NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Syllabus
Subject: Physics

Three Year B.Sc. Pass Course

Effective from the Session: 2013–2014

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 National University
Syllabus for Three Year B.Sc. Pass Course
Subject: Physics
Session: 2013-2014
Course content and marks distribution

Paper Code Paper Paper Title Marks Credits

First Year
112701 Paper-I Mathematical Methods, Waves and Optics 100 4
112703 Paper-II Mechanics, Properties of Matter and 100 4
Relativity
Second Year
122701 Paper-III Thermodynamics and Statistical 100 4
Mechanics
122703 Paper-IV Electromagnetism and Basic Electonics 100 4
Third Year
132701 Paper-V Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechanics 100 4
132703 Paper-VI Nuclear Physics and Solid State Physics 100 4
132704 Paper-VII Physics Practical 100 4
Total = 700 28

Detail Syllabus
First Year

Paper Code Paper Paper Title Marks Credits

112701 Paper-I Mathematical Methods, Waves and Optics 100 4

A. MATHEMATICAL METHODS

1. Vector Analysis

Transformation properties of vectors; Differentiation and integration of vectors; Line integral,

volume integral and surface integral involving vector fields; Gradient, divergence and curl of a
vector field; Gauss' divergence theorem, Stokes' theorem, Green's theorem - application to
simple problems; Orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinate systems, unit vectors in such systems,
illustration by plane, spherical and cylindrical co-ordinate systems only.

2. Matrices

Hermitian adjoint and inverse of a matrix; Hermitian, orthogonal, and unitary matrices;
Eigenvalue and eigenvector (for both degenerate and non-degenerate cases); Similarity
transformation; digitalization of real symmetric matrices.

3. Ordinary Differential Equations

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Solution of second order linear differential equations with constant coefficients and variable
coefficients by Frobenius’ method (singularity analysis not required); Solution of Legendre and
Hermite equations about x=0; Legendre and Hermite polynomials - orthonormality properties.

4. Partial Differential Equations

Solution by the method of separation of variables; Laplace's equation and its solution in
Cartesian, spherical polar (axially symmetric problems), and cylindrical polar (`infinite cylinder'
problems) coordinate systems.

5. Fourier Series

Fourier expansion – statement of Dirichlet’s condition, analysis of simple waveforms with

Fourier series. Introduction to Fourier transforms; the Dirac-delta function and its Fourier
transform; other simple examples. Vibration of stretched strings- plucked and struck cases.

B. WAVES AND OPTICS

1. Linear Harmonic Oscillator (LHO)

LHO. Free and forced vibrations. Damping. Resonance. Sharpness of resonance. Acoustic,
optical, and electrical resonances: LCR circuit as an example of the resonance condition. A pair
of linearly coupled harmonic oscillators --- eigenfrequencies and normal modes.

2. Waves

Plane progressive wave in 1-d and 3-d. Plane wave and spherical wave solutions. Dispersion:
phase velocity and group velocity.

3. Fermat's principle

Fermat's principle and its application on plane and curved surfaces.

4. Cardinal points of an optical system

Two thin lenses separated by a distance, equivalent lens, different types of magnification,
Helmholtz and Lagrange's equations, paraxial approximation, introduction to matrix methods in
paraxial optics – simple application.

5. Wave theory of light

Huygen’s principle; deduction of law of reflection and refraction.

6. Interference of Light

Condition of sustained interference by analytical treatment, Division amplitude and division of

wave front, methods for production of interference fringes by biprism and determination of
wavelength, measurement of thickness of thin films, colour of a thin film in reflected and
transmitted light, Haidinger’s fringe, Theory of Newton’s rings. Determination of wavelength
and refractive index using Newton Ring apparatus .
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7. Interferrometer

Michelson’s interferometer and its theory relating to the formation of circular fringe’s,
Determination of wavelength of a source and small difference of wave lengths in D lines by
Michelson’s interferometer, standardization of a meter by Michelson’s interferometer.

8. Diffraction of light

Fresnel and Fraunhofer class of diffraction, Fresnel’s half period zones, zone plate its similarity
with convex lens. Diffraction at straight edge, circular aperture.

9. Elements of fiber optics

Construction of optical fibers, image formation, numerical aperture, structure--step index,

graded index, uses.

Books &References:

Mathematical Physics

1. Introduction to Mathematical Physics - C. Harper (Prentice-Hall of India).

2. Mathematical Methods - M. C. Potter and J. Goldberg (Prentice-Hall of India).
3. Vector Analysis - M. R. Spiegel, (Schaum's Outline Series) (Tata McGraw-Hill).
4. Tatwiya Padartha Bidyar Bhumika – S. Sengupta, Asok Ghosh and D. P. Roychaudhuri (W.B.
State Book Board (WBSBB)).
5. Mathematical Physics – P.K. Chattopadhyay (Wiley Eastern)
Waves and Optics

1. Waves and Oscillations - Rathin N. Chaudhury (New Age Publ.).

2. Waves- J R Crawford (Tata McGraw Hill)
3. Fundamentals of Optics - F. A. Jenkins and H. E. White (Mc Graw Hill, Kogakusha).
4. Geometrical and Physical Optics - B. S. Longhurst (Orient Longmans).
5. Optics – A. K. Ghatak (Tata Mc Graw Hill).
6. Optics – Hecht and Zajac (Addison-Wesley)

Paper Code Paper Paper Title Marks Credits

112703 Paper-II Mechanics, Properties of Matter and 100 4
Relativity
A. MECHANICS

1. Mechanics of a Single Particle

Velocity and acceleration of a particle in (i) plane polar coordinates - radial and cross-radial
components (ii) spherical polar and (iii) cylindrical polar co-ordinate system; Time and path
integral of force; work and energy; Conservative force and concept of potential; Dissipative
forces; Conservation of linear and angular momentum.

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2. Mechanics of a System of Particles

Centre of mass, centre of mass frame, centre of moving systems, Collision: elastic and inelastic
collision, coefficient of restitution. Expression of velocities of two bodies after elastic and
inelastic collision in laboratory frame. Elastic collision in centre of mass frame. Relationship
between angle of scatterings in laboratory frame and centre of mass frame. Motion of a rigid
body about a fixed axis. Angular momentum and expression of angular momentum of a system
of rotating bodies. Relationship of angular momentum of a system of bodies with angular
momentum in centre of mass frame. Principle of conservation of angular momentum.

3. Rotational Motion

Moment of inertia, radius of gyration; Energy and angular momentum of rotating systems of
particles; Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems of moment of inertia; Calculation of moment
of inertia for simple symmetric systems; Ellipsoid of inertia and inertia tensor; Setting up of
principal axes in simple symmetric cases. Rotating frames of reference - Coriolis and centrifugal
forces, simple examples. Force free motion of rigid bodies - free spherical top and free
symmetric top.

B. PROPERTIES OF MATTER

1. Gravitation

Gravitational potential and intensity, calculation of gravitational potential and intensity due to
thin spherical shell, thick spherical shell, sphere, circular disc etc. Compound pendulum,
measurement of ‘g’ by bar and Kater’s pendulum.

2. Elasticity

Hooke's law, work done in strain, elongation strain, volume strain, shearing strain, Young's
modulus, Bulk modulus and rigidity modulus and their inter-relationship, Poisson’s ratio, torsion
in a cylinder, twisting couple, variation of strain along its length. Bending of beams and
cantilevers in different cases: loaded at free end, loaded uniformly, bending moments.

3. Viscosity

Equation of continuity, Energy of a liquid in flow, Bernoulli's theorem, critical velocity,

Reynold's number, Poiseuille's equation, motion in a viscous medium: Stoke's law, streamline
and turbulent flow.

4. Surface tension

Surface tension as a molecular phenomenon, surface tension and surface energy. Excess
pressure on curved liquid surface ( spherical bubble and drop). Theory and experimental
determination of surface tension of liquid by ripple method.

C. RELATIVITY

1. Introduction
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Galilean transformation and invariance of Newton's laws of motion, non-invariance of
Maxwell's equations. Michelson-Morley experiment and explanation of the null result.

2. Special Theory of Relativity

Concept of inertial frame. Postulates of special theory; simultaneity; Lorentz transformation

along one of the axes – length contraction, time dilatation and velocity addition theorem,
Fizeau’s experiment. Four vectors. Relativistic dynamics : variation of mass with velocity;
energy momentum relationship.

3. Vectors and Tensors

Covariant and contravariant vectors. Contraction. Covariant, contravariant, and mixed tensors of
rank-2, transformation properties. The metric tensor (flat space-time only). Raising and lowering
of indices with metric tensors. (Consistent use of any one convention --- diag(-1,1,1,1) or
diag(1,-1,-1,-1).) Example of common four-vectors: position, momentum, derivative, current
density, four-velocity.

Books &References:

Mechanics & Properties of Matter

1. Theoretical Mechanics - M. R. Spiegel, (Schaum's Outline Series) (McGraw-Hill).

2. Mechanics - K. R. Symon (Addison-Wesley).
3. Introduction to Classical Mechanics - R. G. Takwale and P. S. Puranik (Tata McGraw-Hill).
4. Classical Mechanics – N. C. Rana and P. S. Joag (Tata McGraw-Hill).
5. Physics-I - D. Halliday and R.Risnick (Wiley India Pvt Ltd).
6. Padarther Dharma - D. P. Ray Chaudhuri (West Bengal State Book Board).
7. The Feynman Lectures on Physics – Vol I (Addison-Wesley).
8.An Introduction to Mechanics – D. Keppner and R.J. Kolenkow (Tata McGraw-Hill).
9.Mechanics – H. S. Hans and S. P. Puri (Tata McGraw-Hill).
10. Classical Mechanics – J. Goldstein (Narosa Publ. House).
11. Classical Mechanics – A. K. Roychaudhuri (O. U. P., Calcutta).

Relativity

1. Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, (Tata McGraw-Hill)

2. Modern Physics, K. S. Krane, (Wiley India Pvt Ltd)
3. Modern Physics, Murugeshan & Sivaprasath, (S. Chand & Company Ltd)
4. Introduction to Mechanics, Mahendra K. Verma, (Universities Press)

References:
1. Introduction to Special Relativity, R. Resnick, (Wiley India Pvt Ltd)
2. Elements of Properties of Matter, D. S. Mathur, (S. Chand & Company)
3. General Theory of Relativity, P. A. M. Dirac, (Prentice-Hall of India)
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 Second Year
Paper Code Paper Paper Title Marks Credits
122701 Paper-III Thermodynamics and Statistical 100 4
Mechanics
A. THERMODYNAMICS

1.Kinetic Theory of Gasses

Basic assumptions of kinetic theory, Ideal gas approximation, deduction of perfect gas laws.
Maxwell’s distribution law (both in terms of velocity and energy), root mean square and most
probable speeds. Finite size of molecules : Collision probability, Distribution of free paths and
mean free path from Maxwell’s distribution. Degrees of freedom, equipartition of energy
(detailed derivation not required).

2 .Real Gases

Nature of intermolecular interaction : isotherms of real gases. Van der-Waals equation of state,
Other equations of state (mention only), critical constants of a gas, law of corresponding states;
Virial Coefficients, Boyle temperature.

3. Heat transfer

Thermal conductivity, diffusivity, Fourier equation for heat conduction –its solution (steady state)
for rectilinear and radial (spherical and cylindrical) flow of heat, Determination of thermal
conductivity of solids by Searle’s method, Forbe’s method and Lee’s disc method( for bad
conductors).

4. Radiation

Nature of radiant heat, emissive and absorptive power, prevost’s theory of heat exchange,
Kirchhoff’s law (simple deduction), Black body radiation, Stefan-Boltzmann law, Planck’s formula
for black body radiation (elementary idea).

5. Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

Microscopic and macroscopic points of view : thermodynamic variables of a system, State

function, exact and inexact differentials.

6 . First Law of Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium, Zeroth law and the concept of temperature. Thermodynamic equilibrium,
internal energy, external work, quasi-static process, first law of thermodynamics and
applications including magnetic systems, specific heats and their ratio, isothermal and adiabatic
changes in perfect and real gases.

7. Second Law of Thermodynamics

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Reversible and irreversible processes, indicator diagram. Carnot’s cycles-efficiency, Carnot’s
theorem. Kelvin’s scale of temperature, relation to perfect gas scale, second law of
thermodynamics – different formulations and their equivalence, Clausius inequality, entropy,
change of entropy in simple reversible and irreversible processes, entropy and disorder;
equilibrium and entropy principle, principle of degradation of energy.

8. Thermodynamic Functions

Enthalpy, Helmholtz and Gibbs’ free energies; Legendre transformations, Maxwell’s relations
and simple deductions using these relations; thermodynamic equilibrium and free energies.

9. Change of State

Equilibrium between phases, triple point : Gibbs’ phase rule (statement only) and simple
applications. First and higher order phase transitions, Ehrenfest criterion. Clausius-Clapeyron’s
equation. Joule-Thomson effect.

B. STATISTICAL MECHANICS

1. Phase space

Concept of Microstates and macro states, Basic postulates - equal priori probability and ergodic
hypothesis, Liouville theorem and conservation of density in phase space, Statistical ensemble -
Micro-canonical, Canonical and Grand canonical ensemble and their partition functions, Relation of
statistical mechanics with thermodynamics - Expressions of different thermodynamical quantities
(e.g. Free energy, pressure, average energy, entropy, Specific heat) in terms of partition function;

2. Classical statistics

Maxwell-Boltzamann distribution function, Calculation of thermodynamical quantities for ideal gas,

Maxwell-Bolzamann velocity distribution law, (Average, most probable velocity and root mean
square speed and their relation; Principle of equipartition of energy. )

3. Quantum statistics

Concept of indistinguishability, Entropy of mixing and Gibb's paradox, Resolution of Gibb's paradox
introducing indistinguishability; Bose-Einstein distribution function and its behaviour with
temperature, Basic idea of phenomenon Bose-Einstein condensation (Qualitative description),
Calculation of various thermodynamical quantities of photon gas (black body radiation); Fermi-
Dirac distribution function and its behaviour with temperature, Basic idea of Fermi surface and fermi
energy, Calculation of various thermodynamical quantities of free electron gas; Classical limits and
distinguishing features of classical and quantum statistics.

Books &References:

Heat &Thermodynamics

1. Heat and thermodynamics - Zemansky and Ditman (Mc Graw Hill, Kugakusha).
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2. Kinetic theory of gases - Loeb (Radha Publ. House).
3. Thermodynamics – F. Fermi (Dover)
4. Tapgatividya – Asoke Ghosh (W.B.S.B.B).
5. A Treatise on Heat - Saha and Sribastava (The Indian Press Ltd).
6. Gaser Anabik Tattwa- Pratip Kumar Chaudhuri (W. B. S. B. B).
7.Thermal Physics – S. Garg, R. M. Bansal, C. K. Ghosh (Tata Mc Graw Hill).
8.Heat and Thermodynamics – H. P. Roy and A. B. Gupta ( New Central Book Agency).

Statistical Mechanics
1. Statistical Physics, F. Mandle (ELBS).
2. Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, F. Reif, (Mc Graw Hill).

Paper Code Paper Paper Title Marks Credits

122703 Paper-IV Electromagnetism and Basic Electonics 100 4
A. ELECTROMAGNETISM
1. Electrostatics

Quantisation of charge and Millikan's oil-drop experiment, Coulomb's law, intensity and
potential --- example of point charge, Gauss' theorem --- simple applications, potential and field
due to an electric dipole, mechanical force on the surface of a charged conductor. Dielectric
medium, polarization, electric displacement.

2. Capacitor
Parallel-plates and cylindrical, energy stored in parallel plate capacitor.
3. Steady Current
Network analysis --- Kirchoff's laws, Thevnin and Norton's theorem, Wheatstone bridge,
potentiometer.
4. Thermoelectricity
Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects, laws of thermoelectricity, thermoelectric curve ---
neutral and inversion temperature, thermoelectric power.

5. Magnetic effect of current

Biot and Savart's law, Ampere's circuital law (statement only), magnetic field due to a straight
conductor, circular coil, solenoid, endless solenoid, Magnetic field due to a small current loop
--- concept of magnetic dipole, Ampere's equivalence theorem.

6. Lorentz force

Force on a moving charge in simultaneous electric and magnetic fields, force on a current
carrying conductor in a magnetic field.

7. Magnetic materials

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Intensity of magnetization, relation between B, H, and M --- illustration in the case of bar
magnet, magnetic susceptibility --- dia, para and ferromagnetic materials, statement of Curie's
law. Hysteresis in a ferromagnetic material, hysteresis loss.

8. Electromagnetic induction

Self and mutual inductances in simple cases, energy stored in inductance.

9. Varying currents

Growth and decay of currents in L-R circuit; charging and discharging of capacitor in C-R
circuit.

10. Alternating current

Mean and r.m.s. values of current and emf with sinusoidal wave form; LR, CR and series LCR
circuits, reactance, impedance, phase-angle, power dissipation in AC circuit --- power factor,
vector diagram, resonance in a series LCR circuit, Q-factor, principle of ideal transformer.

B. BASIC ELECTRONICS
1. Thermo-ionic emission
classical deduction of Richardson’s equation, characteristic curve of a vacuum diode, space
charge, temperature and space charge limited current, Child Langmuir law, Triode and its
characteristics curves, parameters from these curves. Triode as an amplifier, graphical analysis
with load line. Semiconductors : junction diode, zener diode & their applications.

2. Basic concepts of Transistor

PNP & NPN transistors operation, characteristics curves of a transistor in common emitter and
common base mode - current amplification factor, input & output resistance. Transistor as an
amplifier (simple Mathematical treatment) in CE mode, d.c and a.c load line, graphical analysis
of the amplifier.

3. Feed back in amplifiers

conditions of oscillation, Barkhausen criteria ; Working principle & description of Tuned

collector and Hartley oscillators mentioning frequency of oscillation.

4. Logic gates

Logic gates: OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, their circuit realization & truth tables.
Boolean algebra, de Morgan’s theorem, flip-flop circuit.

Books &References:

Electricity & Magnetism

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1. Introduction to Electrodynamics – D. J. Griffith, (Prentice Hall, India Pvt. Ltd).
2. Berkeley Series Vol II (Electricity and Magnetism) E.M. Purcell (Tata McGraw-Hill).
3. The Feynman Lectures on Physics – Vol. II (Addison – Wesley).
4. Electricity and Magnetism - J. H. Fewkes and J. Yarwood (Oxford Univ. Press, Calcutta).
5. Physics-II - D. Halliday and R.Risnick (Wiley India Pvt Ltd).
6. Classical Electrodynamics – J.D> Jackson (Wiley India)
Electronics

1. Integrated Electronics – J. Millman and C. C. Halkias (Mc Graw Hill).

2. Electronic Fundamentals and Applications – D. Chattopadhyay and P. C. Rakshit (New Age
International)
3. Electronics Fundamentals and Applications – J. D. Ryder (PHI Pvt. Ltd).
4. Electronic Device and Circuit Theory – R. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky (Prentice – Hall).
5. Integrated Electronics – J. Millman and C. C. Halkias (Mc Graw Hill).
6. Digital Logic and Computer Design – M. Moris Mano, (PHI (Pvt.) Ltd.).
7. Electronics – R.K. Kar (Books and Allied (P) Ltd.).
8. Digital Electronics – D. Ray Chaudhuri (Platinum Publishers)

Third Year
Paper Code Paper Paper Title Marks Credits
132701 Paper-V Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechanics 100 4
1. Atomic Spectrum:

Good quantum numbers, and selection rules. Stern-Gerlach experiment and spin as an intrinsic quantum
number. Incompatibility of spin with classical ideas. Bohr-Sommerfeld model. Fine structure. Study of
fine structure by Michelson interferometer.

2. Vector model of atom:

Magnetic moment of the electron, Lande g factor. Vector model – space quantization. Zeeman
effect. Explanation from vector atom model.

3. Bohr’s hydrogen atom

Theory of hydrogen atom, expression of radii of electrons, expression of energies and hydrogen
atom spectrum. Effect of nuclear motion on atomic spectra, reduced mass, modified Rydberg
constant and wave number, Evidences in favour of Bohr’ s theory, correspondence principle, fine
structure of special lines and Sommerfield’s relativistic atom model.

4. Uncertainity principle

Uncertainity principle - Its deduction and application to simple problems, viz, Non-existence of
electron within nucleus, Ground state energy of Hydrogen atom, Radius of Bohr orbit.

5. Molecular spectroscopy

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Diatomic molecules – rotational and vibrational energy levels. Basic ideas about molecular spectra.
Raman effect and its application to molecular spectroscopy (qualitative discussion only).

B. QUANTUM MECHANICS

1. Old quantum theory

Planck's formula of black-body radiation. Photoelectric effect. Quantization of energy levels.

2. Basic quantum mechanics

de Broglie hypothesis. Electron double-slit experiment. Compton effect, Davisson-Germer

experiment, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (statement) with illustrations. Concept of wave
function as describing the dynamical state of a single particle. Group and phase velocities,
classical velocity of a particle and the group velocity of the wave representing the particle.
Principle of superposition. Schrödinger equation. Probabilistic interpretation; equation of
continuity, probability current density. Boundary conditions on the wave function.

3. Basic postulates of quantum mechanics

Dynamical variables as linear hermitian operators and eigenvalue equations, Momentum, energy
and angular momentum operators. Measurement of observables, expectation values.
Commutation relations between operators. Compatible observables and simultaneous
measurements, Ehrenfest theorem.

Books &References:

Atomic Physics

1. Mani H.S. and Mehta G.K. : Introduction to Modern Physics

2. Beiser A. : Perspectives of Modern Physics
3. White A.E. : Introduction to Atomic Physics
4. Barrow H., : Introduction to Molecular Physics
5. Feynmann R.P. Et al : The Feymann Lectures in Physics, B.I. Publication
6. Hertzberg G. : Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure
7. Hertzberg G. : Molecular spectra and Molecular Structure
8. Herchiaf : Fluorescence and phosphorescene Olon,

Quantum Mechanics
1. Quantum Mechanics – J. L. Powell and B. Crasemonn, (Oxford, Delhi).
2. Quantum Mechanics – F. Schwabl (Narosa).
3. Quantum Mechanics – A. K. Ghatak and S. Lokenathan (Macmillan, Delhi).
4. Introductory Quantum Mechanics - S. N. Ghoshal (Calcutta Book House).
5. A Textbook of Quantum Mechanics – P. M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan (Tata Mc Graw Hill).
6. Modern Quantum Mechanics – Sakurai (Persian Education)

Paper Code Paper Paper Title Marks Credits

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 132703 Paper-VI Nuclear Physics and Solid State Physics 100 4

A. NUCLEAR PHYSICS

1. Bulk properties of nuclei

Nuclear mass, charge, size, binding energy, spin and magnetic moment. Isobars, isotopes and
isotones; mass spectrometer (Bainbridge).

2. Nuclear structure

Nature of forces between nucleons, nuclear stability and nuclear binding, the liquid drop model
(descriptive) and the Bethe-Weizsacker mass formula, application to stability considerations,
extremesingle particle shell model (qualitative discussion with emphasis on phenomenology
with examples).

3. Unstable nuclei

(a) Alpha decay : alpha particle spectra – velocity and energy of alpha particles. Geiger-Nuttal
law.

(b) Beta decay : nature of beta ray spectra, the neutrino, energy levels and decay schemes,
positron emission and electron capture, selection rules, beta absorption and range of beta
particles, Kurie plot.

(c) Gamma decay : gamma ray spectra and nuclear energy levels, isomeric states. Gamma
absorption in matter, photoelectric process, Compton scattering, pair production (qualitative).

4. Nuclear fission and fusion

Discovery and characteristics, fission products and energy release, spontaneous and induced
fission, transuranic elements. Chain reaction and basic principle of nuclear reactors. Nuclear
fusion: energetics in terms of liquid drop model.

B. SOLID STATE PHYSICS

1. Crystal Geometry

Amorphous and crystalline materials, glassy forms periodic lattice, basis, translation vectors,
primitive and non-primitive Crystal Axis, Unit Cell, Primitive and Conventional Bravais lattice,
Miller indices, symmetry, point groups and space groups. Body centered and face centered lattices,
interplanner spacing. Indices of lattice planes.

2. Crystallography

Bragg’s law, diffraction of X –ray, measurement of lattice parameter for cubic lattices. Theory of
Laue Spots.

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3. Bonding in Solids

Types of bonding in solids, covalent, Ionic bindings, energy of bonding, transition between covalent
and ionic bonding, metallic bonding, Vander waal’s bonding, hydrogen bond.

4. Lattice Vibrations

Linear monatomic chains, Acoustical and optical phonons, Qualitative description of the phonon
spectrum, Brillouin Zones, Einstein and Debye theories of specific heat of solid T 3 Law. Qualitative
description of free electron theory and its inadequacies with reference to Hall effect and specific heat
of electrons in metals.

Books &References:

Nuclear Physics

1. Littlefield T.A. and Thorley N. : Atomic and Nuclear Physics E.L.B.S.

2. Enge H.A. : Introduction to Nuclear Physics, Addison-Wesley
3. Meyroff : Element of Nuclear Physics
4. Kaplan : Nuclear Physics
5. Cohen : Concepts of Nuclear Physics
6. Segre : Nuclei and particles. B1n’Cham : Nuclear Physics 31
Solid State Physics

1. Introduction to Solid State Physics, C. Kittel (Wiley Eastern).

2. Elementary Solid State Physics – M. Ali Omar (Pearson Education)
4. Solid State Physics – A. J. Dekker (Mc. Millan)
4. Solid State Physics – S. O. Pillai (New Age International)
5. Elements of Solid State Physics – J. P. Srivastava (Prentice Hall)
6. An Introduction to Solid State Physics and Application – R.J. Elliot and A.F. Gibson (McMillan)
7. Solid State Physics – D.W. Snoke (Person Education)

Paper Code Paper Paper Title Marks Credits

132704 Paper-VII Physics Practical 100 4

LABORATORY CLASSES: At least 30 Experiments are to be performed during 3 years.

(Two Experiments, one from each group are to be performed in six (6) hours
during final examination)

Distribution of Marks
Distribution of Marks Distribution of Marks on each Experiment

i) Two Experiments 2×35=70 i) Theory 5

(One from each group)

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ii) Laboratory Note Book 15 ii) Procedure & Data Collection 15

iii) Viva-voce on Experiment 15 iii) Caculations & Results 10

iv) Discussions 5

Total 100 Total 35

Laboratory Teaching Classes

One laboratory class (of 3 periods duration) per week should be devoted to teach the following
topics during the three years course. These lectures should be taken in laboratory and should be
of interactive type so that students also participate in the learning process. As the course on
physics practical will be taught in early months of first year, students will get sufficient time to
use apparatus in practical classes.

Laboratory Teaching

1. Demonstration lectures on use of Vernier, Micrometer, Spherometer, Barometer, common

balance ,etc.; graph plotting -2 Lab-class.
2. (i) Basic ideas of Probability & Statistics
(ii) Error analysis, significant figures, limits of accuracy of an Experiment-associated
choice of equipments. -3 Lab-class
3. Measuring instruments ( e.g. Galvanometer, Multimeter & CRO) to be used in the laboratory
– 2 Lab-class.

GROUP –A

1. Determination of the value of acceleration due to gravity by using bar Pendulum.

2. Determination of moment of inertia of a metallic cylinder/rectangular bar about an axis
passing through its centre of gravity.
3. To determine the modulus of rigidity of the form of a cylindrical rod by statical method.
4. Determination of young’s modulus of the material of the given wire by Searle’s method.
5. To determine the focal length of two given convex lenses and their combination in contact by
displacement method.
6. Determination of refractive index of the given liquid with the help of plane mirror, convex
lens & spherometer.
7. To determine the focal length of two given convex lenses and their combination in contact by
displacement method.
8. Determination of the refractive index of the material of a prism by drawing the i-δ curve
using spectrometer.

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9. To calibrate a polarimeter and hence to determine the concentration of sugar solution.
10. Determination of the surface tension of water by capillary rise method.
11. Determination of the co-efficient of viscosity of water by flow through a capillary tube
12. Determination of the frequency of a tuning fork with the help of a sonometer (Either by
using the relevant formula or by using the n-l curve ).
13. To determine refractive index of water using travelling microscope.
14. To determine the boiling point of a given liquid by platinum resistance thermometer.
15. Determination of thermal conductivity of the given rod by Searle’s apparatus.
16. Determination of thermal conductivity of a bad conductor of heat by Lee’s and Chorlton’s
method.
17. Determination of specific heat of the given liquid by the method of cooling.
18. To determine the boiling point of a given liquid by platinum resistance thermometer.
19. To determine the melting point of a solid with the help of a thermocouple.
20. To determine the wavelength of monochromatic source by Fresnel’s biprism.
21. Determination of the width of a single slit by the Spectrometer with diffraction method.
22. To determine the wave length of monochromatic light by Newton’s ring experiment.

GROUP –B
1. To determine the ballistic constant of a ballistic galvanometer.
2. Determination of specific resistance of the material of a given wire by meterbridge.
3. Verification of the laws of series and parallel resistance by a Post Office box.
4. Determination of E.C.E. of copper by using an ammeter and a copper voltameter.
5. Determination of EMF of a cell by potentiometer.
6. Comparison of the magnetic moments of two given bar magnets by deflection magnetometer.
7. Determination of the value of the given low resistance by drop of potential method with the
help of metre-bridge.
8. Determination of internal resistance of a cell with the help of potentiometer.
9. Conversion of the given galvanometer into an ammeter & its calibration using copper
voltameter.
10. Determination of resistance of a galvanometer by half -deflection method.
11. Determination of the reduction factor of a tangent galvanometer with copper voltameter

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 and hence to determine the value of H, the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.
12. Convert a given galvanometer into voltmeter and calibrate it.
13. To draw the forward characteristic curves of a semiconductor diode and hence calculate the
dc resistance (rdc).
14. To draw the dynamic characteristic curve of a triode for three different loads and to calculate the
voltage gain for the load and to compare it with the theoretically calculated value.
15. To draw input, out put and mutual characteristics curve of a transistor in CE mode and hence
to calculate its h-parameters.
16. To measure the resistance, reactance and self inductance of a chocked coil in an L-R circuit
using an A.C. Voltmeter.
17. To determine the ripple factor of a full wave rectifier with a shunt capacitor filter using a D.C.
voltmeter and to study the variation of ripple factor with load.
18. To studu a full wave rectifier with a shunt capacitor as filter circuit
and hence to determine the values of ripple factor using CRO at the differentncy loads.
19.To study the frequency response curve of a series LCR circuit and determine the
resonance frequency.
20. Determination of J (mechanical equivalent of heat) by Joule’s electrical calorimeter.
21. To study the variation of mutual inductance of a given pair of co-axial coils by using a
ballistic galvanometer.
22. To measure the self inductance of two coils by Anderson bridge .To find the total inductance
of the above two coils connected in series and hence estimate the coefficient of coupling
between the coils.

Books &References:

1. BSc Practical Physics, C. L. Arora, (S. Chand)

2. An Advanced Course in Practical Physics, D. Chattopadhyay and P. C. Rakshit, (New Central Book
Agency)
3. A Text Book of Advanced Practical Physics, S. Ghosh, (New Central Book Agency)
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