ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT

(18ME751)
DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DSATM, BANGALORE
 MODULE: 01
BASIC INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY
ENERGY AND POWER:
ENERGY:
 Energy is expressed essentially, is the capacity to do work in various forms.
 Energy is what makes it attainable to push things around. The “thing” can be automobile moving, A cup of hot
coffee, Child swinging in a swing etc.
 In the event we know the quality of the power we require so as to move an object, and the extent we move it,
we can compute the measure of energy we require.
POWER:
 Energy measures the total quantity of work done, it doesn’t say how fast you can get the work done.
 Power is defined as the rate of producing or consuming energy.
• ENERGY V/S POWER:

ENERGY POWER

DEFINITION Energy is the capacity to do work. Power is the rate at which work is done, or
Energy is power integrated over it. energy is transmitted.

UNIT Joule = Newton – metre Watt = Joule /second

Common W P
symbol (s)
Energy can be transformed from one Power is generated/transmitted.
form to another.
Energy is used in moving a car, heating Power finds its uses in mechanical
home, lighting night, flying an aeroplane applications, electrical applications, heat
etc. applications etc.
 FORMS OF ENERGY
The numerous existing energy sources can be classified in different ways:
• Primary sources
• Secondary sources
PRIMARY SOURCES: Can be directly, as they appear in the natural environment.
EX: Coal, oil, natural gas and wood, nuclear fuels the sun and the earth heat that supplies
geothermal energy.

SECONDARY SOURCES: Derived from the transformation of primary energy sources.

EX: Petrol, that derives from the treatment of crude oil, Electric energy, obtained from the
conversion of mechanical energy (Power plants).
 WORLD ENERGY SCENARIO
PRODUCTION: The global energy production at the end of 2014 was
equivalent to 14000 Million Tonnes of oil equivalent (M TO E).
Coal accounted for 29%, oil 31%, Natural gas 21%, and other at 18%
(Including nuclear, hydro, biofuels).
• Global energy demand is set to increase by 4.6% in 2021, more than offsetting the 4% contraction in 2020
and pushing demand above 2019 levels, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has said in a report.
• A demand recovery would also boost energy-related carbon dioxide emissions by almost 5% in 2021.
“Global carbon emissions are set to jump by 1.5 billion tonnes this year – driven by in the resurgence of coal
use in the power sector. This is a direct warning that the economic recovery from the Covid crisis is currently
anything but sustainable for our climate,” said Fatih Birol, the IEA Executive Director.
• Global coal demand in 2021 is set to exceed 2019 levels, rising 4.5%, with more than 80% of the growth
concentrated in Asia, as per the report.
• Global oil demand is forecast to rise 6.2% in 2021 but will still stay around 3% below 2019 levels. Natural gas
demand is expected to grow by 3.2% in 2021, driven by rising demand in Asia, the Middle East, and Russia.
The gas demand would exceed 2019 levels by 1%.
• Electricity demand is set to register its fastest growth in more than 10 years in 2021. The demand would
expand by 4.5% in 2021 with almost 80% of the projected increase in emerging markets and developing
economies.
• Electricity generation from renewables is expected to jump by over 8% in 2021, accounting for more than
half of the increase in overall electricity supply worldwide. Renewables would provide 30% of electricity
generation worldwide in 2021, up from less than 27% in 2019.
• COAL: Global coal production stood at 7700 M TO E as on 2015. Global coal production
fell by 4% when compared to historical data.
• China accounted for a larger share with about 46%.
• Other Asian countries about 17%.
• OECD(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries about 25%)
• OIL: Global oil production stood at 4300 M TO E as on 2015. Global oil production
increased rapidly (3.2%).
• Middle east accounted for about 32%.
• Europe & Asia about 16%.
• America about 9% compared to historical data.
• NATURAL GAS: Global natural gas production stood at 4000 billion cubic meter (bcm)
as on 2015.
• Global production grew by 2.2% compared to historical data.
• OECD countries accounted for 37% share while Europe and Eurasia 24%.
• Asia about 9%.
 CONSUMPTION

• The developed countries attributed to high energy consumption as compared to developing

countries.
• 80% of world population lies in developing countries. Their energy consumption is only
40% of the world’s total energy consumption.
• Industrialised countries/people use 4-5 times more than world average energy
consumption & 9 times more than the average of the developing countries.
• Primary energy consumption is projected to grow at an average annual rate of 2.7%
between 2011-2020.
• Global energy consumption was 9425 M TO E as on 2014. Oil accounted for 40%,
Electricity about 18%, natural gas about 15%, Coal about 11%.
• Coal: Global coal consumption fell by 1.8% compared historically. This was accounted by US
by a decline of 12.7%, china of 1.5%. India recorded an increase in coal dependence by
about 5%.
• Oil : Global oil consumption grew by 1.9 million barrels /day (nearly 1.9%) as compared to
historical data. US accounted for increase in 1.6%, china about 6.5%, India about 8.1% with
an exception of Japan which recorded a decline of about 4%.
• Natural Gas: Global natural gas consumption grew by nearly 1.7%. Iran accounted for 6.2%,
china about 4.7%, US about 3%. Mean while, few countries recorded largest volumetric
decline including Russia (5%) and Ukraine (21%).
• Conclusion:
Developing countries are consuming to grow strongly. Renewable sources will gain
importance and energy system will become more complex rapidly. Energy efficiency is
crucial in dealing with demand outstripping supply . Investments should be huge with
focus on requirement of solid ecological arrangements.
Total Energy Consumption:
• 24% share of China in the global energy consumption 2020.
• Global energy consumption fell in 2020 (-4%), due to lockdown measures and transport
restrictions
• Global energy consumption growth declined by 4% in 2020, in a context of global
pandemic, contrasting with an average 2%/year over the 2000-2018 period and a 0.8%
slowdown in 2019. Energy consumption fell in most countries, except in China, the
largest energy consumer (24% of the global energy consumption in 2020) which rapidly
recovered from the COVID-19 crisis. China’s energy consumption rose by 2.2%, a much
slower pace than in previous years (+4%/year over the 2008-2018 period and +3.4% in
2019). Lockdown measures and reduced economic activity had a severe impact on energy
consumption in 2020. It decreased significantly (-7.6%) in the United States, by around
7% in the EU (strong drops in the largest markets such as Spain, France, Italy, and
Germany), Japan, and Canada, and by 4.8% in Russia. The decline was slighter (around -
3%) in India, South Korea, or Saudi Arabia, and even lower (around -2%) in Australia
and Brazil. Energy consumption also contracted in Africa and in the Middle East
(especially in Saudi Arabia).
 KEY ENERGY TRENDS IN INDIA

The various energy trends in India include:

• Demand
• Electricity
• Access To Modern Energy
• Energy Production & Trade
DEMAND
Demand: India has been accountable for virtually 100% of the rise in international energy
demand since 2000. Its energy demand during this amount has virtually doubled, pushing
the country’s share in International demand up to 5.7% in 2013 from 4.4% at the start of the
century. Expressed on a per- capita basis, energy demand in our country has fully grown by
46% since 2000 and remains only around one – third of the world average.
Almost three – quarters of Indian energy demand is met by fossil fuels, a share that
has increased since 2000 because of a rapid rise in coal consumption. Coal now accounts for
44% of the primary energy mix. The availability and affordability of coal relative to other
fossil fuels has contributed to its rise, especially in the power sector.
Oil consumption in 2014 stood at 3.8 million barrels per day (mb/d), 40% of which is
used in the transportation sector. Natural gas makes up a relatively small share of the energy
mix ( 6% in 2013 compared with 21% globally). Hydro power, nuclear and modern
renewables (Solar, Wind and geothermal) are used predominantly in the power sector but
play a relatively small role in the total energy mix.
SECTOR WISE CONSUMPTION
ELECTRICITY
• The country’s electricity demand in 2013 was 897 terawatt hours (TWh), up
from 376 TWh in 2000, having risen over this period at an average annual
rate of 6.9%.

• Electricity now constitutes some 15% of final energy consumption since

2000. situation varies from state to state.

• But higher tariff are paid by commercial and industrial consumers are
typically not enough to offset the losses arising from subsidies to residential
and agricultural consumers, Despite effort to raise rates in recent years.
• On the supply side, India has some 290 gigawatt (GW) of power generation capacity, of
which coal (60%) makes up by far the largest share. Followed by hydropower (15%) and
natural gas (8%).
• The mix has become gradually more diverse: since 2000, almost 40% of the change in
installed capacity was non coal.
 ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY
• India has great stride in improving access to modern energy in recent years. Since 2000,
India has more than halved number of people without access to electricity and doubled
rural electrification rates.
• Nonetheless, around 240 million people or 20% of the population, remain without access
to electricity.
• India’s rural electrification programme, The Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana
(RGGVY) was launched in 2005.
• In July 2015, RGGVY was submerged within a new scheme, the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
Gram Jyothi Yojana (DDUGJY).
• Aside from those without electricity, India also has the largest population in the world
relying on the traditional use of solid biomass for cooking. The government has made a
major effort to address its pollution issues, primarily through the subsidised availability of
LPG as an alternative cooking fuel.
 ENERGY PRODUCTION& TRADE

COAL:
• India has the third-largest hard coal reserves in the world.( roughly 12% of the world
total), as well as significant deposits of lignite.
• Yet the deposits are generally of low quality and India faces major obstacles to the
development of its coal resources.
• In 2013, India produced almost 340 million tonnes of coal equivalent (Mtce), but it also
imported some 140 Mtce.
• Around 7% of national production comes from captive mining, i.e. large coal consuming
companies that mine for their own use.
• At present, more than 90% of coal in India is produced by open cast mining.
OIL:
• India is one of the few countries in the world that rely on imports of crude oil while also
being significant net exporters of refined products.
• India as relatively modest oil resources and most of the proven reserves ( around 5.7 billion
barrels) are located in the western part of the country, notably in Rajasthan and in offshore
areas near Gujarat and Maharashtra.
• Most of the remaining production comes from joint ventures with the national oil and gas
companies and from blocks awarded under successive licensing.
NATURAL GAS:
• Natural gas has a relatively small share (6%) of the domestic energy mix. Production of
conventional gas reached 34 bcm in 2013 and was supplemented by LNG imports.
• The majority state – owned gas company, GAIL, is the largest player in the midstream and
downstream gas market.
FOSSIL FUEL BALANCE IN INDIA
FACTORS AFFECTING INDIA’S ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
The various factors that affect our country’s energy development are:

• Energy and demographics.

• Policy and Institutional Frame work.

• Energy Prices and Affordability.

• Social and environmental aspects.

• Investment.
ENERGY AND DEMOGRAPHICS:
 POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:
• The direction that national and state polices take, and the rigour and effectiveness
with which they are implemented, will naturally play a critical role in India’s outlook
and has few policies listed such as
• Integrated energy policy 2008, National action plan on climate change, Planning
commission( Now the National Institution For Transforming India,[ NITI Aayog]).
Some key aspects of the emerging energy vision are
• A commitment to the efficient use of all types of energy in order to meet rapidly
growing demand.
• Increase the target for renewables to 175 GW by 2022.
• A sharpened focus on achieving universal access to modern energy, including the
objective of supplying round the clock electricity to all of India’s population.
• A drive for market-oriented solutions and increased private investment( including
foreign investment ) in energy, both through some energy specific reforms.
• Reorientation of energy subsidy programs.
• Drive to simplify and deregulate the business environment.
• A pledge to pursue a more climate – friendly and cleaner path than the one followed thus
far by others at corresponding levels of economic development.
• Twin energy-related commitments to increase the share of non- fossil fuel power generation
capacity to 40% by 2030 and to reduce the emissions intensity of the economy by 33-35%
by the same date, measured against a baseline of 2005.
ENERGY PRICES & AFFORDABILITY:
• The relationship between income levels, energy prices and energy expenditure is
fundamental to the evolution of India’s energy system.
• Energy consumption increases with income. Level of consumption and the fuel choice are
also affected by location.
• Household expenditure on energy is, on average, almost two –and- half times higher in
urban centres than in rural areas.
• India has made significant moves towards market-based pricing for energy in recent years.
• Gasoline (in 2010) and Diesel ( 2014) prices have both been deregulated.
• Subsidies to oil product consumption remain.
EXAMPLE: LPG: the government is committed to make them more efficient through use if
“AADHAR”.
SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS:
• Pollution
• Land
• Water
INVESTMENT:
• Since 2000, investment in energy supply in India gas increased substantially, reaching almost
77 billion dollars on average since 2010 with power sector absorbing the largest share.
• India’s government aims to increase investment in infrastructure to 8.2% of GDP from
roughly 7.2% in 2007-2011. 2014 saw a significant increase in FDI inflows, which rose by
22% compared to the previous year.
THANK YOU
 MODULE : 02
ENERGY SYSTEMS AND ITS ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION:
• Energy storage (ES) has only recently been developed to a point where it can
have a significant impact on modern technology.
• In particular, ES is critically important to the success of any intermittent
energy source in meeting demand. For example the need for storage for solar
energy applications is severe, especially when solar energy is least available,
namely, in winter.
• ES systems can contribute significantly to meeting society’s needs for more
efficient, environmentally being energy use in building, heating and cooling,
aerospace power and utility applications.
The use of ES systems often results in such significant benefits as
• Reduced energy costs;
• Reduced energy consumption;
• Improved indoor air quality;
• Increased flexibility of operation;
• Reduced initial and maintenance costs.
In addition, Dincer(1997) point out some further advantages of ES:
Reduced equipment size.
More efficient and effective utilization of equipment.
Conservation of fossil fuels (By facilitating more efficient energy use and / or fuel
substitution); and
Reduced pollutant emissions (e.g., CO2 and chlorofluro carbons (CFCs)).
 ENERGY DEMAND
• Energy demand in the commercial, industrial, public, residential and utility
sectors varies on a daily ,weekly and seasonal basis. Ideally, these demands
are matched by various energy-conversion systems that operate
synergistically.
• Peak hours are the most difficult and expensive to supply, Peak electrical
demands are generally met by conventional gas turbines or diesel generators,
which are reliant on costly and relatively scarce oil or gas.
• ES provides an alternative method of supplying peak energy demands. Like
wise, ES systems can improve the operation of cogeneration, solar, wind,
and run-of-river hydro facilities. Some details on these ES applications
follow:
• UTILITY: Relatively in expensive base load electricity can be used to charge ES systems
during evening or off-weekly or seasonal periods. The electricity is then used during peak
periods, reducing the reliance on conventional gas and oil peaking generators.
• INDUSTRY: High –temperature waste heat from various industrial process can be stored
for use in preheating and other heating operations.
• COGENERATION: Since the closely coupled production of heat and electricity by a
cogeneration system rarely matches demand exactly, excess electricity or heat can be
stored for subsequent use.
• WIND AND RUN-OFF- RIVER HYDRO: conceivably , these systems can operate around
the clock, charging an electrical storage system during low demand hours and later using
that electricity for peaking purposes. ES increases the capacity factor for these devices,
usually enhancing their economic value.
• SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS: By storing excess solar energy received on sunny days
for use on cloudy days or at night, ES systems can increase the capacity factor solar energy
systems.
 ENERGY STORAGE
• Mechanical & Hydraulics ES Systems usually store energy by converting electricity in to
energy of compression, elevation, or rotation.
• Pumped storage is proven, but quite limited in its applicability by site considerations.
• Compressed-air ES has been tried successfully in Europe, although limited applications
appear in the united states.
• This concept can be applied on a large scale using depleted natural gas fields for the storage
reservoir.
• Alternatively energy can be stored chemically as hydrogen in exhausted gas fields.
• Energy of rotation can be stored in flywheels, but advanced designs with high tensile
materials appear to be needed to reduce the price and volume of storage.
• A substantial energy penalty of 50% generally incurred by mechanical and hydraulic
systems in a complete storage cycle because of inefficiencies.
• REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS can also be used to store energy. There is a
growing interest in storing low temperature heat in chemical form, but practical systems
have not yet emerged.
• Another idea in the same category is the storage of hydrogen in metal hydrides
(lanthanum, for instance). Tests of this idea are ongoing.
• ELECTRO CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS have better turn around
efficiencies but very high prices.
• Intensive research is now directed towards improving batteries, particularly by lowering
their weight to storage capacity ratios, as needed in many vehicle applications.
• As a successor to the lead acid battery, sodium – sulphur and lithium – sulphide
alternatives, among others are being tested.
• A different type of electrochemical system is the redox flow cell, so named because
charging and discharging is achieved through reduction and oxidation reactions occurring
in fluids stored in two separate tanks.
 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE (TES) SYSTEMS
• Thermal energy storage (TES) systems are varied, and include designed containers, underground
aquifers and soils and lakes, bricks and ingots.

• Some systems using bricks are operating in Europe. In these systems, energy is stored as sensible
heat.

• Alternatively, thermal energy can be stored in the latent heat of melting in such materials as salts
or paraffin.

• Latest storages can reduce the volume of the storage device by as much as 100 times, but after
several decades of several decades of research many of their practical problems have still not
been solved.

• Finally, electric energy can be stored in superconducting magnetic systems, although the costs of
such systems are high.
Some current research and development areas in the field of ES are
as follows:
Advanced ES and conversions systems with phase transformation, chemical and
electro chemical reactions.
Fundamental phenomena inside a single cell as well as engineering integration of
whole battery packs into vehicles.
High – dielectric- constant polymers.
High K composites for capacitors.
Polymer electrode interfaces( low – and high frequency effects)
Integrated polymer capacitors.
 ENERGY STORAGE METHODS
• For many energy technologies, storage is a crucial aspect. If we consider the storage of
fuels as the storage of the energy embedded in them, then oil is an excellent example. The
massive amounts of petroleum stored world wide are necessary for the reliable, economic
availability of gasoline, fuel oil and petrochemicals.
 MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE

• MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE: Mechanical energy may be stored as the kinetic

energy of linear or rotational motion, as the potential energy in an elevated object as the
compression or strain energy of an elastic material, or as the compression energy in a gas.

• It is difficult to store large quantities of energy in linear motion because one would have to
chase after the storage medium continually. However, it is quite simple to store rotational
kinetic energy.

• In fact , the potter’s wheel, perhaps the first form of ES used by man, was developed several
thousand years ago and is still being used.
• As seen in fig 2.1, there are three main mechanical storage types that we discuss in this
section: Hydro stage, compressed-air storage, and flywheels.
HYDROSTORAGE: (PUMPED STORAGE)
• COMPRESSED –AIR STORAGE:
FLYWHEELS
CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE
CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE: Energy may be stored in systems composed of one or
more chemical compounds that release or absorb energy when they react to form other
compounds. The most familiar chemical ES device is the battery. Energy stored in batteries is
frequently referred to as electrochemical energy because chemical reactions in the battery are
caused by electrical energy and subsequently produce electrical energy.
ELECTROCHEMICAL BATTERIES: Batteries chemically store energy and release it as
electric energy on demand. Batteries are stable form of storage and can provide high energy
and power densities, such as those needed for transportation. The lead – sulphuric acid
battery has long been considered to be advantageous and has been widely applies. Recently
fuel cells have demonstrated the ability to act as large chemical storages like batteries.
 ORGANIC MOLECULAR STORAGE
• ORGANIC MOLECULAR STORAGE: The intermittent availability of solar radiation,
its seasonal and geographical variations, and its relatively low intensity, will limit the
exploitation of that resource until it can be converted to forms of energy that can be
efficiently stored & transformed. However, most technologies that are presently available
for the utilization of solar energy depend on the direct conversion of solar radiation to
low- grade heat or electricity, both of which are difficult to store.
• BIOLOGICAL STORAGE: Biological storage is the storage of energy in chemical
form by means of biological processes and is considered an important method of storage
for long periods of time.
MAGNECTIC STORAGE:

• Energy can be stored in a magnetic field (e.g., in a large electromagnet). An advanced

scheme that employs superconducting materials is under development.

• At temperatures near absolute zero, certain metals have almost no electrical resistance and
thus large currents can circulate in them with almost no losses. Because this scheme stores
DC electricity, some losses are incurred in converting standard AC power to and from DC
and some energy is used to drive the refrigeration device to maintain the requisite low
temperatures.

• Overall storage efficiencies of 80-90% are anticipated for these superconducting magnetic
ES systems.
Magnetic storage is considered for two main purposes.
• First, large superconducting magnets capable of storing 1000 – 10000 MWh of electricity
could be attractive as load levelling devices for central power stations and may be cost
effective at such capacities.
• Second, smaller magnets with storage capacities in the 10 kWh range may be cost
effective in smoothing out transmission line loads, to better match short term customer
demands and generating equipment characteristics.
• A small superconducting magnet that can help in meeting customer peak needs at the far
end of a transmission line could increase the effective load that the line can serve by as
much as 25%, producing cost savings that could offset in whole or part the additional
costs of expanding the transmission line capability.
Definition of thermal energy storage
• Thermal storage for HVAC applications Storage at various temperatures
associated with heating & cooling.
• The collection of heat from solar energy for later use, hours, days or many
months later, at individual building, multiuser building.
• EX: energy demand can be balanced between day time and night time;
summer heat from solar collectors can be stored inter seasonally for use in
winter. And cold obtained from winter air can be provided for summer air
conditioning.
 Types of thermal storage systems
• Cold storage
• Fabric and slab energy storage
• Solar storage
• Packed rock beds
• Low temperature CO2 storage system
• Thermo chemical energy storage
• Sensible heat
• Latent heat
COLD STORAGE: Storage receiving and accumulating cooling capacity output
from the refrigerant plant.
FABRIC & SLAB ENERGY STORAGE: Building materials absorbed heat /
cooling during a particular period and release it at another period.
SOLAR STORAGE:
• Solar collector along with its associated pump to convert solar radiation in to heat.
• The store which receives the heated water from the collector delivers heated water to
the space heating heat exchangers.
• It contribute to the building’s hot water requirements of between 6% and 12%.
PACKED ROCK BEDS:
• A packed rock bed utilizes the available thermal energy by means of circulating
through a packed rock bed to add heat or remove heat from the system for charging
& discharging respectively.
• The energy can be transferred from a fluid but the most common systems utilize air
due to the high heat transfer coefficient between air and rock.
LOW TEMPERATURE CO2 STORAGE SYSTEM:
• Carbon dioxide offers the most compact latent heat storage system due to the
commercially obtainable triple point which allows the utilization of a single substance as
static latent heat of fusion storage.
• Carbon dioxide can be stored at its triple point of -57 ℃ and 518 kPa with solid fraction
of 70-80% by mass and the system can provide 140kJ/kg thermal storage capacity.
THERMO CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE:
• Recent research shows that various alcohols and ketones are potential thermochemical
storage media but due to the relative cost and complexity, no commercially viable systems
have get emerged.
• Typical examples are the mixture of sulphuric acid and water, and alternatively sodium
hydroxide and water.
• Systems in which the water is separated by the heat input to the mixture and
as soon as the two substance are mixed, the chemical reaction of the
substances liberated heat.
SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE:
• A heat storage system that uses a heat storage medium, and where the
additional or removal of heat results in a change in temperature.
LATENT HEAT STORAGE:
• A heat storage system that uses the energy absorbed or released during a
change in phase , without a change in temperature (Isothermal).
Solar pond technology
PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS(PCMs)
 Situations favour the use of thermal storage systems

• The storage systems are most likely to be cost-effective in situations when:

• A facility’s maximum cooling is load is much greater than the average load.
• Limited electric power is available at the site.
• Backup cooling capacity id desirable;
• Loads are of short duration, infrequently, cyclical in nature
• Loads are not well matched to the availability of the energy source.
 Why store solar energy
• Solar energy is a time – dependent energy resource.
• Load does not match available energy.
• Cost consideration (avoid peak use)
• Short term or long term storage.
STORAGE CAPACITY:
Storage capacity of solar system depends on:
• The availability of solar radiation
• The nature of the thermal process
• Physical and chemical properties of the storage medium employed.
 STORAGE MEDIA
The choice of storage media depends to a large extent on the nature of the solar
thermal process.
• Water storage
• Air based thermal storage (e.g.. Packed – bed storage)
• Storage walls and floors. Buried earth thermal storage.
WATER STORAGE:
STORAGE WALL:
• BENEFITS OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE:
Although TES is used in a wide variety of applications, all are designed to operate on a
cyclical basis ( usually daily, occasionally, seasonally). The systems achieve benefits by
fulfilling one or more of the following purposes.
• Increase generation capacity.
• Enable better operation of cogeneration plants.
• Shift energy purchases to low-cost periods.
• Increase system reliability
• Integration with other functions.
 Energy savings
• Thermal energy storage (TES) is a key component of many successful
thermal systems. TES should allow for the minimum reasonable thermal
energy losses and the corresponding energy savings, while permitting the
highest appreciate extraction, efficiency of the stored thermal energy.
• TES systems are an important element of many energy- saving programs in
a variety of sectors, residential, commercial, industrial and utility, as well
as in the transportation sector.
• TES can be employed to reduce energy consumption or to transfer an
energy load from one period to another. The consumption reduction can
be achieved by storing excess thermal energy that would normally be
released as waste, such as heat produced by equipment and appliances,
by lighting, and even by occupants.
• Energy- load transfer can be achieved by storing energy at a given time for
later use, and can be applied to TES for either heating or cooling capacity.
 ENERGY MANAGEMENT & AUDIT

DEFINITION & OBJECTIVES OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT:

The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services with
the least cost and least environmental effects.
The term energy management means many things to many people. One definition of
energy management is:
“The judicious and effective use of energy to maximize profits(minimize costs) and
enhance competitive positions”
(Cape Hart, Turner and Kennedy, guide to energy management Fairmont press inc. 1997)
Another comprehensive definition is
“ The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and procedures
so as to reduce energy requirements per unit of output while holding constant or
reducing total costs of producing the output from these systems”

The objective of energy management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement
and utilisation, throughout the organization and:
• To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality.
• To minimize environmental effects.
 ENERGY AUDIT:
• TYPES & METHODOLOGY:

Energy audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision – making in the area of energy
management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify
all the energy streams in a facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete
functions. Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing
comprehensive energy management programme.
As per the energy conservation Act, 2001. Energy Audit is defined as “ The
verification, monitoring analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report
containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and
an action plan to reduce energy consumption”.
 NEED FOR ENERGY AUDIT
In any industry, the three top operating expenses are often found to be energy (both
electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If one were to relate to the manageability of
the cost or potential cost savings in each of the above components, energy would
invariably emerge as a top ranker, and thus energy management function constitutes a
strategic area for cost reduction. Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways
energy and fuel are used in any industry, and help in identifying the areas where waste can
occur and where scope for improvement exists.
The energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost reduction,
preventive maintenance and quality control programmes which are vital for production and
utility activities. Such an audit programme will help to keep focus on variations which
occur in the energy costs, availability and reliability of supply of energy, decide on
appropriate energy mix, identify energy conservation equipment etc.
• In general, Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by lending
technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations
within a specified time frame.
• The primary objective of energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy
consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating costs. Energy Audit
provides a “ bench- mark” ( Reference point) for managing energy in the organization
and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of energy throughout the
organisation.
 TYPE OF ENERGY AUDIT:

The type of energy audit to be performed depends on:

• Function and type of industry.
• Depth to which final audit is needed, and
• Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired.
Thus energy Audit can be classified in to the following two types.
i) Preliminary Audit
ii) Detailed Audit
PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDUT METHODOLOGY:

Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:

• Establish energy consumption in the organisation
• Estimate the scope for saving
• Identify the most likely ( Especially no-/low-cost) improvements/savings.
• Set a ‘ reference point’
• Identify areas for more detailed study / measurement
• Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data.
• DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT METHODOLOGY:
• A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation plan for a
facility, since it evaluates all major energy using systems.
• This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings & cost. It considers
the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of all major equipment,
and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.
• In a comprehensive audit , one of the key elements is the energy balance. This is based on
an inventory of energy using systems, assumptions of current operating conditions and
calculations of energy use. This is estimated use is then compared to utility bill charges.
• Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases: phase I,II & III.
• Phase I – Pre Audit Phase
• Phase II – Audit phase
• Phase III – Post audit phase
TEN STEPS METHODOLOGY FOR DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT
PHASE I – PRE AUDIT PHASE ACTIVITIES
• A structured methodology to carry out an energy audit is necessary for efficient working.
An initial study of the site should always be carried out, as the planning of the procedures
necessary for an audit is most important.
INITIAL SITE VISIT AND PREPARATION REQUIRED FOR
DETAILED AUDITING:
An initial site visit may take one day and gives the energy Auditor/ Engineer an
opportunity to meet the personnel concerned, to familiarize him with the site and to assess
the procedures necessary to carry out the energy audit.
• During the initial site visit the Energy Auditor/Engineer should carry out the following
actions:
• Discuss with the site’s senior management the aims of the energy audit.
• Discuss economic guidelines associated with the recommendations of the audit.
• Analyse the major energy consumption data with the relevant personnel.
• Obtain site drawings where available – building layout, steam distribution, compressed
air distribution, electricity distribution etc.
• Tour the site accompanied by engineering/production.
The main of the visit are:-
• To finalise energy audit team
• To identify the main energy consuming areas/ plant items to be surveyed during the audit.
• To identify any existing instrumentation /additional metering required.
• To decide whether any meters will have to be installed prior to the audit eg. Kwh, steam,
oil or gas meters.
• To identify the instrumentation required for carrying out the audit.
• To plan with time frame.
• To collect macro data on plant energy resources, major energy consuming centers.
• To create awareness through meetings / programme.
 PHASE II – DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT ACTIVITIES

• Depending on the nature and complexity of the site, a comprehensive audit can take from
several months to complete. Detailed studies to establish, and investigate, energy and
material balances for specific plant departments or items of process equipment are carried
out over extended periods of time, at nights and at weekends as well as during normal day
time working hours, to ensure that nothing is overlooked.
• The audit report will include a description of energy inputs and product outputs by major
department or by major processing function, and will evaluate the efficiency of each step
of the manufacturing process. Means of improving these efficiencies will be listed, and at
least a preliminary assessment of the cost of the improvements will be made to indicate the
expected payback on any capital investment needed. The audit report should conclude with
specific recommendations for detailed engineering studies and feasibility analyses, which
must then be performed to justify the implementation of those conservation measures that
require investments.
 What is Energy management

• Utilization of minimum quantity of energy for a task at an appropriate quality neither better
nor worst then needed. “ task in energy use”
• To minimize the energy cost without effecting production & quality.
• Energy forms of high quality/grade shouldn’t used for low grade applications.
• The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services with
the least cost and least environmental effect.
PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT:

• History energy use

• Energy audits
• Housing keeping and maintenance
• Analysis of energy use
• More efficient equipment's
• More efficient process
• Energy containment – confine energy, reduce losses & recover heat
• Substitute materials
• Aggregation of energy sources
• Alternative energy sources
• Construction of new facilities
• Manage the energy at the highest energy efficiency
• Reuse and recycle energy by cascading
• Use most appropriate technology
• Reduce the available losses
• Economic evaluation
ENERGY DEMAND ESTIMATION

• Energy demand estimation (EDE) means managing of the demand for power, by utilities/
distribution companies, among some or all its customers to meet current & future needs.
• EDE programs result in energy and /or demand reduction. For example, under this
process, the demand can be shifted from peak to off peak hours thereby reducing the need
for buying expensive imported power during peak hours.
• EDE also enables end users to better manage their load curve and thus improves the
profitability.
• Potential energy saving through EDE is treated same as new additions on the supply side
in MWs. EDE can reduce the capital needs for power capacity expansion.
ENERGY PRICING:

• Understanding energy cost is vital factor for awareness creation and saving
calculation. In many industries sufficient meters may not be available to measure
all the energy used. In such cases, invoices for fuels and electricity will be useful.
The annual company balance sheet is the other sources where fuel cost and power
are given with production related information. Energy invoices can be used for the
following purposes:
• They provide a record of energy purchased in a given year, which gives a base line
for future reference
• Energy invoices may indicate the potential for savings when related to production
requirements or to air conditioning requirements/space heating etc.
• When electricity is purchased on the basis of maximum demand tariff.
• They can suggest where savings are most likely to be made.
• In later years invoices can be used to quantify the energy and cost savings mode
through energy conservation measures.
POWER COSTS:
• Electricity price in India not only varies from state to state, but also city to city
and consumer to consumer though it does the same work everywhere. Many
factors are involved in deciding final cost of purchased electricity such as:
• Maximum demand charges, KVA (i.e. How fast the electricity is used?)
• Energy charges, kWh(i.e., How much electricity is consumed?)
• TOD charges, peak / Non –peak period (i.e., When electricity id utilized?)
• Power factor charge, P.F( i.e., Real power use versus apparent power use factor)
• Other incentives and penalties applied from time to time.
• High tension tariff and low tension tariff rate changes
• Slab rate cost and its variation
• Type of tariff clause and rate for various categories such as commercial,
residential, industrial ,government, agricultural, etc.
• Tariff rate for developed and developed and underdeveloped area/states.
• Tax holiday for new projects.
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