Advanced Finite Element Analysis

Lecture 2

Dr. Yasmeen Taleb Obaidat

Section 6.1
Examples 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4

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• We idealize the body as an assemblage of finite elements
and apply the principle of virtual work to the unknown
state at time (t+Δ t).

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THE PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK

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• Note:- Integrating the principle of virtual work by parts
gives

•Governing differential equations of motion

•Plus force (natural) boundary conditions

just like in infinitesimal displacement analysis.

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• Example:Truss stretching under its own weight
Assume:
– Plane cross-sections remain plane
-Constant uniaxial stress on each cross-section We then have a one-
dimensional analysis.

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• Here we assumed that the nodal point loads are
independent of the structural deformations.
The loads are given as functions of time only.
• Example:

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• WE SATISFY THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF
MECHANICS:
Stress-strain law
Need to evaluate the stresses correctly from the strains.
Compatibility
Need to use compatible element meshes

Displacement boundary conditions

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• Equilibrium•
Corresponding to the finite element nodal point degrees of
freedom (global equilibrium)

Locally if a fine enough finite element discretization is used,

-Whether the stress boundary conditions are satisfied

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• Example:Plate with hole in tension

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• Purpose of analysis: To accurately determine the stresses
in the plate, assuming- that the load is small enough that a
linear elastic analysis may be performed.

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• Accuracy considerations:
Recall, in a displacement-based- finite element solution,
-Compatibility is satisfied.
-The material law is satisfied.
-Equilibrium (locally) is only approximately satisfied.We can
observe the equilibrium error by plotting stress
discontinuities.

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• Two element mesh:
All elements are two dimensional 8-node isoparametric
elements.

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• Plot stresses (evaluated at the nodal points) along the line
z=O:

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• Plot stresses along the line y=z:

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• Sixty-four element mesh:
• All elements are two-dimensional 8-node isoparametric
elements.

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• •To be confident that the stress discontinuities are small
everywhere, we should plot stress jumps along each line in
the mesh.•

• An alternative way of presenting stress discontinuities is

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We see that the stress discontinuities are represented by
breaks in the pressure bands. As the mesh is refined, the
pressure bands become smoother

-The stress state every where in the mesh is represented by

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• Summary of results for plate with hole meshes:

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• Two element mesh cannot be used for stress predictions.

•Sixty-four element- mesh gives reasonably accurate

•288 element mesh is over refined for linear elastic stress

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• Now consider the effect of using 9-node isoparametric
elements.
• Consider the 64 element mesh discussed earlier, where
each element is a 9-node element:

• Will the solution improve significantly?

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• No, the answers do not improve significantly:

The stress jump and pressure band plots do not change

• Will the crack propagate?

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