Factual (Cond.

0) if + Present simple + Present

simple
scientific/empirical facts/commands

Indicative mood

HOPE [Real conditional/tenses]

will
Predictive conditional​​ (cond. 1) If + present simple + may + bare
Predictions/promises/threats Can + bare

*Imperative
*If you see Peter, tell him I need to talk to him

would
Hypothetical conditional (cond. 2) if + simple past + could + bare
Unlikelihood/hypothetical/impossible/improbable/advice/request might

Subjunctive mood
WISH [Unreal conditional/tenses]

Counterfactual conditional (cond.3)​​ if + past perf. + would + perf. infinitive

Regret / criticism

Mixed conditionals
Type 1 Type 3
If she is honest, she would have told him the truth
Type 2 Type 3
If she knew the truth she would have told me
Type 3 Type 2
If she had accepted his proposal she would be married now
Type 2 Type 1
If he missed the train he will be late

Unless​​: used in first conditional. If sth does not happen, something else will happen
Even if/even so​​: used to indicate that a situation is not affected by another situation
Whether​​: used to indicate that a situation is not affected by any of several situations
Only if​​: A situation is a necessary condition for the situation referred to in the main clause.
If only​​: to introduce hypothetical situations followed by the past tense, to indicate that de
condition is imaginary
WISH
Present reference​​: past tense verb ------ I wish I studied more
Past reference​​: past perfect / could + present perfect ------ I wish I had studied more /I wish I
could have studied more
Future reference​​: Would + simple / could + simple / were + verb+ing ----- I wish she would visit
me next summer / I wish she could visit me next summer / I wish she were visiting me next
summer
Wish + would​​: to express irritation because someone keeps doing something that you don’t like
I wish she wouldn’t call me at 3:00 A.M.

CLAUSES!!!!
When: at the time
When/as/while: Events happening simultaneously
Before: earlier than
After: later than
Until: Up to a certain time
Since: From a particular time onwards
Once: Something happens when something else is completed
As soon as: immediately after another event
Immediately: Something happens just after something else with no pause or delay
WE DO NOT USE FUTURE TENSE IN THE TIME CLAUSE:
I’ll give it to you when you tell me why you want it ​(not: when you will tell me)
It is customary to use the future tense in the independent –main- clause, and the present tense
in the dependent –time- clause

Simple present, present perfect and future reference

After the following words: when, after, as soon as, until. One action must be completed before
the other
When I’ve called Tom, we can have supper
Use present simple when two actions happen together NOT PRESENT PERFECT
When I call Tom, I’ll ask him about the money NOT WHEN I’VE CALLED
That Clauses:
That clauses can function as ​direct object​ or ​subject​.

S+ V+ Adj + That S + V

Lee is happy that she is going to Europe

● “That” can be omitted in a noun clause when functioning as a ​DO

He told me (that) his mother was ill

● “That” can’t be omitted when it functions as predicative ​complement​ or ​subject

The problem is ​that​ I sing out of tune
That​ opinions will differ is inevitable

● Prepositions can only be followed by noun equivalents, so in that case a that clause can
be preceded by “the fact that”

I knew about his illness Preposition + noun

I knew that he was ill That clause

I knew about that he was ill* Preposition + that (Ungrammatical)

I knew about the fact that he was ill Preposition + the fact + that clause

● “That” can be replaced in a noun clause by “which”, “who” or “whom” in ​defining relative
clauses​.

● “That” can be omitted in noun clauses when acting as an ​adjectival complement​:

I’m happy ​(that) she accepted my proposal.

Wh clauses:
● Wh clauses are used after verbs of:
➢ Cognition: ​Know, understand, suppose, remember, forget, wonder.
➢ Communication: ​Ask, say, admit, agree, argue, explain, mention, remind, reply,
suggest, tell.
➢ Thinking: ​Know, ask, tell. (these are followed by the ​wh word​ + t​ he to infinitive​).

● To infinitive is used when the subject is the same for both verbs:
He didn’t know ​what t​ o do
We will ask ​when to s
​ et off
 ● Wh clauses are used after some ​nouns​ to say more about them:
Is there any r​ eason​ ​why I should stay​?
Do you remember ​the day​ w ​ hen we went to Edinburgh.​

● Whether/if formula:
Whether (or not) + S + V If + S + V + (or not)

● Unlike that clauses, Wh clauses can follow a ​preposition​, acting as its complement:
Mary is not responsible f​ or​ ​what Billy did.

Relative clauses:
A clause that is attached to an antecedent by a relative pronoun such as ​who,​ ​which,​ or ​that​.
Usually used to provide extra information about a subject.

● Non-defining: give additional information but don’t define the antecedent. Comas are
used.
My sister, who lives in Rosario, is a dancer.
● Defining: identifying or restrictive. Give information which defines its antecedent. Comas
are not used.
My sister who lives in Rosario is a dancer.

Cleft sentences:
Also called it-clefts are the result of changing the normal sentence pattern to emphasise a
particular piece of information. It renders like this:

It + be + wh clause
​ ought his new car from our neighbour last Saturday.
It was my brother who b

Pseudo-cleft sentences:
Very similar to cleft-sentences, but with the difference of a wh-word instead of “it”. It renders like
this:

Wh-word + clause + be
What we now need are​ actions rather than words.
 Time Place Conditional Manner Reason Result

When Where If As Because So that

While Wherever Unless As if Since In order that
As Everywhere Whether As though As So… that
Before Only if Like (​≠as) For Such… that
After If only As.... as (+) In that Therefore
Until Even if So… as (-) Consequently
Since Even so As a result
Once Hence
As soon as Thus
Immediately As a consequence
Afterwards
After that

Purpose Comment Listing Exemplifying Adding Explanatory

So that I’m sure Firstly For instance As well as That is (to say)
In order that I’m afraid Secondly For example As well I.e. (id est)
So as to I admit Next Such as Besides In other words
In order to I gather Then Like Moreover To put it in another
To avoid (-) I dare say Finally In particular Too words
You see To sum up Also
You know As a result
Mind you For a start
You must admit To begin with
I must say To start with
In fact In brief/short
So to speak In conclusion
Heaven knows Lastly
As you may have heard

Contrast/concession

Although, though, while, whilst, even if, whereas, much as, despite, in spite of, however, nevertheless,
nonetheless, still, yet, on the other hand, rather than, instead