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A Survey on Solar Power for Present and Future Perspective in Indian Market

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DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-4080-0_12

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A Survey on Solar Power for Present
and Future Perspective in Indian Market

Abhinav K. Gautam, R. K. Chauhan, J. P. Pandey, and K. S. Verma

Abstract In the ancient world, there was no fossil fuel, mineral oil and coal available
for utilization. Renewable energy sources especially solar have very good potential in
India and the world as well. The small (KW) plants at the micro grid/local grid level
and the large (MW) plants at the national/state grid level can produce the electricity.
If the mineral oil and coal were not found as a fuel, the solar/renewable technology
would have developed with its utmost potential. But this is the starting of the renew-
able technologies. The future is only for the renewable technologies where a lot of
scope seems to be there with the points of the good business, good environment, good
technologies, good research and developments, overall good livelihood. At present,
we see the adverse effects of the polluted environment as a result of the removal
of the breeds of birds, animals, flies—mostly butterflies, etc. Removal of the EM
Waves from the environment is essential to save the ecological system on the earth.
This could be achieved by sustainable and economic technological development for
optimum utilization of the natural resources. Innovations in low voltage electricity
generation and proper channelization of the mini grid/micro grid/local grid interac-
tive power system concept are desirable for the future aspects. Optimum utilization of
renewable resources like the hybrid solar photovoltaic, biomass/biomass gas, biogas
and wind power plants does not mean to be far away. Limited utilization of the high-
frequency-related equipment’s and development of the low-frequency utilization
technologies is essentially required for the medical fitness of the humanity and to save
the life expectancy for today. Emphasis in this paper is to achieve the highest growth

A. K. Gautam (B) · J. P. Pandey · K. S. Verma

Department of Electrical Engineering, Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur, India
e-mail: [email protected]
J. P. Pandey
e-mail: [email protected]
K. S. Verma
e-mail: [email protected]
R. K. Chauhan
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad,
India
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 119
A. Iqbal et al. (eds.), Renewable Power for Sustainable Growth, Lecture Notes
in Electrical Engineering 723, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4080-0_12
120 A. K. Gautam et al.

and development in the solar technological innovations and suggestions. Commercial

and deployment activities for the solar projects implementation may be the areas for
developing EPC Solar NET metering/Gross metering and rooftops/ground mounted
for better business solutions. The government should take keen interest and initia-
tives to collect and provide funds for these projects. A transparent fit in tariff (FIT)
should grow to build up the mass scale solar business.

Keywords Renewable energy · Solar power · Government solar polices

1 Introduction

Despite the general economic crisis, India’s energy demand is growing and continu-
ously rising with the global warming and the disastrous consequences. The expected
economic and population growth, together with urbanization and industrialization,
point towards continued growth in energy demand. The energy demand is expected to
increases 4.5% annually by 2035 from 3.5% which are previously projected demand
during 2000–2017. The total use of electricity in India is 1010 kWh, compared with a
world average of 3200 kWh [1], and several literatures have been cited in [2, 3]. There
are only one solution for this problem is to focus on renewable energy. India concen-
trates on renewable energy and has been projected to generate up to 84,000 MW
of hydroelectric power at 60% load factors. The government mainly concentrated
in the country’s southern part and also preparing to accelerate a hydro-development
programme to install 50,000 MW of new capacity by 2026 (around the end of the
14th Five-Year Programme) [4]. Also revealed at the 2015 Paris Climate Summit was
a “Solar Alliance,” which seeks to increase its solar generating capacity to 175 GW
by 2022. India is increasing its solar energy as the name implies, with aims to have
100 GW capacity by 2022 [5].
India is the nation of villages and towns where the integrated approach to empower
the people of the community is essential. Electricity is required to improve the health-
care, water and agriculture, education and enterprises facilities in the villages, towns
and cities in the country. Lighting system in the villages as well as in the towns is
very poor. People community especially in the villages and small towns of India
are living in energy poverty. Newly announced 19th EPS projects with a demand
for electricity of 1743 TWh (6.59% CAGR) from 2017 and a peak load of 299 GW
(6.32% CAGR) by 2027.

2 Government Perspectives

The energy sector of India is exciting to transform and build a stable, scalable, produc-
tive and supportable network by 2027 to deliver people with reliable and good energy
A Survey on Solar Power for Present and Future Perspective … 121

through the use of creative technology and guidelines to meet the desires and expec-
tations of all, through active shareholder sharing [6]. Technological transition makes
it difficult to forecast of future mix energy of India, but even considering increased
domestic supply energy and its higher energy efficiency, India’s energy import depen-
dence could grow from 36 to 55% by 2040. Our Indian government should take the
interest to improve the condition of the existing villages and towns and also should
take keen interest in developing the smart and new cities for economic and industrial
growth of India. Though the concept of developing smart cities is good enough for
a long period progress of the nation but at the time the development in the villages
and towns systems should be the first priority. Integrated approach of using solar
energy solutions with local grid concept at the sites is technically feasible to power
the community lighting system. Such type of development model should be adopted
where the people of India get their enterprises, their production, their machineries and
equipment’s powered by sufficient electricity, generate their economies, and achieve
and avail all the facilities of a smart city. They get the qualitative educational facil-
ities in the villages and small towns with new efficient computers, laptops, highly
equipped laboratories, etc. They get the water and agriculture, powered water wells,
clean drinking water, drainage and roads, pumps and year round crop irrigation
systems powered by the solar photovoltaic systems. A good quality of transport and
communication powered by the solar photo voltaic, medical and health facility with
good quality of laboratories, diagnostic equipment’s and vaccine refrigerators will
definitely improve the living standard of the gentry of our India and the country as
well. They will definitely fully utilize and digitalize their skill with their strengths.
The standard of the people in this way definitely will improve and the villages and
towns will get smartness—in living, growth and development.
Villages should be selected and electrified under the remote rural development
programs. The use of solar power must be intensified and independent off grid solar
power projects should be launched on the basis of local/micro grid technology. Grid
tied/hybrid solar power projects should be sanctioned as the mega solar projects to
feed the Indian or national grid. For that the national/Indian/private integration, instal-
lation and commissioning companies/institutions should be funded. Good initiatives
for the investors are also required to solve the monetary and funding problems.
National/Indian/private banks and institutions may also be involved for the direct
investment in building the solar park. A good qualitative and transparent funding
scheme with clear bidirectional tariff policies should be introduced.

2.1 Government Policies and Regulations to Promote Solar

Energy in India

1. 1982: Commission of Alternatives sources of energy was created

2. 2003: Electricity Act, 2003
3. 2005: National Electricity Policy, 2005
122 A. K. Gautam et al.

4. 2006: National Tariff Policy, 2006

5. 2006: National Rural Electrification Policies, NREP, 2006
6. 2007: Semiconductor Policy, 2007
7. 2008: National Action Plan on Climate Change, NAPCC, 2008
8. 2009: Generation-based initiatives to encourage solar PV energy in India
9. 2010: Jawaharlal Nehru National Mission, JNNSM, 2010
10. 2011: Renewable Energy Certificates, RECs.

2.2 The NITI Aayog’s National Energy Policy Aims

to Improve Its Energy Sector Are as Follows

Smart grid has a very wide ranging vision of the forthcoming and is working enthu-
siastically toward achieving the targets and objectives propagated in the 13th and
14th Five-Year Plans [6]. Presently, the government is working on 13th Five-Year
Plan from 2017 to 2022 and focused the following targets:
1. Reduction of transmission and distribution losses to up to 10% in all services
2. End of load shedding
3. Increase in power quality
4. Efficient estimation and shipment of renewable energy
5. Substructure and requirements for EV
6. 1200 kV AC network in operation
7. Distribute of smart grid goods to the abroad market.

2.3 The Future Plan of the Government in the Next

Fourteenth Five Years Plan from 2022 to 2027 Will
Investigate

1. Economically possible services

2. Constant 24 × 7 electricity supply to all customer.
3. 33% or extra renewable in power system.
4. Electric vehicle setup control as VPP
5. Transfer of smart grid goods, technologies and facility to abroad.
6. Clean cooking access through efficient and affordable gasoline.
7. Information technology network and CRM system for electric utilities delivered
to further service providers, for example, water and gas delivery, land revenue
collection.
A Survey on Solar Power for Present and Future Perspective … 123

3 Solar Energy

Solar energy has long been recognized as the green energy, ensures the energy security
and the economic growth, renewable and carbon targets and is environment friendly.
Wind power interpretation for the maximum at 46% (around 36 GW), after that
solar with a stake of 36% (30 GW) share. Biomass captured the residual market
at 12% (9 GW) and small hydro ventures at 6% catered for 5 GW. In India, wind
energy capacity has risen 1.7 times in the last four years. In addition to this, last year
record 100 bn+ renewable electricity generation units. Solar power has risen from
2.6–28.18 GW in March 2019 by more than 11 times in the last five years [7]. As
of 29 February 2020, solar installed capacity in the country exceeded 34.404 GW.
India has the lowest cost of capital per MW for building solar power plants globally
[8].

3.1 Benefits of Solar Energy Are Following

1. Power cut management

2. Reduction in fuel and electricity consumption
3. No smoke, no noise, clean and green energy
4. Increased production and minimum cost of energy
5. High societal impact and potential to commercialize
6. Increased battery life and ensures energy efficiency and energy security concerns.

1. On Grid Connected
See Table 1.
2. Solar Off-Grid Basis

Scheme Objectives Funding assistance Time duration

Off grid and dispersed Connection of an • CFA of 30% of the Till 31.03.2020
solar photovoltaic added off-grid solar cost for solar street
application capability of 118 MW lights and solar
scheme—under phase power by 2020 over power plants in
II ensuing application: developed states and
• 3,00,000 solar street CFA of 90% of the
lights system in
• 25,00,000 solar northeastern states
study lamps including Sikkim, J
• 100 MW power of & K, HP, UK,
off-grid solar power Lakshadweep and
plants A&N
• CFA provides 85%
cost for solar lamps
(continued)
124 A. K. Gautam et al.

(continued)
Scheme Objectives Funding assistance Time duration
PM KUSUM To achieve DISCOMs will Till 31.12.2022
25,750 MW through purchase the produced
renewable sources up renewable power at a
to 2022 with total CF feed-in tariff mandated
support of Rs. by the respective state
344,220,000,000/- electricity regulatory
commission, SERC
Atal Jyoti Yojna To install 304,500 SSLs with a 12 W LED Till 31.03.2021
(Ajay) phase II Solar Street Lights capacity will be
through phase II installed in compliance
with the MNRE
description and 75% of
the SSL device expense
will be covered by the
MNRE budget and the
lasting 25% from the
MPLADS fund
Scaling up access to Improving the use of MNRE release will June, 2020
renewable energy for safe and affordable release up to 30% of
efficient use in rural renewable energy for CFA as advance and
areas efficient rural balance 70% based on
usages/life and the progress
usage of fossil fuels in
underserved and
under-served areas
only for Assam, MP
and Odisha
Off-grid and open Promoting off-grid CFA will only be issued 2017–18 to 2019–20
solar thermal solar thermal systems by each of the regional
technologies (CST) applications to meet test centers (RTCs) for
the goals set by the reimbursement-related
JNN solar program inspection

4 Future Perspectives in Solar Power in India

For the better uses of solar power will contribute grow in GDP. So it is necessary to
improve the solar power efficiency government should work on as following areas:
A Survey on Solar Power for Present and Future Perspective … 125

Table 1 Perspective of solar schemes

Scheme Objectives Funding assistance Time duration
Solar-based park To improve the power Financial assistance up Up to 2021–22
creation and from 20 to 40 kMW to Rs. 25 lakh/solar
ultra-mega-solar park DPR and Rs. 20
power projects lakh per MW or 30% of
the entire project price
Founding of more than To boost grid power Up to Rs. Financial year
5 kMW and distribute 10,000,000 MW for 2015-16 to 2018-19
grid-associated SPV renewable energy open category and Rs.
power projects projects nationally, 12,500,000 MW for
beneath JNNSM reducing transmission projects in domestic
PHASE-II costs and losses category project
Establishment of Developing CFA of up to 40% of 2016–17 to 2019–20
scattered pollution-free islands the project Cost
grid-connected solar by phasing out diesel
PV energy projects at usage for electricity
A & N and production and
Lakshadweep Island contributing to the
Iceland’s NAPCC&G
along with reducing
power production
costs
CPSU scheme To establish solar PV VGF of up to Rs. 70 2019–20 to 2022–23
phase-II for setting up projects by lakhs/MW and 50%
12,000 MW government to shareholding of
grid-connected solar facilitate national Central/State Govt
PV power energy security and
environment
sustainability for
government purpose
Grid-connected solar For attaining CFA to residential Till 31.12.2022
PV rooftop scheme collective capacity of sector up to 4 GW
40 kMW from RTSS
up to year 2022

4.1 Seamless Availabilities

The government should ensure the seamless solar projects implementation and should
commit the challenges to be a forefront of the solar PV revolution underway in the
Indian ensuring to achieve high energy efficiency and high energy yield. Our Indian
government aim should be to take the initiatives to provide and deliver the cost
competitive and affordable solar solutions for clean energy technologies with the
following capabilities:
1. Financial modeling and economic analysis
2. System design and engineering
3. Integration, installation, construction and commissioning
126 A. K. Gautam et al.

4. Complete project management, operation and maintenance

5. EPC solutions for grid tied/hybrid/off-grid power plants
6. Real-time monitoring and controlling facilities.
Indian government should take the interest to improve the economics of manu-
facturing units of solar panels, inverters, batteries, and other utility equipment being
used in solar energy systems to stop the imports of the cheap China solar products.

4.2 Initiatives

The Indian government should take interest and initiatives in developing solar tech-
nologies and establish the laboratories/virtual laboratories to perform research and
development in three major branches of solar energy
A. Photovoltaic (also called solar electric systems)
B. Solar thermal systems (solar heating systems)
C. Solar cooling systems.
The sustainability and the use of solar systems in aviation and medical fields persist
high-grade and efficient solar technological development. In this way, the solar R&D
cell might cover the full spectrum from fundamental studies to commercialization,
systems development and integration to improve performance and reliability in the
following research areas:
1. Research and development in solar cells and modules technologies.
2. Research and development in solar fields and radiations
3. Research and development in solar system installation and integration
4. Research and development in solar thermal
5. Research and development in solar heating
6. Research and development in solar cooling
7. Research and development in silicon materials and devices
8. Research and development in polycrystalline thin-film materials and devices
9. Research and development in III-V multifunctional materials and devices
10. Research and development in solar power plants structures
11. Research and development in solar economics.

4.3 Role of Industries and Institutions

The institutions should go for R&D with planning with pilot project activities to work
with local, Indian federal and state governments and private industries/institutions
and organizations to deploy renewable energy technologies that are commercially
available with energy efficiencies. The experts should plan to prepare the market for
emerging technologies with the aim of project development, technical assistances
A Survey on Solar Power for Present and Future Perspective … 127

and disaster resiliency and recovery by removing barriers to adoption and deploy-
ment resources to move the projects in forward directions. The researches with data
preparation uniquely and continuously utilize the ideas along with academic institu-
tions, industries, agencies, and laboratories. The data might be used for renewable
energy, climate change studies, atmospheric research, conversion systems, carbon
capture, technological development and testing.

4.4 Methodologies

Government should go for a firm planning, monitoring and developing the depart-
ments to offer the unique and the distinguished advantages in the fields of solar
photovoltaic, thermal and electronic projects mutually that may broadly be classified
as:
A. Solar photovoltaic projects
(1) Solar photovoltaic power generating systems
(2) Grid-interfaced SPV system:
(a) Single-phase GISPV system with
(b) Three-phase GISPV system with single stage or double stage
(c) Stand-alone SPV system with single stage or double stage: The
capacity range is from 1 Kw residential projects to Mw commercial
projects.
(d) Solar surface/Submersible pumping systems
(e) Solar street lighting:
B. Solar thermal projects
(1) Solar thermal power projects with flat plate collectors
(2) Solar thermal power projects with latest evacuated glass tube technology
(3) Solar chimney power plants
C. Solar electronic system
(1) LED lighting arrangement
(2) Solar street lighting system
D. Solar LED luminary.

4.5 Best-Fit Solutions

As it is seen from the data, the rate of CO2 emissions is increasing every year with
a rapid rate. Improving energy efficiencies is the key tool to reduce CO2 emis-
sions. This requires the optimum utilization of clean and renewable energy to secure
128 A. K. Gautam et al.

future generation. The Indian government can work/look/distribute the projects to

the customers to fulfill the commercially viable requirements:
1. Energy-efficient solutions
2. Energy savings and securities
3. Cleaner and reasonable alternative to diesel
4. Rooftop solutions for sustainability
5. Bilateral industry open access contracts
6. Off-grid energy access opportunities
7. Grid interface SPV power generation opportunities
8. Achievement of green ratings for companies
9. Power transmission and distribution execution opportunities
10. Solar lighting opportunities
11. Solar water heating opportunities.

4.6 Guidelines

For the projects, the Indian government should issue the proper guidelines and the
ratings for the commercial projects such as:
1. Quality and engineering products
2. Challenges—always focus on cost effectiveness
3. Raise capability to utilize solar power
4. Upgradation and innovation
5. Right amount reliability and optimum design considerations
6. Following IEC/NEC/REC/MNRE standards
7. Meticulous spirit with strong commitment to meeting with all the requirements
of esteemed customers
8. Design and development of high-level technology with high-precision and
sustainability.

4.7 Activities and Development

Commercial and deployment activities for the solar projects implementation may
be the areas of the following with the efforts of developing EPC solar, NET
metering/Gross metering, and rooftops/ground mounted for better business solutions:
1. Land in the villages/towns/cities
2. Grounds/Roofs of the houses, industries, institutes, hospitals, schools, colleges,
etc.
3. Government buildings
4. Petrol pumps
5. Sides of the streets, rivers, canals, etc.
A Survey on Solar Power for Present and Future Perspective … 129

6. Shadow free area in the hotels, orchids, and resort centers petrol pumps.
7. Housing societies/townships.

4.8 Interest

The government should take keen interest and initiatives to collect and provide funds
for these projects. A transparent fit in tariff (FIT) should grow to build up the mass
scale solar business. It can accelerate the investors to invest the money in such
projects and form the public enterprises to provide the institutional support for the
industries in setting up the commercial solar energy projects. Policies should be clear
and supportive with financial subsidies and market strategies.

5 Conclusion

Solar power system is only the alternative to produce electricity. The government
should inculcate and develop the transparent policies for solar business in such a
way that it should become the business of the masses. Most of the people should
participate and grow this business as electricity is required for the growth and all
round development of the country since development of any nation depends on per
capita generation and utilization of the electricity. Optimization of hybrid renewable
electricity model consisting of photovoltaic arrays, Battery bank and combined heat
and power systems along with micro grid tools to deploy the off-grid residential
solutions can be coupled to fulfill the load demand in Indian rural. Fossil fuels,
biomass, biomass gas, biogas-based small-scale CHP systems can be combined with
the solar PV systems to improve the benefits of co-generation in getting electricity,
space heating and cooling, water heating, etc. Power management systems are to be
proposed to cope up the micro grid to mitigate and suppress the disturbances due to
the integration of renewable electricity into such grids. Software algorithms should
be designed and suggested to filter out the adverse effects of the power events and to
improve the power smoothing index of the complex hybrid electrical network (grid)
system.

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