MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SHRI H. H. J. B. POLYTECHNIC, CHANDWAD

MICROPROJECT REPORT
TITLE OF PROJECT

Direct To Home(DTH)
Program : ELECTRONICS AND TELE-COMMUNICATION
Program code: 0079.
Course : Mentanence of Electronics Equipment and EDA Tools
Course code: 22036
Subject Teacher: Miss. P. V. Narale

1
 MAHARASHTRA STATEBOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that

Name –
Student of Forth Semester of Diploma in of Institute, SHHJB
POLYTECHNIC, CHANDWAD (Code:0079) has completed the Micro
Project satisfactorily in Subject:Maintenance of Electronics
Equipment and EDA Tools
Equipment Code: 22036 for the academic year 2022- 2023 as
prescribed in the curriculum.
Place: CHANDWAD

Date: ………………………

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

2
 MAHARASHTRA STATEBOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Group Details

Sr. Name of group members Roll Enrollment

No No No
1. BADODE VIKAS SAHEBRAO 38 2200790473

2. SALUNKE KARANSING SANJAY 53 2200790488

3. DESHMANE ATUL PRAKASH 39 2200790474
4. RAYATE PRATIK VIJAY 28 2100790291

Name of Guide: Miss. P. V. Narale

3
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

INDEX

SR. CONTENT PAG

NO E
NO.
1 Introduction 5
2 Abstract 6
3 Working 7
4 Recent Development In DTH System 9
5 Advantages 11
6 Conclusion 12
7 References 12

4
 INTRODUCTION
Direct To Home (DTH) television is a method of receiving satellite television by
means of signals transmitted from direct broadcast satellites. The Government of
India (GoI) permitted the reception and distribution of satellite television signals
in November 2000. The first DTH service in the country was launched by Dish
TV on 2 October 2003. DD Free Dish the first free DTH service in India, was
launched by public broadcaster prasar Bharati in December 2004.
India is the largest DTH market in the world by number of subscribers. As on 31
December 2019, there were 69.98 million active pay DTH subscribers in the
country. These figures do not include subscribers of free DTH services.As of 31
March 2021, the Indian market is serviced by 4 paid DTH providers and one free
DTH provider.
DTH services were first proposed in India in 1996. The proposal was not
approved due to concerns over national security and negative cultural influence.
In 1997, the Government of India banned DTH services when Rupert Murdoch-
owned Indian Sky Broadcasting (ISkyB) was about to launch its DTH services in
the country.[3] After deliberations among groups of ministers, DTH services
were permitted by the NDA government in November 2000. The ministers made
four key recommendations to governing DTH services: no single entity, either
private or state-owned, should be permitted a monopoly in DTH services;
the vertical integration of DTH and cable television services should be monitored
in order to prevent the formation of a monopoly in television distribution; the
vertical integration of DTH operators and television channels should be avoided
in order to ensure fair competition among TV channels.
The new policy announced in November 2000 required all DTH operators to set
up earth stations in India within 12 months of receiving a license. DTH licenses
were priced at $2.14 million with a validity of 10 years. The limit for foreign
direct investment in the DTH sector was capped at 49%, and a company operating
the services was required to be headed by an Indian citizen

5
 ABSTRACT
DTH is an encrypted transmission that travels to the consumer directly through a
satellite. DTH transmission is received directly by the consumer at his end
through the small dish antenna. A set-top box, unlike the regular cable
connection, decodes the encrypted transmission.
Direct-to-Home satellite broadcasting or DTH is the distribution of television
signals from high-powered geostationary satellites to small dish antennas and
satellite receivers in homes across the country. Early satellite television was
broadcast in C band - radio in the 3.4-gigahertz (GHz) to 7-GHz frequency range.
Digital broadcast satellite transmits programming in the Ku frequency range (10
GHz to 14 GHz). The DTH signals can be received directly at homes with the
help of a small sized dish receive unit containing a Dish Antenna of diameter 60
to 90 cm installed at the building’s roof-top or on the wall facing clear south and
one indoor. Set-Top-Box unit facilitating viewing of demultiplexed signals from
DTH channel bouquet on TV set. The DTH signals can be received anywhere
across the country irrespective of the terrain conditions provided the area comes
under the footprint of the Satellite. DTH transmission eliminates the intervening
role of a local cable operator since a user is directly connected to the DTH service.
DTH Transmission is most preferred in Ku- Band so as to avoid the need of larger
Dish sizes for suitably receiving the DTH signals. As the DTH telecast is in the
Digital mode, user is able to reap all the benefits of Digital transmission.
Programs in the DTH bouquet are having higher resolution picture and better
audio quality than traditional analog signals. Working A DTH network consists
of a broadcasting centre, satellites, encoders, multiplexers, modulators and DTH
receivers. A DTH service provider has to lease Ku-band transponders from the
satellite. The encoder converts the audio, video and data signals into the digital
format and the multiplexer mixes these signals. At the user end, there will be a
small dish antenna and set-top boxes to decode and view numerous channels. On
the user’s end, receiving dishes can be as small as 45 cm in diameter

6
WORKING OF DTH:-

Early satellite TV viewers were explorers of sorts. They used their expensive S-
Band and C-Band dishes to discover unique programming that wasnt necessarily
intended for mass audiences. The dish and receiving equipment give viewers
tools to pick up foreign stations, live feeds between different broadcast stations
and a lot of other stuff transmitted using satellites. but nowadays, most of the
satellite TV customers in developed television markets get their programming
through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider. The provider selects the
programs and broadcasts them to subscribers as a set package. Basically, the
providers goal is to bring hundreds or thousands of channels to the customers
television in a form that approximates the competition from Cable TV. Unlike
earlier programming, now the providers broadcast is completely digital, which
means it has a high picture and stereo sound quality.

Early satellite television was broadcast in C-band radio in the 3.4-GHz to 7-GHz
frequency range. the Digital broadcast satellite transmits the programming in the
Ku frequency range of 10 GHz to 14GHz.

There are five major components For a DTH network to be transmitted and
received: the broadcasting center, encryption and transmission, the satellite dish
and the receiver.

1. The broadcast center:-

The broadcast center is the central hub of the DTH system. At the broadcast center
or the Playout and Uplink location, the television provider receives signals from
various programming sources, compresses I using digital compression, if
necessary scrambles it and beams a broadcast signal to the satellite by the
broadcast center.Turnaround channels usually have a distribution
center that beams their program to a geostationary satellite. The broadcast center
uses large satellite dishes to pick up the analog and digital signals from several
sources.

The broadcast center converts all the programming into a high-quality,

uncompressed digital stream. At this point, the stream contains aninfinite quantity
of data, about 270 Mbps per second for each channel. In order to transmit the
signal from there, the broadcast center has to squidge it. Otherwise, it would be
very large for the satellite to handle. The providers use the MPEG-2 compressed
video format, the same format used to store movies on DVDs.provider can
reducethe 270-Mbps stream to about 3 or 10 Mbps With MPEG-2 compression
(depending on the type of programming). That crucial step has made DTH service
a success. With digital compression, a typical satellite can transmit about 200

7
channels and Without digital compression, it can transmit about only 30 channels.
At the broadcast center, the high-quality digital stream of video goes through an
MPEG-2 encoder, which converts the programming to the MPEG-2 video of the
correct size and format for the satellite receiver in your house.

2. Encryption & transmission:-

After the video is compressed, the provider needs to encrypt it in order to keep
people from obtaining it for free. Encryption disarranges the digital data in such
a way, that it can only be decrypted (converted back into usable data), if the
receiver has the correct decoding satellite receiver with decryption algorithm and
security keys. Once the signal is compressed and encrypted, the broadcast center
beams it directly to its satellites. The satellite picks up the signal, amplifies it and
beams it back to Earth, where the consumer can pick it up.

3. The satellite dish:-

A satellite dish is a special kind of antenna, that is designed to focus on a specific

broadcast source. The standard dish consists of a bowl-shaped (parabolic) surface
and a central feed horn., A controller sends the signal through the horn To
transmit it, and the dish focuses the signal into a relatively narrow beam.

The dish on the receiving end cant transmit the Information, it can only receive
it. The receiving dish works in the exact opposite way of the transmitting end.
When a beam hits the curved dish, the bowl-shape reflects the radio signal inward
onto a particular point, just like a concave mirror focuses light onto a particular
point.

The curved dish focuses the incoming radio waves onto the feed horn. In this
case, the point is the dishs feed horn, which passes the signal onto the receiving
equipment and In an ideal setup, there arent any major obstacles between the
satellite and the dish, so that the dish receives a clear signal.

In some systems, the dish needs to pick up the signals from two or more satellites
at the same time. The satellites may be close enough together that the reular dish
with a single horn can pick up signals from both satellite. This compromises
quality somewhat, because the dish isnot aimed directly at one or more of the
satellites. A new dish design uses two or more horns to pick up the different

satellite signals. As the beams from different satellites hit the curved dish, they
reflect at different angles so that one beam hits one of the horns and another beam
hits another horn. The central element in the feed horn is the low noise block
down converter (LNB).

8
The LNB amplifies the signal bouncing off the dish and filters out the noise from
the signal (signals not carrying programming). The LNB passes the amplified,
filtered signal to the satellite receiver inside the consumers house.

4. The receiver:-

The end component in the entire satellite DTH system is the receiver, The receiver
has four essential jobs:

It de-scrambles or decode the encrypted signal. In order to unlock the signal, it

needs the proper decoder chip for that programming package. The provider can
communicate with the chip, via the satellite signal, to make required adjustments
to its decoding programs. The provider may occasionally send signals that distort
illegal de-scramblers, as an electronic countermeasure (ECM) against illegal
users.

It takes the digital MPEG-2 signal and converts it into an analog format that a
standard television can recognize easily. Since the receiver spits out only one
channel at a time, you cant tape one program and watch another program. You
also cant watch two different programs on two TVs hooked up with the same
receiver. In order to do these things, which are standard conventional cable, you
need to buy an additional receiver for that.

Some receivers have other features as well. They pick up a programming schedule
signal from the provider and present the information in an onscreen programming
guide. Many receivers have parental lock-out options, and some have built-in
Digital Video Recorders (DVRs), which allow you to pause live television or
record it on a hard drive. While digital broadcast satellite service is still lacking
some of the basic features of conventional cable ( for example -the ability to easily
split signals between different TVs and VCRs) but its high-quality picture, varied
programming

selection, and extended service areas make it a good alternative for some. With
the rise of digital cable, which also has improved picture quality and extended
channel selection, the Television war is really heating up.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DTH SYSTEM:-

1.HDTV

HDTV Stands for "High Definition Television. HDTV is a high-quality video

standard developed to replace older video formats like SDTV (standard definition
television). While HDTV's video quality is one of the most noticeable

9
improvements over standard definitiontelevision.HDTVincludes the other
important improvements as well.First of all, the HDTV signal is a digital signal.
Instead of an analog signal, used by traditional NTSC broadcasts, HDTV is
always digital signal. This eliminates analog interference caused by magnetic
fields and electrical currents. Secondly, HDTV uses a different aspect ratio than
SDTV, While previous broadcasts used a 4:3 ratio (4 units wide for every 3 units
tall) but HDTV uses a ratio of 16:9. This wider aspect ratio more closely emulates
how humans see the world,to making the image appear more realistic. The HDTV
ratio is also better for watching widescreen movies, which are recorded in
widescreen.

True to its name, high definition television offers a much higher resolution than
SDTV. While a typical analog broadcast in the U.S. contains a maximum number
of 525 horizontal lines of resolution, an HDTV signal supports up to 1080. The
three formats used by HDTV are 1080i (interlaced), 720p and 1080p
(progressive). HDTV's higher resolution produces images that are much finer and
contain more color and more detail than previous formats. HDTV also provides
a higher

Qualitydigital audio signal than SDTV and supports up to six audio channels
compared to the two channels allowed previously in HDTV.

To watch HDTV, you need an HDTV compatible TV and a means of receiving

an HDTV signal. HDTVs come in both 4:3 and 16:9 formats (for backward
compatibility). Some HDTVs include HDTV tuners for receiving over-the-air
broadcasts, but others HDTVs require the receiver to be bought separately.
Fortunately, most satellite and cable TV companies offer HDTV-compatible
boxes with their digital service plans.

2.Pause/Record/Rewind live tv

This makes the DTH more interesting, One of the biggest benefits of the
Advanced HDPVR is that you can pause, record and rewind live TV. It really
makes the most of your viewing experience, You can choose to record it at any
time and if you have been watching from the beginning, the complete program
will be added to the PVR list.

Live program recording when you turn on your TV, your Advanced HDPVR will
start recording your current channel or current show. The recording will be saved
to a special temporary part of the disk, allowing you to rewind or pause it. You
just have to buy a set top box with storage capacity which is a bit expensive.

10
3.3D TV

3D television or 3D TV is television that conveys depth perception to the viewer

by employing techniques such as stereoscopic display, multi-view display, 2D-
plus-depth, or any other form of 3D display. Most modern 3D TV sets use an
active shutter 3D system or a polarized 3D system, and some are autostereoscopic
without the need of glasses.

4. Internet through DTH

Satellite Internet is very popular in the US and some parts of Europe in country /
hilly areas where setting up lines is time-consuming and expensive. It could be a
boon for India if it is implemented properly.

5. Advent of 4K TV

Technically speaking, 4K has a very specific display resolution of 4096 x 2160.

This is the resolution of all 4K recordings, though many people use 4K to refer
to any display resolution that has roughly 4000 horizontal pixels and Ultra HD
TVs have a resolution faintly lower than that

– 3840 x 2160.That is exactly four times higher than the full HD resolution of
1920 x 1080.

ADVANTAGES OF DTH TECHNOLOGY:-

• The main advantage is that this technology is beneficial to everyone

equally. As the process is wireless, this system can be used in all remote
areas.
• High-quality video and audio which are cost effective due totheabsence of
mediators.
• Almost 4000 channels can be viewed along with 2000 radio channels in
DTH. Thus, the worlds entire information including news and
entertainment is available to you at home in high- quality.
• As there are no mediators, a complaint can be directly expressed to the
provider by the viewer.
• With a single DTH service, you will be able to use digital quality audio,
video and high-speed broadband.

11
CONCLUSION:-

This paper described the needs that demand continued development of DTH and
explain some background on who is involved and what is currently happening in
bringing DTH world. DTH has made the hopes of the people of urban areas to
come true. DTH provide the wide thinking of rural people which helps to develop
the culture of society DTH connects to every part of the country and provides
desire information communication, education,and entertainment to next level
with just one click of a button.

REFERENCES:-

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org.in
• ‘https://www.electronicsshub.org.in

12