated circuits, Today, microproces-
tors are often called processors for short.
‘Module 1: Impact of Digital Technology In the 1970s and 1980s, computers meant for personal use started Figure 1-2: Apple Il computer
to gain popularity. In 1978, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak of Apple
Computer Corporation introduced the Apple II (Figure 1-2), a
preassembled computer with color graphics and popular spread
sheet software called VisiCale,
IBM followed Apple’ lead in 1981, introducing its personal
computer (PC). Other manufacturers also started making similar
machines, and the market grew. Since 1981, the number of PCs in
use has grown to the billions. However, many people today use tablets
and smartphones in addition to or instead of PCs,
‘Today's computers have evolved into connected devices that can share
data using the Internet or wireless networks. They are smaller, faster,
and have far greater capabilities than previous computer. In fact, your
smartphone probably has more computing power than the computer
that guided the Apollo mission to the moon in 19691
Explain the Impact of the Internet
of Things and Embedded Computers
‘The Internet of Things (loT) is an environment where processors
are embedded in every product imaginable (things), and these
things communicate with one another via the Internet or wireless
networks, Alarm clocks, coffeemakers, thermostats, streetlights, navigation systems, and
much more are enhanced by the growth of Io, oT-enabled devices often are referred to
as smart devices (Figure 1-3) because of their ability to communicate, locate, and predict.
Smart devices often have associated apps to control and interact with them,
Figure 1-3: Smart devices use loT to control home functions, such as a thermostat
‘The basic premise of IoT is that objects can be tagged, tracked, and monitored through
a local network or across the Internet. Communication technologies such as Bluetooth,
RFID tags, near-field communications (NFC), and sensors have become readily available
more powerful, and less expensive. Sensors and tags can transmit data t
Internet over a wireless network at frequent intervals for analysis and storage,
Developments in Big Data have made it possible to efficiently access, store, and process
the mountain of data reported by sensors. Mobile service providers offer connectivity to a
variety of devices so that transmitting and receiving data can take place quickly.
a server on the
Module 1: Impact of Digital Technology An embedded computer is a computer that functions as one component in a larger prod-
ut, and which has a specific purpose. Embedded computers usually are small and have
limited hardware on their own but enhance the capabilites of everyday devices. Embed-
ded computers perform a specific function based on the requirements of the product in
which they reside, For example, an embedded computer in a printer monitors the ink ley-
cls, detects paper jams, and determines if the printer is out of paper.
Embedded computers are everywhere. This technology enables computers and devices
to connect with one another over the Internet using foT. You encounter examples of
‘embedded computers multiple times e day perhaps without being aware of i.
‘Today's vehicles have many embedded computers. These enable you to use a camera to
guide you when backing up, warn you ifa vehicle or object is in your blind spot, or alert
you to unsafe road conditions. Recently, all new cars were required to include backup cam-
eras and electronic stability control, which can assist with steering the car in case of skid
ding. All of this technology is intended to make driving safer (Figure 1-4).
Figure 1-4: Some of the embedded computers designed to improve safety, security, and performance in torlay’s vehicles
ars equipped with wees communications ca
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Critics of in-vehicle technology claim that it can provide drivers with a false sense of
security. Hyou rely on a sensor while backing up, parking, or changing lanes, you may miss
other obstructions that can cause a crash, Reliance on electronic stability contzol may caute
you to drive faster than conditions allow, or to pay less attention to the distance between,
your vehicle and others
ATMs and Kiosks
Automated teller machines (ATMs) are one of the more familiar uses of loT, You can use
your ATM card to withdraw cash, deposit checks, and interact with your bank accounts
Recent innovations are improving card security, such as ehip-and-pin technology that
stores data on an embedded chip instead of a magnetic stripe.
ATMs are a type of kiosk. A kiosk is a freestanding booth usually placed in a public area
that can contain a display device used to show information tothe public or event attendees,
‘Module 1: Impact of Digital Technology Kiosks enable self-service transactions in hotels and airports, or example, to enable users
to check in for a Might or room. Healtheate providers also use kiosks for patients to check
in and enter information, such as their insurance card number.
loT at Home
IoT enables you to manage devices remotely in your home, such as to start the washing.
machine ata certain time, view potential intruders via a webcam, or adjust the room tem-
perature. Personal loT uses include wearable fitness trackers that record and send data to
your smartphone or computer about your exercise activity, the number of steps you take in
aa day, and your heart rate.
Figure 1-5 shows an example of how ToT can help manage your daily tasks
Figure 1-5: loT-enabled devices can help you with daly tasks such as grocery shopping
JoT continues to advance its capabilities, and can help you maintain a secure, energy-
efficent, connected, voice-activated, remotely accessible home.
loT in Business
All businesses and areas of business can take advantage of loT: Manufacturing can use sen-
sors to monitor processes and increase quality of finished goods (Figure I-6). Retail ean use
sengors to track inventory or send coupons to customers’ phones while they shop. Shipping
companies can track mileage and location of their trucks and monitor driving times to
ensure the safety oftheir drivers,
Figure 1-6: Manufacturers can use a tablet to control a robotic arm
Module 1: Impact of Digital Technology Ahealtheare provider can use IoT to
+ Connect to a patients wearable blood pressure or glucose monitor
+ Send prescription updates and changes to a pharmacy, and alert the patient of the
prescription
+ Track and store data provided by wearable monitors to determine necessary follow-up
+ Send the patient reminders about upcoming appointments or tests
‘The uses of loT ate expanding rapidly, and connected devices continue to impact and
‘enhance business practices at al levels.
Discover Uses for Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (Al) isthe technological use of logic and prior experience to simulate
human intelligence, AT has a variety of capabilities, such as speech recognition, virtual real
ity, logical reasoning, and creative responses, Computers with AI can collect information
to make decisions, reach conclusions, and combine information in new ways, which is a
form of learning,
Computers with AI use machine intelligence rather than human intelligence to make
decisions. The goal in creating AT devices is (o minimize the gap between what a machine
ccan do and what a buman can do, Programmers train the computer to act when presented.
with certain scenarios by instructing the computer that "if X happens, then do ¥
Explore the Impact of Virtual Reality
Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that
appears asa three-dimensional (3-D) space. These simulations use 3-D images that enable
users to explore and have a sensory experience through visual and sound effects. You use
‘VR in gaming to interact with a virtual environment and digital beings. Augmented reality
(AR) isa type of VR that uses an image of an actual place or thing and adds digital informa-
tion toit, A photo ofa location overlaid with information about places of interest (Figure 1-7)
‘ora football broadcast that shows a first-down marker are examples of AR,
Figure 1-7: Augmented reality combines real Images with digital information
Although VR developers work mostly with digital graphics and animation, they also use
‘Al when creating virtual creatures that make decisions and change their behavior based on
interactions with others. A VR developer can create an entire 3-D environment that con.
tains infinite space and depth,
Module 1: Impact of Digital Technology The Digital Divide
All of this technology has many uses for both personal and business needs. However, itis
not available to everyone. The dlgital divide is the gap between those who have access to
technology and ils resources and information, especially on the Internet, and those who do
not. Socioeconomic and demographic factors contribute to the digital divide, which ean
impact individuals, households, businesses, or geographic areas,
Imagine the educational opportunities when you have access to high-speed, unfiltered
Internet content; your own laptop, tablet, or smart device; and software to create, track,
and process data and information, Then compare these opportunities with the opportw
nities available to students who live in countries where the government restricts access to
Internet content, and economics prevent them from owning their own devices and the
software or apps used on them. These inequalities affect learning, knowledge, and oppor-
tunities and can have a lasting impact on the future of those affected.
Corporations, non-profits, educational institutions, a are working on
solutions to narrow the digital divide so that all learners can become digitally literate
Develop Personal Uses for Technology
You can use technology to help with productivity, learning, and future career growth. In
your daily life you interact with embedded computers in stores, public transportation, your
car or truck, and more. Assistive technologies help people with disabilities to use technol-
ogy. Green computing practices reduce the impact of electronic waste on the planet.
Just as any society has rules and regulations to guide its citizens, so does the digital
world, As a digital citizen, you should be familiar with how to use technology to become
an educated and productive member ofthe digital world. This section covers several areas
with which you should be familiar in order to be a digital citizen.
Explore Personal Uses for Technology
‘Technology can enable you to more efficiently and effectively access and search for infor-
mation; share personal ideas, photos, and videos with friends, family, and others; com-
‘municate with and meet other people; manage finances; shop for goods and services; play
games or access other sorts of entertainment; network with other business professionals to
recruit for or apply for jobs; keep your life and activities organized; and complete business
activities. Artificial intelligence and robotics increase your productivity.
Artificial Intelligence
Some ofthe practical uses of Al include strategic gaming, military simulations, statistical pre
dictions, and self- driving cars. For example, meteorologists use AI to analyze weather data
patterns to create list of possible outcomes for an upcoming weather event. The predictions
made by the AI software then need to be interpreted, reviewed, and prioritized by people.
Some of the ways you might interact with AI on a daily basis include:
+ Virtual assistants, which use voice recognition and search engines to answer, react, or
reply to user requests
+ Social media and online ads, which track your data, such as websites visited, and
provide ads targeted to your personal interests
+ Video games that provide information to your virtual opponents based on your skill
level and past actions
+ Music and media streaming services, which recommend options based on your past
listening and viewing choices,
+ Smart cars, which automate many driving tasks such as managing speed and avoiding
collisions
+ Navigation apps, which provide you with information about traffic and the best routes,
ong with preferred stops along your way.
+ Security, such as using your fingerprint to access your phone, or facial recognition and,
‘motion-detection cameras that alert you to undsual or unauthorized visitors
Module 1: Impact of Digital Technology Another use of AL is natural language processing. Natural language processing isa form
‘of data input in which computers interpret and digitize spoken words or commands, In,
some cases, users must train the software to recognize the user's speech patterns, accent, and.
voice inflections. Digital assistants like Amazon's Alexa or Apple's Siri use natural language
Processing to respond to your verbal commands or questions, using search technology to
provide answers or perform a task, such as adding an item to a grocery lst (Figure 1-8)
Figure 1-8: Smart devices provide you with assistance, answers, and mi
Use Robotics and Virtual Reality
Robotics isthe science that combines engineering and technology to create and program
robots. Robots are useful in situations where itis impractical, dangerous, or inconvenient
to use a human, such as cleanup of hazardous waste and materials, domestic uses such as
vacuuming, and agricultural and manufacturing uses (Figure 1-3).
Figure 1-9: Robot used to detect weeds and spray chemicals
wer |
a
Robots can also assist surgeons. A robotic arm or instrament can be more precise, flex-
ible, and controlled than a human hand. 3-D cameras enable the surgeon to see inside the
body. Robotic surgeries often take less time to heal and can prevent risk of infection because
they require a smaller incision site, However, robots require a surgeon to control and direct
the operation. Surgeons must not only be trained medically, but also to use the robot.
Module 1: Impact of Digital Technology Self-driving cars use cameras to change speed due to traffic. They rely on GPS to nav-
{gate the best and fastest route. The proponents say that they reduce dangers related to
human erroz. One of the biggest concerns about self-driving cars is that they may conttib_
tue to accidents caused by distracted driving.
‘Outside of gaming, science and medicine use VR for training and research. For exam-
ple, medical students can use VR to practice their emergency medicine skills. NASA uses
‘VR to simulate space fight and the environments of other planets. Other commercial uses
inelude enabling potential home buyers to move through @ home's various rooms, or con-
struction companies to show a preview of the completed building,
‘When you make a decision based on observation, of answer a question, your brain and
senses prompt you to use your past experiences, knowledge base, and visual and other sen-
sory clues to come up with a response, AI and other technologies that mimic human action
‘use some of the same processes. Computers learn from past interactions to predict likely
outcomes or responses. They use databases and Internet searches to come up With answers
to questions. Cameras can read faces and analyze voices to recognize users
Utilize Technology in Daily Life
Imagine your life without technology and the Internet. You probably use the Internet daily
to find information, connect with social media, make purchases, and more. Your devices
can help you connect tothe Internet to perform these tasks. The following are examples of
how you might interact with technology, including embedded computers and the Internet,
sn your daly ie.
‘The sound of the alarm you asked your smart speaker to set ast night wakes you up. You
can smell the coffee brewing from the coffee maker you programmed to go off five minutes
before your alarm. Once you leave for work, your thermostat wil adjust by five degrees,
and then readjust toa more comafortable temperature by the time you arrive home
‘On your way to and from work, you check the public transportation app on your phone
(Figure 1-0) to locate and get directions to the nearest subway station. Once there, you
scan your phone to pay your fare and access the terminal. screen inthe station displays
Figure 110: You can use apps to find information about public transit options
‘STATION =
“ah
1nFB 7
Module 1: Impact of Digital Technology aan alert when the train is incoming. As the subway speeds towards the next station, it relies
‘on sensors to determine any oncoming railic and report delays, changes in routes, and the
next available stop,
‘After work, you decide to take your car and go shopping, You program your vehicle's
‘GPS to take you to the nearest mall, As you drive, your car senses the space between you
and the car ahead and slows your speed to keep a safe distance. Outside the mall, you use
parking app to locate a parking spot near the front door and use your car's cameras to
safely navigate into the spat
Before heading into the store, you decide to check your balance on your debit card. Your
banking app tells you how much money is in your checking account, You tap to transfer
{$40 to your smartphone’s payment app, then you head to the store.
‘You walk into a clothing store, searching for a new sweater. You talk to a sales associate,
‘who uses her tablet to look up your personal profile, including past purchases, based on
your phone number. The sales associate tells you what size you wear, and what colors you.
hhave bought in the past few years, Together, you find a sweater that fits and that you dosit
currently have anything like in your wardrobe, Before using the store’ self-checkout, you
check your store loyalty app on your smartphone to see what coupons are available.
Use Technology to Assist Users with Disabilities
‘The ever-increasing presence of computers in everyone’ lives has generated an awareness
of the need to address computing requirements for those with limitations, such as learning
disabilities, mobility issues, and hearing and visual disabilities,
‘The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires any company with 15 or more
employees to make reasonable attempts to accommodate the needs of physically chal-
Jenged workers. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that pub
lic schools purchase or acquite funding for adaptive technologies, These laws were put in
place to ensure that people with disabilities can access resources, information, and services
using the appropriate technology.
Users with visual disabilities can change screen settings, such as increasing the size or
changing the color of the text to make the words easier to read. Changing the color of text
also can address the needs of users with certain types of color blindness. Instead of using
‘a monitor, blind users can work with voice output, That is, the computer speaks out loud
‘the information that appears on a sereen. A Braille printer prints information on paper in
Braille (Figure 1-1).
Figure 11: A Braile printer
Module 1: Impact of Digital Technology ser technology uses audio output to describe the contents ofthe screen. Sereen,
readers can read aloud webpages and documents or provide narration of the computer or
device's actions. Alternative text (alt text) is descriptive text added to an object, such as a
picture or drawing (Figure 1-12). A screen reader will read the at text aloud so that the user
‘understands the image and its purpose. Webpages and documents should include alt text
{for all images, Alt text can be as simple as the name of a famous individual shown in a pho-
tograph, or more complex, such as interpreting the results of a chart or graph. Productivity
applications such as Microsoft Office and webpage creation apps prompt users to add alt
text, and sometimes provide suggested alt text content,
Figure 112: Screen readers use alt text to describe an image
Alt text
Colorful hot air balloons
fiying over champagne
| ay vineyards at sunset,
Montagne de Reims,
France
‘Users wit
1 hearing disability can instruct programs or apps to display words or other
visual clues instead of sounds, such as for a notification from an app. Captioning software
displaye scrolling text for dialogue in a video. Cameras can interpret sign language gestures
into text
‘Mobility issues can impact a user’ ability to interact with hardware, such as a key:
board or a mouse, Users with limited hand mobility can use an on-screen keyboard, a
keyboard with larger keys, or a hand-mounted pointer to control the pointer or inser-
tion point, Alternatives to mouse buttons include a hand pad, a foot pedal, a receptor
that detects facial motions, or a pneumatic instrument controlled by puffs of air. Users
with conditions that cause hands to move involuntarily can purchase input devices such
asa keyboard or mouse that are less sensitive to accidental interaction due to trembling,
or spasms,
‘Users with learning disabilities might struggle with reading words on a sereen, hand.
‘writing, or retaining information. Technologies that help these users learn or perform tasks
indude:
+ Speech recognition programs so the user can input data or information verbally
+ Graphic organizers to enable a user to create an outline or structure of information
+ Audio books to read information aloud to the user instead of reading on a printed
page or on the screen
‘The basic premise of assisted technology is to improve accessibility for all users and
provide the same opportunities to learn, work, and play, no matter what limitations a
user has,
Apply Green Computing Concepts to Daily Life
People use, and often waste, resources such as electricity and paper while using technology.
‘The practice of green computing involves reducing electricity consumed and environmen.
tal waste generated when using computers, mobile devices, and related technologies.
Module 1: Impact of Digital Technology Figure 118: Look forthe Energy Starlogo when Personal computers, displays, printers, and other devices should comply
purchasing appliances or devices with guidelines ofthe ENERGY STAR program (Figure 18). The United
States Department of Energy (DOE) and the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) developed the ENERGY STAR program to help
reduce the amount of electricity used by computers and related devices
‘This program encourages manufacturers to create energy-efficient
