Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (AASTU)

College of Engineering
Electro Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics
Group Assignment II (Chapter Three & Four)

Deadline: 22/12/2023
1) If a device has one inlet and one outlet, do the mass flow rates have to be equal? Explain
2) Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in the figure below. For the given 0.2m
difference in manometer level, determine the flow rate as a function of the diameter of the
small pipe, D.

3) Water flows from a large tank as shown in the figure below. Atmospheric pressure is 14.5
psia and the vapor pressure is 1.60 psia. If viscous effects are neglected, at what height, h,
will cavitation begin? To avoid cavitation, should the value of D1 be increased or
decreased? To avoid cavitation, should the value of D2 be increased or decreased? Explain.

4) Air is drawn from the atmosphere into a wind tunnel that is used for measuring drag on
automobiles as shown in the figure below. Determine (a) the manometer reading, h, when
the velocity in the test section is 60 m/hr and (b) the stagnation pressure on the front of the
car. Note that there is a 1 in column of oil on the top of the water in the right side of the
manometer

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5) JP4 fuel (SG = 0.77) flows through the Venturi meter shown in the figure below. The inlet
velocity in the pipe is 15 ft/s. If viscous effects are negligible, determine the elevation, h,
of the fuel in the open tube connected to the throat of the Venturi area.

6) A 2-in-diameter sphere weighing 0.14 lbf is suspended by the jet of air shown in the figure
below. The drag coefficient for the sphere is 0.5. Determine the reading on the pressure
gage if friction and gravity effects can be neglected for the flow between the pressure gage
and the nozzle exit.

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7) A large water tank has a small orifice on its bottom. The cross-sectional area of the jet
emerging from the orifice (at x=0) is A0. The level of the water in the tank is kept at a
constant level (h) by continuously filling the tank. Please find an expression for the cross-
sectional area A as a function of the distance away from the bottom surface of the tank x
and explain this qualitatively. Please assume that water is inviscid and that surface tension
effects may be neglected.

8) A fire hose ejects water (ρ=1000 kg/m3) through the nozzle of diameter 3 cm at a velocity
of 30 m/s. The stream is directed at a stationary wall. Please determine the net force felt by
the wall due to the stream. (Note that without the stream the wall would still feel a force
due to atmospheric pressure.)
9) Two firefighters are fighting a fire with identical water hoses and nozzles, except that one
is holding the hose straight so that the water leaves the nozzle in the same direction it enters
the hose, while the other holds it backward so that the water makes a U turn before being
discharged. Which firefighter (if any) will experience a greater reaction force? Explain.
10) A two dimensional body is mounted in a two dimensional water tunnel of breadth h. The
velocity vo far upstream is fixed. It is observed when the upstream pressure po is lowered
sufficiently, the liquid behind the body boils and forms a very long cavity at the vapor
pressure pv (pv<po). The velocity across the liquid jets forming the boundary of the cavity
can be assumed to be uniform far downstream. Also assume there is no friction and that
the density of the vapor and the effect of gravity are negligible. What is the drag force per
unit width in terms of vo, po, pv, h, and the constant density of the liquid, ρ?

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11) A steady, incompressible, frictionless, two dimensional jet of fluid with density ρ, breadth
h, velocity V, and unit width impinges on a flat plate held at angle α to its axis. Gravitational
forces can be neglected. Please determine the total force on the plate, and the breadths a
and b of the two branches.

12) A jet of liquid of density ρ and area A strikes a block and splits into two jets as shown in
the figure below. Assume the same velocity V for all three jets. The upper jet exits at an
angle θ and area αA. The lower jet is turned 90° degree downward. (Neglect fluid weight.)
a) Derive a formula for the force (Fx, Fy) required to support the block against fluid
momentum changes.
b) Show that Fy = 0 only if α ≥ 0.5
c) Find the values of α and θ for which both Fx and Fy are zero.

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13) Water ( = 1000 kg/m3 ) is flowing through a D = 12 cm diameter pipe, and it is capped by
an orifice plated as shown in the figure below. The exit jet is d = 25 mm diameter. The
pressure in the pipe at section 1 is 800 kPa (gage). Assume the flow is steady, frictionless,
and incompressible. Calculate the force F required to hold the orifice plate.

14) a) Consider a steady flow of water through an axisymmetric nozzle. The axial component
of velocity increases linearly from vin to vout, i.e. between z = 0 and z = L, it is given by
vz = vin+(vout-vin) z/L
i. Generate an expression for the radial velocity component r v between z = 0 and z
= L. You can ignore the frictional effects on the walls.
ii. Find the expressions of the axial and radial accelerations.
b) If a fluid flow is compressible, what can you say about the material (substantial/total)
derivative of density? What about if the flow field is incompressible?

15) Evaluate the divergence ∇.v for the following two-dimensional velocity fields (where α is
an arbitrary constant and u and v are the x- and y-components of the velocity):
i) u αy , v 0 ii) u αx , v αy
16) A rigid can filled with water is spun around the z-axis as shown in the figure above. After
a period of time the water spins with the can at a constant angular speed, ω.
a) Show that the velocity of the water in the can is
𝑉 𝑉
𝑣̅ = − 𝑦𝑖+ 𝑥𝑗
𝑅 𝑅
where V is the velocity of the inside surface of the can, R is the inside radius of the can, x
and y are the (fixed) horizontal Cartesian coordinates of the point in question as measured
from the cylinder axis, and ˆi and ˆj are unit vectors in the x and y directions, respectively.
b) For this velocity distribution, use the differential form of the continuity equation, to

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 show that the density of the fluid does not change with time.
c) Use the material (substantial/total) derivative to show that the acceleration of the particle
is radially inward and of magnitude |v|2/r where r is the distance of the particle from the
center of rotation.
d) Using the Navier-Stokes equations and your result in "b)" and "c)" derive an expression
for the pressure difference between a point on the axis of rotation and a point at a
distance r from the axis of rotation.
The pressure difference that you have calculated in "d)" is sustained by the curved (in
this case circular) streamlines in the fluid. Note that the low pressure region is on the
concave side of the streamlines. Pressure gradients in a fluid can me maintained by
curved streamlines as well as accelerating and decelerating a fluid along a streamline
(recall the Bernoulli equation).
e) If V=15 m/s, R=0.04 m, ρ=1000 kg/m3, and Pcenter=105Pa, what is the pressure on
the inside surface of the can?

17) A piston with mass M is placed in a right-circular cylinder filled with viscous
incompressible fluid of viscosity µand density . A small gap, t, between the piston and
the cylinder allows the fluid to leak past the cylinder. The surface area of the piston face is
A. The piston slowly settles to the bottom of the cylinder under the influence of gravity.
You may assume that the density of the piston is much larger than the density of the fluid
and that the ambient pressure is Pamb. Hint: in choosing a coordinate system, realize that the
thickness of the gap is much smaller than the diameter of the piston.

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a) What is the force on the upper and lower surfaces of the piston?

b) What is the net force on the vertical surface of the piston?

c) What is the velocity of the piston?

d) If the fluid is ambient air, the piston mass is 0.5 kg, the gap is 2 microns, the length of
the piston is 25 cm and the diameter is 10 cm, how long does it take for the piston to
travel 20 cm? The dynamics viscosity of the air is µair=1.8*10-5 Pa-s.