CHILDREN'S DAYCARE

Access and Building Forms

The design of facilities for children should consider their needs

and size. There are no regulations or guidelines for the construc-
tion of children's daycare buildings. The regulations of the relevant
indirect assignment I_ _ _ state and the LBO are used as guidelines. Accessibility building
1
5 -m design standards are recommended.
I'()
I i/Wi@'lOl··
••
1n~o 1111
1""'0 "'D Children's daycare centre
I ~
This term includes creches, kindergartens, after-school care etc.
The daycare centre is organised so that a mixture of children with
ali-day and part-time arrangements can be looked after.

~
terrace
common room
dining
kitchen Creche, nursery
role-play Cares for small children from babies to three years old. The group
building
bonding size is generally approx. 10 children.
group room
washroom/We
Kindergarten
Typical plan of a kindergarten Looks after children from min. three years old until they go to
group Arch.: Franken/Kreft school. It may be possible for them to eat lunch and sleep. The
CHILDREN'S
DAYCARE
0 Functional arrangement of group group size is generally 20 children.
room, cloakroom and sanitary
Access and facilities Children's after-school care
building forms For the care of school-age children until 14 years old. Lunch after
Rooms
Outdoor areas
school and assistance with homework are offered. These estab-
LBO
lishments are often combined with kindergartens and the group
size is generally 20 children.

Age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Height (em) 75 85 94 101 108.5 115 121.5 127 131.5 137 143 148
~ ~ .. ·············::·::: ....... . :::::~
Eye level (em) 64 74 83 91 96 103 108 113 117 122 127 131
Reach (em) 30 36 42 48 52 57 61 64 66 69 72 75
8 Children's daycare centres 0 In two blocks
9 Guideline sizes of children (Gralle, Port -> refs)
access types: in a single block

Bag compartment

Tf~+ 0

J! "'

IJ
Shoe compartment

e Hallaccess f) Courtyard access e Cloakroom cupboard for six

children
Cl) Cupboard for storing children's
mattresses (size: 140/70 and
120/60 em)

0 Building form: grouped pavilions f:D Building form: rows of pavilions 0} Building form: stepped (D Building form: compact

188
 CHILDREN'S DAYCARE
Rooms, Outdoor Areas

Group room Outdoor areas

Most time in the children's daycare centre is spent here. Required Outside playgrounds should be designed to be as varied as poss-
floor area approx. 2.5 m2 per child. Create zones as varied as ible. The design of external works for children's centres is regu-
possible and design a second floor level and a stage (play-stage lated by several standards. The stipulated minimum area outside
half-open, with a snug cave). Play decks up to a height of 1.50 m per child is variable between the German states.
must have a handrail at least 70 em high; play decks more than
1.50 m high must have handrails min. 1.00 m high. The group Hilly landscape Modelling the terrain by heaping and excavating
room should have as short a distance as possible to the WC the ground surface. The coarse shape is produced by a hydraulic
area. Ideally, provide direct access to the open air and align to excavator, and the fine modelling by hand. The hills can incorpor-
the south. ate plants, shrubs, hedges, flowers and clover of various heights.

Rest or sleeping rooms Compost heap as the core of an organic garden. Semi-shaded
These are not always considered necessary, as mattresses are of- location for organic waste from the centre.
ten laid out in the group room for the midday sleep (cupboard to
store the mattresses -7 p. 188 0). Trees for climbing, to provide shade, deliver fruit and be edu-
cational. Also worth considering are vegetable/herb gardens,
Kitchen sandpits, bird tables, dry stone walls, meadows etc.
The status of the kitchen in the children's centre can vary accord- CHILDREN'S
ing to the paedagogical concept, for example a central kitchen for Pond should have min. 6 m2 water surface and a depth of 80 em DAYCARE
all groups or as a series of kitchens, one in each group room. Dif- to avoid oxygen deficiency. For safety reasons, either a coarse net Access and
should be spread over the water or builder's steel mesh installed building forms
ferent floor heights are recommended so that adults and children Rooms
can cook together. 10 em under the water surface. Outdoor areas

BS EN 1176
Dining room ASTM F1487
The group room is normally used for eating. An extended corridor DIN EN 1176
DIN EN 1177
or the entrance hall are also suitable as communicative places to DIN 18034
eat.
LBO

Stairs
The risers of stairs in children's centres should not be more than
16 em, and the treads between 30 and 32 em.

Height recommendation Washing facilities we, seat height

nursery for every 10 children

potty room 1, 45-60 em 1, 20-25 em

kindergarten approx. for every 5 children

potty room 1, 45-60 em 1, 25-30 em

after-school approx. for every 10 children

girls 1-2. 1
boys 1-2 1
65-70 em 30-35 em

Q Height guidelines for washbasins and WCs

f) Pond with clay lining for outside area in children's daycare centre

189
 PLAYGROUNDS
Playground Equipment

Playgrounds must be varied in ·design, changing and changeable.

0 Tractor m Playhouse
They must meet the needs of children. Some of the requirements
for children's playgrounds are: traffic safety, no pollution by emis-
sions, sufficient sunshine, groundwater level not too high,

Play equipment in playgrounds is often made of timber (e.g. larch,

robinia) and the surface of the wood can be additionally protected
with beeswax treatment. Standing water and damp should be
avoided on all wooden surfaces, so galvanised steel is often set
f) Trailer-->0 0 House group
into the ground at the base of verticals.

~
.
1.10
T Playgrounds should be orientation points within residential dis-
tricts and connected to housing with simple networks of paths.

-------~
Do not banish playgrounds to the periphery, but design in combi-
nation with other communication systems.

8 Horse and cart

Guideline values for the design of playgrounds are built up from
individual data: age group, usable area per resident, play area
PLAYGROUNDS

~f
Playground
size, distance from home:
equipment
BS EN 1176 Age (years) m2/resident Accessibility, max. distance (min.)
ASTM F1487 from home (m)
DIN EN 1176
DIN EN 1177
DIN 18034
-~-< 0-6
6-12
0.6
0.5
up to 200 and in sight
up to 400
2
5
t) Rocking horse «<) Swings 12-18 0.9 up to 1000 15

Playgrounds for children are to be provided, as private facilities

within the building plot, with the construction of houses or flats: for
small children up to 6, for children from 6 to 12, plus leisure areas
for adults. This is a requirement for three flats or more. The uniform
basis for the provision of all public playgrounds is: 5 m2 playing
area per residential unit, minimum area of playground: 40m 2 • Out-
8 Pig 4D Slide door play areas must be fenced at least 1 m high (thick hedges,
fence or similar) to prevent access to roads, car parking, railway

~ ~
lines, deep watercourses, cliffs and similar dangers.

~
e Snail 49 Cablerun
@
Legends:
CD open octagonal house
Lilliput castle

rllJI'
@ seesaw chickens
@water toy

flTil""
@ bicycle stands
@ table tennis tables
(J)

~ ~
bench with pergola
® trampoline-like web walk
® castle with moving pans
@ Robinson Crusoe's island
@ water source
f) Swing for small child 4D Vertical bars @ revolving cross
@paved area
@ amphitheatre

~~0
~
e Snack table f) Seesaw

~~:0
G Sandpit (squared timber)

~l4o
-~.00
4Ii) Sand pit (round timber) e Slide and climbing house 4D 'Karnacksweg• playground

190
 ~60+1.20-i SCHOOLS
-ti:!J
DDT General Classrooms

uu uut
D Dj_
tIO
:.=;;q
/\1!(1')
Downstand
beam
Design parameters
The basis for the planned development of schools are the school
building guidelines of each German state (including model room
uu uu layouts), in conjunction with relevant national building standards
0 Minimum dimensions for table f) Room heights of classrooms
and health and safety regulations.
arrangement in regular classrooms General classroom area
(Saxony --> refs) This includes standard and replacement classrooms, course rooms,
rooms for languages and social studies, language laboratories,
teaching equipment and map rooms, and other subsidiary rooms.

00000

0000000
0 0
0 0
Q Q Q
D D D
0
0 0
0
0 0

~ ~
~
I1
0
The subjects taught in the general classroom area are: languages,
general studies, mathematics, religion, social studies and politics,
as well as optional subjects and remedial teaching.
Group rooms
In primary and special schools it should be arranged that these are
each accessible from two classrooms. Multi-purpose rooms can
D DD be assigned to other areas.
oo oo oo Number of floors
g0 ~
0
Q This should lie between three and four. Schools for pupils who
SCHOOLS
General
are physically disabled or have learning difficulties should have classrooms
1-2 storeys. Specialist
classrooms
C) LTR (=listen, talk, record)
0 Max. depth of classrooms with Room dimensions Information and
laboratory, SB =speaker's one-sided daylight communal area
booth, RR =recording room
The maximum number of pupils in a class is 32. Sanitary facilities
According to the school building guidelines, the design of classrooms Break and
should normally be based on tables with two workplaces --7 0. If circulation areas
Arrangement of
the windows are all on one side, the max. room depth is 7.20 m. If classrooms
possible, have windows on both sides to permit furniture to be free- Clusters
Model room
ly positioned. The distance between the blackboard and the pupil programme
workplaces at the back should not exceed 9.00 m -0 G. Guideline Examples
values: area: 21.8G--2.00 m2/pupil. Air volume: 25.00-6.00 m3/pupil. BS 4163
oooooo The ceiling height of classrooms (min. 3 m) may not be reduced by BS EN 14434
c::cr::rJ DIN 18024
0000 more than 0.30 m by individual construction elements --7 f).
DIN 58125
Language laboratory --7 0 - 0 GUV 16.3
Located within the general classroom area or near the media
centre/library. Guideline: approx. 30 language laboratory places

0 LT (= listen and talk) laboratory e Workplace with monitor

per 1000 pupils. Size: LT (listen and talk) and LTR (listen, talk,
record) laboratory size, total approx. 80 m2 , language laboratory
cabins approx. 1 x 2 m, number of places per laboratory 24-30 m2 ,
J.;.sot i.e. 40-60 m2 plus subsidiary areas. LTR laboratory --7 0: 23 work-
I 30o
places as cabins, approx. 65 m 2 (approx. 2.8 m 2/place) including
subsidiary rooms approx. 95m 2 .
LT laboratory -0 0: 33 workplaces as desks, approx. 65 m2 (ap-
prox. 2.0 m 2/place) including subsidiary rooms approx. 95 m2 •
Side rooms: studio, recording room, archive for teacher and pupil
tapes. Language laboratories are also possible in inner areas of
the building with artificial light and air conditioning.
Computer room
Should if possible face north and not be on the ground floor (Saxony
-0 refs). The IT workplaces are designed according to the guidelines
f) Seating arrangement for 80 pupils ii;1 0 years old,
for computer workplaces. The upper edge of the monitor should
for film, slides and overhead projection
be below eye level so that the pupil's head is tilted at 15-20° --7 e.

e Building form: grouping with

central access
C) Building form: grouped
pavilions
CI!) Compact building form: with
central courtyard access
CD Compact building form: with
light wells

191
 t-1.oof-- 1.60-+ f-1.00+-1.60-+ SCHOOLS

c=J1~
Specialist Classrooms

~ c=J1
u uutu uu1 Science teaching area

ct
This includes teaching, teaching/practical, practical, preparation

~ n nn 1 and meeting rooms, photo work and photo lab rooms. Teaching
rooms for biology, physics and chemistry approx. 2.50 m2/place.

uu-+-~
For lectures and demonstrations approx. 4.50 m2/place.
u C Demonstration and practical room for natural sciences, chem-
istry and biology, and physics, chemistry and biology approx.
0 Minimum dimensions for table
8 Minimum dimensions for table
70-80 m2 ~ E). Teaching room for lecturing and demonstrations
layouts in practical rooms, in layouts In practical rooms, back-
rows to-back in the subjects physics, biology and perhaps chemistry approx. 60
m2 , with permanently installed, ascending auditorium seating. A
second entrance and exit may be necessary. This room may be in
00000 000000000 an internal location with artificial lighting. Practical room for pupils,

n ommm~ collaborating groups etc. in biology and physics or also interdisci-

plinary practical area, space sub-divided by means of partitioning,

mmmo~
area per room or section approx. 80m 2 •
tJ Preparation, meeting and materials room for subject combinations
or single subjects: together approx. 30-40 m2 or approx. 70 m2 ,
according to the size of the science area. This room may be in an
SCHOOLS classroom with preparation and room for practicals,
General
48 places 80m2 library 60m2 40 places 80m2 internal location with artificial lighting.
classrooms
Specialist
C) Rooms and areas for science teaching Music and art teaching
classrooms Rooms for drawing should have uniform natural light, if possible
Information and
communal area
from the north. Music rooms should have an appropriate layout

ft ~~·~:~~rtt~t-~
Sanitary facilities and sound insulation to avoid disturbing other facilities.
Break and
circulation areas Technical teaching
Arrangement of
classrooms
Workrooms should be arranged so that teaching in other rooms
Clusters is not disturbed by the noise. The working area should be sub-
Model room divided into the various media (wood, paper, metal, plastic) and
programme
Examples I ideally be located on the ground floor.
Photo laboratory
The photo laboratory is a dark room for positive work (one enlarge-
ment table for 2-3 pupils, combined with wet working areas), for
®
negative work (film development) and a film storage room. If possible
it should be north-facing with constant room temperature. Space re-
quirement: 6-14 pupils per work group, min. 3-4m2 per work place.

0 c:=:::J c:=:::J
oc:=:::J®=
o==
0==
r-] crafts/natural science

0:0 0:0
ffi. ffi
EB ~
~ ~ rn·~ 'f~ ffi.EB ffiffi
chemistry rooms ·
-12 places

8
... 95m2

Rooms and areas for technology

-40m2 -30 places -100m2

ooooo oooooooooo

<D for pract1cals ® classroom @ extra practical roorr

@ for practicals & teaching

G
® preparation and library

Science area, approx. 400 places, approx. 1400 m 2

@ library

:o:uu::o:
o o
paper and clay work
o a·~~--~

~25 places

f) Areas for technology

art room
music room
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0
°
~~~off~o~~:fttr=-1
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 room
ancillary

o
0
ao
o0 o 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
oO 0 0 0 0 0 0
oooo
teaching materials

0 -30 places ... aom2 -35m2 -35 .glaces -90m

Areas for technology/business studies, office technology, technical drawing,
subjects altogether approx. 350 places, approx. m2 1600 e Areas for music and art

192
 1 multi-purpose room
2 audio booths SCHOOLS
3 office
4 central catalogue Information and Communal Area
5 newspapers,
magazines
6 group area
7 individual places
8 typing booths Library, media centre and central facilities
9 information, Information centre for teaching, further education and leisure. The
lending desk
10 lecture room users are pupils, teachers and external participants. Library de-
11 audiovis. studio
12 racks notes a conventional school and lending library including lending,
13 free access reading and work spaces and the appropriate shelves for books
14 photocopier
15 cloakroom, lockers and magazines. Media centre describes the extension of the li-
brary to cover recording and reproduction technology (hardware)
0 Example of school library/media centre for radio, film, television, cassettes, tapes, CD, DVD, i.e. so-called
audio-visual material and a corresponding stock of software.

Guideline space requirement

Total for library and media centre 0.35-0.55 m2/pupil.

Details: Book issue and return, per work space approx. 5 m2 in-
cluding catalogue areas approx. 20-40 m2 •
Advisors (librarian, media teacher, media technician etc.), per em-
ployee approx. 10-20 m2 • Compact book storage per 1000 vol-
umes at approx. 20-30 volumes per running m of shelf, approx.
SCHOOLS
4 m2 self-service shelves incl. movement areas; reading places
General
and catalogue per 1 000 volumes of non-fiction and reference classrooms
works approx. 20-40 m2 ; general working zone per 1000 reference Specialist
classrooms
volumes approx. 25m 2 for approx. 5% of pupils/teachers but min. Information and
30 work spaces each 2 m 2, approx. 60 m 2, per carrel approx. 2.5- communal area
Sanitary facilities
3.0 m2 • Group work room, 8-10 people, approx. 20m 2 --> 0- f). Break and
circulation areas
f) Example of school library/media centre Kitchen and dining room Arrangement of
classrooms
For a dining room with more than 400 places, the places of as- Clusters

. ....
sembly regulations should be complied with. Model room
programme

D0
·-----------1 The size and equipment depends on the catering system, food
service and return of plates. For young pupils meals may be
served at table (portions possibly served by the teacher) otherwise
Examples

self-service (from conveyor, counter, cafeteria line, free-flow cafe-

00
oro Main kitchen
teria, turntable etc.). Serving capacity: from 5-15 meals/minute or
250-1 000 meals/hour with varied personnel requirement.
0~0
0"0 Space required for serving system approx. 40--60 m2 . Dining room
size depends on number of pupils and sittings, per seat min. 1.20-
00 1.40 m2 . Larger areas should be partitioned into smaller rooms. At
00 entrance, provide one washbasin per 40 seats--> 0- 0.
<J Preparation

t>
....
r-----------~ --
~
0.
Day store Vegetable
preparation ·-~-·
I Meat
preparation
~~
~~

"' v
DDDCJDDDCJ!J
II "' :
oo r:=::H:::::J oc:::J c:::Jc:::::J
0 I 0
QDDDCJDDD ~ c::::JO[::::H:::::JCJCJC::::H::::::J
0 -2500m2

.... -... - - -
<lo -... - - .... - -
..... - -...- -... - ....- 0

8 Organisation of space and functions in a school kitchen G Servery, plates return and eating area

193
 SCHOOLS
f-min.-f Sanitary Facilities I Break and Circulation Areas
1.00

.
0 Doors
(1~-----"'" f) Corridors~ min. escape route width
Circulation and escape routes
Horizontal and vertical access routes are normally also emergency
escape routes. Escape routes must have a clear width of min.
1.00 m/150 people but min. width of corridors in classroom areas
f - ;':;28 tread t - f is 2.00 m, or 1.25 m with up to 180 people. Stairs in classroom ar-

== t Handrail eas must be 1 .25 m wide, other escape routes 1 .00 m wide. Max.
length of escape routes: 25 m measured in a straight line from the

~
~17
stairwell door to the farthest work place, or 30 m in an indirect line
to the centre of the room. Capacity of stairs dependent on number
of users and average occupancy, e.g. stair width: 0.80 m for each
1111111111111 100 people (min. 1.25 m, but not wider than 2.50 m).
Handrail
e Pitch of stairs Stairs as escape route (according to
school building guidelines)
Doors -7 0
These may open inward or outward. Outward opening doors
should not endanger pupils and project max. 20 em into the es-
cape route. -7 e.
SCHOOLS
General
~
9 Lesson-time WC facilities,
Doors from rooms with more than 40 pupils or increased fire risk
(chemistry, work rooms) must open in the direction of the escape
route.
classrooms
e.g. tor approx. 1 00 boys,
Specialist
classrooms approx. 15 m2
Information and Stairs, ramps -7 0 - G
communal area The pitch of stairs is to be based on length of pace: 2 riser +
Sanitary tread= 59-65 em. Ramps ;:;;;6% gradient.
facilities
Break and
circulation Cloakrooms
areas
Arrangement of
e.g. for approx. 100 girls, f) Break-time WC facilities, e.g. single-row Cloakrooms are to be provided outside classrooms.
classrooms
approx. 15 m2 facilities tor approx. 250 girls, approx. 40 m ; 2

Clusters for approx. 250 boys, approx. 40 m2

Model room Break areas
programme The space guideline for enclosed break areas is 0.4-0.5 m 2/pupil.
Examples They are to be designed so that they can be used for school
DIN 58125 events. Dining and multi-purpose rooms may be used as break
areas. If the connection between school building and sports hall
e Teacher WC facilities,
e.g. for approx.
is roofed over, this can be designed as a break area or covered
sports area (Saxony -7 refs).
30 teachers, approx. 15 m2
Communal area
A communal area should be provided in each larger school for
events and celebrations. This can be achieved through the tem-
C) e.g. for approx. Break-time WC facilities e.g. two-row
porary connection of several rooms and circulation areas. Wheth-
20 women teachers, facilities tor approx. 500 girls, approx. 65 m2 ;
approx. 10 m2 for approx. 500 boys, approx. 40 m2 er the building of a school hall is necessary is regulated by the
relevant state school building guidelines.
No. users we Urinals
Sanitary facilities -7 0 - 0
40 boys 1 2 The necessary WCs, urinals and washbasins are provided accord-
ing to the total number of pupils (divided between boys and girls)
20 girls 1 - according to the school building guidelines -7 $. One washbasin
15 teachers 1 1 is provided for every boys' WC or for every two girls' WCs. Toilets
should be as directly lit and ventilated as possible. The accesses
10 women teachers 1 - for girls and boys are to be separate.

G) Guideline for number of sanitary facilities (Saxony--. refs)

Context Form Separation Location Use Notes

boys/girls
class we toilets with lobby no near a classroom during lesson possibly for preschool and school kindergarten, poss. 2 WCs
and lobby
lesson we toilets yes accessible from several classes each classroom without we should be max. 40 m distance
corridor or hall during lesson (incl. stairs) from lesson we
breakWC toilets yes accessible from for classes during WCs at ground level, not in centre of building, accessible from
schoolyard or hall the break break areas

teacher We toilets ladies/gents for teachers or during the break possibly linked to staff cloakroom
administration

@) Recommended WC facilities

194
 SCHOOLS
oQoQcO cO cO Do Iteaching I
Arrangement of Classrooms, Clusters

Cj
cOaOaO aD oO
cQoOnQ aQ cO
classroom
aOaOnO aD aD
cOoQ aQnQ nQ

cloakroom
I
corridor

0 Classroom lit and ventilated on both sides through cloakroom and corridor,
corridor opening up every two classrooms into teaching equipment room
Arch.: Yorke, Rosenberg, Mardall

classroom
outside
class space

oQ ~o c(} O\l
cO oQ <i1 o\l
oa 0 1 l
l-J handicrafts room
-
ao oQ <i1 aQ
cO a[) tiJ aG
aO oO cO aG
cO a[) a\} aG
1
corridor
I ITI SCHOOLS
General
classrooms
0 Cluster, bundling of several classrooms, single-sided daylighting of individual
rooms
Specialist
classrooms
f) Design proposal: combination of classroom, open-air classroom and hobby Information and
room Arch.: Neutra communal area
Sanitary facilities
o[] oo oo o[] Break and
circulation areas
lJ[]oQaQaO
Arrangement of
o[] 0 0 nO oO classroom classrooms

o[] ao ao oO Do
Clusters
Model room
o[] oO nO '{) programme
Examples
f) Multi-storey building: two classrooms to each staircase,
daylight from two sides Arch.: Schuster

corridor

e Saw-tooth plan Arch.: Carbonara

gr,::;;:,ll;:j;:jl
'Im''!TI?'afl
===
00 00 PC

~ra111fffil
o==
DO 00 00

/
classroom

corridor

Classrooms with additional daylight through high-level window, without view

in from the back. Corridor opens up at each classroom into cloakroom and
Q Four classrooms per storey with daylight from both
sides, side extension for group teaching Arch.: Haefeli, Moser, Steiger
storeroom Arch.: Carbonara

--- covered access

Hexagonal classroom without corridor, accessed

I I
1.----------------- _J

Hexagonal classrooms with enclosed triangular hobby rooms

Arch.: BrechbOhlen through cloakroom and lobby Arch.: Gottwald, Weber

195
 SCHOOLS
Model Room Programme for Primary Schools

1 cohort L conorts
4 classes 8 classes
120 pupils 240 pupils

Places m2/room No. m2 No. m2

General teaching rooms 326-490 592-748

classrooms 24-32 50-66 4 200-264 8 400-528
group rooms 12-18 36-50 2 72-100
multi-purpose rooms 32 72 1 90 1 72
side rooms 18-36 1 18 1 24
teaching equipment room 18-36 1 18 1 24

Specialist classrooms 96
work room 16 72 1 72
side room 24 1 24
music room 32 72
SCHOOLS
General School library/media centre 60 72
classrooms
Specialist
classrooms Administration 36 102
Information and
communal area head teacher's room 12-18 60
Sanitary facilities secretariat 18--24 36
Break and
circulation areas teachers' room 24-50 12
Arrangement of sick room 18 1 18
classrooms
Clusters parents' meeting room 12 1 1
Model room caretaker's room 12 1 12
programme
Examples
Communal areas 92 92
kitchen servery 24 1 24 1 24
dining/multi-purpose room 1 50 1 50
side room 18-24 1 18 1 18

Utility areas 24 66
caretaker's workshop 18 1 18
room for cleaning materials 12 1 12
storeroom 1 24 1 36

Caretaker's flat 1 80

Sports hall 1 600

Open-air sports facilities

break areas with gymnastic and 600 1200

play equipment
school garden 150 300
playing field 1 pitch 1 pitch
100m track 4 tracks
long jump facility 3 tracks
gymnastics lawn 400 400

Subtotals
general classrooms 326-390 592-748
specialist classrooms 96
school library/media centre 60 72
administration 36 102
utility areas 24 66

Total 446-510 928-1084

m 2/pupil 4.0 4.2

0 Model room programme, primary school, school building regulations (Saxony_, refs)

196
 SCHOOLS
Examples

CD Break hall @Music room

®Classroom (!)
Woodwork,
housekeeping
@Group room
@Services
@store
@ Multi-purpose
®Caretaker roam

CD Break hall
®Break yard
@Sports hall SCHOOLS
@) Physics classroom General
classrooms
® Drawing/crafts Specialist
@ Class/course rooms classrooms
Information and
0 Markt lndersdorf grammar school, first floor C) School for individual promotion of learning, Alzenau, primary and secondary communal area
Sanitary facilities
Arch.: Allmann Sattler Wappner Architekten school, ground floor Arch.: (se) arch Stefanie Eberding und Stephan Eberding
Break and
circulation areas
Arrangement of
classrooms
Clusters
Model room
programme
Examples
®

®
CD Forum
®Stage
C) Volta school house, Basel, fourth floor--> 0

--'>0-0
CD Entrance hall
®Sport hall
@ Yard light well
@Classroom
with group
@Crafts ®
@ Religion/remedial
teaching/
languages

Montessori school, Aachen, one-stage school, ground floor

Arch.: Prof. Ernst Kasper, Prof. Klaus Klever 0 Volta school house, Basel, ground floor Arch.: Miller & Maranta

197
 UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
Lecture Theatres

Central university facilities include: great hall, event hall, adminis-

tration, deanery and student union. Also prominent are libraries, can-
teens, sports facilities, car parks and student residences (~ p. 167}.
Basic space requirements for all subjects
Lecture theatre for basic and special lectures, seminar and tutorial
rooms (partially with PC workplaces) for detailed instruction of the
course material, specialised libraries, rooms for scientific assis-
tants, conference and examination rooms.
Space requirements for specific subjects:
Humanities: lecture theatre with seating raked (rising) at a low pitch
~ 8. No particular requirements for blackboards or projection.
Technical and artistic subjects: e.g. architecture, art, music: draw-
ing, studio, workshop, practice and meeting rooms of all types.
Technical and natural science subjects: e.g. physics, mechan-
ical engineering, electrical engineering: drawing rooms, labora-
tories, workshops.
UNIVERSITIES Natural science and medical theory subjects: e.g. chemistry,
AND COLLEGES biology, anatomy, physiology, health care, pathology: laboratories
Lecture theatres with associated practical rooms, scientific workshops, animal keep-
Examples of
lecture theatres
ing and experiment rooms. Medical demonstration ('anatomy') the-
Faculty extension
Seating atres with steeply raked seating ~ G. Natural science lecture the-
Projection
Seminar and
0 Scheme of university facilities atres with experiment benches and steeply raked seating ~ C).
service rooms
Laboratories ceiling line

see also: Student 1

sloping ceiling I
residences,
p. 167

f) Geometrical determination of the listener curve

0 Longitudinal section through a lecture theatre

e Normal lecture theatre design (humanities)

e Steeply raked lecture theatre (natural sciences)

student seats
during operations

0 Lecture theatre for demonstrations on a bench (medicine)

f) Steps in life drawing class with seated area of 0.65 m 2 per student (technical
artistic subjects)

198
 I UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES

I.
f\ \
I
I
I ,I]
.l
Larger lecture theatres for central lectures are preferably accom-
modated in auditorium buildings, and smaller lecture theatres for
specialist lectures in institute or seminar buildings. Access to the
Lecture Theatres

lecture theatre is best separated from the research facilities, with

the shortest possible route from outside to the back of the lecture
theatre (in the case of raked seating, entrances behind the up-
I II I permost row, or in larger lecture theatres also at the side at middle
height -> 8). Lecturers enter the lecture theatre at the front, from
the preparation room, and experimental apparatus can be rolled
into the theatre. Common lecture theatre sizes are 100, 150, 200,
300, 400, 600, 800 seats. Lecture theatres with up to 200 seats,
ceiling height approx. 3.5 m can be integrated into an institute
~ ~ building; larger theatres should ideally have their own building.
90 90
1-t----11.40-----j-----j
Experiment benches should be easily changeable, on wheels and
0 Rectangular lecture theatre with 200 seats
suitable for laboratory work. Media connections are required.

UNIVERSITIES
AND COLLEGES
Lecture theatres
Examples of
lecture theatres
Seating
Projection
Seminar and
service rooms

-
Laboratories

f) Floor plans for light and sound booths

G) movable blackboard
® service duct in floor
@ experiment bench
@ point of reference

f) Trapezoidal lecture theatre with 400 seats

0 Longitudinal section -> 0

light and
sound lock

/
/
/
/
/
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

~oject8 roorn:Y
x,~-----j-1
30

0 Lecture theatre with 800 seats () Plan of podium area

199
 UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
CD Large lecture theatre
® Seminar room Examples of Lecture Theatres
@ Server room
@)Side room
®Airspace
@we
([) Small lecture theatre

tl 0 Section -; 0
0 Bremerhaven University, third floor Arch.: Kister Scheithauer Gross

UNIVERSITIES
AND COLLEGES
Lecture theatres
Examples of
lecture theatres
Seating
Projection
Seminar and
service rooms
Laboratories

Lecture theatres, Griifin Donho!! Building, first floor, Frankfurt an der Oder
University Arch.: Yamaguchi und Essig Architekten BOA

f) Council building, Freiburg University, ground floor entrance hall and two-storey
Auditorium Maximum Arch.: O.E. Schweizer

<D main lecture

theatre
®projector
® lecture hall
@ senate room
®cloakroom

0 Student building in DOsseldorf

G) lecture theatre
® projection room
@cloakroom

0 Auditorium of the Technical University of Delft Arch.: Broek + Bakema f) Lecture theatre of the ETH Honggerberg, Zurich

200
 UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES

[:i:[:i
Level
Lecture theatre seating
Seating and Projection

Combined units with tip-up or slewing seat, backrest and desk (with
shelf or hook for case or bag), mostly fixed mounting ~ 0 - 0.
l - - 8 5 - l - 85--+- 85----1 Arrangement is according to subject, number of students and type
of tuition: from light (slide shows, electro-acoustic facilities) to heavy.
Some lecture theatres (surgery, internal medicine, physics) have
raked (rising) rows of seating ~ 0. The space requirement per
student depends on type of seating, desk depth and floor pitch.
Per student (including all walking areas in larger lecture theatres in
f) Seating arrangement with tip-up a cramped situation), the space requirement is 1.10 m2 , in smaller
seats and desks lecture theatres and in a normal situation 0.80-0.95 m2 •
1--85 -l-105----j Projection, boards, acoustics, lighting:
On 15 em steps Projection screens and black-/whiteboards can be designed as
segmented surfaces, or fixed to a straight back wall. Wall boards
in many sections, mostly vertically sliding, manual or mechanical,
can be dropped down below the projection area. Wheeled boards
or screens are also possible.
Speech should reach the listener as uniformly as possible, with no
disturbing echo. Suspended ceilings will aid reflection and absorp-
UNIVERSITIES
tion. Rear walls should be clad with sound-absorbing material, oth- AND COLLEGES
Sloping floor up to 12% incline er walls flat. Light intensity in windowless lecture theatres: 600 lx. Lecture theatres
0 Lecture theatre seating Arrangement with fixed desks and Examples of
lecture theatres
rotating seats (required space)
Seating
Projection

T ~
Seminar and
service rooms
Connection for Laboratories
access point
Motion detector
1 BS EN 12665
DIN 5035
Loudspeaker
-Emergency
call-listen-in
-Announcements
Wall panel
AMX
Hinged door, behind
trips/ switches

1----'9"'0'------j

8 Lecture theatre seating /desk 8 Desk ventilation I air flow

ventilation

Media column Integrated into 4li) Front view, mobile (wheeled) media
lecture theatre, exact height table
according to room height

I I Front row Rearmost row of seats

i• ---- ----
1
ProJector
-L -- I
P< -- -- -- 35J40o
0.5 h -- - ---
II -- ::::1\l
--- - - -
-" 1.5 b f- max.
I

1
60°
- -
4.
or Projec tion screen
-- -- --
0 Layout of projectors, plan
---~-l--
G Projection wall width dependent on length of lecture theatre, plan

T
J_ T ~-----------a----------r

Spectator
- - - Projection wall
in the
last row

+-----3.5 h -----+
Layout of projectors, section, showing distribution of the angle of inclined view
to places above and below the projectors @) Projection wall width dependent on length of lecture theatre, section

201
 Prof. office
2
UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
18m
Seminar and Service Rooms

The design of lecture theatres and seminar rooms has to comply

with the places of assembly regulations. It should also be ensured
that wheelchair users have sufficient space in lecture theatres in
line with standards.
Service rooms for lecture theatres
Every lecture theatre should have a directly accessible side room.

Trrr)
Prof. office Director
Laboratory
200m2

Archive ~ 1
This has no fixed function and can be used as a storage room.
Sufficient preparation area should be provided next to all lecture
theatres featuring experiments, positioned at the same level and
18m2 26m2 30m
2
"'ffil with a short route to the podium. Guideline for the min. size: for
0 Plan of a university building; seminar rooms are used by many departments rectangular plan lecture theatre, approx. 0.2-0.25 m2/seat; trap-
ezoidal plan 0.15-0.18 m2/seat; natural science and pre-clinical
Corridor Corridor Seminar rooms

lofficellll I I ~~~;ri·j Project rooms I subjects 0.2-0.3 m2/seat.

Areas for storage and staff rooms are necessary for the proper
1.80 2.00 operation of a lecture theatre building: a room for technical staff

UNIVERSITIES
AND COLLEGES
t
5.oo-+i-+1.-
2 20
1-------------38.00

f) Section ~
+l-+
0:
1
- - - 1 6 . o o _ _ _ _'_s._oo_+--
__

column-free pre-stressed concrete floor boards supported on

the external walls
8_.o_o~--l
~
to maintain the facilities; for cleaning staff; storeroom for replace-
ment parts, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, black-/whiteboard,
clothing etc. Min. size per room 15 m2 ; space required for all side
rooms min. 50-60 m2 .
Lecture theatres
Examples of Computer room

n
lecture theatres
Seating The size of the computer room is related to the number and size
Projection of the computer desks, which depends on the size of the displays.
Seminar and
service rooms
General tuition rooms
Laboratories
Seminar rooms, usual sizes: 20, 40, 50, 60 seats; mobile double
0 0

u
Places of tables, width 1.20 m, depth 0.60 m, space required per student
Assembly
Regulations 1.90-2.00 m.
Variable arrangement of the tables for tutorial and group work. If
see also:
Libraries, there is free ventilation from only one external wall, the depth of
pp. 247 If. the room should not exceed 2.5 x clear ceiling height.

0 Dimensions of a computer room

Offices for scientific personnel -7 0
professor 20-24 m2

OD
scientific assistant 15 m2

00
[=::J
0

00 00 Heightof
r
the window
0
o
o
00 00 00

o
assistant 20 m2
secretary 15 m2 (double occupation 20 m2)
Cloakroom and WC facilities

r
=a 0 0
00 00 00 Rough estimate for both together: 0.15-0.16 m2/seat
0 0
00 00 00 0 0 Faculty and open-access libraries (-7 Libraries pp. 247 ff.)
Storage for 30 000-200 000 vols on open-access shelves.
00 00 00 00 00 00

Book storage space -7 C)

-+----maximum 2.5 a 4
e Dimensions of seminar rooms with natural ventilation
Bookcases with 6-7 shelves, 2 m high (reaching height)
Distance between bookcases 1.50-1.60 m
Space required 1.0-1.2 m2/200 vols

Do r ~ ~
~
c:::o
c::=:J
DO
D D
0
g Reading places -7 0
Width 0.9-1.0 m/depth 0.8 m
ca.18-20 m 2 2
c\ris m 0 2 :----,
~m 2 """u

ill Space required 2.4-2.5 m2 per place

Prof. ca.20m
sci[j~ant
~s[jjD Entrance control, with storage for cases/bags; catalogue, copier
room

Q Basic equipment for service rooms

uuu
0
I I I I 0 c:=:J
000000 0
c:=:J
~
0
000000 0 0
Q)
'0
Q)
'0
·u;
0 c:=:J f---1.80--J
·u; 0 0 0 0 00 Books 0

===::1 c:=:J
c:::::::J I

nnu
Books
So
0
'0 00 0 0 0 0
T "
0
'0
c
0
0 0

~ ~ ~ 0 c:=:J 0 0
000000 0 0 Reading places
0 00 0 0 0 ~ l 0
0
c:=:J
0
I I I I Bookshelves 0 c:=:J
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(lt Arrangement of reading places and bookshelves

0 Arrangement of reading places and bookshelves

202
 UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
Laboratories

1- 80 -t-- 1.40 --+ 80 --j

Laboratories differ according to use and subject. According to
use:
Tuition-related practical laboratories with a large number of
workstations collected together and mostly with simple basic
equipment -7 e.
1-80 + 1.25 -; 1-80 --j
Research-related laboratories, mostly in smaller rooms with
special equipment and additional practical spaces like weighing
0 Minimum passage width at workstations
and measurement rooms, centrifuge and autoclave rooms, rinsing
kitchens, air-conditioned and cold storage rooms with constant
1 - - 3.60------i temperature, photographic/dark rooms etc. -7 e.
writing area=.c====~===='f"'-

0~~ 00~
According to subject:
Chemistry and biology laboratories have permanently installed
laboratory benches. Rooms have a high rate of air exchange and

~o 0~ 0 ~ 0
1
frequently additional fume cupboards with air extraction -7 p. 204
-7 0 for work producing gas and smoke. Fume cupboards are
often installed in their own rooms ('stink rooms'). UNIVERSITIES
AND COLLEGES
f80t-1.60 -!801 Physics laboratories mostly have mobile benches and sophisti-

-.-
Lecture theatres
corridor cated electrical equipment in cable ducts in the wall or suspended
-,-- -,-- -,-- -,- -,- from the ceiling. Low rate of air exchange -7 p. 204. There are
Examples of
lecture theatres
Seating
Function and ancillary rooms special laboratories for specific requirements, e.g. isotope lab- Projection
f) Research laboratory oratories for work on radioactive substances in various safety Seminar and
service rooms
classes. Laboratories

1-- 3.60 ---t80t-1.60 -!801 Clean room laboratories are used for work requiring especially
dust-free filtered air, e.g. in microelectronics or for particularly
dangerous substances, whose release into the surrounding rooms
0 should be prevented by special air circulation and filtering (micro-
biology, gene technology) -7 0.
"'
'E
"'c.
0
.0

aX

__
8
._-
Teaching and practical laboratory
24 seats

-
Lab safety level 3 @emergency telephone, telephone
CD warning sign @two-way intercom, electric door-opener
G) fume cupboards ® workstation for ® hand-held fire @ ventilation and
® double-door safety lobby, self-closing @Windows: gas-tight, non-combustible,
doors leaded ® workbenches chemist extinguisher environmental
® outdoor clothing @pass-door: fireproof ®reserves ®corridor @ vertical energy control system
@ protective clothing
Lab safety level 4 @ dry work places ® materials cupboards supply
® floor trough (pas. disinfectant mat) In @three-chamber safety lobby. Doors ® weighing tables ®eye douche @ overhead pipes
front of shower
® hand wash basin with disinfectant
dispenser ®~~~:~~~:~~~~~~r lL-1i~~~tem can be
9
8 Section, BASF plastics laboratory Arch.: Suter u. Suter
0 workbench (clean bench) with separate upgraded*). Collect a nO disinfect
special filter waste water
0 gas-tight, enclosed workbench,

I
extractor
autoclave (In lab or building) ~d~ft~~~eaf~;e~~fll¥n~~~ extraction,
fiat panel radiator (7.5 em from wall)
control and monitoring cupboard:
electricity box, emergency mains off-
switch, error board
@ pressure difference display readable from
inside and out with acoustic alarm
®autoclave with lockable doors on
both sides, disinfect condensation
@flood lock
@autoclavable container for used

*)
protective clothing
Only required if upgrading to L-4 lab.
:J • "il'®
rEJ 0
@
'@ I I I I CI:J
-e-®
IT

lab exchange area

:J c
c_
~ t
t§j C_
@ [coU I
~\].,..:1~~~, ~t
.....
entrance
door

e Clean room laboratory, example 0 Plan->0

203
 UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
Laboratories

Cold laboratories are used for tasks requiring extreme tempera-

ture conditions, photographic work and as darkrooms. Work-
rooms without equipment installed also belong in the close lab-
oratory area:
l-3.125 --f--3.125 --+-3.125 --t---3.125 ----l Study cubicles; social/rest rooms for laboratory staff; central
0 Room dimensions derive from size of bench (workstation). Services and rooms for general storage, chemical stores and issue, with par-
cupboards are in the corridor wall. Weighing room is separate. ticular safety measures; isotope stores with decay containers etc.
Animal laboratories are a special case, with rooms for keeping the
animals, which have special equipment appropriate to the species
and require their own air circulation.
Laboratory workstations
The determining design unit for the laboratory workstation is the
laboratory bench, permanently installed or mobile, whose dimen-
sions together with the associated work and passage areas de-
fine the laboratory axis, which forms the basic spatial unit ~ 0
-e.
Standard dimensions for the normal working bench:
UNIVERSITIES 120 em width in practical laboratories, several times that in re-
AND COLLEGES
search laboratories, 80 em depth work surface including socket
Lecture theatres
Examples of strip~ 9- ().
lecture theatres f) Uniform laboratories with measurement and weighing rooms in front, University Benches and fume cupboards are mostly in the form of a building
Seating Clinic, Frankfurt am Main Arch.: Schlempp + Schwethelm
Projection block system: element widths 120 em, fume cupboards 120 and
Seminar and 180cm~o.
service rooms
Laboratories
The socket strip is an independent element with all electricity sup-
escape balcony ply systems. Benches and low-level cupboards are placed in front
escape balcony ofit~e-o.
bench

~/ ru ··m· ~ ;)
'!'Window wlndo ench
Steel tubing supports the construction of laboratory benches,
desks desks aisle

~
0

Pnl lR ~
whose work surfaces are of artificial stone panels without joints,
seldom tiled, and chemically resistant plastic panels. Low-level
cupboards are of wood or plastic-coated chipboard. Supply ser-
vices are fed from above out of the ceiling cavity or from below
through the floor structure.
*!!deep extractors :§ c-'¥ )<
~~rhch
~
racks ltiil wet~tor
Q)

l!!j l::!!:J
!~ ~
(sc~r) og~.g_
~E.§_
;x Ventilation
Of low- or high-pressure systems, the latter are particularly rec-
8 Laboratory equipment in main
scientific laboratory (Bayer AG
e Arrangement of equipment in
accessible service ducts (BAS F)
ommended for multi-storied institute buildings with large-scale air
requirements, in order to reduce the ducts' cross-section. Cool-
dye plant) ing and humidification as required. Ventilation equipment has the
highest demand for space of all services installations.
All laboratories in which work with chemicals takes place must
have artificial ventilation and extraction.
energy conduit+ adjoining bench with low cupboard
r--------, ,- .--------,
Air changes per hour: chemistry laboratories 8 times
biology laboratories 4 times
0 ODD -- r- = 0 ODQ physics laboratories 3-4 times
(in the extraction area)
T Electrical installation

I i
······ti~ed·~~~;;~~~d······················~c;································~~~b~~;;;·~~·~~;t~~~-·
Each building will need its own transformer station if the numbers
of connections are high or if special electricity supplies are speci-
fied. Electrical service rooms must be enclosed in fire-resistant
r---- 1.20 -----; f- t - 60 -j f------1.20 _____, walls and may not be crossed by other pipework or cables.
e Chemistry laboratory bench

CJ 0 DDO
energy conduit+ adjoining workbench
r-

aooooooooo
1
oooooooo

aoaooooooooooo
§
=·=·~=;=.~~:::::::::r·:·:·=·~2o,:::·~~·=.::;=·=·=·=·=·=·:·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·:·=·:·=·:·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=
l I I
:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:•!•!•!·:-:-:·!·!•!•!•!•!•!•!•!•!•!•!·!·!·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:
1 - 1.20 -----; f - - - - 1.80 ----1 ~60 -j
e Physics laboratory bench Q Fume cupboards

204
 _Q UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
Laboratories
i:
.,.
8
.0
~
0. Possible arrangements of service shafts, columns and
~ vertical circulation core {VCC)
L. :~ Services concentrated in:
stairs - joint shafts on face side of building, internal vee --7 0
- external joint shafts, external vee --7 8 - central joint shafts,
vee as leading element --7 e
- services distributed among single-shaft installations, internal
L serv. serv. vee --7 o
0 Services shafts on the f) Services shafts on the - internal installation, coupled with vee --7 e
face side, internal vee face side, external vee - external shafts, central VCC, cruciform plan --7 0
p: :cj Vertical services system --7 0
Many vertical supply lines, internally or on the fac;:ade, run the
t . . :1 media in individual shafts to the laboratories. Decentrally routed
air supply and extraction ducts to the fume cupboards, separate
ventilators on the roof.
Advantage: maximum individual supply; short horizontal connec-
tions to laboratory bench.
serv. Disadvantage: limited floor layout flexibility; greater space require- UNIVERSITIES
AND COLLEGES
serv. ment on working and services floors.
Lecture theatres
Examples of
Horizontal services system --7 Cl!>: lecture theatres
Vertical main services for all media concentrated in joint shafts Seating
Projection
Services shafts central, Q Single-shaft services,
and distributed horizontally from there into the services floors with
Seminar and
vee as leading element internal vee upper or lower connection to laboratory benches. service rooms
Advantages: less space required in the services shafts, greater Laboratories

flexibility of floor layout, simpler maintenance, central ventilation

equipment, better adaptability. High density of installation requires
large amount of space. Vertical joint shafts are simpler, more
accessible and allow revisions.
Conduits should be insulated against condensation, heat, cold
and noise transmission --7 0- e.

I I
I I I
I
I
I I I

L escape I ! ~ I I
balcony I

e Internal installation, coupled with VCC 0 External services shafts, central VCC
I

Average
I I

exhaust air
0 0 0 0
Single shaft
0 0 0 0 0 0
I Stairs
0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

Ground plan
Q Horizontal conduits and ducts: laboratory floor. Plan -> 0
Vertical services system: single shafts for installation of building,
horizontal direct connection to laboratory benches, fume cupboards etc.;
cw cold water St steam E emptying
HW hot water Co condensate RE reserve limited flexibility of floor layout
c circulation A air LW lab water
ow distilled water G gas SAE secondary air
cws cooling water supply SM special medium extraction
CWR cooling water return SWW sanitary waste water
I 1st pressure level RWP rainwater pipe
II 2nd pressure level

f=--------5.90-------c.,l
25
2 05----+ +--1.95---l~
r +-------- · ~~~8w~

n Ill. . Averane

-------
-------
---------
---------
--------
--------- Stairs

=::i::::::i:::::
Ground plan
0400
(!) Horizontal services system: horizontal conduits and ducts in ceiling space, good
e Plan of joint shaft -> 0 flexibility of floor layout

205
 UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
Laboratories

Structure and fittings grid

Good structural grids to achieve mostly column-free rooms have
([) control lobby @ autoradiography @tissue culture
®dark room @cold room @ sterile containers the following dimensions:

~ u::~h-up o ~
7.20 x 7.20 m, 7.20 x 8.40 m, 8.40 x 8.40 m, normal storey height
4.0 m, clear room height ~3.0 m.

~·~ The structural grid is a multiple of the typical planning grid of

120 x 120 em (decimetric system). Reinforced concrete frame
construction, as pre-cast elements or cast in situ, is preferred on

I.
0
o-l

Part of the floor plan of cancer research centre, Heidelberg

account of the flexibility of plan.

Following programme and layout requirements, with installation at

high and low level, plus natural and artificial lighting and ventilation
rooms, results in areas with different potential uses and techni-
Arch.: Heinie, Wischer u. Partner cal qualities. Laboratories therefore have large internal zones and
are arranged as three-block facilities ---7 0 - 0. The length of the
building is influenced by the maximum reasonable length of the
UNIVERSITIES
AND COLLEGES ...
r-------- ------,
horizontal runs of wet services .
Lecture theatres
Examples of Columns are placed on a grid offset from the structural grid to
lecture theatres
Seating increase the flexibility of servicing. Separation of areas is via a
Projection room-enclosing system consisting of partitions and suspended
Seminar and
service rooms ceilings. Movable partitions should be easily operated and have
Laboratories chemical-resistant surfaces. Ceilings should permit disassembly
and have sound insulation. Floor coverings should be resistant to
water and chemicals, without joints and with low electrical con-
ductivity. Normally, plastic roll flooring material or tiles with welded
joints should be used.

Windows in the doors or next to them are important to provide a

view into laboratories.

Isotope laboratories should have flat, non-porous ceiling and

wall surfaces, rounded corners, be surrounded by lead and
concrete, monitored waste water, and shower cubicles be-
tween laboratory and exit. Concrete containers for active resi-
f) Analytical physics laboratory building (BASF Ludwigshafen) dues or waste and concrete safes with lead doors etc. must be
provided.

0
Weighing tables are part of every laboratory, and are normally in-
~~ stalled in their own weighing room. The tables should be at the

'ii~Jl'::II!W,il'~lt,ie§I::'W!i!,llllli: t:
wall side of vibration-free walls.

Services floors for plant are normally placed in the basement or

on the top storey.

~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lg
ci
f3.12f3.12j f3.t2+3.12-{

e Typical floor plan of an adaptable multi-purpose Institute Arch.: W. Haake

f3o-f--a7'-f301 Ho+ts2'ft4o-j

8
horizontal services duct

Cross-section of laboratory with well-placed central corridor

0 Main pipe duct (accessible): cross-section varies according to number
of pipes

206