CELL STRUCTURES &

FUNCTIONS
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
CELL – Structural unit and
- Made a simple and
functional unit of life and
single – lens
performs all life processes
microscope
EXAMPLES OF CELL - With magnification
about 275X

ROBERT HOOKE

- DISCOVERED THE CELL

- COINED THE NAME
“CELL”
- USED CORK OF PLANT
- OBSERVED TINY BOXES
THAT LOOK LIKE THE
ROOMS IN
MONASTERY

2 BASIC CELL TYPES

PROKARYOTIC VS
EUKARYOTIC CELL

DISCOVERY OF THE CELL

 Also called protoplasm inside of the
cell

Living substance – contains the

organelles that perform all the
physiological properties of the cell

Gel-like Material

- Sol: semi-liquid
3 BASIC PARTS OF THE CELL - Gel: semi-solid

- PLASMA Cytosol
MEMBRANE
- CYTOPLASM - 70% of the cytoplasm
- NUCLEUS - Mixture of cytoskeleton
filaments, dissolved
CELL MEMBRANE – Also called materials and water
Plasma Membrane separates the cell
from its external environment ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Envelope - System of membranous

tubules and sacs
- Covers and protects the cell
- Gives shape to the cell Circulatory System of the Cell

Bilayer Phospholipid - Internal transport system

- Allows molecules in the cell
- Phosphate layers: polar to move from one part to
heads; hydrophilic another
- Lipid layers: non-polar tails;
Rough ER (rER)
hydrophobic

Semi-permeable - Lined with ribosomes

- For protein synthesis and
- Selects materials that pass transport
through it
- Regulates the movement of Smooth ER (Ser)
materials - No ribosomes
Fluid Mosaic Model - Transports other materials
other than protein
- Contains various materials or
molecules RIBOSOMES
- Phospholipids - Most common organells in
- Cholesterol almost all cells not
- Proteins surrounded by a membrane
CYTOPLASM
Protein Micro-machines produce energy rich
molecules
- Sites for protein synthesis
DOUBLE-MEMBRANE
FREE RIBOSOMES ORGANELLES
- Floating in the cytoplasm - Smooth outer membrane
- Size 70S - Folded inner membrane
- In prokaryotes - Cristae: infoldings
Polysome / Polyribosome GOLGI APPARATUS
- Group of 80s ribosomes - Also called Golgi complex or
working together translating Golgi body processing and
mRNA to polypeptides packaging plant, and
secretory vesicle
Attached Ribosomes
Cisternae
- Line the membranes of
endoplasmic reticulum - Fused flattened sacs or folds
- Size 80S - Also called dictyosome
- In eukaryotes
Transport Agent
MITOCHONDIA
- Involved in the distribution
- Powerhouse of the cell of lipids around the cell
Large organelles second to nucleus and Protein Collector & Dispatcher
chloroplasts
- Protein synthesized in the ER
ATP MANUFACTURER packed into the vesicles and
fused with the Golgi body for
- Manufacture energy
secretion via exocytosis
In the form of ATP
- Metabolize carbohydrate and LYSOSOME BUILDER
fatty acid to generate energy
- Lysosomes are vesicles with
SEMI-AUTONOMOUS protein enzymes pinched off
ORGANELLES by Golgi body to the
cytoplasm
- Have own DNA, so can
produce by itself by dividing CENTRIOLES

AEROBIC RESPIRATION - Organizing centers for

microtubule contain 2
- Mitochondria act like a bundles of microtubules at
digestive system to right angle to each other
breakdown nutrients to
CELL DIVISION
 - Form the spindle fibers for cause cellular damage and
the separation of cell death
chromosomes
VACUOLE
CENTROSOMES
- Storage bubbles found in the
- House the centrioles cells membrane bound fluid
sac
LYSOSOME
Storage Sac
- Tiny sac produced by Golgi
body - Stores large amount of
various materials, like
Digestive Plant organic and inorganic
molecules
- Contains digestive enzyme to
help in the process of Subordinate Role
digestion
- Assisting in exocytosis and
Suicide Sac endocytosis
- When the cell is damaged, Transporting Agent
the lysosomes bursts,
releases enzyme and digests - Transports needed materials
own cell into the cell via endocytosis,
and waste materials out of
Keeps the cell clean the cell via exocytosis
- Also digest excess and worn- CYTOSKELETON
out organelles and engulfed
bacteria or viruses. - Complex network of
interlinking filaments or
PEROXISOME tubules Cell Skeleton
- Formerly known as a 3 Structures:
microbody
1. Microfilaments:
Oxidative Organelle - Contractile: made of actin
- For cell movement and
- Contains enzymes that
cytokinesis
oxidizes fatty acids and
2. Microtubules:
amino acids
- Rigid, hollow tubes: made of
- By product is hydrogen
tubulin
peroxide
- Maintain cell shape
Chemical Detoxification - Form the centrioles (spindle
fibers)
- Oversees reactions that 3. Intermediate Filaments
neutralize free radicals which - Provide strength and support
CHLOROPLASTS - Hereditary material: contains
instructions for traits and
- None in animal cells sites of characteristics
photosynthesis
Nucleolus
Thylakoids
- Spherical body in the nucleus
- Flattened membranous sacs for the synthesis of protein
that contain chlorophyll

Grana

- Pile of thylakoids

Stroma

- Spaces in grana for the

exchange of materials

FLAGELLA AND CILIA

- For cell movement

Cilia – short, Hair-like, numerous in

number

Flagella

- Long
- Thread-like
- Fewer in number

NUCLEUS

- Normally the largest

organelle Brain of the cell.

Nuclear Envelope

- Double membrane with

many pores
- Controls the movement of
material in and out the
nucleus.

Chromosomes

- Houses the genes (DNA)