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Evaporation 2

This document describes different types of evaporators used in industrial processes. It discusses horizontal tube evaporators, climbing film evaporators, and multiple effect evaporators. Horizontal tube evaporators use steam passing through horizontal tubes to heat and evaporate liquid on the outside of the tubes. Climbing film evaporators use long, heated tubes to rapidly heat preheated liquid feed and form vapor bubbles that carry the liquid film upwards. Multiple effect evaporators arrange evaporators in series so that vapor from one evaporator provides heat to the next, improving efficiency.

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8 views

Evaporation 2

This document describes different types of evaporators used in industrial processes. It discusses horizontal tube evaporators, climbing film evaporators, and multiple effect evaporators. Horizontal tube evaporators use steam passing through horizontal tubes to heat and evaporate liquid on the outside of the tubes. Climbing film evaporators use long, heated tubes to rapidly heat preheated liquid feed and form vapor bubbles that carry the liquid film upwards. Multiple effect evaporators arrange evaporators in series so that vapor from one evaporator provides heat to the next, improving efficiency.

Uploaded by

swatmujumdar
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EVAPORATION

STEAM JACKETED KETTLE


HORIZONTAL TUBE EVAPORATOR
PRINCIPLE
In horizontal tube evaporator, steam is passed through the horizontal tubes, which are immersed in a pool of liquid to be
evaporated. Heat transfer takes place through the tubes and the liquid outside gets heated. The solvent evaporates and escapes
from the top of evaporator. The concentrated liquid is collected from the bottom.

CONSTRUCTION
It consists of a large cylindrical body with conical or dome shaped top or bottom. It is made up of cast iron or plate steel. An
average size body ranges from 1.8 to 2.4 m diameter and from 2.4 to 3.6 m height.
The lower part of the body consists of a steam compartment with an inlet for steam at one end and a vent for non-condensed
gases other end. A condensate outlet is provided at the bottom of steam compartment.
In the steam compartment, 6-8 stainless steel horizontal tubes are placed. The width of steam compartment is usually half the
diameter of the body.
There is an inlet for feed, outlet for vapour at the top and another outlet for concentrated liquid at the bottom of the body.
WORKING

USES
• Best suited for non-viscous solutions that do not deposit scales or crystals on evaporation eg cascara extract
• Used in pulp and paper industry
• Used for making distilled water for boiler feed
CLIMBING FILM EVAPORATOR
 The long tubes with diameter of about 2.5 to 5 cm and height 6-7 m are used.
 The feed enters at the bottom of the evaporator.
 Steam enters into the steam space through the inlet at the top.
 The height of liquid in column is maintained low.
 In the tube the liquid at the bottom is cold and subjected to pressure of column above it.
 As it moves in the upward direction temperature increases and pressure decrease.
 Convection occurs near bottom, as the liquid progresses upwards and boiling occurs.
 The mist flow emerging at the top of the tube is then passed on to the cyclone separator.
 The liquid concentrate and vapours are separated.
 As the film is moving in tube, high velocity vapour core propels it in the upward direction.
 Hence, it is called as Climbing Film Evaporator.
 The film moves at high velocity and the turbulence increases the heat transfer rates to the film.
 The heat transfer occurs at a low temp. difference.
 The convection zone near the bottom where heat transfer rates are low can be reduced by preheating the feed
 The feed may be preheated using vapours separated from the cyclone separator of the same process.
 This increases process economy.
PRINCIPLE
Also called rising film evaporator.
In climbing film evaporator, tubes are heated externally by steam. The preheated steam enters from the bottom and
flows up through the heated tubes. The liquid gets heated rapidly due to enhanced overall coefficient of the preheated
feed. The liquid near the wall becomes vapour and forms small bubbles. These tend to fuse to larger bubbles which travel
up in the tubes along with entrapped slug. The liquid films are blown up from the top of the tubes and strikes
entrainment separator (deflector) kept above. This throws the liquid concentrate down into the lower part from where it
is withdrawn.

CONSTRUCTION
FORCED CIRCULATION EVAPORATOR
MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR
Principle:
 It is arrangement of short tube evaporator to achieve economy.

 In this arrangement, vapours formed in the evaporator are used as

the heating medium for the next evaporator.


 In this way, the energy associated with the vapours produced

during evaporation is used many times to achieve economy.


 Each evaporator used in this arrangement are termed as effect and

hence arrangement as Multiple Effect Evaporator(MEE).


 Hence, a short tube evaporator is termed as Single Effect

Evaporator(SEE).
Methods of feeding
In MEE vapours always pass from first to third effect. The feed may
be fed by diff. methods.
I. Forward feed method: in this method, the feed moves from effect I to effect
II to effect III.
Advantage:
 Feed moves from high pressure to low pressure chambers, therefore, pumping is
not needed.
 The product is obtained at lowest temperature.
 Disadvantage:
 Not suitable for cold feed because the steam input in the first effect is used
mainly to increase the temp. of feed and the amt of vapors produced in I
effect is low.
 The lower amount vapours in the first effect results in lower vapour
production in subsequent effects and hampers economy.
 The method is suitable for scale forming liquid as concentrated product is
subjected to low temp.
II. Backward feed method
 The feed enters the last effect and moves from last to first.
 As the liquid moves from low pressure to high pressure pumping is required.
 The product is obtained at highest temperature.
 Suitable for cold feed.
 Method suitable for viscous product as highly concentrated product is at highest
temp., hence lower viscosity.
 At lower viscosity, heat transfer and capacity will be high.
III. Mixed feed method
 The feed enters in the intermediate effect, moves forward and then to the initial
effect. (II →III →I)
 It is advantageous as liquid moves from high pressure to low pressure. And product
is obtained at high temp and low viscosity
 In the mixed feed operation, the dilute feed liquid enters at an intermediate effect
and flows in the next higher effect till it reaches the last effect of the series.
 Mixed feed arrangement eliminates some of the pumps needed in backward
configuration as flow occurs due to pressure difference whenever applicable
IV. Parallel feed method
 In this method, separate feed enters the effect and product is taken

out from each effect.


 The method is suitable where the feed has to be concentrated

slightly.
 This method of operation is mainly used when the feed is almost

saturated and solid crystals are the product, as in the evaporation of


brine to make salt.
 Consider an evaporator containing three effects.
 The three effects denoted by I,II,III are connected to each other,
where F denotes feed valve, V denotes vent valve, S denotes steam
valve and C denotes condensate valve. Subscripts 1,2 and 3
correspond to the effect number I,II and III resp.
❑ Feed is introduced in all three effects.
❑ Steam enters the first effect and residual air is removed through vent valve
V1.
❑ The steam condenses on the outer surface of tube. Liquid inside the tube will
be heated to its boiling points and vapours are formed.
❑ The vapours from the effect I, pass to the steam space of the effect II.
❑ These vapours remove the residual air and vent value V2 gets closed.
 Heat transfer takes place between the condensate film and liquid in II effect.
 Rate of heat transfer is high at initial stages, but it decreases slowly as the
temperature of liquid in the tube rises causing decrease in temperature difference
between vapour and liquid. (ΔT)
 As rate of heat transfer decreases, rate of utilization or condensation of vapours
decreases.
 The rate at which vapours are utilized in effect II is less than rate at which they
are produced in effect I.
 Therefore, the vapours get accumulated in the vapour space of
effect I.
 Due to this vapour accumulation, the temperature and pressure in
three effects are different.
Thank You

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