MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN ART AND

TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

THIRD YEAR INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

AT

UMEME LIMITED

BY

ADAUN MICHEAL
16/U/1886

An Industrial Training Report Submitted to the Department of Electrical

and Computer Engineering in partial fulfilment for the award of a
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Degree of Makerere University

AUGUST 2019
 1 DECLARATION

I, Adaun Micheal, hereby declare to the best of my knowledge that the work presented in this
report has not been presented for any award in any institution and has never been published
anywhere. All the work is original unless otherwise stated.

ADAUN MICHEAL
Graduate Trainee Electrical Engineer UMEME Ltd
Registration number: 16/U/1886
Student number: 216001927
Signature: …………………………………………….
Date: …………………………………………….

APPROVAL

This report has been examined and meets the minimum requirement. It was verified by the
following individuals;

RWABUTOMIZE JOSEPH
SOR (standard operating regulations)

Human Resource Department UMEME Limited

Signature: …………………………………………….
Date: ………………………………………… (Company Supervisor)

KAGARURA MARK
Lecturer
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
CEDAT Makerere University
Date: …………………………………………….
Signature: ……………………………………… (University Supervisor)

i
 ACKNOWLEGEMENT

First and foremost, I thank Jehovah God Almighty for giving me strength and guidance
throughout this industrial training period.

Secondly, I would like to give thanks to Management of UMEME LIMITED for giving me
an opportunity to have my industrial training in Electrical Engineering with UMEME Ltd. It
was such a wonderful opportunity that has opened up my eye to the field of electrical
engineering.

I also extend my heartfelt gratitude to the various section teams of SCADA, Protection, Asset
information, Planning and Design, Network Performance, Investment Planning, Quality
Assurance, Wandegeya District, Contractor Management, Maintenance and Metering for
their invaluable guidance and training throughout the training period. I pray that God rewards
them abundantly.
Special thanks go to Elly Odong (SCADA), Rogers (metering) (SOR) for the extra effort to
ensure we get the most of the training from a section and Joseph Rwabutomize for reviewing
our logbooks and ensuring that we attain the required training.

Lastly, I extend my thanks to my family and friends for their support who took away most of
the stress that comes with training and made it feel like home and I thank God
for them.

II
 3 PREFACE
This report describes my training with Umeme Limited whose sole business is purchase and
distribution of power and other associated responsibilities.
The introduction and the background of UMEME Limited Uganda, and its vision, mission,
core values, organizational structure are described in chapter one as well as the objectives of
Industrial Training (IT) to both the student and the University and the overview of IT work
accomplished.
A description of what SCADA is and a brief theory of the activities in SCADA are given in
chapter two. SCADA’s history as well as the benefits in UMEME limited are mentioned in
this chapter. Chapter two also outlines the practical work done in SCADA.

A brief overview of the role of protection in a distribution network are outlined in chapter
three. Some of the practical work undertaken while in protection section are summarised in
chapter three as well

The process of network planning and design and its functions to Umeme Limited are
highlighted in chapter four. It also shows the activities done while in network planning and
design section.

The various terms and software used in determining the performance of a network are
described in chapter five. It also highlights the practical work done using Digi silent software.

Chapter six describes investment planning as well as its role in UMEME limited. It further
highlights the activity undertaken while in that section. Software such as vital are emphasized
in this section as it plays a huge role in the costing of projects.

Quality assurance and the various forms it takes such as in terms of materials and
construction standards are described in chapter seven. Chapter seven further outlines the
practical aspects of Quality assurance.

Chapter Eight introduces Contractor Management also known as Mechanisation/Projects. It

highlights the practical activities undertaken in this section such as pole mechanization, line
clearance, Opex works, safety Audits and safety briefing.

Chapter Nine introduces network asset Maintenance which cover areas like overhead, cable
works, transformer and switch gears. It further highlights the activities done in the section

Chapter ten is the concluding chapter and as such highlights the challenges faced while in the
various sections and others that arose outside the sections and suggests some measures that if
implemented may alleviate or overcome the challenges faced. It ends with a concluding
remark for the general training.

III
 Table of Contents

DECLARATION........................................................................................................................i
PREFACE.................................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS...........................................................................vi
TABLE OF FIGURES............................................................................................................viii
LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF UMEME LIMITED............................1
OBJECTIVE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING:......................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: SCADA...............................................................................................................5
2.1 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF UMEME SCADA DEPARTMENT..............5
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW IN SCADA........................................................................5
2.3 FIELD WORK PERFORMED SCADA.....................................................................7
CHAPTER 3: PROTECTION..................................................................................................11
3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON PROTECTION.........................................................11
3.2 ACTIVITIES PERFORMED DURING FIELD WORK OF PROTECTION..........13
CHAPTER 4: NETWORK PLANNING AND DESIGN........................................................21
4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW OF PLANNING AND DESIGN.....................................21
4.2 ACTIVITIES THAT I PERFORMED IN PLANNING AND DESIGN SECTION 23
CHAPTER 5: NETWORK PERFORMANCE........................................................................25
5.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON NETWORK PERFORMANCE................................25
5.2 ACTIVITIES THAT I ENGAGED IN UNDER NETWORK PERFORMANCE...26
CHAPTER 6: INVESTMENT PLANNING...........................................................................27
6.1 LITERATURE VIEW ON INVESTMENT PLANNING........................................27
6.2 ACTUAL WORK DONE IN INVESTMENT PLANNING....................................28
CHAPTER 7: QUALITY ASSURANCE................................................................................29
7.1 THE ORGANOGRAM OF UMEME QUALITY ASSURANCE SECTION..........29
7.2 LITERATURE REVIEW ON QUALITY ASSURANCE........................................29
7.3 ACTUAL WORK DONE IN QUALITY ASSURANCE.........................................30
CHAPTER 8: CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT SECTION
(MECHANIZATION/PROJECTS).........................................................................................33
8.1 ORGANOGRAM OF CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT......................................33
8.2 LITERATURE REVIEW IN CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT...........................34
8.3 FIELD WORK DONE IN CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT...............................35
CHAPTER 9: MAINTENANCE.............................................................................................38
9.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON MAINTENANCE.....................................................38
9.2 ACTUAL WORK DONE IN MAINTENANCE......................................................40
CHAPTER 10: REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS..............................................................43
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................46

IV
 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS
CTO --- Chief technical Officer
MD---Managing Director
B.O. D---Board of Directors
H.R --Human Resource
CCD -- Contracts and Capital Division
IT ---information technology
SCADA --- supervisory control and data Acquisition
NSAM---Network System and Automation Manager
UETCL --- Uganda electricity transmission company limited
ICCP--- Inter Control Centre Protocol
RTU -- Remote Terminal Unit
IED --- intelligent electrical device
WAN -- wide area Network
LAN --local Area Network
VPN---Virtual Private Network
DNP3—Distributed Network Protocol 3
GPRS—General Packet Radio Service
USB-- Universal Serial Bus
CT---Current Transformer
VT---Voltage Transformer
CB – Circuit Breaker
DC--- Direct Current
SEF---Sensitive Earth Fault
HV --- High Voltage
LV --- Low Voltage
MV – Medium Voltage
CAD – Computer Aided Design
CAPEX – capital expenditure
OPEX --- operational expenditure
ERA ---electricity regulatory authority
GIS --- geographic information system
GPS --- Global Positioning System
ACSR – Aluminium conductor steel reinforced
AAAC --- All Aluminium alloy conductor
SAIDI-- system average interruption duration index
SAIFI---- system average interruption frequency index
SLD –Single Line Diagram
NPV---Net present Value
IRR –Internal Rate on Returns
ENS—Energy Not Supplied
PP --- Payback Period
ABS --- Air Brake Switch
V
USD – US dollar
ONAN—Oil Natural Air Natural
ONAF --- Oil Natural Air Forced
NW – Network
XLPE --- cross linked polyethylene
PVC --- polyvinyl chloride
JCB --- Joseph Cyril Bamford
PPE— personal protective equipment
LPC – low pin count
ABC---- Aerial bound conductors
CIU ----- Customer Interface Unit
WMC—Work Management Centre
UEDCL--- Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited
UEGCL --- Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited
VAT ----- Value Added Tax

VI
 5 TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1:organisation structure showing trainee hierarchy...................................................................2
Figure 2.1:Organisation structure for SCADA UMEME........................................................................5
Figure 2.2: procedures in configuring the RTU.....................................................................................10
Figure 3.1:organisation structure for protection UMEME....................................................................11
Figure 3.2:cpc-100, measuring unit and secondary terminals of measuring unit..................................14
Figure 3.3: insulation testing of measuring unit using insulation megger.............................................17
Figure 3.4: Pressure test of surge arrester using HV test set.................................................................20
Figure 4.1: Organisation of the network planning department..............................................................21
Figure 4.2: planning work flow.............................................................................................................22
Figure 7.1: organisation structure for UMEME Quality Assurance department...................................29
Figure 7.2: 500KVA inspected transformer..........................................................................................31
Figure 8.1: Organisation structure for Contractor Management............................................................33
Figure 9.0.1:organization structure of Network services.......................................................................38
Figure 9.0.2:structure of maintenance section.......................................................................................39

6 LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Results of the CT Ratio test................................................................................................15
Table 3.2: CT input values...................................................................................................................15
Table 3.3: VT Ratio test results...........................................................................................................16
Table 3.4: insulation resistance test results..........................................................................................16
Table 4.1:cost of injecting a transformer in Sebunya Kayebbe............................................................24
Table 9.1:megger test results...............................................................................................................42

VII
 1 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF
UMEME LIMITED
Umeme Limited is Uganda’s main electricity distribution company, listed on the Uganda
Securities Exchange and cross listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange. The Company
operates a 20-year electricity distribution concession effective 1st March 2005, from the
Government of Uganda. [1]
After the electricity sector reforms in 1999, Uganda adopted a single buyer electricity sector
model, where Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL) is the System
Operator, responsible for the purchase of electricity from all Independent Power Producers,
import and export of electricity and being Umeme’s sole supplier.
As an electricity distributor, Umeme is licensed to distribute and supply electricity to
customers. This mandate involves; operation, maintenance and upgrade of electricity
distribution infrastructure, electricity retail and provision of related services. The sector is
regulated by the Electricity Regulatory Authority, whose mandate includes setting operating
standards and appropriate end user tariffs. [1]

Administrative structure

The company delivers its business mandate through a decentralised structure supported by the
corporate office. For the retail operations, the business is divided into 4 regions, composed of
25 districts. For the network assets management, networks infrastructure is zoned into 2
major areas, further subdivided into 13 engineering areas. Each of the managers is
responsible and
accountable to drive the business deliverables in their respective areas. [1]
The current administrative structure has about twelve (12) departments headed by respective
managers who in turn report to the Managing Director (M.D), who also in turn reports to the
Board of Directors (B.O.D). The various departments include; Human Resource (H.R),
Network Assets (headed by the Chief Technical Officer), Contracts and Capital division
(CCD), Safety, operations, Communications (publicity), Finance, Supply Chain, Customer
Services, Stakeholder Relations, Information Technology (IT headed by chief information
officer), Corporate and Regulatory and Internal Audit Department.

From the above-mentioned departments, students undergoing industrial training from Umeme
Limited fall under the Human Resource department and as such are under the supervision of
the human resource manager. The Human resource department drafts the training program for
students undergoing industrial training as well as cater for their welfare. The industrial
training for engineering students on the other hand is conducted by the various sections under
the chief technical officer. The department headed/ supervised by the chief technical officer
(CTO) is known as Network Asset department. This is shown in Figure 1.1:organisation
structure showing trainee hierarchybelow. The sections under the network asset department

1
includes among others; Network Asset Management, Engineering Services, Metering Asset
Management, Network System and Automation.

MANAGING DIRECTOR

Human resource
manager CTO

Asset Program Network Assets Head of Metering

MANAGER Manager ECP Manager

Network Systems and Safety and Environment Executive assistant to CTO

Automation Manager leader

Interns

Graduate trainees

Technical trainers

Figure 1.1:organisation structure showing trainee hierarchy

1.1 LUGOGO ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

The engineering department of UMEME Limited is centralized with its offices at Lugogo 3rd
–Street Industrial area (Kampala). The chief technical officer (CTO) with a team of sectional
managers, do plan, organize and supervise the activities for the Engineering department. The
salient role of this department is to provide technical solutions to operational challenges faced
by the company.

2
 1.2 VISION OF UMEME

“Powering communities, business and industry for a prosperous Uganda”. its vision is to
drive positive development of communities through sustainable, safe and efficient
distribution of electricity. [1]

1.3 MISSION OF UMEME

 To supply our customers with safe, reliable electricity through an efficient distribution
network and with passionate people, while delivering sustainable shareholder value.
 To attract, develop and retain a passionate and motivated work force.
 To contribute to effective tariff reduction, a key concern for stakeholders, through
efficient distribution of electricity, achieved through; energy losses reduction,
collection of sector revenues and optimal operation costs management.
 To contribute to national development goals and objectives, and satisfy the
expectations of its stakeholders including the Government of Uganda, development
partners, providers of capital. [1]

1.4 THE VALUES

The values define the culture and the way Umeme does business. These values include;

 The Safety of our employees and the public at the centre of our actions;
 An experience of exceptional Customer Service;
 Acting with Integrity, fairness and transparency in all its dealings;
 Delivering services as one Team;
 Delivering services and value through Innovation and the zeal to succeed,
continuously raising the bar on its performance. [1]

1.4.1 Umeme’s key objectives are to;

 Stabilize the management of the utility

 Ensure that the billing system operates optimally
 Invest capital in the critical areas of the network to improve quality of supply
 Reduce non-technical losses and arrears
 Systematically transform the business by introducing modern technology and world
best practices to achieve our vision of becoming the leading East African Distributor
of electricity by any measure, by 2040.

3
 OBJECTIVE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING:

1.4.2 Objectives to the student/trainee

 To impart me with practical skills that will complement my theoretical knowledge and
make me better acquainted to take on the job market.
 To enable me develop formal and informal relationships that will promote my career
development as well as be able to correlate in case of related school projects.
 To expose me to organizational structure, team work, business operations, safety
practices, administrative functions and social activities undertaken by companies or
organizations.
 To develop in me the spirit of creativity and innovation in solving problems related
to real-life projects as well as fostering good planning, good time management and
quality delivery of any assigned work.

1.4.3 Objectives to the university

 To enable students, acquire practical skills to supplement on the theoretical

knowledge obtained from class.
 To enable students, attain their degree as it is a requirement for one to fulfil in order to
attain his/her degree.
 To expose students to the work environment and hence gain the experience of
working in the field.

1.4.4 Objectives of internship to UMEME limited

 To enable umeme limited Identify potential future employees.

 To market their brand to the public through the trainees
 To obtain positive evaluations, criticism and recommendations of areas of
improvement.
 To fulfil their commitment required by the regulatory body regarding offering training
to the community.

4
 2 CHAPTER 2: SCADA

2.1 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF UMEME SCADA

DEPARTMENT

Board of Directors

Managing director

Chief Technical Officer

Network Systems and Automation Manager (NSAM)

Secondary Plant Manager

Principal Automation engineer Principal protection

Engineer

SCADA Engineer

SCADA Technician

Figure 2.2:Organisation structure for SCADA UMEME

SCADA is under network systems and automation manger has the secondary plant manager
reporting to him. In turn the secondary plant manager supervises the principal automation Engineer
in charge of SCADA. The principal Automation Engineer has under his supervision the SCADA
Engineer and SCADA Technician as shown in Figure 2.2 above.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW IN SCADA

SCADA is an acronym for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. The major function of
SCADA is for acquiring data from remote devices such as status of substation equipment,
load break switches, access control equipment etc. and provides a remote monitoring and
control from a SCADA Host software platform.

5
2.2.1 SCADA in UMEME

Initially, Umeme was remotely monitoring and controlling the distribution system through
UETCL control centre using the Inter Control Centre Protocol (ICCP) but later on in 2009,
Umeme established its own SCADA system and begun remotely monitoring and controlling
the distribution network through its own SCADA system.
In Umeme the SCADA systems is used to remotely monitor and control items such as; Status
of substation circuit breakers/ isolators/ earth switch, Values of Power/ currents/ voltages/
frequencies, Status of substation Access control, Substation of fire alarms and Status of
substation DC charger and battery bank.
These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA components:
Sensors (either digital or analog) and control relays that directly interface with the managed
system.
Remote telemetry units (RTUs). These are small computerized units deployed in the field at
specific sites and locations. RTUs serve as local collection points for gathering
reports from sensors and delivering commands to control relays. [2]
SCADA master units. These are larger computer consoles that serve as the central processor
for the SCADA system. Master units provide a human interface to the system and
automatically regulate the managed system in response to sensor inputs. And
the communications network, that connects the SCADA master unit to the RTUs in the field.
[2]

2.2.2 How SCADA Systems Work

Data regarding the state of the parameter being managed is acquired from field sensors which
is then collected by the Remote Telemetry Unit or PLC, coded and transmitted to a remote
centralized SCADA server over a network data communication network. The server
processes the data and provides a graphical presentation to the network controllers. The
controller makes an appropriate decision and send a command through the server, to the RTU
over the communication network
Components of SCADA systems
Hardware Elements
Work stations/PCs, Server, Communication link which includes fibre, GPRS modems, Radio
and internet, Remote terminal unit (R.T.U) and Substation components e.g. circuit breakers
Software Elements
SCADA software can be divided into two types, proprietary or open.
Proprietary software communicates only with a specific hardware. This presents a challenge
of overreliance on a supplier’s hardware.

6
Open software provides interoperability, which is the ability to mix different manufacturers’
equipment (hardware) on the same system, as the software can operate with products from
different manufacturers.
The parameters to observe in a SCADA system include; control, indications and
measurements.

2.3 FIELD WORK PERFORMED SCADA

2.3.1 Configuring and Installing a modem for an Auto reclosure (IED)

This activity was done for substations of jinja industries (BIDCO), Njeru-Kayunga
(MALINDI) and Mityana-Busunju.
The auto-reclosure is an intelligent device (IED) that attempts to close the circuit breaker in
an event of a fault occurring. It performs other roles such as;
Monitoring other devices, Communication and Identifies faults and trips and can be
commanded to close.
For safety reasons, on arrival at any substation the person in charge notifies the control centre
of the team’s arrival, such that in the event a line is disconnected, control does not attempt to
close it as this may be disastrous especially to the one operating or installing the component.
Also, the safe operating procedures are always followed and consulted before embarking on
any work procedure.
We were encouraged to be in full personal protective equipment when attempting to enter the
substation, this meant cladding in safety boots, headgear and overalls/overcoat.
In configuring and installing a modem for an auto-reclosure, the following components are
necessary, they include:
Engineer’s laptop, serial cable, USB cable, viola modem, ladder. Tool-kit, external modem
antennae, DC power cable for the modem.
The procedure of configuring and installing a modem for an auto-reclosure is as follows
Power up and sim card installation
Install the device on the cabinet's DIN-rail with the mounting clips. As the device has a
cellular network connection, we consider the high-frequency radio waves it uses for data
transmission to choose the installation site accordingly. If the device with antenna is mounted
directly to the antenna connector, we avoid placing the device where nearby obstacles might
disturb the radio
signal. In case of metal racks or surfaces, we use an external antenna with an appropriate
cable.

7
then switch off power from the device, Eject the SIM card holder by pushing the Eject button,
Remove the tray from the holder and place the SIM card onto the tray and Insert the tray
carefully back to the holder and press the tray until it is locked.
Then attach the power supply and switch the device on. Under normal conditions, the device
is able to automatically connect to the operator’s cellular network. In case it fails, one can
login to the arctic web user interface by using Web browser and navigating to NETWORK ---
MOBILE WAN
Login to the device user interface (configurator)
Connecting the ethernet cable between the Arctic device LAN port and your computer and
Configuring the computer to use the same ip address space as the Arctic device and check
with ping command
Then connect to the Arctic device using the web browser. The default address of the Arctic is
https://10.10.10.10/. Then we login to the device using the username arctic-admin and the
default password as arctic2m. The default password is changed before the product is
connected to the public cellular network.
Wireless network settings procedure was done as follows
First Login to the Arctic web user interface using your web browser and then navigating to
NETWORK---MOBILE WAN
We changed the APN type from automatic to manual. We then set the access point name
(APN) appropriately (usually INTERNET or operatorname.com). this setting depends on the
mobile operator. Other settings like PIN-code, authentication, username and password are
done.
Then we reboot the Arctic device and check the settings and cellular network connection
status from system---status page.
There are two different ways to configure the network settings; that is serial port or Web
Browser interface. It is recommended to use the Web Browser to configure the network
connection settings as outlined above. However, in some circumstances serial connection is
used and this is the procedure we followed in its configuration. [3]
Using serial console
First, we switch off the modem. Then we connected a null modem serial cable to console
serial connector (RS1). After which a terminal connection to the modem is opened using the
recommended serial communication settings.
Then we switch on the modem by turning the power switch to ON position and wait for the
text “Hit any key to stop autoboot”, after which the enter button is pressed before the counter
goes to zero. Failure to this will require a reboot and trying again.

8
From the PPC Boot console we now enter the commands as displayed in the procedure to the
console, parameter fields being substituted with our parameters (this is because by default,
GPRS or SSH-VPN is defined as default Gateway)
We then check that the configuration was entered properly by issuing command print env. If
everything is correct, we save the setting with command savenv. Then we Reboot the Modem
for the settings to take effect. [3]
The next phase was to configure the Auto reclosure and since it was using DNP3 protocol,
we used a DNP configuration editor to perform this configuration. This was done following
the sequence of steps outlined below in utilizing the DNP Configurations Editor. From the
IPScom software that was installed in the Engineer’s laptop. [4]
From the IPScom S-7600 Communications Software Main Screen we select Communication/
Protocol/DNP/DNP Configuration Editor. Then we select Load Template/M-7679 or M-
7651A Default from the DNP Configurator menu bar and select Binary Inputs tab. The
Available Points list for each DNP Points Group tab will also be populated.
After which we select the Binary Input points, we wish to include in the DNP map by
selecting Copy All or dragging the desired point(s) to the Selected Points window. We then
edit the Selected Points for each tab as necessary to match the SCADA, RTU or Master setup.
Then we selected Save File from the DNP Configurator menu bar. IPScom will display a
"Save As" Screen with a *.xml file extension. [4] Then we name the file and Save it.
With IPScom connected to the target control, the "Send to Control" menu item can be used as
follows:
Selecting Send to Control. IPScom will display the "Open File" screen with a *.xml file
extension. Upon selecting the file to be sent to the control, we then select Open. IPScom will
initiate the file transfer as indicated by the "Upload" status screen followed by a "DNP File
sent successfully" confirmation screen. [4]

2.3.2 RTU configuration or restoring the lost config of an RTU in the Nile
Breweries substation

The lost configuration is usually due to battery being drained as a result of the substation
spending long periods without power. This is usually the major cause of lost config of the
RTU. This procedure involved the use of various tools and equipment such as configuration
cables like USB, west main, DE9 serial cable, u-port moxa that converts the signals into
serial, engineer’s laptop that does the configuration since it houses the software and programs
required in the configuration.
Before configuring the RTU, a risk assessment is carried out such as identifying any hazards
present, for example at that time it had rained and the clearance in the substation was minimal
implying that mere raising of the hand would result into electrocution, hence this was
avoided.

9
Troubleshooting of the RTU then followed to confirm if truly the problem was lost config.
This was later confirmed since the RTU was powered noted from the power indications from
the ibox, but just to be sure, the old RTU battery was replaced as its voltage had increased to
2.41V from 2.23V.Using the converter and the USB cable the new settings was downloaded
directly from the laptop to the RTU using the recommended serial cable. This is shown in
Figure 2.3
Upon completion of the upload of the software, the modem is connected to the RTU to try
and transmit the RTU signal to the control centre. The modem used was powered with 12-
28V, thus using a multimeter a point was determined from which this appropriate voltage
would be obtained from the RTU unit. The polarity of the power supply is maintained as a
mix up of the polarity will damage the modem. When the setup of the modem is complete,
the control centre notified us that the RTU was now communicating with the control
normally implying that the problem was rectified.
The laptop and all other cables used in the restoration of the config was disconnected and the
RTU unit closed and we left the substation the way we found it and informed the control
centre of our departure just as we had informed them of our arrival to the substation.

Figure 2.3: procedures in configuring the RTU

10
 3 CHAPTER 3: PROTECTION

3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON PROTECTION

Protection plays a role of safeguarding all equipment on the distribution-network, through

isolation of faulted apparatus from the healthy network-sections. It provides protection from a
number of undesirable situations would render the electrical power business untenable as a
result of electrocution, fire outbreaks due to short-circuit, equipment damage, loss of system
stability and communication failure.
In umeme limited the organisation structure of protection is as follows.
Board of Directors

Managing Director

CTO (Chief Technical Officer)

Network systems and Automation

Secondary Plant Manager

Principal Automation and Control Principal Protection Engineer

Engineer

11

Protection Engineer Protection Technician Technical Supervisor

Protection
 Figure 3.4:organisation structure for protection UMEME

Protection belongs to the Network systems and Automation section which still reports to the
chief technical officer (CTO). The Network systems and Automation is headed by Network
systems and Automation manager who supervises the secondary plant manager. This
manager deals with network secondary assets of which includes the protective devices. This
manager supervises the principal protection Engineer who has under his care the protection
Engineer, the protection technician and the technical supervisor protection as shown in Figure
3.4 above
The purpose of an Electrical distribution system that Umeme operates is to supply electrical
energy to consumers. A power distribution system comprises many diverse items of
equipment such as transformers, conductors and pole structures. Most of this equipment are
very expensive and hence failure in one of the components would represent a great loss to the
company. However, even if well designed, faults will always occur on a power distribution
system, and these faults may represent a risk to life and/or property. Thus, the need to provide
adequate protection to detect and disconnect elements of the power distribution system in the
event of a fault is an integral part of power distribution system design. Only then can the
objectives of the power distribution system be met and the equipment protected. [5]
To understand power system protection, we will have to be familiar with terms such as
protection system, protection equipment and the protection scheme to be used. These terms
are defined below;
a. Protection System: a complete arrangement of protection equipment and other devices
required to achieve a specified function based on a protection principal. [5]
b. Protection Equipment: a collection of protection devices (relays, fuses, etc.). Excluded
are devices such as CT’s, CB’s, Contactors. [5]
c. Protection Scheme: a collection of protection equipment providing a defined function
and including all equipment required to make the scheme work (i.e. relays, CT’s,
CB’s, batteries). Protection schemes are broadly defined by two categories: Unit and
Non-Unit Protection. [5]
For a protection system to achieve its functions, it should possess certain qualities which are
as outlined below;
Selectivity/Discrimination- trip only those circuit breakers whose operation is required to
isolate the fault. This property of selective tripping is also called discrimination and is
achieved by two general methods; Time Grading and Unit Systems.
Stability, by leaving all healthy circuits intact to ensure continuity of supply.

12
Speed, thereby operating the protection devices as fast as possible when called upon, to
minimize damage, production downtime and ensure safety to personnel.
Sensitivity, by detecting even the smallest fault, current or system abnormalities and operate
correctly at its setting. [6]
To meet all of the above requirements, protection must be reliable which means it
must be:
Dependable, implying the protection devices must trip when called upon to do so and Secure
implying that it must not trip when it is not supposed to.
Power System Protection – Basic Components

 Voltage transformers and current transformers: To monitor and give accurate

feedback about the healthiness of a system.
 Relays: To convert the signals from the monitoring devices, and give instructions to
open a circuit under faulty conditions or to give alarms when the equipment being
protected, is approaching towards possible destruction.
 Fuses: Self-destructing to save the downstream equipment being protected.
 Circuit breakers: These are used to make circuits carrying enormous currents, and
also to break the circuit carrying the fault currents for a few cycles based on feedback
from the relays.
 DC batteries: These give uninterrupted power source to the relays and breakers that is
independent of the main power source being protected. [6]
Primary and Back-Up Protection
In case of failure or absence of the primary protection, secondary systems referred to as back-
up protection is provided to ensure that the fault is isolated. [5]
Back-up protection can be either ‘local’ or ‘remote’. Local back-up protection is achieved
by protection which detects an un-cleared primary system fault at its own location and which
then trips its own circuit breakers, e.g. time graded overcurrent relays.
Remote back-up protection is provided by protection that detects an un-cleared primary
system fault at a remote location and then issues a local trip command, e.g. the second or
third zones of a distance relay. [5]
Operation of the primary protection will be fast and will result in the minimum amount of the
power system being disconnected. Operation of the back-up protection will be slower and
will result in a greater proportion of the primary system being lost. [5]

3.2 ACTIVITIES PERFORMED DURING FIELD WORK OF

PROTECTION

3.2.1 Testing of metering units

Metering units is made up of current transformers and voltage transformers. The tests carried
out on a metering unit includes ratio test, insulation resistance test and polarity test. These

13
tests ensure that the measuring units are capable of providing the required voltage and
currents need to operate the protection devices and measuring units.
Ratio Test
Current transformer Ratio Test
In this test we used the CPC 100 to measure and provide the test current required for the tests.
The procedures followed in carrying out this test is as follows:
Locating the nearest source of power supply, preferably a single phase with its earth/ground
also connected. A power extension cable is used.
The CPC -100 is then unpacked from its case. The cpc-100 is connected to the power supply
and then earthed from its terminal using the earthing from the power supply.
Connecting the current leads to 800A (A.C) and connecting P1 to the incoming terminal on
the metering unit and P2 to the outgoing terminal of the phase chosen that is either Red,
Yellow or Blue. The binary of the CPC-100 is then connected to the CT point 1S 1 and 1S2
for half tap or 1S1 and 1S3 for full tap as in Figure 3.5 below.
Next on the CPC-100, it is set to test the ratio test of the CT for one phase. Other details such
as the CT burden, ratio of primary to secondary current, primary current at full tap (300A) or
at half tap (150A) and frequency which was 50HZ are also set.
A safe distance is maintained between the metering units’ terminals and no one is allowed to
come close during testing as the current flowing is large enough to cause body harm. The
emergency stop button is released and the push button pressed to start the test.
Within a short period, the results of the test are displayed, the polarity test results are also
displayed along the ratio test results though we had purposed to test for the ratio. The polarity
test indicates whether the polarity of the metering unit is sound and true.
The push button is pressed and the emergency stop button is locked after the results are
displayed for safety purpose, to allow the leads to be transferred to another terminal as doing
so when there is still current flow may be dangerous.
A failed ratio test will have a high deviation from the input values while a successful ratio
test will have a low deviation from the input values to the cpc-100.
The test is repeated for the other phase besides the yellow phase since the yellow phase has
only incoming terminal and no outgoing as the ratio test is conducted per phase between the
incoming and outgoing of a given phase. Therefore, the ratio test is carried out for the red and
blue phases only.

14
 Figure 3.5:cpc-100, measuring unit and secondary terminals of measuring unit

The results of the test obtained is recorded in the table as shown below including the serial
number of the metering unit tested, then the current.

Table 3.1: Results of the CT Ratio test

PHASE Serial no CT RATIO Ratio results Deviation (%) Remarks

Red 39/3/2018/7 1S1-1S3 (full tap) 300:1.0007 0.07 Pass
Red 39/3/2018/7 1S1-1S2 (half tap) 150: 1.0016 0.16 Pass
Blue 39/3/2018/7 2S1-2S3 (full tap) 300: 1.0008 0.08 Pass
Blue 39/3/2018/7 2S1-2S2 (half tap) 150: 1.0017 0.17 Pass
Red 39/3/2018/9 1S1-1S3 (full tap) 300:1.0005 0.05 Pass
Red 39/3/2018/9 1S1-1S2 (half tap) 150: 1.0017 0.17 Pass
Blue 39/3/2018/9 2S1-2S3 (full tap) 300: 1.0002 0.02 Pass
Blue 39/3/2018/9 2S1-2S2 (half tap) 150: 1.0003 0.03 Pass

Table 3.2: CT input values

CT RATIO 300-150/1A VT Ratio 11000/110 V

CT Burden 10VA VT Burden 50 VA
CT Class 0.5 VT Class 0.5

15
The polarity result indicates failed polarity test when the polarity is wrong or passed when
correct.
Voltage transformer (VT) Ratio Test
The VT Ratio test unlike the CT Ratio is carried between two phases which is different from
the CT Ratio test that was done per phase. The CPC -100 is also employed here to simulate
the high voltages expected in real life and leads used are different from the ones for CT test.
The VT leads have a small cross-sectional area while the ones for the CT test have a large
cross-sectional area because of the large currents to be carried. The procedures followed in
carrying out a VT ratio test is as follows.
With the cpc-100 still connected to the power supply, we connect the voltage leads to the
voltage point at the voltage terminal of the cpc-100. V1 from the CPC-100 is connected to
one incoming phase and V2 to another incoming phase, for example red and yellow, red and
blue or yellow and blue phases. The binary to the voltage point on the cpc-100 is connected
to the secondary of metering unit on red and yellow (a-b), red and blue (a-c) or yellow and
blue (b-c) phases respectively.
The card for the VT Ratio and polarity test is inserted, and the specifications of the VT values
are entered in the cpc-100 namely; primary voltage (for example 11000V) and secondary
voltage (110V). The emergency button is then released and the push button is pressed to start
the test.
After a short while the results of the test carried out is displayed on the screen. These includes
VT Ratio values, polarity results whether passed or failed and the VT Ratio deviations. If the
deviations do not exceed the VT class, the VT is considered to have passed the test. When the
deviation displayed is greater than the VT class, the test will have failed.
The push button is pressed and the emergency stop button locked to cut off supply to the
metering unit for safety when transferring the leads to another terminal.
Results with deviations of 0.51% and 0.53% are considered to have passed even though they
are greater than the VT Class (0.5), this margin of error is usually between ±0.05%. The cpc-
100 is turned off and disconnected from the supply and then packed back into its case with all
the leads used in the test.

Serial Number Phases VT Ratio Deviation (%) Remarks

39/3/2018/7 Red and Yellow 11000: 110.5847 0.53 Passed
39/3/2018/7 Yellow and Blue 11000: 110.3593 0.51 Passed
39/3/2018/7 Blue and Red 11000: 110.5814 0.53 Passed
Table 3.3: VT Ratio test results

Insulation resistance test

This test is carried out using an insulation test megger instrument. Like the CT ratio test the
insulation resistance test is carried out per phase and not between phases like the VT Ratio

16
test. In carrying out the insulation resistance test on the metering unit, the test voltage used
varies depending on the arrangement or connection of the leads from the insulation resistance
megger. For example;
10KV test voltage is used between the High voltage terminal and earth terminal on the
metering unit, 10KV test voltage is applied between the high voltage terminal (HV) and the
low voltage terminal (LV) of the metering unit and 2.5KV test voltage is applied between the
low voltage and the earth terminal as seen in Figure 3.6 below.
The test voltage is supplied for a minute and the value of the resistance obtained after that
period is recorded as the insulation resistance between the terminals. For each test, a set
voltage is entered and thereafter the test is carried out. The insulation resistance values are
considered to be better if they are greater than 500MΩ.
For safety reasons, the insulation megger should be in the off state with no voltage flowing
when the leads are transferred from one terminal to another when carrying out the test
procedure. This is because up to 10KV will be flowing un the cables and this can be
dangerous to human life. The insulation megger can be turned off by pressing the test button
twice while testing.
Table 3.4: insulation resistance test results

Serial number Terminals Red Phase Yellow Phase Blue Phase

39/3/2018/7 High voltage and Earth 22.3 GΩ 156 GΩ 26.8 GΩ
39/3/2018/7 High voltage and low voltage 70.2 GΩ 89.2 GΩ 84.2 GΩ
39/3/2018/7 Low voltage and Earth 38.5 GΩ 40.8 GΩ 41.0 GΩ
39/3/2018/10 High voltage and Earth 25.6 GΩ 22.9 GΩ 184 GΩ
39/3/2018/10 High voltage and low voltage 39.4 GΩ 107 GΩ 169 GΩ
39/3/2018/10 Low voltage and Earth 44.6 GΩ 42.8 GΩ 38.5 GΩ

Figure 3.6: insulation testing of measuring unit using insulation megger

17
3.2.2 Replacement of DC batteries for the auto recloser in Busunju
Masaka substation.

On arrival at the substation, the auto recloser control panel was opened to gain access to the
DC batteries which were a pair. The battery leads were found to be rusted and the terminals
oxidized. On testing the cell voltage of the individual battery using the multimeter with its
leads on the positive and negative terminals of the battery, it was found out that the cell
voltage was 12.5V which was above the threshold whereas, the one measured on the new
battery which was 12.2V.
The solution was to replace the battery with a new one whose voltage was within the
threshold value. But before, the rusted leads were replaced with new ones and the oxidised
terminals cleaned of the oxidized solids and a jelly applied on the terminals to prevent further
oxidation. The new battery is now replaced into the auto recloser terminal and the faulty one
retrieved and taken back to the store.

3.2.3 Swapping the capacitor bank control from a feeder line to a JESA
farm

The capacitor bank control of JESA Farm was faulty, whereas, the one on the feeder line was
still in a good condition and since JESA farm is large power consumer, it was good practice
to reward by replacing its faulty capacitor bank control, though this is usually not the
obligation of Umeme limited.
The tools required in carrying out this procedure was an adjustable spanner, plier and screw
driver to detach and attach the control panel on the pole. The procedures carried out are as
follows;
The door to the control panel was opened and the modem disconnected from the external
antenna. The communication cable linking the control panel to the capacitor bank was
disconnected for easy removal of the control panel. The earthing connection was also
disconnected using the screw driver.
Using the adjustable spanner, the screws/bolts holding the control panel was loosen so that
the panel can be pushed out and detached from the pole. The communication cable, earth
wire and antenna cable are secured in place till when the faulty control panel is brought to be
replaced.
The control panel is taken to the point it is to be swapped and also the faulty control panel is
detached from the pole following the steps outlined above.
The modem sim cards of the two control panels are swapped with the one from the JESA
farm being put into the previous panel from the feeder line and vice versa. The now
functioning control panel is now attached on the pole in JESA farm by pushing it to fit into
the screw hole and fastened to the pole.

18
The modem with now the former JESA farm sim card is connected to the external antenna
and the communication (input) cable is connected to the control panel. Care is taken when
attaching the input cable by ensuring that the pins are aligned before joining it as failure to do
so might result in a spark as the work was conducted when the overhead line is still live.
After which, the control panel settings are adjusted such that the capacitor bank is brought on
line when the line voltage goes below a certain threshold value.
The control panel is given some time to respond to the settings after which, it closes when the
voltage goes below the threshold value and opens to disconnect the capacitor bank from the
line. The faulty capacitor from JESA farm is taken to the feeder line where the initial control
panel was removed and then fixed following the procedures outlined before, however, no
settings are made since the panel is already faulty.

3.2.4 Testing of sensitive earth fault (SEF) of Distribution transformers at

Lugogo yard

The SEF is to protect the transformer from unbalanced phase caused from illegal tapping on
the overhead line and using earth as the return. The SEF trips the transformer breaker and
switches off the entire network being supplied by the transformer. The SEF also trips on no
load conditions and thus it is advisable to connect the dropout fuses first before turning on the
breaker such that it is connected to a load immediately the circuit breaker is switched on.
The test was carried out to check the integrity of the SEF to detect faults and respond to them.
The procedures followed in carrying out this test were as follows.
A nearby supply of single phase is located and with the help of an extension cable the single-
phase power is brought near the transformers to be tested. The power supply is single phase
that is phase, neutral and earth lines.
The blue phase supplying power to the SEF is disconnected from the current transformer
winding on the LV side. This is done for safety purpose as the 240V a.c may be amplified by
the CT to very high voltages which may be dangerous/harmful to human life.
Only the blue phase is disconnected from its CT while the other phase CT’s are left intact.
The disconnected LV blue phase is connected to the single-phase power supply to supply the
breaker and the relay. The neutral is connected to the neutral terminal of the power supply
while the earth terminal of the transformer to the supply earth terminal.
The power supply switch is then turned on and a time delay of three (3) seconds is allowed to
observe whether the breaker trips. Since no load is connected, the breaker is expected to trip
within 3 seconds.
Failure to trip could be due to several factors, one being that there are wrong settings on the
SEF. The SEF is reset relay to send a command to the tripping coil to trip the breaker off as
follows; Hysteresis 10%, mode off, latch off tripping time 3s, tripping current 10A for three
phase transformers, 5A for double wound transformer and 3A for single phase transformer.

19
The other factors are faulty circuit breakers or faulty relay that makes it not respond to the
trip signal from the SEF or the SEF failing to send trip signal to the circuit breaker. However,
some coils did not trip off the breaker because they had got rust.
Upon completion of the test, the power is switched off, phase disconnected from the blue
phase and the LV phase is connected back to the CT. the neutral and earth terminals are also
disconnected. Care is to be taken to ensure that power is turned off before disconnection and
connections of power is made to avoid electrical dangers.
The transformers with faulty SEF are then marked as faulty while those with functioning
relay and circuit breaker are marked as okay.
The same test is carried out for the rest of the transformers, after which the power supply is
switched off and the power extension cable disconnected from the mains.

3.2.5 Testing of surge arresters

Surge arrestors are devices used to protect electrical equipment from over voltage transient
caused by lightening. There are two types of surge arrestors basing on the voltage level it can
handle that is 33KV and 11KV surge arrestors. The purpose of this test is to find whether
they are able to withstand their rated current values. The test set up includes a HV Test set,
Auto transformer and a Discharge rod. The procedures we followed in carrying out the above
test is as follows.
We connected the HV test set to the power supply as well as the earthing terminal to the
power supply earthing. The Auto transformer is then connected the HV test using a power
cable and earthed to the supply’s earthing terminal. We then connected the surge arrester to
be tested to HV test set on the incoming terminal and earthed on its outgoing terminal.
Before the actual start of the test the discharge rod is rested on the Auto transformer for
discharge of any residual voltages. We then set the voltmeter on the HV test set to 17KV for
11KV arresters or 38KV for 33KV arresters as an over voltage.
Then we removed the discharge rod from the Auto transformer and then turned the test
machine on. Since it is high voltage, the test time is set to run for 1min to 3min
We Observed the ammeter pointer and its behaviour since it shows leakage currents, for
example if it remained blinking, this implied that leakage current is zero.
After 3min, the surge arresters did not get burnt indicating that they could withstand their
rated current.

20
 Figure 3.7: Pressure test of surge arrester using HV test set

If the leakage current from the test set is below 2kA after the 1-minute interval, suggests that
the surge arrester is sound and in good condition as it allowed less flow of leakage current
whereas, a leakage current greater than 2kA would indicate a faulty surge arrestor.
At the end of the experiment, the HV test is switched off and the surge arrester and Auto
transformer discharged using the discharge rod using first its resistive tip and later its
capacitive middle portion as in Figure 3.7 above.
The surge arrester is disconnected from the autotransformer and earth connection
At the end of the test the HV test set, Auto transformer is disconnected from the supply mains
and the set packed and stored.

4 CHAPTER 4: NETWORK PLANNING AND DESIGN

4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW OF PLANNING AND DESIGN

In Umeme, the Planning department, also referred to as the Asset Development department,
is under Network Asset Management. It is further divided into four sections i.e. Network
Performance, Quality Assurance, Investment Planning and Asset Planning and Design.
Below is the department organogram as seen in Figure 4.8 below.

21
 Network Asset Manager

Investment Planning Manager Quality Assurance Manager Asset Planning & Design Manager
Network Performance Manager

Senior Planning & Design Engine

Materials Planning & Specifications Engineer

Senior Investment Planning Engineer
Network Performance Engineer

Planning Engineer Investments

Quantity Surveyor
Quality Assurance & Standards Engineer
Network Performance Analyst

LV Planning & Performance Engineer

Technical Compliance Officer

Planning Technician

Manager Wayleaves & Survey

CAD Officer Survey Assistant Senior Surveyor Senior Wayleaves Officer

Figure 4.8: Organisation of the network planning department

The planning and design sections handles the technical aspects of the projects executed
within the company. They also work together with the Investment Planning section so as to
come up with the appropriate costing documents for these projects. The projects can be
categorized as CAPEX, OPEX (Operational expenditure) and commercial schemes.
OPEX projects
OPEX projects are funded using the operational budget of the company. They include system
improvements, transformer replacement etc.
COMMERCIAL SCHEMES
Commercial schemes are implemented by the company but are funded by the customer.
CAPEX projects

22
CAPEX projects are investments made by the company on the network. They are capital
intensive that must be approved by the regulator (ERA) and as such will require to develop
justification for these projects. These projects can be load growth or network performance
improvement projects.
The planning process starts from project identification, data collection/capture, data
validation, planning design, costing of the design parameters, resurvey of the network,
approval of the planning design, commissioning of the project and updating the system by
including new structures as shown in Figure 4.9 below.

Figure 4.9: planning work flow

Other projects handled by planning and design department includes;

Planned Safety Project
These projects address key safety issues such as rotten poles and structures, poor conductors
and line clearance. Sensitive areas are schools, markets, slums and trading centres.
Commercial Loss Reduction
These projects shall address customer related problems that lead to energy losses. These
include meter tampering, hooking, faulty meters, bypass etc.
Unplanned Safety Projects
These shall address safety related problems which arise from rain storms, accidents such as
broken poles and conductors that had not been planned for.

23
Services
These shall include all customer applications of either single phase or three phases with LV
pole numbers ranging from 0 to 5.
Private contractor projects
These are Projects where a customer enters into an agreement with a contractor to extend
power services to their premises. Contractors are authorized by ERA and Umeme.

4.2 ACTIVITIES THAT I PERFORMED IN PLANNING AND

DESIGN SECTION

4.2.1 Scoping to identify the cause of complaints of under voltages during

peak hours in Sebunya Gayaza.

From scoping the following was observed

Using visual inspection and GIS map plus GPS machine to identify the new customers and
update the map in the process.
320 customers were found being supplied from the 100kVA Sebunya transformer and the
open points near Gayaza new market transformer and Kayebbe village transformer were still
open, hence no chance of some load being transferred to Sebunya.
No burnt low voltage circuit connections were observed which signified no overload and
most customers were situated at the extreme radius of the transformer thus the voltage loss
especially during peak hours.

4.2.2 Making a justification for the proposal to solve the issue of under
voltage at Sebunya-Gayaza transformer

The process of making a justification for the proposal suggested to overcome the problem are
as follows.
Beginning with a brief description of the area highlighting the problem present and then
Carrying out voltage measurements at different periods along different sections of the
transformer area to determine the voltage quality and loading.
It is found out that the loading is within the recommended values whereas for the voltage
quality it worsens for distances farther from transformer.
The next step is making a suggestion for the viable proposal, which for our case was to
Construct MV Root Length of 605m using 50mmsq ACSR Conductor, inject a
1x50kVA/11kV/LV Transformer, Reinforce the single phase 50mmsq ACSR Conductor to
two phase 50mmsq ACSR conductor and Reinforce the single-phase mixed conductors to
three phase 50mmsq ACSR Conductor.
Material requirements were as follows;

24
One 50kVA/11kV transformer, MV structure that will require 605x3= 1815m of conductors,
Two phase LV structure will require 90m of conductor length, Three phase LV structure will
require 310 m of conductors and New 3 phase line will require 30m of conductor and the
other requirements were surge arrestors (3), circuit breakers (3) of 100A rating and drop-out
isolators (2).

4.2.3 Costing to determine the most viable solution

To determine the cost of implementing our suggestion we used vital software which after
inputting the required materials with their specifications, calculated the total cost of the
project.
Table 4.5:cost of injecting a transformer in Sebunya Kayebbe

Project Name SEBUNYA KAYEBBE TRANSFORMER INJECTION

Costing Summary Ugx
Total Material Cost 50,500,018
Total labour and Transport cost 9,204,669
Total overhead Cost 1,717,617
Total before VAT 70,422,304
VAT 0
Total Project Cost 70,422,304
This being an internal project meant for network system improvement, it is not charged VAT
like the other external projects that require ERA approval

25
 5 CHAPTER 5: NETWORK PERFORMANCE

5.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON NETWORK

PERFORMANCE

The Network Performance section monitors and does performance analysis for the power
distribution network. Loading, power quality, system reliability and losses are the
performance parameters considered. Monthly outage reports are generated using data
obtained from Control Centre. This section also does analysis for new assets added to the
network through implemented CAPEX projects in order to ascertain whether the projects
served the purpose for which they were implemented.

5.1.1 System reliability

A reliable power system is one that can deliver uninterrupted service to consumers under the
specified operating conditions. Some measures are taken on the network so as to minimize
power interruptions and ensure continuity of supply to customers, thereby achieving a
reliable network, for example formation of a ring network and paralleling transformers at the
substations. Some of the measures of reliability in the utility industry are outage frequency
and duration, system availability and response time.

5.1.2 Reliability indices;

Reliability indices are used as indicators of power system reliability. They can be measured
over the entire distribution system or for a specific area on the network. They are defined
over a fixed time period, usually a month or a year and are briefly described below;
 System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
This index measures the average outage duration per customer. It is calculated by multiplying
the outage duration in minutes by the number of affected customers for each outage to
determine the customer minutes of interruption. Summing up the customer minutes of
interruption for all outages gives the total customer minutes of interruption.
 System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)
SAIFI measures how often a customer can expect to experience an outage. It is calculated by
dividing the total number of interrupted customers by the total number of customers served.

5.1.3 System availability;

Power system availability refers to the capability of the power system to provide power that
meets the quality requirements to the connected loads. System availability is greatly
dependent on the security of the system i.e. the set of immediately available operating
conditions that will result into a successful outcome i.e. no interruption and no equipment
damage when the system sustains one or more contingencies. The N – 1 (normal minus one)

26
criterion that is frequently used holds that the system must remain functional after one
contingency for example the loss of a major line.

5.1.4 Power quality

This is assessed in terms of the network voltage and frequency. The grid code allows for a ±
6% voltage deviation from the nominal for low voltages (415/240V) and ±10% deviation for
medium voltages(33/11kV) and frequency deviation of ±0.5 from the nominal 50Hz.
GIS Arc map; this contains the details of a network asset along a given feeder. This can be
substations, transformer size, type and rating, conductor type, length and size, and pole
position and number.
Digi silent which is used to simulate the loading of the line/feeder. It incorporates newton
Raphson iterations in its computation to find the most optimal solution.
Single line diagram (SLD); is a line diagram obtained from an Arc GIS map. This line
diagram contains a power source (s) and the conductor types and sizes used in the given
length that leads to the loads which are mostly transformers. In acquiring a single line
diagram, several loads/transformers can be lumped/grouped into one load for ease of analysis.

5.2 ACTIVITIES THAT I ENGAGED IN UNDER NETWORK

PERFORMANCE

5.2.1 Analysis of Hoima feeder using GIS Arc map and Digi silent.

From the Arc GIS map, a single line diagram (SLD) is obtained for the Hoima feeder. Then
the SLD is transferred to Digi silent and the feeder is modelled on this software.
On simulating the feeder, its noted that it’s operating beyond the recommended range. Most
of the conductors were overloaded (loaded beyond 90%).
There was a suggestion of upgrading the ACSR 25sqmm conductors to ACSR 50sqmm
especially along the t-off around Kigolobya Hospital. This is due to the large load around the
area that could suitably carry out the current drawn by these loads
With the new recommendations implemented on Digi silent, the model was run and this time,
the feeder was no longer loaded as before.
Another suggestion was to change the sale factor used from 1 to 0.22 which yielded a stable
network with loading of 50% and the iterations converged after few steps.

27
 6 CHAPTER 6: INVESTMENT PLANNING

6.1 LITERATURE VIEW ON INVESTMENT PLANNING

This section handles the financial aspect of the projects to be executed by the company. They
perform this task with Asset planning and Design section. They do cost for the various
projects undertaken by the company using Vital software. They perform detailed costing
where the normal costs of equipment are computed and high-level costing where costing for
anticipated conditions such as bypass or diversion of the network in case there is failure to
secure space to set up the asset, this usually increases the cost of the project than earlier
anticipated as more conductor lengths would have to be purchased to cater for such
eventualities. Site visits are then conducted so as to determine more accurate project
requirements after which a 2 nd phase of costing with updated requirements is done. They
secure Electricity Regulator Authority (ERA) approvals for all capital expenditure (CAPEX)
projects after which they are handed over to capital and contracts division (CCD) for
implementation. They also prioritize which projects are handed over for implementation
depending on the cost.
In order to achieve these, certain parameters are used, these parameters include;
Internal Rate of Return (IRR), net present value (NPV), Payback period, Loss Saving, Energy
Not Served/supplied (ENS), Released Demand.
NPV = present value of cash inflows – present value of cash outflows, where the present
value of cash flows is discounted according to a discount rate.
IRR is the discount rate that yields a zero NPV. If the IRR is greater than the cost of capital,
the project is considered viable.
Payback period (PP) is the amount of years taken to recover the original investment.
Loss saving is made from minimizing/reducing technical losses along a given feeder.
Energy not supplied is to cater for periods when the loads are not supplied with power.
Released demand is the redundancy/ spare created in an installation that gives room for
expansion such as future increase in the loads should be added easily on the network without
hindering its performance.
Financial appraisal data sheet; this contains the formulas for calculation of NPV, IRR, loss
saving, payback period and project benefit/cost ratio by merely inputting values of maximum
demand, project capital, loss saving, released demand and power factor for the system. It thus
simplifies the complex calculation of these variables.
GIS Arc map and Digi silent software are used to acquire network data from which a single
line diagram is drawn and later modelled to obtain the viable or optimal solution for the
network problem. Vital software is used to determine the cost of materials required, whereas
the financial appraisal template is then used to verify the NPV, IRR and benefit of
implementing the solution.

28
 6.2 ACTUAL WORK DONE IN INVESTMENT PLANNING

6.2.1 Examining the effect of connecting a solar plant (20MW) and

132/33kV UETCL substation to a jinja-iganga feeder (JJ/IGG/33/1)

We first obtain a SLD from the Arc GIS map of the feeder. The SLD contains the solar plant
and the UETCL substation at measured distance from the feeder.
We then Simulate the network performance in Digi silent under several conditions; one is
without the introduction of the two power supplies to the feeder.
The second condition is when one of the power supplies is connected to the feeder.
The last condition is when both supplies (solar and UETCL substation) are connected to the
feeder.
Digi silent yields the integration of UETCL substation as the best option as less materials will
be used since it is near the feeder. It is simulated for several years and still the feeder is not
overloaded despite the load increase.
We then Used vital software materials required for the project are costed.
Finally Using financial appraisal sheet to determine the viability of connecting UETCL
substation.
The data given to aid in costing was 35,000USD per km for AAAC 150, 5,000USD for 33kV
ABS, and 30,000USD for each circuit breaker (CB). The cost of these materials makes up the
project capital invested.
The distance from feeder to the station was 0.34km per phase, six (6) ABS and three (3) CB
were required. Also, Capital cost was 155,700USD, and maximum demand was 18.5MVA.
The Financial appraisal sheet gave a cost benefit of 2,065,446.43 USD, project NPV of
11,736,190.58 USD and IRR of 1325%.

29
 7 CHAPTER 7: QUALITY ASSURANCE

7.1 THE ORGANOGRAM OF UMEME QUALITY

ASSURANCE SECTION

CTO (Chief Technical officer)

Network Assets Manager

Quality Assurance Management

CAD
technician

Technical Quality Materials planning

Standards Assurance and and specifications
compliance
engineer standards Engineer
officer
Engineer

Figure 7.10: organisation structure for UMEME Quality Assurance department

Quality assurance falls under Quality Assurance management which is a sub section of
Network Assets Management that reports to the chief technical officer. The CTO heads the
Engineering department. Quality Assurance Management is further divided into four
divisions that include; Technical Compliance officer, Standards Engineer, Quality Assurance
and Standards Engineer and Materials planning and specifications Engineer. The section also
consists of a CAD (Computer Aided Design) Technician that reports directly to the Quality
Assurance Manager. This is shown in Figure 7.10 above.

7.2 LITERATURE REVIEW ON QUALITY ASSURANCE

Quality assurance ensures that quality materials are provided and construction of electrical
distribution networks is per standard. This section focusses on the electrical distribution
network which includes; electricity distribution lines, power substations and distribution
transformers.

30
Standards are guidelines and principles that guide the operations and activities of an
organization.
These standards refer to electrical network Construction standards and Material
specifications. Any organization that has no standards will become subject to the personal
opinion of its staff.
Quality assurance section does not make new standards but customizes the existing standards
from reputable bodies such as IEC, BS, ANSI SANS, UNBS etc.
In addition to standards, there are engineering processes, work procedures and work
instructions that are involved.
Quality assurance section has two mandates that include; Monitor compliance to acceptable
electrical network construction standards, enforce provision and application of Quality
electrical network Materials that satisfy approved Material Specifications as well as
Developing new standards and training for the adoption of the new standards.
In order to fulfil the above mandate, quality assurance is divided into three segments namely;
i. NW (network) Construction Standards
ii. NW (network) Material Standardisation and specifications
iii. Compliance to approved/acceptable standards
Quality and Assurance section develops and revises Umeme standards. They carry out
extensive research relating to the international industry standards like those developed by the
British Standards Institution (BSI) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
They also consult the material or equipment users in this process so as to come up with the
most optimum standards for the network. They also participate in the material specification
design process for various equipment such as switchgear to be procured for use on the
network.

7.3 ACTUAL WORK DONE IN QUALITY ASSURANCE

7.3.1 Inspection of the two transformers from the yard.

The inspection was mainly visual using tools such as measuring ruler, string and checklist
inform of a material quality inspection report. This included a number of things on the
transformers that had to be visually inspected after which it was indicated as passed when the
item was present or was in range of that required on the report.
The quality checks on the transformer included checking for the following;
Transformer rating in kVA which was obtained from the nameplate such as 100kVA,
200kVA, 315kVand 500kVA.The operating voltage which was either 11kV or 33KV and the
vector group for three phases for example Dyn11
The cooling type for example ONAN, ONAF, ODAF and the transformer type whether
completely self-protected or not, the presence of a minimum of two lifting lugs on the
transformer.

31
The presence of Bushings and whether they are cracked or not, the transformer body should
not have any oil leakage, the transformer body finish whether paint peels off or there are
signs of rust and whether the mounting bracket accessories are provided or not.
The presence of multiple earthing terminals and the number of such terminals, the presence
of surge arresters pre-installed on the transformer, with the arresters fitted with arcing horns
if present and the surge arresters present should have a cross sectional area greater than
16sqmm.
The transformer should be sealed with a gasket and sufficiently close tightened by bolts and
nuts, the transformer nameplate should be fitted with a stainless-steel rating plate.
The primary and secondary bush terminal markings should be plainly and indelibly marked
on the transformer, the tap changer positions or steps should be 5 for an 11kV or 33kV
transformer.
The low voltage (LV) bushing creepage distance should be greater than 40mm while the
medium Voltage (MV) bushing creepage distance should be greater than 900mm and the
presence of current transformer and if they are pre-installed in the transformer LV
Distribution box.

Figure 7.11: 500KVA inspected transformer

The two transformers that we inspected were each 500kVA, 11kV transformer with six (6)
earthing terminals, ONAN type of cooling. There were no oil leakages on the transformer
body and it was a ground mounted transformer. What was unique about the transformer was
that its MV bushing was concealed in a box attached to the transformer and sealed with bolts
and nuts. This had to be opened to exposed the bushing and measure its creepage length. This
was done using a string that was laid on the bushing following its construction, the string was
later straightened and measured using a ruler and was found to be 550mm while in using the

32
same method to measure the creepage distance on the LV bushing, it was found to be
150mm. Figure 7.11 shows one of the two inspected transformers.
On the remark section, the quality engineer, indicated that the transformer passed the test
pending further tests to be carried out by the protection team.
We next appended our signatures to the checklist for the two transformer and later handed it
to the quality engineer who will hand it to the quality assurance manager pending approval.

7.3.2 Underground cable (XLPE Armored cable) inspection.

The inspection was done on two cables one rated 11kV and the other 33kV
A nail was observed on the 33kV cable which was not passed for use as the damage could not
be ascertained, but recommended making a joint on it before it could be passed for use.
Bruises were observed on the 11kV cable, but since the damage was limited to the outer
sheath, it was passed with recommendation to include additional sheath on damaged part.
The other visual inspection tests carried out on the two cables are summarised as below;
Insulation material should be XLPE and the insulation thickness measured should be greater
than 8mm from 33kV cable and greater than 3.4mm for 11kV cable and the Insulation screen
thickness for both cables should be greater than 0.3mm. Also, the outer sheath material
should be PVC, ST2 or PE ST7. For our case the material used was PVC as it was flexible.
Current carrying capacity, this was not known as it was not stated anywhere on the cable on
manufacturer’s nameplate and there was no device present to establish the cable carrying
capacity without damaging the cable. Presence of cups on the cable was confirmed.
The delivery drum should not be damaged, the 33kV cable drum was damaged and the cable
should have markers showing the cable rating, year of manufacture and size was true for both
cables.
The conductor should be copper and the over sheath should be extruded PVC and the armour
should be Aluminium or Aluminium alloy. The three phase cables should have phase colour
or symbol of red, yellow and blue to indicate the various phases.

33
8 CHAPTER 8: CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT
SECTION (MECHANIZATION/PROJECTS)

8.1 ORGANOGRAM OF CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT

Chief Technical Officer (CTO)

ASSET MANAGER

Engineering Services Manager

(Contractor Manager)

Clerks of Works

Regional Works Regional Works Regional Works

Engineer Engineer Engineer

Regional Works Regional Regional Works

Technician Works Technician

Lines man Lines man Lines man

(dropping team) (dropping team) (dropping team)

Lines man Lines man

Lines man
(pole planter) (pole planter)
(pole

Lines man
Lines man Lines man
(stringing team)
(stringing team) (stringing team)

Figure 8.12: Organisation structure for Contractor Management

34
Contractor management falls under Asset Management which reports to the CTO. Contractor
management also known as projects/ mechanisation has the contractor manager at the top and
the clerk of works who reports to him. Then below the clerk of works are the regional works
engineers who are three in number and in charge of the various regions in the country under
UMEME jurisdiction. The regional engineers supervise the linesmen who are in charge of
three teams each. These teams are the dropping team, stringing and pole planting (JCB) team.
This is shown in Figure 8.12 above.

8.2 LITERATURE REVIEW IN CONTRACTOR

MANAGEMENT

It is headed by a contractor manager. Contractor management falls under Asset management

supervised by the asset manager who in turn reports to the chief technical officer who finally
reports to the managing director of UMEME. Below the Asset manager, we have clerks of
works, regional works engineers and their respective technicians.
They handle electrical network asset contracts all over the country and their operations are
divided into three regions, namely;
Kampala East and Eastern Uganda under the supervision of regional works Engineer Ronald,
Kampala south and western Uganda region under the supervision of regional works Engineer
Winfred and Kampala central including areas of Bombo and Northern Uganda under the
supervision of regional works Engineer Brian.
There are a number of activities performed by contractor management section and these
include;

8.2.1 Pole Mechanization

This refers to pole planting using a pole planter known as JCB. The JCB is preferred because
it is time and cost efficient, minimises injuries and labour unlike in the ordinary set up which
requires about 10 (ten) people to plant a pole with in a minimum of 45minutes.
Pole mechanisation is utilized in making new connections or in break down maintenance for
example in case of a rotten pole that needs replacement.

8.2.2 Line clearance

This is also known as vegetation management and vegetation close to the lines are cleared.
This section assigns the line clearance works to the nearby contractors already obtained by
Umeme. The section also supervises the work done by these contractors. Line clearance is
relevant because it minimises outages caused by vegetation shorting conductors, maintains
safety and minimise injuries.

35
The recommended line clearance is 3metres free of vegetation for LV line and 4metres for
HV line. While at the pole base, it is recommended to keep 1 metre free of vegetation around
the base.

8.2.3 Opex works

These are funded by umeme and not ERA. They mainly include maintenance works such as
pole maintenance. The role of contractor management in this is to provide contractors who
will execute the work. The contractors are paid for their labour and transport, the materials
required are provided from the Umeme stores.

8.2.4 Safety Audits

This include spot on audit of the site work area to ensure workers are following the safety
guidelines such as putting on the right PPE, safety demarcation of the work area. Safety audit
forms are filled correctly prior to start of work.

8.2.5 Safety briefing of the district team

This majorly concerns risk assessment that involves hazard identification and mitigation
measures to implement.
There are three teams involved in pole mechanisation
Dropping team/ self-loader that picks the pole from the pole yard and drops it on the site,
Pole planter team that excavates the pole holes, plants and plumbs the pole. The pole depth
excavated is 1/6th of the pole height and finally Stringing team that strings and tensions the
conductors on the pole planted using a pull lift and come along.

8.3 FIELD WORK DONE IN CONTRACTOR

MANAGEMENT

8.3.1 Stringing ABC conductors on the planted pole and connecting the
meter for the customer

It begins with fastening the solidal cable to the premise using a dead end and a bend while
ensuring it reaches the circuit breaker in the terminal unit. The other end of the solidal cable
is attached to a lines man and taken to top of pole.
Pole dressing materials are then delivered to the linesman on top of the pole via a rope. These
includes stay wire assembly, pig tail, pole cap, cable tensioners/strainers which are installed
on the pole.
A technician examines the bottom of the stay assembly and attaches the stay wire to the eye
bolt using preformed dead ends. The excess stay wire is cut off. The solidal cable is tensioned
and excess length of it is cut off using a plier and hung on pig tail on pole and cable strainer.

36
The ABC conductor is delivered to the lines man by means of a rope which is attached to one
end of the rope and pulled from the other end by technicians on the ground (pole base). When
the ABC conductor is delivered to the linesman, it is installed on the pole by means of a cable
tensioner while those on ground maintain tension on the rope as the lines man strains the
ABC conductors till when he is done.
Meter cable terminations for neutral and phase connections are made and later delivered to
the lines man on the pole by means of a rope. Meter clamps are installed at this point. The
LPC are attached on the cable terminations for connections of phase and Neutral of the ABC
will be connected.
The lines man connects the solidal cable to the meter and also connects the ABC conductor to
the LPC on the cable termination. This gives a light indication when successful. Connections
of the solidal cable to the customer premise via the circuit breaker and neutral block.
The next step is to commission the meter. This is don from the CIU (customer interface unit).
This is done as follows.
Powering the CIU from the socket outlet and this would mean by passing the meter to
provide power to the premise since by this time the home will not be connected to power and
before commissioning, the meter has no output.
Upon entering the meter number and other codes the meter is then finally commissioned.
This method however thus raises a challenge of commissioning meters in the absence of
electric power or during a blackout, as the meter will only supply power after commissioning
it. The meter bypass was removed later.

8.3.2 Pole replacement and transformer repair

This was in an area known as Nkonge, Najjanakumbi off Entebbe road, the short pole of the
H-pole transformer structure was damaged presenting the risk of the transformer falling off
its structure which may result in countless accidents that could culminate into the loss of life.
The procedure followed were as follows;
Dropping the pole on the site and augering it by the lines man followed by De-energising the
power lines to the area of concern from the najjanakumbi substation by the authorised
personnel.
Applying working earth on either side of the area of operation to create a safe working zone
and these are removed only when is complete and the line needs to be energized.
Filling in risk assessment forms outlining the hazards observed and the measures taken to
mitigate it and Filling the work register to account for the number of persons present in the
carrying out the activity.
Inviting the authorised personnel such as the technical officer to be present to supervise the
work and to energise and de-energise the lines in question from the substation and

37
disconnecting the drop-out fuses using a fuse stick from the circuit to de-energise the
transformer.
Climbing the pole using climbing irons and safety belt and disconnecting all connections to
both the primary and secondary terminals of the transformer, this also includes the stay wire
attaching the transformer to the H-pole.
Lifting off the transformer from its platform by a self-loader crane to a secure place for repair
works to take place. Cutting the damaged pole but not to a point of falling to allow the pole
dressing to be transferred to the would be planted pole.
Excavating the pole pit to the recommended depth and position using the JCB pole planter.
Planting, plumbing and back filling the pole by the JCB with the help of the linesmen who
also compact the back filled soil using an earth rammer.
Augering the points for the dropout cross arm and transform platform by the linesmen atop
the planted. The other linesman transfers the pole dressing from the damaged pole to the
newly planted pole.
For repair of the transformer the following procedures were under taken.
Evaluating previous reports from customers to identify the fault nature, cause and location.
From this information, the fault was concluded to be in the blue phase. Visual inspection was
employed on the transformer and from it damages were found on the LV terminals inform of
welded joints.
Further examination of the internal parts of the transformer was undertaken to identify a
convincing cause of the fault. This involved loosening the bolts and nuts holding the
transformer case using spanners and pliers and lifting off its upper case using a crane (self-
loader) truck. This exposes the transformer windings simplifying the fault location process.
This was identified as a loose connection in one of the phases causing arcing within the
transformer that was evidenced from the iron fillings coating left behind.
Tightening the bolts that were loose and fixing back the insulation card board separating the
windings from the transformer body to rectify the fault. Transformer top is fixed back using a
self-loader and then bolted back as before. The new set of surge arresters were fixed together
with their connections using binding wire (aluminium conductor) since the old ones were
damaged.
Filing to remove rust and carbon coating on the LV and HV terminals to improve conduction.
The transformer is lifted back to its platform on the H-pole and the previous connections on
the primary and secondary terminals of the transformer are restored. Testing the connections
and re-energising the power lines to restore power.
Reporting any near miss observed for example in the course of transferring the pole dressing
from the damaged pole to the planted pole, the damaged cut-pole suddenly fell hitting a
chapati stall and a motor bike in the process. Fortunate enough, no one was in the pole’s line
of sight during the fall and thus the damage was minimal.

38
 9 CHAPTER 9: MAINTENANCE

9.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON MAINTENANCE

Maintenance is one sub – department under Network Asset Department and has the following
sections that perform various functions. Theses sections include; Maintenance, CSE/Districts,
and Work Management Centre (WMC). The structure is shown below in Figure 9.13

Network Asset department

NETWORK System & Metering Asset

SERVICES Automation technology Developmen
t

Maintenanc
e

CSE/Districts

WMC (Work
Management
Centre)
Control

Mechanisation/
project
Figure 9.13:organization structure of Network services

Maintenance is one of the sections under Network service department and it is responsible for
maintaining the various network assets such as switch gears, transformers, cables and
overhead.
Maintenance is made of four sections and these include;
Overhead lines/network, Underground lines/network, Transformers and Switch gears

39
9.1.1 Overhead line

Overhead sub-section under maintenance deals with the maintenance of overhead structures
such as installation of auto-closures, installation and maintenance of Air break switches,
installation of fuse drop outs, installation of capacitor banks maintenance of Jumpers along
interconnectors of 33KV (lines connecting one substation to another) and other works along
Interconnectors.

9.1.2 Cable (Underground)

This sub-section of the maintenance deal with the installation of cable, terminations using
lugs, cable jointing and fault finding on the underground cable.

9.1.3 Transformers

This one of the sub-sections of the maintenance it deals with both power transformers and
distribution transformers. They carry out installation of new transformers, routine
maintenance of transformers.

9.1.4 Switch gears

This is sub-section under maintenance that is responsible for maintaining the switch gear
devices such as auto- reclose, isolators, circuit breakers, surge arrestors, which are all hard
ware devices that work with relays as software. These switch gears can be to switch on and
off electrical supply under normal and abnormal conditions.
Maintenance

Principle substation Principle line

Senior engineer Senior engineer

Senior engineer
transformer switch gear
Engineer

Engineer Engineer
Supervisor

supervisor supervisor
Technician

Technician Technician

Figure 9.14:structure of maintenance section

40
The Figure 9.14 shown above shows the various divisions under network maintenance in
UMEME LIMITED

9.2 ACTUAL WORK DONE IN MAINTENANCE

9.2.1 Line inspection under overhead line maintenance

This is done to plan for future maintenance works and if done correctly can identify
anomalies that may result in outages in future if not dealt with early enough.
The line inspection was performed on the Kawanda -Busunju 33KV interconnector.
Activities performed are as below
Filling the hazard identification and risk assessment form with the hazards identified and the
mitigation methods for the hazard and risks. Filling the workers register and signing in at start
of work and out at end of task on the side for accountability purposes in case of injuries and
locating missing persons.
Performing visual inspection for anomalies such as rotten pole, missing pole caps, missing
pin/post insulators, damaged or missing disc or polymeric insulators, broken or poorly
connected jumpers, leaning poles, missing stay assembly, required line clearance.
Recording the anomalies in a given form including the recommendations to correct the
anomaly. Records made include the pole number if present, pole location, conductor size,
type of pole structure, voltage rating of the line and the conductor type.
Upon completion of the scheduled work for the day, the team members signed out and
departed.

9.2.2 Cable termination for cable in kyengera off Entebbe express highway
during cable maintenance

This was done to be able to restore power to the areas that were supplied by the cable. This
task was performed by cable works network section who carry out the maintenance works on
all umeme cables throughout the country.
The following procedures were followed in performing cable termination on the damaged 3-
core cable.
Before commencing the work, power to the affected region was cut off through a shutdown
either from the interconnectors or from the substation.
Then working earth was applied to the overhead line on the incoming line (the supply line). It
is advisable to apply two working earth to create a safe working zone, however in this case
only one working earth was used (applied).

41
Then a lines man using the climbing irons and safety belt climbs the H-pole and disconnects
the damaged cable from the cable bracket as well as the binding that fastens the cable to the
crossarm. Also, the line jumpers are disconnected. The cable is then thrown to the ground
where the damaged part is cut off and the terminations is done on the un damaged part of the
cable,
The exact length of the cable to be stripped to connect the termination accessories is
estimated using the stress tubing. The cable was non-armoured and as such had no armour,
using a stripping knife the cable spacers are cut-off and the copper sheath is removed up to
some length.
Next we position an earth braid at a reasonable length such that it slightly surpasses the uncut
sheath. The using spring roll, it is held firmly to each core on the copper shield (sheath). This
is repeated for the other two cores. Then the spring roll is insulated with a black insulating
tape. The three earth braids are brought together at their tip and a copper braid is laid on top
of this junction and held firmly by an armour clamp. The copper braid provides an earth
termination for the cable.
We then removed the core screen thoroughly to 20mm above the metal tape shield cut. The
surface of the stripped insulation is removed of all traces of conductive material. It is later
smoothened out of irregularities using sand paper and cleaned using a suitable solvent.
Then a void filling strip is applied to the metal tape shield covering the core screen up to part
of the stripped insulation.
The stress control tubing (black) is slid over the core and positioned just overlapping the core
screen. It is then shrunk down using a gas torch flame which is moved from the bottom of the
tubing and moving upwards. This procedure is the for all the three cores.
Then the breakover tubing is slide over the cores and it is pulled down as far as the crutch if
possible. The breakover is shrunk using the gas flame starting from the lower end towards the
turrets onto the cores.
The insulation at the tip of each core is cut back according to the length of the cable lug
barrel hole. The lug is then installed while taking care to remove any sharp edges as a result
of the cable strands or the broken edges of the bolt. When tightening the bolts on the lug, it is
recommended to do so until the bolt breaks as this ensures no loose connections are left. The
core insulation and lug are cleaned and degreased.
Using a crimping tool lugs are put on single core cables (three in number), after which they
are fastened to the cable termination lugs using bolts, washers and nuts. This is done for the
three cable terminations. Upon completion, the linesman once again climbs the pole and
attaches a pulley to the crossarm. Then he passes a long rope he went up with through the
pulley. The base of this rope is attached the terminated cable. The terminated cable is now
lifted up by pulling the other end of the rope. Upon reaching the recommended height, the
cable is held in place by binding wire while the rope is untied from it. The lines man then
proceeds to connect the terminations to the overhead jumpers.

42
On completion of the connections, the working earth is removed, the lines man descends the
pole and power is restored while some remain monitoring the cable for any anomaly which
was not found in that case.

9.2.3 Insulation resistance testing of the armored cable during cable

maintenance

Testing is done to ensure that no leakage exists between the cable cores that is phase to phase
or phase to neutral. The testing is done using a megger instrument attached with two test
leads (red and black in colour). The test voltage used in the test procedure is 500V. in the
insulation test procedure, a test value greater than 500MΩ signifies that the cable is suitable
for use in any installation as there is no leakage between the phases or between phases and
neutral while a test value less than 500MΩ signifies a leakage either between the phases or
between phase and neutral/earth and hence the cable not being suitable for use.
A fork lift was used to adjust the cable drum to expose the cable leads for testing. Then using
a plier and strip knife the cable cores are exposed. The bare conductor on each core is
exposed as well, since it is on the conductors that the megger meter leads will be attached.
The first test was determining the insulation resistance between phases, starting with the red
phase, the megger red lead was clipped on the red phase and the black lead on the yellow
phase and selecting a test voltage of 500V, the test was started by long pressing the test
button and allowing the test to run for one(1) minute, the values obtained after a minute was
recorded down.
This was repeated for test to determine the insulation resistance test between red phase and
blue phase, yellow phase and blue phase, and between each phase to neutral/earth. The values
obtained from these readings was recorded in a table as shown below.
Table 9.6:megger test results

S/ Megger test Result (GΩ) Length(m) Test voltage Cable Voltage(V)

N (V)
1 Red--Earth 39.9 508 500 600/1000
1 Yellow--Earth 51.0 508 500 600/1000
1 Blue--Earth 53.7 508 500 600/1000
1 Red--Blue 47.9 508 500 600/1000
1 Red--Yellow 55.8 508 500 600/1000
1 Yellow--Blue 49.6 508 500 600/1000
2 Red--Earth 10.3 508 500 600/1000
2 Yellow--Earth 18.5 508 500 600/1000
2 Blue--Earth 47.0 508 500 600/1000
2 Red--Blue 30.8 508 500 600/1000
2 Red--Yellow 31.6 508 500 600/1000
2 Yellow--Blue 25.9 508 500 600/1000

43
Since the test values were all above 500MΩ, we concluded that the cable was suitable for use
in the installation work.

10 CHAPTER 10: REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS

10.1OBSERVATIONS

There were a number of things noted during my industrial training at umeme limited. These
were a noted below;
The allowances that were stipulated to be given to students, always arrived late at least two
weeks after the stipulated date. This interfered with our plans, forcing some to borrow at
absurd interest rates.
The personal protective equipment was only given to graduate trainees and other workers
whereas those on industrial training were left out yet we undergo the same training and
perform similar tasks.
In some sections especially SCADA, we were restricted to not publish or include certain
information in our report which was considered confidential. Though this promotes the
security of the facility but it complicates the learning process.
The training was conducted in a way that trainees would be assigned to an engineer who take
them to the field and expose them to the practical aspects of electrical engineering. This
method has several downfalls;

 At times the Engineer to whom one is allocated has little or no activity for the day,
this would mean that one would learn little or less in a day.
 Training would be determinant on a given trainer/engineer/ technician one would be
assigned to.
 In some situations, the same engineer would be assigned to the trainees on several
occasions making him/her wear out (tired).
In some sections, there were no clearly documented working procedures that one would
follow in operating a device. We would usually rely on the saying of the experienced
engineer or technician. This makes it difficult in fault analysis and safety practice as no clear
guidelines are available to correctly deal with a fault.
Usually work that was conducted in far off places like in the far umeme districts of Gulu,
Hoima, Fort portal were done without the inclusion of trainees as we were not catered for in

44
terms of the expenses involved. This meant that certain procedures performed in those areas
may never be learnt by us (trainees).
Some sections had less seating furniture to house the trainees when allocated to such sections.
In some sections still, there were others with special seats allocated to them and since we
trainees did not know of such and given that the seats were few would end up taking up such
only to be embarrassed in the process when the owners came.
The most obvious was the time allocated for thee many sections that we would rotate
through. The time duration was a maximum of a week per section and this was not enough to
know at least half of the things that are handled by a given section,
The late commencement of the training was part to blame for the packed week. The
internship training period for UMEME started some three weeks later after the close of the
university semester and two weeks later than most companies that were offering industrial
training.
There were no clear training manuals in some sections and this would provide a proper guide
of what was to be covered or learnt from a given section. The training manual also provides
trainees the basic idea of what questions to ask the trainer so as to get the most from the
training.
There was clash of some activities with the internship program, for example when the
workers were doing their appraisals or having a meeting or travelling upcountry for
maintenance work. The internship program would in most cases be put on hold since the
trainers would be busy on other activities. Sometimes this would eat a day or three of the
training and since the time was limited, this would end affecting us.
The challenges faced by me include the high cost of food around the training area (lugogo
office) this cut into my budget for the entire internship period. More so, the training area was
quite far from my residence implying that transport cost was eating up on my budget for the
training period.

10.2RECOMMENDATIONS

Since a section usually plans its activities for the entire week, I would recommend they
include trainees in this program, so that anyone with field activity is entitled to go with a
trainee irrespective of if he has been assigned one or not.
I would recommend UMEME LIMITED to start its internship training early enough just like
the rest of the companies so that the training period can be prolonged if possible, without
interfering with the Academic semester.
I would recommend an existence of work procedure manual even for the simplest of tasks to
avoid taking for granted some procedures as this may lead to omission of some key steps
resulting in accidents/hazards.

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Provision of the training allowance for the particular month prior to its start such that we can
budget for it for that month. The other would be to pay promptly at the end of every month
which seems to have failed.
Provision of personal protective equipment to all who the workers and trainees.
There should be enough facilitation to cater for both trainees and trainers’ expense especially
when there is need to move up country to learn a new work procedure.
Having a clear program of activities that would not interfere with the training program be it
appraisal or meetings. The other would be having a stand by trainer who can take over the
training program once the other is busy.
Providing enough seats in sections that face shortage of seats especially SCADA, Planning
and quality sections are the most affected.
Providing a generic training manual to trainees such that they may be trained without fear of
giving out confidential information to outsiders.

10.3CONCLUSION

Despite the challenges, I would like to say I enjoyed my training at UMEME LIMITED. I
learnt a lot as regards power distribution and learnt to appreciate the work done by umeme as
a power distributor. I was able to differentiate the roles of UMEME limited, ERA, UEDCL,
UEGCL, and UETCL in the power network.
I am grateful to all the trainers who went to great lengths to expose us to the practical aspects
of the section, with some sacrificing their money to facilitate our learning.

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 11 REFERENCES

[1] U. Limited, "Umeme Limited Integrated Report 2016," Shonubi, Musoke & Company
Advocates, kampala, 2017.
[2] M. L. D. ,. K. C. Rajeev Kumar Chauhan, "Intelligent SCADA System," International Journal on
power system optimization and Control, vol. Vol.2, no. No.1, pp. 143- 149, 2010.

[3] ABB, "ABB Wireless Gateway RER601/603," ABB, 18 08 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.abb.com/substationautomation. [Accessed Tuesday,18th JUNE 2019].

[4] B. E. Co, M-7679 R-PAC and M-7651A D-PAC Application Guide, Largo, Florida: Beckwith Electric
Co.Inc, 2013.

[5] P. Rush, N e t w o r k P r o t e c t i o n & A u t o m a t i o n G u i d e, Paris, France: AREVA T&D,

2005.

[6] M. B. a. B. R. Les Hewitson, Practical Power Systems Protection, Tottenham Court Road, England:
IDC Technologies, 2004.

[7] D. H. I. F. S. S. I. D. R. C. Nicoleta ARGHIRA, "MODERN SCADA PHILOSOPHY IN POWER SYSTEM

OPERATION – A SURVEY," U.P.B. Sci. Bull, Vols. Series C, Vol. 73, no. Iss. 2, pp. 153-166, 2011.

[8] D. C. R. B. C. FIEE, Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering, oxford: newness, Elsevier,
2003.

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