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IB Chemistry: Unit 1 - The Particle Nature of Matter

This document defines key terms and concepts related to the particle nature of matter, including: 1) States of matter, state symbols, and changes between states like evaporation and condensation. 2) Gas properties defined by the ideal gas law and how real gases can deviate from ideal behavior. 3) Distinctions between pure substances, mixtures, homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and compounds. 4) Atomic structure of elements, molecules, and ions.

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mjohnmcc
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105 views

IB Chemistry: Unit 1 - The Particle Nature of Matter

This document defines key terms and concepts related to the particle nature of matter, including: 1) States of matter, state symbols, and changes between states like evaporation and condensation. 2) Gas properties defined by the ideal gas law and how real gases can deviate from ideal behavior. 3) Distinctions between pure substances, mixtures, homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and compounds. 4) Atomic structure of elements, molecules, and ions.

Uploaded by

mjohnmcc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1- The Particle Nature Of Matter 09/01/2024, 18:36

Unit 1- The Particle Nature Of


Matter
ions that are made of more than one
polyatomic ions
atom

solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), and aqueous


State symbols
(aq)

the SI base unit used to measure the


mole
amount of a substance

All the digits that can be known


significant figures precisely in a measurement, plus a last
estimated digit

Ideal Gas Law PV=nRT

results from the force exerted by a gas


gas pressure
per unit surface area of an object

1) real gases deviate from ideal


behavior at high pressures.

2) real gases deviate from ideal


behavior at low temperatures

Real Gases vs. Ideal Gases 3) at a given P/T, stronger IMA's will
result in greater deviation from ideal
behavior

4) at high P/low T, the larger the size of


the molecules results in a greater
deviation from ideal behavior

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Unit 1- The Particle Nature Of Matter 09/01/2024, 18:36

Combined Gas Law Equation P1 V1 / n1 T1 = P2 V2 / n2 T2

A combination of two or more


Mixture substances that are not chemically
combined

A sample of matter, either a single


element or a single compound, that has
Pure substance
definite chemical and physical
properties

A molecule composed of one kind of


Elements atom; cannot be broken into simpler
units by chemical reactions.

two or more elements chemically


Compounds
combined

A mixture that is not uniform in


composition; components are not
heterogeneous mixture
evenly distributed throughout the
mixture

A mixture in which substances are


homogeneous mixture evenly distributed throughout the
mixture

smallest unit of matter, with a nucleus


Atoms consisting of protons and neutrons and
electrons orbiting the nucleus

Groups of two or more atoms held


Molecules
together by chemical bonds

Atom or molecule with a net electric


Ions charge due to loss or gain of one or
more electron

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Unit 1- The Particle Nature Of Matter 09/01/2024, 18:36

Avogardo's constant 6.02 x 10^23 particles

1. non-zeros are always significant; 2.


zeros between two other sig figs are
significant; 3. all final zeros after the
Significant Figure Rules decimal point are significant; 4. zeros
used solely for spacing the decimal
point are not significant unless a
decimal point is present

liquid is the melted physical state of a


Liquid vs aqueous substance (as apposed to solid or gas)

aqueous means dissolved in water

Condensation, Evaporation,
Changes in states of matter
Sublimation, Melting, Freezing

states of matter solid, liquid, gas, plasma

a chemical reaction in which heat is


exothermic reaction
released to the surroundings

endothermic reaction A reaction that absorbs energy

Endo: Heat absorbed H>0


Endothermic vs. Exothermic
Exo: Heat released H

A measure of the average kinetic


Temperature energy of motion of the particles of a
substance.

The temperature scale that assigns 0 K


to the coldest temperature possible,
absolute zero (-273 C), the
Kelvin (K) scale
temperature at which molecular motion
stops. The size of the kelvin is identical
to that of the Celsius degree.

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Unit 1- The Particle Nature Of Matter 09/01/2024, 18:36

Celcius to Kelvin K=C+273

as one amount increases, another


directly proportional relationship amount increases at the same rate.
(when x doubles, y doubles)

a change in one quantity causes a


change by the same factor, in the
Inversely proportional relationship
opposite direction, of another quantity.
(when x doubles, y halves)

1. no interaction between gas


molecules

2. collisions of gaseous molecules are


perfectly elastic

3. gas particles move in continuous,


Assumptions of Ideal Gases
rapid, random motion

4. no forces of attraction between gas


particles

5. temperature of gases depend on


average kinetic energy

the amount of force exerted per unit


pressure
area of a surface

The amount of space an object takes


Volume
up

kilopascals to pascals x1000

1 cubic metre (m^3)= 1000 cubic


Convert between the units of meters decimetre (dm3)
cubed, (m3) decimeters cubed (dm3),
and centimeters cubed (dm3) 1 cubic metre(m^3)= 1,000,000 cubic
centimetre (dm3)

Mole formula moles = mass/molar mass

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Unit 1- The Particle Nature Of Matter 09/01/2024, 18:36

Density mass/volume

a formula with the lowest whole-


empirical formula number ratio of elements in a
compound

Avogadro's Law V1/n1 = V2/n2

Molar mass of a gas M= mRT/PV

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