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Lecture PowerPoints

Chapter 9
Physics for Scientists and
Engineers, with Modern
Physics, 4th edition
Giancoli
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Chapter 9
Linear Momentum

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Units of Chapter 9

• Momentum and Its Relation to Force

• Conservation of Momentum
• Collisions and Impulse
• Conservation of Energy and Momentum in
Collisions
• Elastic Collisions in One Dimension

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Units of Chapter 9

• Inelastic Collisions
• Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions
• Center of Mass (CM)
• Center of Mass and Translational Motion

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9-1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force

Momentum is a vector symbolized by the


symbol p , and is defined as

The rate of change of momentum is equal to the

net force:

This is the correct form of Newton’s second law

as discussed in week 4.
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Example 9-1: Force of a tennis serve.

For a top player, a tennis ball
may leave the racket on the
serve with a speed of 55 m/s
(about 120 mi/h). If the ball has a
mass of 0.060 kg and is in
contact with the racket for about
4 ms (4 x 10-3 s), estimate the
average force on the ball. Would
this force be large enough to lift
a 60 kg person?
p mv2  v1 
Average Force Favg  
t t
0.05(55  0)
  800 N
4  10 3
A 60-kg person weighs about 600 N, so this would be large enough.
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Example 9-2: Washing a car: momentum change and force.

Water leaves a hose at a rate of 1.5 kg/s with a speed of
20 m/s and is aimed at the side of a car, which stops it.
(That is, we ignore any splashing back.) What is the force
exerted by the water on the car?

Average over 1second

Initial momentum : pi  mv  1.5  20  30 kg.m/s
Final momentum : pf  0
p pf  pi 0  30
F    30 N
t t 1.0

The – sign shows that the force of the water on the car is
opposite to the direction of the water’s original velocity.
Common sense tells us that the force on the car is to the
right.  Ans. 30 N to the right.
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9-2 Conservation of Momentum

During a collision, measurements show that the
total momentum does not change:

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9-2 Conservation of Momentum

Conservation of
momentum can also be
derived from Newton’s
laws. A collision takes a
short enough time that
we can ignore external
forces. Since the internal
forces are equal and
opposite, the total
momentum is constant.

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9-2 Conservation of Momentum

For more than two objects,

Or, since the internal forces cancel,

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9-2 Conservation of Momentum

This is the law of conservation of linear

momentum:

when the net external force on a system of

objects is zero, the total momentum of the
system remains constant.
Equivalently,

the total momentum of an isolated system

remains constant.

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9-2 Conservation of Momentum

Example 9-3: Railroad cars collide: momentum
conserved.
A 10,000 kg railroad car, A, traveling at a speed of
24.0 m/s strikes an identical car, B, at rest. If the cars
lock together as a result of the collision, what is their
common speed immediately after the collision?

pi  pf  mvA  mvB  2mv'

vA  vB 24  0
v'    12.0 m/s
2 2
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9-2 Conservation of Momentum

Momentum conservation works for a rocket as long as we
consider the rocket and its fuel to be one system, and
account for the mass loss of the rocket.

Since pi = 0, the final momentum of the system procket + pgas

is still zero.
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9-2 Conservation of Momentum

Example 9-4: Rifle recoil.
Calculate the recoil velocity of a 5.0 kg rifle that shoots a
0.020 kg bullet at a speed of 620 m/s.

mR vR  mBvB  mR vR'  mBvB'

0  0  5.0vR'  0.020  620
0.020  620
vR'    2.5 m/s
5.0
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Conceptual Example 9-5: Falling on or off a sled.

(a) An empty sled is sliding on frictionless ice when Susan
drops vertically from a tree above onto the sled. When she
lands, does the sled speed up, slow down, or keep the
same speed?
Consider horizontal components of momentum only
msled vsled  mSusan  msled v
msled vsled
v v
mSusan  msled  sled
Sled slows down
(b) Later: Susan falls sideways off the sled. When she
drops off, does the sled speed up, slow down, or keep the
same speed?
The sled keeps going at the same speed (as does Susan)
(no component of momentum in direction of motion)
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9-3 Collisions and Impulse

During a collision, objects
are deformed due to the
large forces involved.

Since , we can

write

Integrating,

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9-3 Collisions and Impulse

This quantity is defined as the impulse, J:

The impulse is equal to the change in

momentum:

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9-3 Collisions and Impulse

Since the time of the collision is often very
short, we may be able to use the average force,
which would produce the same impulse over the
same time interval.

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Example 9-6: Karate blow.

Estimate the impulse and the average
force delivered by a karate blow that
breaks a board a few cm thick. Assume
the hand moves at roughly 10 m/s when
it hits the board.

We need to make some intelligent (?) assumptions here.

Let mass of hand plus a reasonable portion of the arm = 1 kg
Speed goes from 10 m/s in 1 cm in 2 ms
Impulse J = p = m(vi - vf) = 1(10 - 0) = 10 kg.m/s
Favg = J/t = 10/(210-3) = 5000 N

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9-4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum

in Collisions

Momentum is conserved
in all collisions.
Collisions in which
kinetic energy is
conserved as well are
called elastic collisions,
and those in which it is
not are called inelastic.

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9-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension

Here we have two objects
colliding elastically. We know
the masses and the initial
speeds.
Since both momentum and
kinetic energy are conserved,
we can write two equations.
This allows us to solve for the
two unknown final speeds.
The following slides are a
slightly different approach
that the text book.

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Consider the following elastic collision:

(u = initial velocity v = final velocity)

Before After

m1 m2 m1 m2

u1 u2 v1 v2

Conservation of Momentum: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

Conservation of Kinetic Energy:

1
2
m1u 12  12 m 2 u 22  12 m1 v12  12 m 2 v 22

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Rearranging the momentum and energy equations gives:

m1(u1 – v1) = m2(v2 – u2) - (1)

 
m1 u12  v12  m 2 v 22  u 22    Note : a  ba  b  a 2
 b2 
→ m1(u1 + v1)(u1 – v1) = m2(v2 + u2)(v2 – u2) - (2)

Dividing (2) by (1) gives: u1 + v1 = v2 + u2

 v2 = u1 + v1 – u2 & v1 = v2 + u2 –u1

Substituting for v2 and v1 in equation (1) gives:

m1  m 2 2m 2
v1   u1   u2
m1  m 2 m1  m 2

2m1 m  m1
v2   u1  2  u2
m1  m 2 m1  m 2
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Some Important Cases:

(i) Equal masses: m1 = m2 → v1 = u2 & v2 = u1

ie. bodies exchange velocities.

(i) m2 initially at rest: u2 = 0

m1  m 2 2m1
v1   u1 & v2   u1
m1  m 2 m1  m 2

If m1 = m2 , then: v 1 = 0 & v 2 = u1
→ The first body stops completely. This is a special case of the bodies
exchanging velocities.
m1  m 2 2m 2
v1   u1   u2
If m2 >> m1 then v1  -u1 & v2  0 m1  m 2 m1  m 2
→ Light body rebounds from heavy body.
2m1 m  m1
v2   u1  2  u2
If m1 >> m2 , then: v1  u1 & v2  2u1 m1  m 2 m1  m 2
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Example 9-7: Equal masses.

Billiard ball A of mass m moving with speed vA collides
head-on with ball B of equal mass. What are the speeds of
the two balls after the collision, assuming it is elastic?
Assume (a) both balls are moving initially (vA and vB)

As shown previously the balls exchange velocities.

v’A = vB
v’B = vA

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Example 9-7: Equal masses.

Billiard ball A of mass m moving with speed vA collides
head-on with ball B of equal mass. What are the speeds of
the two balls after the collision, assuming it is elastic?
Assume (b) ball B is initially at rest (vB = 0).

As shown previously the balls exchange velocities.

v’A = vB
v’B = vA
As vB = 0 (initially at rest) ball A will stop and ball B will have
the same velocity as ball B.

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9-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension

Example 9-8: Unequal masses, target at rest.
A very common practical situation is for a moving
object (mA) to strike a second object (mB, the
“target”) at rest (vB = 0). Assume the objects have
unequal masses, and that the collision is elastic and
occurs along a line (head-on). (a) Derive equations
for vB’ and vA’ in terms of the initial velocity vA of
mass mA and the masses mA and mB. (b) Determine
the final velocities if the moving object is much
more massive than the target (mA >> mB). (c)
Determine the final velocities if the moving object is
much less massive than the target (mA << mB).

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9-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension

Example 9-8: Unequal masses, target at rest.

(a) See derivations on previous slides:

m1  m 2 2m 2
v1   u1   u2
m1  m 2 m1  m 2

2m1 m  m1
v2   u1  2  u2
m1  m 2 m1  m 2

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9-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension

Example 9-8: Unequal masses, target at rest.
(b) Determine the final velocities if the moving object is
much more massive than the target (mA >> mB)
See derivations on previous slides:

If m2 >> m1 then v1  -u1 & v2  0

→ Light body rebounds from heavy body.

If m1 >> m2 , then: v1  u1 & v2  2u1

m1  m 2 2m 2
v1   u1   u2
m1  m 2 m1  m 2

2m1 m  m1
v2   u1  2  u2
m1  m 2 m1  m 2
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9-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension

Example 9-8: Unequal masses, target at rest.
(c) Determine the final velocities if the moving object is
much less massive than the target (mA << mB)
See derivations on previous slides:

If m1 >> m2 , then: v1  u1 & v2  2u1

m1  m 2 2m 2
v1   u1   u2
m1  m 2 m1  m 2

2m1 m  m1
v2   u1  2  u2
m1  m 2 m1  m 2

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9-5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension

Example 9-9: A nuclear collision.

A proton (p) of mass 1.01 u (unified atomic mass
units) traveling with a speed of 3.60 x 104 m/s has
an elastic head-on collision with a helium (He)
nucleus (mHe = 4.00 u) initially at rest. What are the
velocities of the proton and helium nucleus after
the collision? Assume the collision takes place in
nearly empty space.

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Example 9-9: A nuclear collision.

A proton (p) of mass 1.01 u (unified atomic mass units)
traveling with a speed of 3.60 x 104 m/s has an elastic
head-on collision with a helium (He) nucleus (mHe = 4.00 u)
initially at rest. What are the velocities of the proton and
helium nucleus after the collision?

Proton :
m p  mHe 2mHe
v 'p  up   u He
m p  mHe m p  mHe
1.01  4.00
  3.6  10 4  0
1.01  4.00
 2.05  10 4 m/s backwards

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Example 9-9: A nuclear collision.

A proton (p) of mass 1.01 u (unified atomic mass units)
traveling with a speed of 3.60 x 104 m/s has an elastic
head-on collision with a helium (He) nucleus (mHe = 4.00 u)
initially at rest. What are the velocities of the proton and
helium nucleus after the collision?

Helium :
2m p mHe m p
'
vHe   vp   vHe
m p  mHe m p  mHe
2  1.01
  3.6 10 4  0
1.01  4.00
 1.45  10 4 m/s

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9-6 Inelastic Collisions

With inelastic collisions, some of the initial

kinetic energy is lost to thermal or potential
energy. Kinetic energy may also be gained
during explosions, as there is the addition of
chemical or nuclear energy.
A completely inelastic collision is one in
which the objects stick together afterward,
so there is only one final velocity.

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9-6 Inelastic Collisions

Example 9-10: Railroad cars again.
A 10,000 kg railroad car, A, traveling at a
speed of 24.0 m/s strikes an identical car, B,
at rest. If the cars lock together as a result
of the collision, how much of the initial
kinetic energy is transformed to thermal or
other forms of energy?

Before collision

After collision
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9-6 Inelastic Collisions

Only momentum is conserved
mA vA  mBvB  mA  mB v'
mA vA  mBvB 1.00  10 4  24.0  0
v'    12.0 m/s
mA  mB 1.00  10 4  1.00 10 4
Initial Energy :
 
K i  12 mA vA2  12 1.00  10 4  24.0 2  2.88  106 J
Final Energy :
Kf  1
2
mA  mB v' 2  12 1.00 104  1.00 10 4 12.02
 1.44 106 J
Loss in energy  K i  K f  1.44 106 J
 Energy converted to other forms
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9-6 Inelastic Collisions

Example 9-11: Ballistic pendulum.
The ballistic pendulum is a device
used to measure the speed of a
projectile, such as a bullet. The
projectile, of mass m, is fired into a
large block of mass M, which is
suspended like a pendulum. As a
result of the collision, the
pendulum and projectile together
swing up to a maximum height h.
Determine the relationship
between the initial horizontal
speed of the projectile, v, and the
maximum height h.
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Example 9-11: Ballistic pendulum.

In the collision momentum is conserved  pi  pf

M m
mv  (M  m)v'  v  v'
m
After the impact energy is conserved  K i  U f
1
2 (M  m)v' 2  (M  m)gh  v'  2 gh
M m
v 2 gh
m

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9-7 Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions

Conservation of energy and momentum can also
be used to analyze collisions in two or three
dimensions, but unless the situation is very
simple, the math quickly becomes unwieldy.
Here, a moving object collides with
an object initially at rest. Knowing
the masses and initial velocities is
not enough; we need to know the
angles as well in order to find the
final velocities.

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9-7 Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions

Example 9-12: Billiard ball collision in 2-D.
Billiard ball A moving with speed vA = 3.0 m/s
in the +x direction strikes an equal-mass ball B
initially at rest. The two balls are observed to
move off at 45° to the x axis, ball A above the x
axis and ball B below. That is, θA’ = 45° and θB’
= -45 °. What are the speeds of the two balls
after the collision?

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Example 9-12: Billiard ball collision in 2-D.

vA = 3.0 m/s, vB = 0, mA = mB = m, θA’ = 45° and θB’ = -45 °
What are the speeds of the two balls after the collision?

Because mA  mB &  A'   B'

both balls will have the same speed
We only need to consider x - components
pix  pfx
mvA  mvA' cos 45  mvB' cos 45
v' v'
vA    v' 2
2 2
vA
v'   2.1 m/s
2
Both balls have a speed of 2.1 m/s
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9-7 Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions

Example 9-13: Proton-proton collision.
A proton traveling with speed 8.2 x 105 m/s
collides elastically with a stationary proton in
a hydrogen target. One of the protons is
observed to be scattered at a 60° angle. At
what angle will the second proton be
observed, and what will be the velocities of
the two protons after the collision?

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Example 9-13: Proton-proton collision.

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9-7 Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions

Problem solving:
1. Choose the system. If it is complex,
subsystems may be chosen where one or
more conservation laws apply.
2. Is there an external force? If so, is the
collision time short enough that you can
ignore it?
3. Draw diagrams of the initial and final
situations, with momentum vectors labeled.
4. Choose a coordinate system.

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9-7 Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions

5. Apply momentum conservation; there will be

one equation for each dimension.
6. If the collision is elastic, apply conservation
of kinetic energy as well.
7. Solve.
8. Check units and magnitudes of result.

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9-8 Center of Mass (CM)

In (a), the diver’s motion is pure translation; in (b)
it is translation plus rotation.
There is one point that moves in the same path a
particle would
take if subjected
to the same force
as the diver. This
point is called the
center of mass
(CM).

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9-8 Center of Mass (CM)

The general motion of an object can be

considered as the sum of the translational
motion of the CM, plus rotational, vibrational,
or other forms of motion about the CM.

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9-8 Center of Mass (CM)

For two particles, the center of mass lies closer
to the one with the most mass:

where M is the total mass.

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9-8 Center of Mass (CM)

Example 9-14: CM of three guys on a raft.

Three people of roughly equal masses m on a lightweight
(air-filled) banana boat sit along the x axis at positions
xA = 1.0 m, xB = 5.0 m, and xC = 6.0 m, measured from the
left-hand end. Find the position of the CM. Ignore the boat’s
mass.
mx 1.0m  5.0m  6.0m 12.0
xCM     4.0 m
m 3m 3

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9-8 Center of Mass (CM)

Exercise 9-15: Three particles in 2-D.
Three particles, each of mass 2.50 kg, are
located at the corners of a right triangle
whose sides are 2.00 m and 1.50 m long, as
shown. Locate the center of mass.
mA  mB  mC  m  2.50 kg
mx 0  2.00m  2.00m
xCM    1.33 m
m 3m
my 0  0  1.50m
yCM    0.50 m
m 3m

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9-8 Center of Mass (CM)

For an extended object, we imagine making
it up of tiny particles, each of tiny mass, and
adding up the product of each particle’s
mass with its position and dividing by the
total mass. In the limit that the particles
become infinitely small, this gives:

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Example 9-16: CM of a thin rod.

(a) Show that the CM of a
uniform thin rod of length l and
mass M is at its center.

This should be obvious but the proof

is instructive for more difficult cases.
M
Let mass per unit length    dm  dx
l
l
1    x2 
 xdm  M  xdx  M  2 
l l
xCM 
M 0 0
0

 l 2
M l l 2
  
M 2 lM 2 2
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Example 9-16: CM of a thin rod.

(b) Determine the CM of the rod
assuming its linear mass density λ (its
mass per unit length) varies linearly
from λ = λ0 at the left end to double
that value, λ = 2λ0, at the right end.
 increases linearly from   0 at x  0
to   20 at x  l
Let   ax  b
x  0 : 0  b

x  l : 20  al  0  a  0
l
0  x
 x  0  0 1  
l  l

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Example 9-16: CM of a thin rod.

(b) Determine the CM of the rod
assuming its linear mass density λ (its
mass per unit length) varies linearly
from λ = λ0 at the left end to double
that value, λ = 2λ0, at the right end.

Calculate Mass
l x
M   dm    dx  0  1  dx
l

0 0
 l
l
 x2   l  3 l
 0  x    0  l    0
 2l  0  2 2

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Example 9-16: CM of a thin rod.

(b) Determine the CM of the rod
assuming its linear mass density λ (its
mass per unit length) varies linearly
from λ = λ0 at the left end to double
that value, λ = 2λ0, at the right end.

Calculate Centre of Mass

1 0  x
 x dx  M  1  l  x dx
l l
xCM 
M 0 0

l
0 x2  0  x 2 x 3 
M 0 
l
  x   dx    
l  M  2 3l  0
0  l 2
l 2  0 5 l 2 20 5l 2 5
      l
M  2 3  M 6 30 l 6 9
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Example 9-17: CM of L-shaped flat object.

Treat as 2 rectangles and consider
Determine the CM of the
uniform thin L-shaped their centres as point masses.
construction brace M
shown.   mass/area 
A A A B

M
  1.41M
2.06  0.20  1.48  0.20
xCM A  1.03 m xCM B  2.06  0.10  1.96 m
yCM A  0.10 m yCM B  1.48 / 2  0.74 m
mA  AA  1.41M  2.06  0.20  0.581M
mB  AB  1.41M 1.48  0.20  0.417 M
xCM A mA  xCM B mB
xCM   1.42 m
M
yCM A mA  yCM B mB
yCM   0.25 m
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M

9-8 Center of Mass (CM)

The center of gravity is the point at which the

gravitational force can be considered to act. It is
the same as the center of mass as long as the
gravitational force does not vary among different
parts of the object.

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9-8 Center of Mass (CM)

The center of gravity can be found
experimentally by suspending an object from
different points. The CM need not be within the
actual object—a doughnut’s CM is in the
center of the hole.

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9-9 Center of Mass and Translational Motion

The total momentum of a system of particles is
equal to the product of the total mass and the
velocity of the center of mass.
The sum of all the forces acting on a system is
equal to the total mass of the system multiplied
by the acceleration of the center of mass:

Therefore, the center of mass of a system of

particles (or objects) with total mass M
moves like a single particle of mass M acted
upon by the same net external force.
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9-9 Center of Mass and Translational Motion

Conceptual Example 9-18: A two-stage rocket.
A rocket is shot into the air as shown. At the moment it
reaches its highest point, a horizontal distance d from its
starting point, a prearranged explosion separates it into
two parts of equal mass. Part I is stopped in midair by the
explosion and falls vertically to Earth. Where does part II
land? Assume g = constant.

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After the rocket is fired, the path of the CM of the system

continues to follow the parabolic trajectory of a projectile
acted on only by a constant gravitational force. The CM
will thus arrive at a point 2d from the starting point.
Since the masses of I and II are equal, the CM must be
midway between them.
Therefore, part II lands a distance 3d from the starting
point.

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Summary of Chapter 9, cont.

• Impulse:
• In an elastic collision, total kinetic energy is
also conserved.
• In an inelastic collision, some kinetic energy
is lost.
• In a completely inelastic collision, the two
objects stick together after the collision.
• The center of mass of a system is the point at
which external forces can be considered to
act.

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