COMPUTERS

Computers
• Original Reference to PEOPLE who were given
the repetitive tasks of doing calculations.
• Modern Day Wonder
 Computers
• Rich history of inventions designed to help
people do mathematical calculations

ABACUS (300 B.C.)

NAPIER’s BONES (1617)

PASCAL CALCULATOR (1624)

 Computers
CHARLES BABBAGE’ Difference Machine

• 1812
• Steam Powered the size of a Room
• Polynomials and Logarithmic Tables

HERMAN HOLLERITH’s Hollerith Desk

• 1890
• Punch Cards
• Founder of IBM
 Computers
• 1943 – Howard Aiken
• First Programmable Digital Computer
• Partnership between IBM and Harvard
• 51 feet long, 8 ft high, 5 tons
• Connected by 530 miles of wire
• Powered by a 5 Horsepower Motor
• Ran straight for 15 years!

HARVARD MARK I

• 1941 – John Atanasoff, Clifford Berry

• First computer to store data in a ‘charged’ capacitor
• Forerunner of today’s storage method of computers
• RAM

ATANASOFT-BERRY COMPUTER
 Computers
• COLOSSUS (WW II)
– UK wartime
invention designed
to crack secret
cryptographic
codes of Germany
 Computers
• Z3 (1941)
– Konrad Zuse
– First programmable
software driven
computer
 Computers
• ENIAC (1943-1945)
– Electronic Numerical
Integrator And
Calculator
– Goldstein, Mauchley,
Eckert
– Funded by the US War
Department
– Designed to replace all
Women doing the
manual calculation of
‘firing tables’ for the
Army’s artillery gun
 The Personal Computer Revolution
•1971
• 20 years in Technology
The Personal Computer Revolution

ALTAIR 8800 (1975) IMSAI 8080 (1975)

SOL (1975)
The Personal Computer Revolution

Apple I (1976)

TRS-80 (1979)

Apple ][ (1977)
The Personal Computer Revolution

TRS-80 Model 100

IBM-PC (1990s)

MACINTOSH (1984)
 RA8792 Definition
• 5b. Computer refers to any device or
apparatus which, by electronic, electro-
mechanical or magnetic impulse, or by other
means, is capable of receiving, recording,
transmitting, storing, processing, retrieving, or
producing information, data, figures, symbols
or other modes of written expression
according to mathematical and logical rules or
of performing any one or more of those
functions.
RA8792 Definition
 Programs
• Computers don’t understand
human language Program
• Instructions written by humans
to tell computers what and how
to do things for them. Operating
System

Hardware
NETWORKS
 The Need to Connect
• People Connect So Computers MUST too!
 Networking History
• Octopus Network (1970)
– Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
• Cambridge Ring (1974)
– Cambridge University
• Ethernet (1973)
– Xerox PARC Laboratory
– Metcalfe and Boggs
• ArcNet (1976)
– Chase Manhattan Bank NY (1977)
 Connections
• LAN - Local Area Network
• WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
• WAN - Wide Area Network
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
• SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network,
Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area
Network
• CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network,
or sometimes Cluster Area Network
• PAN - Personal Area Network
• DAN - Desk Area Network
 LAN
• A LAN connects network devices over a relatively
short distance i.e. networked office building,
school, or home
– usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one
building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one
per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of
nearby buildings.
– typically owned, controlled, and managed by a single
person or organization.
– use certain connectivity technologies,
primarily Ethernet and Token Ring.
 WAN
• Wide Area Network is a geographically-dispersed
collection of LANs that spans a large physical
distance.
– The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the
– A router connects LANs to a WAN.
– WANs are not owned by any one organization but
rather exist under collective or distributed ownership
and management.
– use technology like DSL, ATM, Frame
Relay and X.25 for connectivity over the longer
distances.
 Others
• Wireless Local Area Network - a LAN based on Wi-Fi wireless
network technology
• Metropolitan Area Network - a network spanning a physical area
larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A MAN is
typically owned an operated by a single entity such as a
government body or large corporation.
• Campus Area Network - a network spanning multiple LANs but
smaller than a MAN, such as on a university or local business
campus.
• Storage Area Network - connects servers to data storage devices
through a technology like Fiber Channel.
• System Area Network - links high-performance computers with
high-speed connections in a cluster configuration. Also known as
Cluster Area Network.
 Connectivity Devices
Wireless
Routers

DSL
Routers

Ethernet WAN
Switches Routers
 PROTOCOLS
• The Language to which computers and
networks use to communicate with each other
– Rules, syntax, hardware type, electrical signals
• Ethernet is the LAN protocol for PC-to-PC
communication
• TCP/IP is WAN protocol for Network-to-
Network communication
The INTERNET
 The Internet
• Carries vast range of information resources
and services

Social Networking

Websites

Instant Messaging
 Blogs
• A ‘Web Log’
• Managed and maintained
by individuals
• Commentary, events
• Pictures, video
• Allows visitors to leave
comments
• A Lot of Interactivity as
opposed to common
websites
 Internet
• The Internet was designed in part to provide a
communications network that would work even if some of the
sites were destroyed by nuclear attack. If the most direct
route was not available, routers would direct traffic around
the network via alternate routes.
 Internet
• The Internet, then known as ARPANET, was brought online in
1969 under a contract let by the Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) which initially connected four major
computers at universities in the southwestern US (UCLA,
Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University of
Utah).
When the late Senator Ted Kennedy heard in 1968 that
the pioneering Massachusetts company BBN had won
the ARPA contract for an "interface message processor
(IMP)," he sent a congratulatory telegram to BBN for
their ecumenical spirit in winning the "interfaith
message processor" contract.

According to a CNN transcript of an interview with Wolf Blitzer, Al Gore

said, "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the
initiative in creating the Internet." Al Gore was not yet in Congress in
1969 when ARPANET started or in 1974 when the term Internet first
came into use. Gore was elected to Congress in 1976. In fairness, Bob
Kahn and Vint Cerf acknowledge in a paper titled Al Gore and the
Internet that Gore has probably done more than any other elected
official to support the growth and development of the Internet from the
1970's to the present .
The Internet Today
 Connecting to the Internet

Service Provider
 Connecting to the Internet

Service Provider
 Service Providers
• Internet Service Providers
– Connection to Internet
• Domain Name Services
– Internet Identity (www.google.com)
• Web/Blog Hosting
– Content server
• Email Hosting
– Messaging server
• Server Hosting
– Machine/Connectivity rental
Glossary of Terms

RA 8792
 RA8792 Terms
• 5a. Addressee refers to a person who is
intended by the originator to receive the
electronic data message or electronic
document. The term does not include a
person acting as an intermediary with respect
to that electronic data message or electronic
document.
 RA8792 Terms
• 5b. Computer refers to any device or
apparatus which, by electronic, electro-
mechanical or magnetic impulse, or by other
means, is capable of receiving, recording,
transmitting, storing, processing, retrieving, or
producing information, data, figures, symbols
or other modes of written expression
according to mathematical and logical rules or
of performing any one or more of those
functions.
 RA8792 Terms
• 5c. Electronic Data message refers to information
generated, sent, received or stored by electronic,
optical or similar means.
• 5d. Information and communication system refers to a
system intended for and capable of generating,
sending, receiving, storing or otherwise processing
electronic data messages or electronic documents and
includes the computer system or other similar device
by or in which data is recorded or stored and any
procedures related to the recording or storage of
electronic data message or electronic document.
 RA8792 Terms
• 5e. Electronic signature refers to any distinctive mark, characteristic
and/or sound in electronic form, representing the identity of a
person and attached to or logically associated with the electronic
data message or electronic document or any methodology or
procedures employed or adopted by a person and executed or
adopted by such person with the intention of authenticating or
approving an electronic data message or electronic document.

• 5f. Electronic document refers to information or the representation

of information, data, figures, symbols or other modes of written
expression, described or however represented, by which a right is
established or an obligation extinguished, or by which a fact may be
proved and affirmed, which is received, recorded, transmitted,
stored, processed, retrieved or produced electronically.
 RA8792 Terms
• 5g. Electronic key refers to a secret code which secures and defends
sensitive information that crosses over public channels into a form
decipherable only with a matching electronic key.

• 5h. Intermediary refers to a person who in behalf of another

person and with respect to a particular electronic document sends,
receives and/or stores or provides other services in respect of that
electronic document.

• 5i. Originator refers to a person by whom, or on whose behalf, the

electronic document purports to have been created, generated
and/or sent . The term does not include a person acting as an
intermediary with respect to that electronic document.
 RA8792 Terms
• 5j. Service provider refers to a provider of -

– (i) On-line services or network access, or the operator of facilities therefore,

including entities offering the transmission, routing, or providing of
connections for online communications, digital or otherwise, between or
among points specified by a user, of electronic documents of the user’s
choosing; or

– (ii) The necessary technical means by which electronic documents of an

originator may be stored and made accessible to a designated or
undesignated third party;

– Such service providers shall have no authority to modify or alter the content
of the electronic data message or electronic document received or to make
any entry therein on behalf of the originator, addressee or any third party
unless specifically authorized to do so, and who shall retain the electronic
document in accordance with the specific request or as necessary for the
purpose of performing the services it was engaged to perform.
MARAMING SALAMAT PO!