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46 views19 pagesLecture 5-8
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tmourakshiCopyright
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/ 19
1 s- Fext
, er)
1 Fs
xO
o A
We are mainly interested in the steady state solution. Let us again consider a spring mass
system with spring force F, = —kx and damping force Fy = —7 which is subject to a
harmonic external force Fag = Fo cos wt, The equation of motion can be written as
@e dr
mag tg tke = Fy coswt,
@r iy adz .
Fe OG THB e = fo coset, (66)
where fo = Fo/m and w is the frequency of the external force. ‘This is a non-homogencous
second order differential equation. General solution consists of mainly two parts, namely
particular integral and complimentary function. Complimentary function is the solution of
the homogeneous equation, ie,
ry ids,
ete twe=0 7)
We have already encountered this equation in damped harmonic oscillation. This oscillation
will decay and die down withtime. Hence we are not interested in this complimentary
function, We are mainly interested in the particular integral which is the only part that
survives after a long enough time. This is called the steady state solution,
Let us consider a complex parameter z whose real part is x, ie, x — Re(z). We can
rewrite Eq, 66 in terms of z as follows
(08)
(69) Let us assume that 2 = 2» e'**. Now substituting this in Eq. 69, we got
zoel! +28 (iw) zoel" +a zoel = foe*,
+2Biw +a] =fo,
So
Gar ais’
Sol (og — - 216]
[od 02) +492]
(70)
Ey
So we see that zp is a complex parameter. We can assume that z) = ae~'?, Now comparing
‘the real and imaginary parts, we obtain
acos asin @ aS (71)
We can write @ and ¢ as follows:
6 = tan [ (72)
We can write 2 as
aeiwt = agit) (73)
‘The steady state solution to Eq. 66 can be written as,
x(t) = Re(z) = a cos (wt ~ 9) (74)
‘The mass oscillates with the same frequency w as that of the external periodic force.
‘* There is a phase difference of ¢ between the forced oscillation and the external periodic
force.
It has nothing to do with the spring force F, and the damping force Fy,
¢ However, F, and Fy have a great effect on the amplitude a and the phase ¢.
‘There are three regimes of interest, i.e, low frequency regime, high frequeney regime and
resonance, We will discuss each one by one.
16 A. Low frequency regime
If the frequency of the forced oscillation w is much smaller than the natural frequency wo
then w << wy. As w tends to zero, the amplitude a will be
fo fo_ F _Rm_h
3o8 = 8 = RL 75)
Hy wo muh mE (7)
Similarly the phase ¢ will be
(76)
Hence the forced oscillation can be described by
B eu
2(0) = FP cos wt (7)
We see that the motion is independent of the mass or the damping force. It depends only
on the spring constant k. Hence this regime is called ”stiffiness-controlled” region.
B. High frequency regime
If w >> wo then the amplitude a will be
(78)
Similarly the phase ¢ will be
gm tan [224 ) cant (24) (79)
As w + 00, we get a+ 0 and ¢ + 1. So the mass effectively at rest and can not follow the
external force because its frequency is very high compared to the natural frequency of the
spring mass system. Thus for w meuh larger than ws the motion can be described as
(80)
We sco that the motion is independent of the spring constant & or the damping force. It only
depends on the mass of the object. Hence this region is called "mass controlled” region. It
is also observed that the mass is out of phase with the external phase as the phase difference
iso
VW C. Mid frequency regime
At w= wee = a3 — 2H, the amplitude a will be maximum. This is called the resonance
frequency. Let us see this explicitly. The expression for a is
le ae a
Now a will be maximum if the denominator in Eq. 81 is minimum, ie, for amplitude maxi-
umum, we need to have
YP -apraa]
J —u?) (—2uo) +882
(we — w) +267 =0,
wf - 267,
ree = yf Be (82)
For small values of the damping parameter, i.e, 6 << wp, we have we, = wo. It should be
e
mentioned that the phase ¢ increases continuously from 0 to 7 and at w = wo it becomes
@ = 1/2. Hence for small value of 3, the amplitude resonance and phase resonance coincide
with the natural undamped frequency wy of the oscillator. In this situation, the maximum
wy in Eq. 81)
fo =f
TBw wo
amplitude will be (putting w
(83)
Airmax =
Neither the mass nor the spring force, but only the damping force y controls the motion.
This region is called "damping controlled region”, If the damping is too small, the amplitude
tends to be extremely large. As § + 0, the amplitude a+ 00, At w = 0, the amplitude is
given by
So the ratio of aya to ag is given by
fom - 20 @ (85)
a
‘ For a low driving frequency w, ie, w << wo, the amplitude is nearly same, ie, a =
afk, for all the values of damping,
18 — 01 — 015 —02 —03 —2
FIG. 1: Amplitude a vs, w for different values of 8. Here wp
‘« As the frequency inereases, the amplitude increases depending on the damping present
in the system.
* For zero damping, the amplitude is infinite at w
‘* For low damping, the peak of the amplitude is higher but the maximum value is
shifted towards the left of wip because we know that amplitude resonance occurs at
Ww = bre = ab —2B%, So for zero damping, ie, for § = 0, the amplitude resonance
occurs at w = wp and as we increase 8, it shifted towrads the left of wp depending on
the value of 8.
‘ For higher damping, the peak of the amplitude resonance reduces further and is shifted
more to the left of wo.
‘ As the driving frequency increases beyond the resonant frequency, the amplitude tends
to reduce and goes to zer0 if « — 00 for all values of the damping,
‘¢ The amplitude curve falls more rapidly for low damping than for the high damping,
D. Velocity resonance
The steady state solution for the forced oscillation is given by
x(t) =a cos(ut ~ 4) (86)
19 FIG. 2: $ vs. w for different values of 6. Here wo = 1
So the instantaneous velocity is given by
da(t
at
v(t) = = -aw sinwwt — ) (a7)
Now velocity resonance will occur when aw will be maximum, i.e,
d
l=
a
ot tan
da
ales
whe lis—wr sire] bono,
wi (-3) [os
ho fo[led- 2) [23 - 02) (20) 486%] +a=0,
<2) +404]
Ra
[oe =u? +494] +a=0
# fo [(03 - 0)?
(49 — "(ws + 4?)
Hence the velocity resonance oceurs at w — wn.
20 E. Power resonance
The instantaneous power absorbed by the oscillator from the driving force is,
dell) d te
P = Fg SE = Roeoswt 5 acos(wt ~ 4),
=a Fyw coswt siniwt ~ 9) (89)
Now the average power absorbed by the oscillator is given by
= -aFyw
jeFou sind,
1 fo__ yy, _204 __
“2G aaa
— 2)
~ Ime la Sw ape.
where we have used fo = Fo/m and 28 = 4/m. Now < P > will be maximum if
a 5 — p02
— boa
FIG. 3: Average power < P > vs. w for different values of 8. Here wo
d
alae -°
pees) Qw — at [2s ~~ w}(-20) +8 0] =0,
(4G — 2") (ug +4?)
w = wp (93)
Hen
‘we see that just like velocity resonance, power resonance occurs at w ~ wo. Now the
maximum average power absobed at the resonant frequency is (putting « = wo in Bq. 92)
Fix 1 _
2m? TB By
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