Dr.

Aya Abdelaziz
[email protected]
[email protected]
Fall 2022-2023
Assessments
Assessment Value
Midterm 30%
Final Exam 35%
Quizzes 15%
Homework Assignments 10%
Embedded labs 10%
TOTAL 100%
Book

Text-book: Signal Processign and Linear

Systems, B. P. Lathi, Oxford University
Press, 2nd Edition, 2009.
Course Outline
Introduction to signals and systems
Properties and operations on signals and systems
System representations
LTI system analysis in the time domain
Spectral representation of signals
System analysis in the frequency domain
Laplace transform
Sampling theorem
 LECTURE 1

Introduction to signals and systems

 SIGNALS
Information expressed in different forms

Stock Price $1.00, $1.20, $1.30, $1.30, …

Data File 00001010 00001100 00001101

Transmit
x(t)
Waveform
Primary interest of Electronic Engineers
 What is a Signal?
•A signal is a pattern of variation of some form
•A signal is any physical phenomenon which conveys
information
•Signals are variables that carry information
 What is a Signal?
•A signal is any physical phenomenon which conveys
information
• Tension on bike brake cable
• Concentration of an enzyme in a cell
• The price of dollars in euros
Very general concept
 What is a Signal?
 Examples of signal include:
 Electrical signals
– Voltages and currents in a circuit
 Acoustic signals
– Acoustic pressure (sound) over time
 Mechanical signals
– Velocity of a car over time
 Video signals
– Intensity level of a pixel (camera, video) over time
 How is a Signal Represented?
 Mathematically, signals are represented as a
function of one or more independent variables.
 For instance a black & white video signal intensity
is dependent on x, y coordinates and time t f(x,y,t)
f(t)

t
 Example: Signals in an Electrical Circuit
vs (t ) − vc (t )
R i (t ) =
R
dv (t )
i (t ) = C c
vs + i
C vc dt
-
dvc (t ) 1 1
+ vc (t ) = vs (t )
dt RC RC
 The signals vc and vs are patterns of variation over time

Step (signal) vs at t=1

vs, vc

RC = 1
First order (exponential)
response for vc
t
 Note, we could also have considered the voltage across the resistor or the
current as signals
 What is a System?
• Systems process input signals to produce output signals
 Examples:
– A circuit involving a capacitor can be viewed as a system that
transforms the source voltage (signal) to the voltage (signal)
across the capacitor
– A CD player takes the signal on the CD and transforms it into a
signal sent to the loud speaker
– A communication system is generally composed of three sub-
systems, the transmitter, the channel and the receiver. The
channel typically attenuates and adds noise to the transmitted
signal which must be processed by the receiver
 How is a System Represented?
 A system takes a signal as an input and transforms it into
another signal
Input signal Output signal
System
x(t) y(t)

 In a very broad sense, a system can be represented as the ratio

of the output signal over the input signal

 That way, when we “multiply” the system by the input

signal, we get the output signal
 This concept will be firmed up in the coming weeks
 Signals and Systems - Examples
Human speech production system — anatomy and block diagram
 A Communication System as a System Example
 A communication system has an information signal plus
noise signals
 This is an example of a system that consists of an
interconnection of smaller systems

15
 Electrical engineering Systems
 Communication systems
 Computer systems
 Control systems
 Power systems
 Signal processing systems
A telephone
system
An airplane
 Size of a signal
It is often useful to characterise signals by
measures such as energy and power. Why?
 Energy signals vs. power signals
 Consider a voltage v(t) developed across a resistor R,
producing a current i(t).
 The instantaneous power: p(t)=v2(t)/R=Ri2(t)
 In signal analysis, the instantaneous power of a signal x(t) is
equivalent to the instantaneous power over 1 resistor and is
defined as x2(t). T /2


2
 Total Energy: limT → x (t )dt
−T / 2
T /2
 Average Power: 1

2
limT → x (t )dt
T −T / 2
 Energy signals vs. power signals

(a) A signal with finite energy (b) A signal with finite power
 Energy signals vs. power signals
 A signal with finite energy is an energy signal
- Necessary condition for a signal to be of energy type is that the
amplitude goes to zero as the independent variable tends to
infinity.
 A signal with finite and different from zero power is a power
signal
- the signal is periodic or has a statistical regularity.
Properties of energy and power signals
 Properties of energy and power signals
 A signal is an energy signal if its energy is finite, 0<E<∞.
 A signal is a power signal if its power is finite, 0<P<∞.
 An energy signal has zero power, and a power signal
has infinite energy.
 Periodic signals and random signals are usually power
signals.
 Signals that are both deterministic and aperiodic are
usually energy signals.
 Finite length and finite amplitude signals are energy
signals.