Affiliation - is the nature of the situation that prompts people to affiliate with one another.

It is also the idea

1. Social comparison - means gaining information from other people's reactions and to feel less frightened
by the situation to meet our emotional needs as well as our cognitive needs
2. Stress and affiliation wherein groups facilitate both "Fight-or-flight" And "Tend-and-befriend"
Responses to stress.

Attraction - is the feelings of liking that draw members to each other. Besides, repeated associations of
individuals among the same subset of individuals may foster feelings of attraction

Principle of attraction
Proximity - people tend to like those who are situated near them and with the people who we interact with
on a frequent basis, in part because it increases familiarity and interaction and also increases attraction.
Elaboration - groups often emerge when additional people become linked to the original members.
Similarity - people like others who are similar to them in some way. In consequence, most groups tend
toward increasing levels of homophily.
Complementarity - people like others whose qualities complement their own qualities
Reciprocity - liking tends to be mutual
Minimax - individuals are attracted to groups that offer them maximum rewards and minimal costs.

Group membership - the idea developed by tebow and kelly (n.d.) which posits that people want to
maximize the good and minimize the bad, and groups offer them one option for doing that by joining
together in groups which people acquire all kinds of positive consequences and hopefully minimize
negative ones
Social comparison and the self
Social comparison - takes place when individuals compare themselves with others on abilities and
personal characteristics.
Downward social comparison - this takes place when we compare ourselves to others who are worse
off than us. Are often centered on making ourselves feel better about our abilities or traits. We might not
be great at something, but at least we are better off than someone else.
Upward social comparison - when people compare themselves to people who are better than they are.
This can lead to feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, and even depression.
Self evaluation maintenance (sem) - process by which individuals maintain or increase their positive self
evaluation, or self-regard, in interpersonal contexts, through reflection, and through comparison.
Isolation - describes the absence of social contact and can lead to loneliness. It is a state of being cut off
from normal social networks, which can be triggered by factors such as loss of mobility,
Unemployment, or health issues.
The need to belong- the need to belong, also known as belongingness, refers to a human emotional
need to affiliate with and be accepted by members of a group. This may include the need to belong to a
peer group at school, to be accepted by co-workers, to be part of an athletic team, or to be part of a
religious group
Inclusion and exclusion - the notion of social exclusion and the need to implement policies and programs
that combat marginalization and facilitate social inclusion has gained currency in many parts of the world
over the past few decades.
Inclusion and human nature - the need to belong, also known as belongingness, refers to a human
emotional need to affiliate with and be accepted by members of a group. It is in our human nature to find
the need to belong and feel included.
Individualism to collectivism - individualism stresses individual goals and the rights of the individual
person. Collectivism focuses on group goals, what is best for the collective group, and personal
relationships.
Creating cooperation - cooperation and teamwork facilitate communication by fostering an atmosphere
of mutual support in which each member of the group feels supported by the others.
The social self - one ’ s social self is the facade that an individual may exhibit when in contact with
other people, as contrasted with his or her real self. In other words, this is the self that other people
perceive you as.
Personal identity - personal identity is the philosophical confrontation with the most ultimate questions of
our own existence, whenever one says that a person existing at one time is the same as a person existing
at another time.
Social identity - social identities reflect how we see ourselves and how see us with respect to major
social categories. Their meanings are not fixed but take shape in particular social context.
Stages of group development
Forming • Clear roles and responsibility
• Little Agreement • Facilitation
• Unclear purpose Performing
• Guidance and direction • Clear vision and purpose
Storming • Focus on goal achievement
• Conflict • Delegation
• Increased clarity of purpose Adjourning
• Power struggles • Task completion
Norming • Good feeling about achievement
• Agreement a consensus • Recognition

Level of aspirations - Developed by Kurt Lewin. The level of future performance in a familiar task which
an individual, knowing his level of past performance in the task, explicitly undertakes to reach

Factors that affect levels of aspiration

Cohesion - is from the Latin word "haesus" that means "cling to". It means the solidarity, unity and
integrity of a group. Cohesiveness of a group cohesiveness procures on several sources, such as
attraction, commitment to a task and so on and so forth

Factors affecting cohesion Consequences of cohesion