Analysis of the results from soil properties testing

Bulk Density

 The result of bulk density is obtained 1.95 g/cm³ (1950 kg/m³) for all determinations.
 The values are existing between 1842 and 2419 kg/m³. So that the type of soil can be
assumed as silty clay with gravel.
 In term of soft soil, there are consists of clay or silty clay soil A silly clay soil has a
higher percentage of clay than silt. Silt has larger particles than clay and is mainly
inorganic in nature.
 Silt soils tend to hold their moisture and are difficult to drain. It is difficult to dewater
in silt soils and high moisture silts tend to flow or run.

Specific Gravity

For determination no.1,

 The result of specific gravity is obtained 1.56. So that the type of soil can be assumed
as organic soil.
 It consists of plant and animal residues at all stages of decomposition, the cells and
tissues of soil organisms.
 Organic soil is a material not suitable for engineering because of its high
compressibility and low shear strength. To deal with organic soils for construction
projects such as ground improvement, one commonly adopted method is to stabilize it
with some chemical admixtures.

For determination no.2.

 The result of specific gravity is obtained nearly 2.62. So that the type of soil can be
assumed as sand.
 Sand is a loose granular substance, typically pale yellowish brown, resulting from the
erosion of siliceous.
 Sand is in very commonly used in construction, often providing bulk, strength and
stability to other materials such as asphalt, concrete, mortar, render, cement, and
screed.
For determination no.3,

 The result of specific gravity is obtained 4.99. The value is greater than 4, so that the
soil is predominantly gravel.
 Gravel is used for the manufacture of concrete, as well as the base layer for roads
before being covered with tarmac, and is also commonly used to surface roadways,
especially those in rural areas and in icy conditions.

Plasticity Index

For determination no.1,

 The result of plasticity index is obtained 53.19

For determination no.2,

 The result of plasticity index is obtained 23.90.

 The values from above determinations are greater than 17, so that the soil consists of
plastic highly.
 A high Plasticity Index indicates an excess of clay or colloids in the soil. It indicates
the fineness of the soil and its capacity to change shape without altering its volume.
 Plastic soil is soil with a relatively high proportion of silt and clay that, within a
certain moisture content range, is capable of being molded or deformed without
rupture.

For determination no.3.

 The result of plasticity index is obtained 5.43. The value is less than 7, so that the soil
consists of slightly plastic.
 The soil with low plasticity index tends to be silt. Silt may occur as a soil (often
mixed with sand or clay) or as sediment mixed in suspension with water.
 Silt is poor soil option for building a foundation due to its prolonged ability to retain
water.
 The quality causes silt to shift and expand, which does not provide the building any
support and puts it under repeated, long-term stress. This can cause structural damage
or failure.
Liquidity Index

For determination no.1,

 The result of liquidity index is obtained 0.95 and it can be assumed as 1. So that the
soil exists in very soft state.
 In term of soft soil, there are consists of clay or silty clay soil. A silty clay soil has a
higher percentage of clay than silt.
 Silt soils tend to hold their moisture and are difficult to drain. It is difficult to dewater
in silt soils and high moisture silts tend to flow or run.

For determination no.2.

 The result of liquidity index is obtained 1.04.

For determination no.3.

 The result of liquidity index is obtained 1.22.

 The values from above determinations are greater than 1, so that the soil exists in
liquid state.
 Wet soils make it very difficult to achieve proper compaction requirements, raise
building pads and paved areas to grade, or improve subgrades.
 Traditional approaches such as natural air drying, removing the wet soils and
replacing them with dry materials, importing select materials, etc. are time
consuming, subject to changeable weather, and costly.

All things considered; for determination no.1, the soil type is silty clay with gravel by
bulk density value, organic soil type by specific gravity value, and it contains high plastic
range and exists in soft state by the value of liquidity index.

For determination no.2, the soil type is silty clay with gravel by bulk density value, sand
by specific gravity value, and it contains high plastic range and exists in soft state so that the
soil is wet soil by the value of liquidity index.

For determination no.3, the soil type is silty clay with gravel by bulk density value,
therefore the value of specific gravity is large and it contains predominantly gravel and low
plastic range. The soil exists in soft state so that the soil is wet soil by the value of liquidity
index.

Total Shear Strength Parameters

For total soil cohesion,

 The results of total soil cohesion is obtained 48 kN/m².

For effective soil cohesion,

 The results of effective soil cohesion is obtained 47.15 kN/m².

 From the values of the above determinations, the type of soil can be assumed as
saturated loam.
 Loam is the best soil type for construction due to its ideal combination of silt, sand,
and clay.
 It combines the best of all their qualities into the ideal balance for supporting a
foundation.
 Loam generally does not shift, expand, or shrink drastically and handles the presence
of water very well.

For total angle of internal friction,

 The results of total angle of internal friction is obtained 15.83°.

For effective angle of internal friction,

 The results of effective angle of internal friction is obtained 18.08°.

 The values from above determinations exist between 15 and 30, so that the soil can be
assumed as silty clay loam.
 Silty clay loam soil can be smooth to the touch and retains water longer because of its
smaller particles. It is great for supporting foundations because of its evenly balanced
properties, especially how it maintains water at a balanced rate.
 Silty clay loam soil is a good soil for supporting a foundation, as long as no
miscellaneous soils find their way onto the surface.
Conclusion

An embankment is a raised area. Earth, stone, or other material used to raise the
ground level, create an embankment, or fill the inside of an abutment or pier or Footing. The
article depicts the construction of embankment on soft soil that provides access to a bridge
that crosses a stream. A geosynthetic and gabion solution was employed to strengthen,
consolidate, and drain the embankment along the stream. From a technical and economic
standpoint, this option was more realistic than a more expensive alternative using drilled
reinforced concrete piles along the damaged road embankment. Reinforced earth is similar to
reinforced concrete. However, a straightforward comparison of the reinforcement functions in
the two scenarios is invalid. The mode of action of the reinforcement in the ground is
anisotropic reduction of the normal tension rather than taking over the tensile stresses created
as in reinforced concrete. A drainage system with covered evacuation spaces is critical for the
longevity of an embankment near a stream with changing water levels. When calculating in
the flooded state, the design values of the shear resistance parameters of soils shown in table
2 above are lowered by around 25-60%, resulting in significant horizontal and vertical soil
deformations.