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AI Introduction

The document provides an overview of Chapter 1 of the textbook "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach" which introduces the field of artificial intelligence. It discusses four categories of AI: acting humanly, thinking humanly, thinking rationally, and acting rationally. It then covers the history and development of AI from its early foundations in fields like philosophy, mathematics, and psychology to major milestones and periods in the field. The chapter concludes by considering the current state of AI capabilities.

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omarbenamor.oba98
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23 views

AI Introduction

The document provides an overview of Chapter 1 of the textbook "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach" which introduces the field of artificial intelligence. It discusses four categories of AI: acting humanly, thinking humanly, thinking rationally, and acting rationally. It then covers the history and development of AI from its early foundations in fields like philosophy, mathematics, and psychology to major milestones and periods in the field. The chapter concludes by considering the current state of AI capabilities.

Uploaded by

omarbenamor.oba98
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS485 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

C HAPTER I

Dorra Louati

MedTech

January 10, 2023

Book: Russell and Norvig Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach


Assignment : Read Chapters 1 and 2 for this week’s material
Slides : adapted from https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~russell/slides/
https://cs50.harvard.edu/ai/2020/
AIMA Slides @Stuart Russel and Peterf Norvig. https://cs50.harvard.edu/ai/2020/license/
C OURSE C HAPTERS

1. Introduction to AI
2. Knowledge
3. Uncertainty
4. Optimization (*)
5. Learning
6. Neural Networks (*)
7. Ethics and furthermore

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C HAPTER I : I NTRODUCTION TO AI

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 AI categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Acting humanly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Thinking humanly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Thinking rationally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Acting rationally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 AI history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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Part I

W HAT IS AI?

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I NTRODUCTION

▶ The automation of activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as
decision-making, problem solving, learning . . .” (Bellman, 1978).
▶ “The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models” (Charniak and
McDermott, 1985).
▶ ”The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better”
(Rich and Knight, 1991)
▶ ”The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior”
(Luger and Stubblefield, 1993)
Views of AI fall into four categories:

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally


Acting humanly Acting rationally

Examining these, we will plump for acting rationally (sort of)

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A CTING HUMANLY: T HE T URING TEST

▶ Turing (1950) “Computing machinery and intelligence”:


▶ “Can machines think?” −→ “Can machines behave intelligently?”
▶ Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

▶ Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance offooling a lay person for 5 minutes
▶ Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years
▶ Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language, understanding, learning

Problem: Turing test is not reproducible, constructive, or


amenable to mathematical analysis
https://youtu.be/M8caQDBHQpA
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T HINKING HUMANLY: C OGNITIVE S CIENCE

1960s “cognitive revolution”: information-processing psychology replaced


prevailing orthodoxy of behaviorism Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain

▶ What level of abstraction? “Knowledge” or “circuits”?


▶ How to validate? Requires
1. Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down) or
2. Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up)

Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and Cognitive Neuroscience) are now distinct from AI

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T HINKING RATIONALLY: L AWS OF T HOUGHT

Normative (or prescriptive) rather than descriptive

Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?

Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic: notation and rules of derivation for
thoughts;
may or may not have proceeded to the idea of mechanization Direct line through mathematics and

philosophy to modern AI Problems:

1) Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation


2) What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I have?
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A CTING RATIONALLY

Rational behavior: doing the right thing

The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available
information Doesn’t necessarily involve thinking—e.g., blinking reflex—but thinking should be in

the service of rational action

Aristotle (Nicomachean Ethics): Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is
thought to aim at some good

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R ATIONAL AGENTS

An agent is an entity that perceives and acts


Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions:

f : P∗ → A

For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the


agent (or class of agents) with the best performance
Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality unachievable
→ design best p̆rogram for given machine resources

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AI PREHISTORY

Philosophy logic, methods of reasoning


mind as physical system
foundations of learning, language, rationality
Mathematics formal representation and proof
algorithms
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability
probability
Psychology adaptation
phenomena of perception and motor control
experimental techniques (psychophysics, etc.)
Linguistics knowledge representation
grammar
Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity
Control theory homeostatic systems, stability
simple optimal agent designs

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P OTTED HISTORY OF AI

1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain


1950 Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
1952–69 Look, Ma, no hands!
1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel’s checkers program,
Newell & Simon’s Logic Theorist, Gelernter’s Geometry Engine
1956 Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adopted
1965 Robinson’s complete algorithm for logical reasoning
1966–74 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
1969–79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
1980–88 Expert systems industry booms
1988–93 Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter”
1985–95 Neural networks return to popularity
1988– Resurgence of probabilistic and decision-theoretic methods
Rapid increase in technical depth of mainstream AI
“Nouvelle AI”: ALife, GAs, soft computing

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S TATE OF THE ART

Which of the following can be done at present?


▶ Play a decent game of table tennis
▶ Drive along a curving mountain road
▶ Drive in the center of Cairo
▶ Play a decent game of bridge
▶ Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem
▶ Write an intentionally funny story
▶ Give competent legal advice in a specialized area of law
▶ Translate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real time

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