Time Value of Money, S4

Finding N
Acme borrowed $100,000 from a local bank, which charges them an interest
rate of 7% per year. If Acme pays the bank $8,000 per year, how many years
will it take to pay off the loan?

So,
 Time Value of Money
Finding i
Jill invested $1,000 each year for five years in a local company and sold her
interest after five years for $8,000. What annual rate of return did Jill earn?

So,
 Sample on Annuity
A businessman needs P50,000 for his operations. One financial institution is
willing to lend him the money for one year at 12.5% interest per annum
(discounted). Another lender is charging 14%, with the principal and interest
payable at the end of one year. A third financier is willing to lend him
P50,000 payable in 12 equal monthly installments of P4,600. Which offer is
best for him?
Compare the effective rate of each offer and select the one with the lowest
effective rate.

Px = P50,000 P50,000 P50,000

(1-0.125) = P43,750

0 1 0 1 0 1 12

P50,000 P50,000 (1.14) P4,600 P4,600

First Offer: Second Offer: Third Offer:
Rate of interest = 14%/yr (eff rate) P/A,i%,12= P/A
(P50,000 – P43,750) (1-(1+i)^-12)/i)=10.87
/P43,750 = 14.29%/yr Try i=1% & 2%: i =
(eff rate) 1.57%/mo.
Eff rate =
(1+0.0157)^12 – 1 =
20.26%/yr
 Sample on Annuity
Today, you invest P100,000 into a fund that pays 25% interest compounded
annually. Three years later, you borrow P50,000 from a bank at 20% annual
interest and invest in the fund. Two years later, you withdraw enough
money from the fund to repay the bank loan and all interest due on it. Three
years from this withdrawal you start taking P20,000 per year out of the fund.
After five withdrawals, you withdraw the balance in the fund. How much
was withdrawn?
 Q
P50,000 (1.20)^2

P20,000 each

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
P50,000

P100,000
 Referred to Q
P50,000 (1.20)^2 (F/P, 25%, 7) Q
P50,000 (1.20)^2
P20,000 (F/A, 25%, 5)
P20,000 each

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
P50,000

P50,000 (F/P, 25%, 9)

P100,000
P100,000 (F/P, 25%, 12)
Solution:
Let Q = amt. withdrawn after 12 yrs

Using 12 yrs as Focal date: equation of value is

Q + P20,000 (F/A, 25%, 5) + P50,000 (1.20)^2 (F/P, 25%, 7) = P100,000 (F/P,

25%, 12) + P50,000 (F/P, 25%, 9)

Q + P20,000(8.2070) + P50,000(1.20)^2(4.7684) = P100,000(14.5519) +

P50,000 (7.4506)

Q = P1,320,255
 Sample on Annuity
A certain property is being sold and the owner received two bids. The first
bidder offered to pay P400,000 each year for 5 years, each payment is to be
made at the beginning of each year. The second bidder offered to pay
P240,000 first year, P360,000 the second year and P540,000 each year for
the next 3 years, all payments will be made at the beginning of each year. If
money is worth 20% compounded annually, which bid should the owner of
the property accept?
First Bid
P1

0 1 2 3 4 5

P400,000 Yr (0 – 4)

Solution:
Let P1 = present worth of the 1st bid

P1 = A (1 + P/A, 20%, 4)
= P400,000 (1+2.5887)
= P1,435,480
Second Bid
P2

0 1 2 3 4 5

P240,000
P360,000
P540,000 Yr (2 – 4)

Solution:
Let P2 = present worth of the 2nd bid

P2 = P240,000 + P360,000 (P/F,20%,1)+P540,000(P/A,20%,3)(P/F,20%,1)

= P1,487,875 (Choose 2nd bid)
 Time Value of Money
We need to be able to handle cash flows that do not occur until some
time in the future.

• Deferred annuities are uniform series that do not begin until some
time in the future.
• If the annuity is deferred J periods then the first payment (cash flow)
begins at the end of period J+1.
 Time Value of Money
Uniform Series (Deferred Annuity)
Finding the value at time 0 of a deferred annuity is a two-step process.

1. Use (P/A, i%, N-J) find the value of the deferred annuity
at the end of period J (where there are N-J cash flows in
the annuity).
2. Use (P/F, i%, J) to find the value of the deferred annuity
at time zero.
 Sample on Deferred Annuity
A debt of P40,000, whose interest rate is 15% compounded semiannually, is
to be discharged by a series of 10 semiannual payments, the first payment to
be made 6 months after consummation of the loan. The first 6 payments will
be P6,000 each, while the remaining 4 payments will be equal and of such
amount that the final payment will liquidate the debt. What is the amount of
the last 4 payments?
P40,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

P6,000 Yr (1 – 6) A Yr (7-10)

Amt of last 4 payments?

 P40,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

P6,000 Yr (1 – 6) A Yr (7-10)
P6,000 (P/A, 7.5%, 6)

A (P/A, 7.5%, 4)(P/F, 7.5%, 6) A (P/A, 7.5%, 4)

Solution: Using today as focal date, the equation of value is

P40,000 = P6,000 (P/A, 7.5%, 6) + A(P/A,7.5%, 4)(P/F,7.5%,6)
P40,000 = P6,000(4.6938) + A(3.3493)(0.6480)
A = P5,454
 Sample on Amortization
A debt of P10,000 with interest at the rate of 20% compounded
semiannually is to be amortized by 5 equal payments at the end of each 6
months, the first payment is to be made after 3 years. Find the semiannual
payment and construct an amortization schedule.
 P10,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A Yr (6-10)

Solution:

P = A(P/A,10%,5)(P/F,10%,5)

A = P10,000 (0.2638)(1.6105)

A = P4,248.50
 Amortization Schedule
Period Outstanding Interest due at end Payment Principal
Principal at of period repaid at end
beginning of of period
period
1 10,000.00 1,000.00
2 11,000.00 1,100.00
3 12,100.00 1,210.00
4 13,310.00 1,331.00
5 14,641.00 1,464.10
6 16,105.10 1,610.51 4,248.50 2,637.99
7 13,467.11 1,346.71 4,248.50 2,901.79
8 10,565.32 1,056.53 4,248.50 3,191.97
9 7,373.35 737.34 4,248.50 3,511.16
10 3,862.19 386.22 4,248.50 3,862.28
P11,242.41 P21,242.50 P16,105.19
 Time Value of Money
Uniform Arithmetic Gradient

Economic analysis problems involve receipts or disbursements that

increase or decrease by a uniform amount each period. For example,
Repairs & Maintenance expenses on specific equipment or property may
increase by a relatively constant amount each period.
 Time Value of Money
Uniform Arithmetic Gradient
It is easy to find the present value of a uniform gradient series.

Similar to the other types of cash flows, there is a formula (albeit quite
complicated) we can use to find the present value, and a set of factors
developed for interest tables.
 Time Value of Money

We can also find A or F equivalent to a uniform gradient series.

 Time Value of Money
The annual equivalent of this series End of Year Cash Flows ($)
of cash flows can be found by
1 2,000
considering an annuity portion of the
cash flows and a gradient portion. 2 3,000
3 4,000
4 5,000

End of Year Annuity ($) Gradient ($)

1 2,000 0
2 2,000 1,000
3 2,000 2,000
4 2,000 3,000
Sample on Uniform Arith. Gradient
A loan was to be amortized by a group of four end of year payments forming
an ascending arithmetic progression. The initial payment was to be P5,000
and the difference between successive payments was to be P400. But the
loan was renegotiated to provide for the payment of equal rather than
uniformly varying sums. If the interest rate of the loan was 15%, what was
the annual payment?
 P6,200 P5,000 Yr (1 – 4)
P5,800
P5,400
P5,000

0 1 2 3 4 = 0 1 2 3 4 +

P Pa
P1,200 A’ Yr (1 – 4)
P800
P400

=
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4

Pg P
Solution:
Let A’ = annual payment; A=P5,000; G=P400, n=4; i = 15%

P/A,15%,4 = (1-(1.15)^-4)/0.15 = 2.8550

P/G,15%,4 = (1/0.15)[(((1.15)^4-1)/0.15)-4][1/((1.15)^4)] = 3.7865

P = A(P/A,15%,4) + G (P/G,15%,4)
= (P5,000)(2.8550) + (P400)(3.7865)
= P15,789.60

A’(P/A,15%,4) = P15,789.60
A’ = P5,530.51
 Time Value of Money
Nominal and Effective interest rates
• More often than not, the time between successive compounding, or
the interest period, is less than one year (e.g., daily, monthly,
quarterly).
• The annual rate is known as a nominal rate.
• A nominal rate of 12%, compounded monthly, means an interest of
1% (12%/12) would accrue each month, and the annual rate would be
effectively somewhat greater than 12%.
• The more frequent the compounding the greater the effective
interest.
 Time Value of Money
The effect of more frequent compounding can be
easily determined.

Let r be the nominal, annual interest rate and M the number of

compounding periods per year. We can find, i, the effective interest by
using the formula below.
 Time Value of Money
Finding effective interest rates.
For an 18% nominal rate, compounded quarterly, the effective interest is.

For a 7% nominal rate, compounded monthly, the effective interest is.

 Time Value of Money
Continuous compounding interest factors.

The other factors can be found from these.

 Sample on Interest
Compare the accumulated amounts after 5 years of P1,000 invested at the
rate of 10% per year compounded (a) annually, (b) semi annually, (c)
quarterly, (d) monthly, (e) daily, and (f) continuously.
Solution:

Using the formula, F = P (1+i)^n

(a) F = P1000 (1+0.10)^5 = P1,610.51

(b) F = P1000 (1+0.10/2)^10 = P1,628.89
(c) F = P1000 (1+0.10/4)^20 = P1,638.62
(d) F = P1000 (1+0.10/12)^60 = P1,645.31
(e) F = P1000 (1+0.10/365)^1825 = P1,648.61
(f) F = P e^rn = P1000 (e)^(0.10x5) = P1,648.72