LABORATORY WORKSHEET

Name: Nguyễn Tuấn Kiệt and Lê Nguyễn Trung Kiên

Student ID: 22187057 and 22187056

Section or Title lesson: Water and pH

EXPERIMENT 1: Evaporation rates of water and some solvents.

Time to evaporate (minute or second)
Sample Mean
R1 R2 R3
Water >420s >420s >420s >420s
Ethanol 219,07s 201,59s 217,45s 212,71s
Acetone 28,95s 31,69s 41,95s 34,20s
 Which substance took longer to evaporate?
- Substance took longer to evaporate is water.
 Which is more polar, water, ethanol, methanol, or acetone?
- Water is more polar than ethanol, methanol, acetone.
 Which should have a higher heat of vaporization, a molecule that is less polar or
more polar?
- A molecule that is more polar should have a higher heat of vaporization.
 Why is there a difference in evaporation time of substances?
- The substances have inter- molecular forces. The stronger inter- molectular
forces have, the more difficult the substances evaporate.
 What are the factors related to evaporation rate?
- There are 5 factors related to evaporation rate include:
1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air.
2. Concentration of other substances in the air.
3. Tempurature of the substances.
4. Flow rate of air.
5. Inter- molecular forces.
EXPERIMENT 3: Preparing the buffer solution.
Write down two parts: calculating (for each type of salt) and making solution.
 Calculating and measuring each salt
 Group 1:
pKa=7,21 ( ideal situation)
pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA] 7 = 7,21 + log [A-]/[HA]

[HA] + [A-] = CM [HA] + [A-] = 0,15
[HA]= 0,09 M
 ( V= 1L)
[A-]= 0,06 M

nKH2PO4 = 0,09*1/5= 0,018 (mol)

nK2HPO4.3H2O = 0,06*1/5= 0,012 (mol)

mKH2PO4 = 136,086*0,018= 2,45 (g)

mK2HPO4.3H2O = 228,22*0,012= 2,74 (g) (with V= 200mL)

Group 2:
 Calculate pKa value:
Let y= pKa
y= ax+b
6,81 = 0,10a +b

6,73 = 0,20a+ b
a= -4/5= -0,8

b= 6,89
 y= -0,8x + 6,89
with CM= 0,15
 -0,8*0,15 + 6,89= 6,77.
 Calculate:
pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA] 7 = 6,77 + log [A-]/[HA]
 
[HA] + [A-] = CM [HA] + [A-] = 0,15
[HA]= 0,056 M
 ( V= 1L)
[A-]= 0,084 M

mKH2PO4 = 136,086*0,056*1/5= 1,52 (g)

mK2HPO4.3H2O = 228,22*0,084*1/5= 4,29 (g) (with V= 200mL)

 Record pH value for each group? Try explaining why there is a difference?
- pH of group 1 is 6,8 6,9
- pH of group 2 is 7
- I and my partner can explain the different between group 1 and group 2 based
on our knowledge:
• Group 1: the data of pKa is used from ideal situation.
• Group 2: the data of pKa depend on concentration of the reactants.

EXPERIMENT 4: Assessment of buffering capacity

 What is the buffering capacity?

- Buffering capacity is ability to resist pH changes and maintain a pH within a
specific range.

 Record the pH values of your buffering capacity experiment below then

drawn the line graph of :

HCl pH of your samples

 Water-Negative Buffer solution- Buffer solution-
0.25M Control 0.01 M pH=7 0.15 M pH=7
0 ml 6 7 7
1 ml 2 4 7
2 ml 1 3 6
3 ml 1 3 5
4 ml 1 2 5
5 ml 1 1 4

NaOH pH of your samples

0.25M Water-Negative Buffer solution- Buffer solution-
Control 0.01 M pH=7 0.15 M pH=7
0 ml 6 7 7
1 ml 10 10 7
2 ml 11 11 7
3 ml 13 12 8
4 ml 13 12 8
5 ml 14 13 9
 Describe the characteristics of a graph that reveals buffering capacity.
• The graph of water when added 1 mL of NaOH changes from pH=6 to
pH=10 and shows a large change and no buffering capacity. When adding
1mL HCl, the pH of water also changes very strongly from pH=6 to pH=2.
Clearly, water is not a buffer solution. When adding more NaOH, the pH
gradually increased and when adding 5mL oh NaOH, the water then had
pH=14. When adding 1 mL of HCl, the pH of water at that time decreased
to pH = 1 and maintained when adding all 5 mL of HCl.
• Buffer 0.015M has an initial pH of 7 but when 1 mL of NaOH is added, it
changes from pH=7 to pH=10. Next, 4 mL of NaOH was added to the
solution, it changed, but not as strongly as water. However, when adding 1
mL of NaOH, the change is like water, but the difference occurs when
adding 2mL more of NaOH, the pH=12 while the water is 13, when all 5mL
is added, the final pH=13. When adding HCl, the pH change is also different
from water, 4 to 1 when add 1mL HCl respectively. The final pH is 1.
• Buffer 0.15 M has strong buffering capacity against 2 mL NaOH and 1 mL
HCl. But when increasing NaOH and HCl, the pH cannot be maintained.
Specifically, when adding 1ml of NaOH the second time, the solution still
maintains pH = 7. But when adding 1mL NaOH for the third time, pH
changes from 7 to 8 and maintained when adding 1mL NaOH for the fourth
 time. When adding all 5mL of NaOH, the final pH is 9. When adding 1mL
of HCl, pH changes from 7 to 6. When adding another 1mL of HCl, the pH
decreases from 6 to 5 and maintains when adding another 1 mL of HCl.
When all 5mL is added, the solution has a pH = 4
 Based on your graph, discuss about the change pH values of two buffer
solutions.
- The different pH change between 0.15M and 0.015M buffer is due to
the concentration of substances that are resistant to changes in H and
OH- ions concentration. The 0.15M buffer has a higher concentration
so the buffering capacity is also higher, the pH changes less than the
buffer with the concentration of 0.015M. Conversely, due to low
concentration, the buffering capacity of buffer 0.015M leads to buffer
breakage more easily when concentration of H and OH- ions increase in
the solution.