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International Scientific Conference Interstroymeh (ISM 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1103 (2021) 012020 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1103/1/012020

Research of robotics and automation of construction processes

in Russia

G V Mikheev, E V Soloveva, E D Yanovskaya, A Y Guzhev and A R Barna

Kuban State Technological University, 2, Moskovskaya st., Krasnodar,
350072, Russia

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. An important role in the construction industry is played by the robotics of individual
processes in construction. However, despite a wide range of scientific and design developments
in the field of construction, the level of automation and robotization processes remains quite low.
This is due to the need to systematize the performed research and development, to carry out
complex research and development activities. The paper presents data on the technological
prerequisites for robotization of construction processes in Russia. The factors hindering the use
of industrial robots in Russia are identified. The distinctive parameters and characteristics of
robots in the construction of unique buildings and structures are considered. The main tasks for
robotization of technological processes at construction enterprises are formulated. The analysis
of the levels injuries at construction sites is carried out. The possibility of introducing robotic
technology in the construction of unique buildings with complex technical features is considered.
As a result of the research carried out, the scientific problem of analysis and synthesis specialized
robots for the construction of unique buildings and structures has been considered. The solution
to this problem is important, since it contributes to the development of highly effective means of
complex mechanization and automation of construction processes that increase the productivity
and quality of installation, finishing and plastering works, reduce their labor intensity, free
people from harmful and dangerous working conditions.

1. Introduction
Construction is one of the leading spheres of human activity. The variety of ongoing construction
projects and construction processes is increasing every day.
Construction processes are characterized by increased complexity and danger. The success of any
construction project is determined by three indicators: cost, quality, timing.
To improve the quality of indicators in construction, it is necessary to improve construction
production with the help of progressive and innovative technologies. Robotization technology
accelerates construction processes, improves the quality and safety of work performed, and also has
prerequisites for reducing the proportion of manual labor.

2. Materials and methods

The goal of research consists in analyzing and assessing the effectiveness of using robotic technology
in construction and the possibility of its implementation in Russia.
Since the mid-80s of the 20th century, the tasks of robotization and automation of construction work
have become relevant to scientists and specialists from research and construction organizations, such as

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International Scientific Conference Interstroymeh (ISM 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1103 (2021) 012020 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1103/1/012020

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Munich University of Technology, Moscow State University
of Civil Engineering and other scientific organizations. In this study, we have analyzed scientific
developments to solve the problem of automation and robotization of construction processes [1–12].
However, despite a wide range of scientific and design developments in the field of construction
robotics, the level of automation and robotization of construction operations remains rather low. It is
required to systematize the performed research and development, to carry out complex research and
development activities.

3. Research and analysis of technological prerequisites for the robotization of construction

processes in Russia
Analyzing the technological features of production in the construction industry and taking into account
the extensive experience of robotization at enterprises, we have formulated the following main tasks of
robotization processes at construction enterprises:
 development of methods for analyzing the technology of production building products and
materials, conducting on their basis a survey of enterprises and drawing up standard
comprehensive scientific substantiated plans for creating certain types of technological
processes;
 determination of priority technological operations and implementation of industrial
manipulators and robots on them;
 development of special manipulators and robots for the construction industry;
 carrying out work on the unification and typification of robotics equipment for construction
industry enterprises;
 development technological equipment for robotization of operations in the construction
industry;
 carrying out work to improve technological processes and individual operations, taking into
account the requirements of automation and robotization for effective implementation;
 creation and implementation of robotic systems, sections and lines, development of standard
layout elements for various production processes;
 preparation of new industries for the introduction of flexible technologies and the creation of
production systems (lines, sections and workshops) on their basis;
 solution of technical and organizational aspects of operation at enterprises of the construction
industry.
Analysis of the main types of construction processes shows that individual construction processes
can be automated using robotics. Automation and robotization will reduce the workload on builders
engaged in manual labor in the construction of unique buildings and structures. Industrial robots allow
a more rational use of labor resources and provide important social and economic benefits. The increase
in labor productivity is also facilitated by an increase in the quality of work and a decrease in rejects in
the production of building materials and products due to the elimination of individual and subjective
factors. The scale of the construction industry and its dependence on manual labor create economic
potential for automation and robotization of construction processes.
It is important to note that the price of housing in Russia does not depend on the cost of labor. The
introduction of robots will not solve the problem of rising house prices. However, today some cutting-
edge manufacturing enterprises are beginning to consider the frequent use of technological robots.
We have identified factors constraining the use of industrial robots in Russia: a) the lack of Russian
enterprises' own experience in using robots, methodological materials of the technical and economic
complex of robotic technologies; b) lack of qualified specialists able to ensure the operation of robots;
c) a limited number of specialists capable of designing robotic areas for the implementation of robots
and their technological training during construction.

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International Scientific Conference Interstroymeh (ISM 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1103 (2021) 012020 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1103/1/012020

4. Distinctive parameters and characteristics of robots in construction

Technological progress in the development of robots was aimed at improving control systems. The first
generation industrial robots were programmable. The second generation of robots is equipped with
sensor systems and a vision function. The third generation of robots has intelligent control.
Small dimensions and weight characteristics of robotic equipment make it profitable and convenient
for transportation. Robotic equipment can be operated by one qualified operator. Therefore, this
technology is appropriate in situations that are potentially hazardous to the health of workers. Analyzing
construction manipulators and robots on the market can be divided into several groups.
The first group consists of manipulators, robots for performing assembly work. Robotics of the first
group are characterized by a wide range of carrying capacity, mobility, and increased positioning
accuracy. This group includes manipulators and robots for assembling building elements, partitions,
assembling equipment and scaffolding.
The second group consists of construction manipulators and robots for concrete work. This group is
subdivided into three subgroups: manipulators and robots for placing and compacting concrete mixture,
means of robotics for reinforcement work at the facility, handling equipment for erection and
dismantling of construction formwork.
The third group of construction manipulators and robots is made up of robotics for finishing works.
This group includes manipulators and robots for painting, plastering, facing works, applying insulating
mastics to roofs, as well as for installing monolithic floors. This group is distinguished by a low carrying
capacity of mechanisms, mobility of structures, the use of program control and the need for sensor
devices.
The fourth group consists of manipulators and robots for excavation work. This group includes
multifunctional handling equipment designed for the construction of excavations, backfilling and
compaction of soil, laying communications. Equipment in this group is supplied with remote, software
or combined control.
The fifth group includes manipulators and robots for loading and unloading operations. This group
includes manipulators and robots of various carrying capacities for loading and unloading building
structures and elements, containers and packages, as well as small-piece cargo. Such manipulators can
be installed on vehicles and self-propelled chassis.
There are a sufficient number of models on the market of robots that perform many operations in the
construction, reconstruction of buildings and structures. Industrial and construction robots are
characterized by active and purposeful interaction with the external environment. This is achieved due
to the structural organization of the robot, which is determined by the purpose, the nature of
technological operations, the type of movements in the working area, the requirements for carrying
capacity and positioning accuracy.

5. Injury rate as one of the main aspects of the use of robotics

Construction according to working conditions is a potentially hazardous industry. The temporary nature
of workplaces, the need to perform significant amounts of work at height and in difficult climatic
conditions lead to the emergence of hazardous and harmful factors that pose a potential threat to the life
and health of workers and others, which necessitates increased attention to labor protection issues.
During the construction of buildings and structures, being on the construction site itself, workers are
faced with dangerous factors: the presence of moving mechanisms and machines, an increased noise
level, an increased vibration level, the possibility of getting burned when working with hot mastics or a
blowtorch, the danger of electric shock, physical overload, presence of gas-hazardous and flammable
substances, unstable stacks of stored products, high or low air temperature of the working area
depending on the season, risk of falling on slippery floors, moving parts of production equipment,
location of the workplace at a considerable height relative to the floor surface.
Let us highlight the main causes of industrial injuries during construction: a) lack of supervision over
the correct and safe conduct of work; b) operation of faulty equipment; c) gross violation of safety

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International Scientific Conference Interstroymeh (ISM 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1103 (2021) 012020 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1103/1/012020

requirements; d) violation of technological regulations, lack of construction organization projects, work

production projects and other documentation or their poor quality development; e) work in difficult
climatic conditions; f) violation of hygienic standards (increased content of harmful substances in the
air of working areas; g) insufficient or irrational lighting, increased noise levels, vibration, unfavorable
meteorological conditions, the presence of various radiation above permissible values); h)
psychophysiological factor (physical and neuropsychic overload of the worker).
The reason for the terrible trend of injuries lies, first of all, in non-compliance with labor safety
requirements in the construction industry. Neglect of norms is a subjective reason, depending on many
factors: the physical and moral state of the employee, his responsibility, discipline, attentiveness. One
of the factors to reduce subjectivity can be the introduction of robots and manipulators into the
technology and organization of construction production.

6. Conclusion
The unique combination of compactness and power of robots finds its application in the most difficult
conditions and inaccessible places on the construction site, while robotization provides a significant
reduction in construction time. The emergence of robotic technology is associated with the desire of
builders to shorten work times and increase profits.
The conducted research allows us to formulate the following conclusions: a) digital technologies
allow the construction industry to function effectively and efficiently; b) robotization allows one to
drastically reduce the construction time of the facility; c) automation and robotization makes it possible
to build various unique structures at construction sites; d) the introduction of robotic technology will
make it possible to build houses of non-standard shape with complex facades, arches and unusual curved
interiors; e) the main positive factors of automation and robotization during construction are increased
productivity, the ability to work in hard-to-reach and dangerous places for finding a person; f) robots
save a lot of building materials.
As a result of the research carried out, the scientific problem of analysis and synthesis of specialized
robots for the construction of unique buildings and structures has been considered. The solution to this
problem is important, since it contributes to the development of highly effective means of complex
mechanization and automation of construction processes that increase the productivity and quality of
installation, finishing and plastering works, reduce their labor intensity, free people from harmful and
dangerous working conditions.

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