LIFE SUPPORT

1. Basic Life Support (BLS) - An emergency procedure that consists of recognizing

respiratory or cardiac arrest or both and the proper application of CPR to maintain
life until a victim recovers or advanced life support is available.

2. Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) - The use of special equipment to

maintain breathing and circulation for the victim of a cardiac emergency.

3. Prolonged Life Support (PLS) - For post resuscitative and long term
resuscitation.

CHAIN OF SURVIVAL

Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA)

Adult Chain of Survival

FIRST LINK: Recognition and Activation of the Emergency Response System

Lay rescuers must recognize the patients arrest and call for help. If the victim is
unresponsive with absent or normal breathing, the rescuer should assume that the
victim is in cardiac arrest. Rescuers can activate an emergency response (i.e.
through use of a mobile telephone) without leaving the victims side.

SECOND LINK: Immediate High-quality CPR

If the lay rescuer finds an unresponsive victim, is not breathing, or not breathing
normally (e.g. gasping), high quality CPR shall be started immediately. The
probability of survival approximately doubles when it is initiated before the arrival of
EMS.

THIRD LINK: Rapid Defibrillation

It is recommended that public access defibrillator (PAD) programs be implemented
in communities with individuals at risk for OHCA. This would enable bystanders to
retrieve nearby AEDs and use it when OHCA occurs
FOURTH LINK: Basic and Advance Medical Services
If provided by highly trained personnel like Emergency Medical Technicians EMTs
and paramedics, provision of advanced care outside the hospital would be possible.

FIFTH LLINK: Advance Life Support and Post-arrest Care

Post cardiac arrest care after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) can improve
the likelihood of patient survival with good quality of life.
BODY SYSTEMS

The Respiratory System

It delivers oxygen to the body, as well as
Removes carbon dioxide from the body.
The passage of air into and out of the
Lungs is called respiration. Breathing is
Called inspiration or inhalation. Breathing
Out is called expiration or exhalation.

The Circulatory System

It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the
Body’s tissues and removes waste
Products. It consists of the heart, blood
Vessels, and blood.

Breathing and Circulation

1. Air that enters the lungs contains about 21% oxygen and only a trace of carbon dioxide. Air
that is exhaled from the lungs contains about 16% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide.
2. The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, where blood picks up oxygen and
releases carbon dioxide.
3. The oxygenated blood then returns to the left side of the heart, where it is pumped to
the tissues of the body.
4. In the body tissues, blood releases oxygen and takes up carbon dioxide after
which it flows back to the right side of the heart.
5. All body tissues require oxygen, but the brain requires more than any other tis- sue.

Clinical death- Stoppage of heart beat, pulse and breathing, most organs (eye,
kidney) remain alive after clinical death. These organs are used for transplantation.
0 – 1 min. – cardiac irritability
1 – 4 min. – brain damage not likely
4 – 6 – brain damage possible

Biological death – the death caused by degeneration of tissues in brain and other
part and most organs become dead after biological death. These organs cannot be
used for organ transplantation.

6 – 10 min. – brain damaged very likely

More than 10 min. – irreversible brain damaged

The Nervous System

It is composed of the brain, spinal cord
and nerves. It has two major functions
communication and control. It lets a
person be aware of and react to the
environment. It coordinates the body’s
responses to stimuli and keeps body
systems working together.
Hindrances in Giving First Aid
1. Unfavorable surroundings.
2. Presence of crowds.
3. Pressure from victim or relatives.

PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT DISEASE TRANSMISSION:

BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION (BSI)

Are precautions taken to isolate or prevent risk of exposure from any other type of
bodily substance.

• Personal Hygiene
• Protective Equipment
• Equipment Cleaning & Disinfecting

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases

1. Risk factors that cannot be changed (Non-modifiable):
Age
Heredity
Gender
2. Risk factors that can be changed (Modifiable):
Cigarette smoking
Hypertension
Elevated cholesterol triglyceride levels
Lack of exercise
Obesity
Stress
Diabetes mellitus

HEART ATTACK ( Myocardial Infarction)

It occurs when the oxygen supply to the heart muscle (myocardium) is cut-off for a
prolonged period of time. This cut-off results from a reduced blood supply due to
severe narrowing or complete blockage of the diseased artery. The result is death
(infarction) of the affected part of the heart.

First Aid Management of Heart Attack

1. Recognized the signals of heart attack and take action.

2. Have patient stop what he or she is doing and sit or lie him/her down in a
comfortable position.
3. Do not let the patient move around.
4. Have someone call the physician or ambulance for help.
5. If patient is under medical care, assist him/her in taking his/her prescribed
medicine/s.
Module 2

EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

1. ________________ Once you recognized that an emergency has occurred

and decide to act, you must make sure that the scene of the emergency is
safe for you, the victim/s, and the bystander/s.
Take time to survey the scene and answer these questions:
• Is the scene safe?
• What Happened? Nature of Incident
• How many people are injured?
• Are there bystanders who can help?
• Then identify yourself as a trained first aider.
• Get consent to give care.

2. _________________________________ In some emergencies, you will need

to call for specific medical advice before administering first aid. But in some
situations, you will need to attend to the victim first.

• Call First and CPR First. Both trained and untrained bystanders should be
instructed to Activate Medical Assistance as soon as they have determined
that an adult victim requires emergency care.

CALL FIRST CPR FIRST

• Adults and Adolescents with likely asphyxia arrest
• Adults and Adolescents (e.g. drowning)
• Witnessed collapse of children and infants • Unwitnessed collapse of
children and infants
• If you are alone with no mobile phone, leave the 1. Give 5 cycles (2 minutes) of CPR
victim to activate emergency response system and
get AED/ emergency equipment before beginning 2. Leave the victim to activate emergency response
CPR system and get the AED

• Otherwise, send someone and begin CPR 3. Return to the child or infant and resume CPR;
immediately; use the AED as soon as it is available use the AED as soon as it is available

• Use of Social Media to Summon Rescuer.

• Use of mobile phone in Activation of Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
• Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance:
• What happened?
• Location?
• Number of persons injured?
• Extent of injury and first aid given?
• The telephone number from where you are calling?
• Person who activated medical assistance must identify him/herself and drop
the phone last.

3. ___________________________ – In every emergency situation, you must

first find out if their conditions that are immediate threat to the victim’s life.

Check for ______________, perform ___________________, open the

__________, and perform _______________.
 4. _________________________________ – It is a systematic method of
gathering additional information about the injuries or conditions that may need
care.

4.1 Head-to-toe examination

D – deformity
C – contusion
A – abrasion
P – puncture
B – burns
T – tenderness
L – laceration
S – swelling

4.2 Check vital signs

Every 15 minutes for stable condition and every 5 minutes if unstable.

4.3 Interview the victim

S – signs and symptoms
A – allergies
M – medications
P – past medical history
L – last meal taken
E – events prior to injury

5. Perform referral to advance medical authority for further evaluation and

management.
• Endorsement to EMS / ambulance team /emergency response team or
physician.
• Refer/transport victim to the nearest health facility.

Module 3
FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY ONBSTRUCTION

Foreign Body Airway Obstruction Is a condition when solid materials like

chunked foods, coins, vomitus, small toys, etc. are blocking the airway.

CAUSES OF OBSTRUCTION
1. Improper chewing of large pieces of food.
2. Excessive intake of alcohol
a. Relaxation of tongue back into the throat
b. Aspirated vomitus (stomach content)
3. The presence of loose upper and lower dentures.
4. Children who are running while eating.
5. For smaller children of “hand -to-mouth” stage left unattended.

TWO TYPES OF OBSTRUCTION

1. ___________________ – when tongue drops back and obstruct the throat.

Other causes are acute asthma, croup, diphtheria, swelling, and cough
(whooping).

2. ___________________ – When foreign objects lodge in the pharynx or airways;

fluids accumulate in the back of the throat.

CLASIIFICATION OF OBSTRUCTION
 1. MILD OBSTRUCTION
A. Signs:
1. Good air exchange
2. Responsive and can cough forcefully
3. May wheeze between coughs
4. Has increased respiratory difficulty and possible cyanosis.

B. Rescuer Actions:
As long as good air exchange continues,
1. Encourage the victim to continue spontaneous coughing and
breathing efforts.
2. Do not interfere the victim’s own attempts to expel the foreign body, but stay
with the victim and monitor his or her condition.
3. If patients become unconsciousness/unresponsive, activate the emergency
response system.

2. SEVERE OBSTRUCTION
A. Signs:
1. Poor or no air exchange.
2. Weak or ineffective cough or no cough at all,
3. High-pitched noise while inhaling or no noise at all.
4. Increased respiratory difficulty,
5. Cyanotic (turning blue)
6. Unable to speak
7. Clutching the neck with the thumb and fingers making the universal sign
of chocking.
8. Movement of air is absent.

B. Rescuers Actions:
1. Ask the victim if he or she is chocking.
2. If the victim nods and cannot talk, severe airway obstruction is present
and you must perform abdominal/chest thrust and once becomes
unconscious / unresponsive activate the emergency response system.

UNIVERSAL SIGN OF CHOCKING is a sign wherein the

Victim is clutching his/ her neck with one or both hands and
Gasping for breath.

ABDOMINAL THRUST is an emergency procedure

for removing a foreign object lodged in the airway
that is preventing a person from breathing.

REMEMBER:
Abdominal thrust should not be used in infants
under 1 year of age due to risk of causing injury.

Complications from abdominal Thrust

1. Incorrect application of the Abdominal Thrust can damage the chest, ribs,
and internal organs.
2. May also vomit after administering the Abdominal Thrust.
3. They should be examined by a Physician to rule out any life-threatening
complications.

Performing The Chest Thrust In Obviously Pregnant And Very Obese People
 • The main difference in performing the abdominal Thrust on this group of
people is in placement of the fists.
• Instead of using Abdominal Thrusts, Chest Thrust are used.
• The fists are placed against the middle of the breastbone and do the Chest
Thrust.
• If the victim is unconscious, the chest thrust are similar to those used in
CPR.

** Caution: If the pregnant or obese victim becomes unconscious, call

for help and perform 30 Chest Compression

Module 4
_______________________________________- or circulatory arrest, is the abrupt cessation of normal circulation of the
blood due to failure of the heart to contract effectively during systole.

Lack of blood supply results in cell death from oxygen starvation. Cerebral hypoxia, or lack of oxygen supply to the brain,
causes victims to lose consciousness and to stop breathing, which in turn causes the heart to stop.

Three conditions of cardiac arrest

1. Cardiovascular collapse
2. Ventricular Fibrillation
3. Cardiac standstill

______________________________________- an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and

artificial respiration; the first treatment for a person who has collapsed and has no pulse and has stopped breathing;
attempts to restore circulation of the blood and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen

COMPRESSION ONLY-CPR

If a person is unwilling or unable to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation for an adult victim, chest compression only - CPR
should be provided rather than no attempt of CPR being made.

Chest compression only - CPR is recommended only in the following circumstances:

1. When a rescuer is unwilling or unable to perform mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing, or

2. For use in dispatcher-assisted CPR instructions where the simplicity of this modified technique allow untrained
bystanders to rapidly intervene.

CRITERIA FOR NOT STARTING CPR:

All patients in cardiac arrest receive resuscitation unless:

• The patient has a valid “Do Not Attempt Resuscitation” (DNAR) order.-
• The patient has signs of irreversible death: rigor mortis, decapitation, or dependent lividity.

When to STOP CPR

S – ________________ signs of circulation are restored.

T – _______________over to medical services or properly trained and authorized personnel.

O – _____________ is already exhausted and cannot continue CPR.

P – ___________________assumes responsibility (declares death)

TABLE OF COMPARISON ON CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

 FOR ADULT, CHILD, AND INFANT

ADULT CHILD INFANT

Lower half of the sternum but not hitting the
Lower half of the sternum but not hitting the Lower half of the sternum but not hitting the
xiphoid
Compression Area xiphoid process: measure up 2 fingers (Index & xiphoid process: measure up 1 finger (Index)
process, 1 finger width below the imaginary
Middle) from substernal notch from substernal notch.
nipple line.
Depth
Approximately 1 ½ to 2 inches. Approximately 1 to 1 ½ inches. Approximately ½ to 1 inch.
Heel of 1 hand.
How to Compress Heel of 1 hand, other hand on top. 2 fingers (middle & ring fingertips).
Rate Approximately 100/min Approximately 100/min At least 100/min
Compression- 30:2 (1 rescuers) 30:2 (1 rescuers)
ventilation ratio. 15:2 (2 rescuers) 15:2 (2 rescuers)
Number of Cycles
5 cycles (1or 2 rescuers). 5 cycles (1 or 2 rescuers)
per minute.
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17,18,19,20,1,2,3,4 5,6,7,8,9,and 1(cycle)and breathe,
breathe;
Counting for
standardization 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16, 17,18,19,20,1,2,3,4 5,6,7,8,9,and 2(cycle)and breathe,
purposes. breathe;
up to 5 cycles…

Steps in giving CPR/ RB

1. Check DANGER/ Survey the Scene
(Survey the scene the scene is safe)
I am _______________________ a train rescuer can I help?

2. Check RESPONSIVENESS.
Hey sir/ ma’am are you okay!
Hey sir/ma’ am are you okay! ( If the victim is unresponsive)

3. Activate Medical Assistance (SHOT HELP!)

Activate medical assistance and report back to me while I am doing my

primary survey

4. Do Primary Survey

II. check the AIR WAY

( check the mouth and nose)( say it mouth and nose is clean)

III. Check for BREATHING ( at least 10 seconds)

• Look-
• Feel -

IIII. If no breath and no pulse perform CPR

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 1 Cycle
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 2 Cycle
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 3 Cycle
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 4 Cycle
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 5 Cycle

Check circulation at least 10 seconds

5. Do the Secondary Survey

• Check vital signs

• D C A P B T L S procedure

• Recovery Position