Contents

.INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................5
1.1OUTLINE.....................................................................................................5
1.2.HISTORY....................................................................................................6
1.2.1THE EAST INDIA COMPANY ERA:(1600-1887)............................10
1.2.2THE BRITISH RAJ:............................................................................12
2.CHARACTERISTICS.....................................................................................17
2.1ONION (BULBOUS) DOMES:.................................................................19
2.2OVERHANGING EAVES:.......................................................................20
2.3.Pointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches:..................................21
2.4.VAULTED ROOFS:.................................................................................22
2.5.DOMED KIOSKS:....................................................................................23
2.6.MINIATURE DOMES :............................................................................25
2.7.DOMED CHHATRIS:..............................................................................25
2.8.PINNACLES:............................................................................................26
2.9TOWERS OR MINARETS:.....................................................................27
2.10HAREM WINDOWS:.............................................................................28
2.11OPEN PAVILIONS OR PAVILIONS WITH BANGALA ROOFS:. .29
2.12.PIERCED OPEN ARCADE....................................................................30
3.ARCHITECTURE AS A SYMBOL OF POWER:.........................................31
4.LITERATURE STUDY..................................................................................32
4.1.MYSORE PALACE....................................................................................32
4.1.1INDRODUCTION:.................................................................................32
4.1.2ARCHITECTURE:..................................................................................32
4.2.LITERATURE STUDY:CHEPAUK PALACE.........................................34
4.2.1HISTORY:...............................................................................................34
4.2.2ARCHITECTURE:..................................................................................35

1
5.CONCLUSION:..............................................................................................36
6.REFERENCE:.................................................................................................38

2
Indo-Saracenic architecture is a style that emerged in the late 19th century and
early 20th century in India. It is a blend of Indian, Islamic, and European Indo-
Saracenic architecture was primarily developed during the British colonial
period in India when there was a conscious effort to create a new architectural
style that reflected the cultural diversity of the country. It was influenced by the
revivalist movements in Europe, such as Neo-Gothic, Neo-Renaissance, and
Neo-Classical styles.

AIM:

Aim of this project is to study about Indo-Saracenic architecture and to analyze

how it shaped “MODERN INDIA”.

OBJECTIVES

 To study the impact of British Colonialism in Indian Architecture

 To understand the deeper appreciation of the architectural elements,
design principles, and construction techniques employed
 To preserve, restore, and conserve of these structures, ensuring their
cultural and to maintain architectural legacy of Indo Saracenic
Architecture
NEED FOR STUDY
 Understanding the history of British Era and which helps in future needs.
 Its help us to understand influence of Native Indian Architecture over
British Architecture.
 To study and impose characteristics, elements and materials of British
Indian Era in today’s India.
3
METHODOLOGY
 Brief study of Indo Saracenic Architecture
 Studying Characteristics of Indo Saracenic Architecture.
 Analysing the Elements.
 Inferencing the studied details.

4
1.INTRODUCTION

1.1.OUTLINE
The term "Saracenic" refers to the
medieval Islamic architecture of the Arab
world. The development of Indo-Saracenic
architecture was influenced by the British colonial presence in India and the
revivalist movements in Europe during the Victorian era. The British architects
sought to create a distinctive architectural style that would reflect the cultural
diversity of India while incorporating elements of their own architectural
heritage

Indo-Saracenic buildings typically feature a fusion of architectural elements.

They often include domes, arches, minarets,
and intricate geometric patterns inspired by
Islamic architecture. Traditional Indian
architectural features such as courtyards,
pavilions, chhatris (domed pavilions), and
jalis (lattice screens) are also incorporated.
European architectural styles, such as
Gothic, Renaissance, and Neoclassical, are
blended with these Indian and Islamic elements. This fusion can be seen in the

5
use of pointed arches, stained glass windows, colonnades, and decorative

motifs.

1.2.HISTORY.

The early history of Indo-Saracenic architecture can be traced back to the mid-
19th century during the British colonial period in India. The British architects
and engineers, along with Indian craftsmen and builders, began experimenting
with architectural styles that combined elements from various cultures to create
a distinct architectural identity for colonial India.

The emergence of Indo-Saracenic architecture was influenced by several

factors. Firstly, the British architects were inspired by the rich architectural
heritage of India, particularly the Mughal architecture of the 16th and 17th
centuries. They admired the grandeur and intricacy of Mughal buildings such as
the Taj Mahal and sought to incorporate elements of this style into their designs.
6
Secondly, there was a revivalist movement in Europe during the Victorian era
that celebrated historical architectural styles. British architects drew inspiration
from Gothic, Renaissance, and Neoclassical styles and sought to integrate these
European elements with Indian and Islamic architectural motifs.

The fusion of architectural styles was also driven by the desire to create
buildings that were functional in the Indian climate. The incorporation of
features like courtyards, verandas, and large windows allowed for natural
ventilation and protection from the intense heat.

The Indo-Saracenic style gained significant momentum in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries. It was supported by the British colonial administration,
which saw it as a means to showcase their power and control over the Indian
subcontinent while acknowledging and appropriating the local culture.

Notable architects who contributed to the development of Indo-Saracenic

architecture include Sir Swinton Jacob, Robert Fellowes Chisholm, and Henry
Irwin. These architects designed a range of buildings such as government
offices, universities, railway stations, museums, and palaces, blending
architectural elements from different cultures to create a unique architectural
vocabulary.

Overall, the early history of

Indo-Saracenic architecture
reflects a conscious effort
by British architects to
create a distinct architectural
style that would symbolize
their colonial presence in
India while incorporating

7
elements from Indian and Islamic architectural traditions. The style became an
integral part of the architectural landscape of colonial India, leaving a lasting
legacy that can still be seen in many buildings today. The British influence on
Indian architecture was significant during the colonial period, spanning from the
17th century until India gained independence in 1947. British architectural
styles, construction techniques, and urban planning principles were introduced
and adopted in India, leaving a lasting impact on the architectural landscape of
the country. Here are some key aspects of British influence in Indian
architecture:

The British introduced their own architectural styles, primarily Neo-Gothic,

Neo-Classical, and Neo-Renaissance, in the construction of government
buildings, administrative offices, churches, and other structures. These buildings
often featured symmetrical facades, columns, arches, and ornate detailing.

The British implemented Western urban planning principles in Indian cities.

They developed planned urban settlements, often referred to as "Civil Lines" or
"Cantonments," which included orderly layouts, spacious avenues, parks, and
public buildings. Examples of such planned cities include New Delhi, Kolkata,
and Chennai.

The British introduced railway infrastructure in India, which led to the

construction of railway stations and associated buildings. These buildings
incorporated architectural styles similar to the Victorian Gothic or Indo-
Saracenic styles, blending British and Indian architectural elements.

British influence can be seen in the construction of educational institutions, such

as universities, colleges, and schools. These buildings often adopted a mixture
of architectural styles, combining British elements with local architectural
features.

8
The British introduced the concept of bungalows and villas in India, which were
typically single-story houses with verandas and gardens. These structures were
influenced by British domestic architecture and were adapted to suit the Indian
climate. Battle of Plassey (1757): The Battle of Plassey was a pivotal event in
British East India Company's expansion in India. The British, led by Robert
Clive, defeated the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah, with the help of a local
ally, Mir Jafar. This battle marked the beginning of British political dominance
in Bengal and laid the foundation for their further expansion.

Battle of Buxar (1764): The Battle of Buxar was another significant conflict
between the British East India Company and a coalition of Indian powers,
including the Mughal Empire. The British, led by Hector Munro, decisively
defeated the joint forces of the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, Nawab of
Awadh, and the Mughal-appointed Nawab of Bengal. This battle further
consolidated British control over Bengal and Bihar.

Anglo-Maratha Wars (1775-1818): The Anglo-Maratha Wars were a series of

conflicts between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire,
which was a powerful Hindu empire in Western and Central India. These wars
spanned several decades and involved multiple battles and campaigns. The
British gradually weakened and defeated the Marathas, leading to the
dissolution of the empire and British control over large parts of Western and
Central India.

Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767-1799): The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of

conflicts between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore,
ruled by the legendary Tipu Sultan. These wars were fought over control of
territories in southern India. The British faced several setbacks initially but
ultimately emerged victorious, with the death of Tipu Sultan in the fourth war.
The defeat of Mysore further expanded British influence in South India.

9
Siege of Delhi (1857): The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy
Mutiny or the First War of Independence, was a widespread uprising against
British rule in India. During this rebellion, Indian sepoys (soldiers) of the East
India Company's army, as well as various Indian rulers and leaders, challenged
British authority. The Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II, although a figurehead,
was seen as a symbol of resistance. However, the rebellion was suppressed by
the British, and Delhi was recaptured after a siege, marking the end of
significant Mughal influence in Indian affairs.

British colonialists introduced formal gardens, landscaped parks, and botanical

gardens in India. These green spaces often featured manicured lawns, flower
beds, water features, and exotic plant species. Arrival of the British: The British
East India Company, established in 1600, initially arrived in India with the
intention of establishing trade relations. The company set up trading posts and
factories along the Indian coasts, primarily in areas such as Surat, Madras
(Chennai), and Calicut.

1.2.1THE EAST INDIA COMPANY ERA:(1600-1887)

The East India Company played a pivotal role in the history of British
colonialism in India. Its establishment marked the beginning of British
influence in the region, ultimately leading to the establishment of British rule
over the Indian subcontinent. The company's activities had profound and lasting
effects on India's political, economic, and social landscape. The early Indo-
Saracenic architecture works emerged during the late 19th century and early
20th century in India. Here are some notable examples of early Indo-Saracenic
architecture:

10
1. Victoria Terminus (Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus) - Mumbai: Designed by
Frederick William Stevens and completed in 1887, this iconic railway station
is a blend of Victorian Gothic, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles. It
features elaborate turrets, pointed arches, ornamental carvings, and a
prominent central dome.

2. Mysore Palace - Mysore: The Mysore Palace, built between 1897 and 1912,
is an opulent example of Indo-Saracenic architecture. It incorporates Hindu,
Islamic, and Gothic elements, featuring arches, domes, intricate carvings,
and colorful tile work.

3. Victoria Memorial - Kolkata: Built between 1906 and 1921, the Victoria
Memorial is a grand memorial dedicated to Queen Victoria. Designed by
William Emerson, it showcases Indo-Saracenic influences with its grand
dome, arches, and white marble exterior. It houses a museum that exhibits
artifacts from the British colonial era.

4. Crawford Market - Mumbai: Constructed in 1869, Crawford Market is a

vibrant marketplace in Mumbai. The building showcases a blend of
Victorian and Indo-Saracenic architectural styles with its ornate arches,
friezes, and a clock tower.

5. University of Madras Senate House - Chennai: Built-in 1879, the Senate

House is a prominent landmark of Indo-Saracenic architecture. It showcases
a fusion of Indian and Islamic elements with its arcades, minarets, and ornate
carvings.

11
1.2.2.THE BRITISH RAJ:
The British Raj refers to the period of British colonial rule in the Indian
subcontinent from 1858
to 1947. It began after
the Indian Rebellion of
1857, also known as the
Indian Mutiny or the
Sepoy Mutiny, which
resulted in the
dissolution of the
British East India
Company's control over India. The British government took over direct
administration of India, establishing the British Raj.

During the British Raj, India was ruled by a Viceroy appointed by the British
monarch. The Viceroy was the head of the colonial administration and
represented the British crown. The Viceroy was assisted by an executive
council, which included high-ranking British officials and some Indian
representatives.

The British Raj brought significant changes to India's political, social,

economic, and cultural landscape. The British introduced modern infrastructure,
such as railways, telegraphs, and postal systems, which played a crucial role in
connecting different regions of India. They also implemented Western-style
education systems and established universities, leading to the growth of a new
Indian middle class that became involved in various social and political
movements.

However, the British Raj was also marked by exploitation and oppression. The
British implemented policies that favored British interests, leading to the

12
deindustrialization of India and the destruction of traditional handicraft
industries. Indian resources were exploited, and agricultural production was
restructured to serve British economic needs. Additionally, discriminatory
policies were enforced, and the Indian population was subject to racial
discrimination and subjugation.

Resistance against British rule grew over time, with various movements and
leaders emerging to challenge British authority. Prominent figures such as
Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose played
significant roles in advocating for independence and organizing mass
movements against British rule.

The struggle for independence culminated in the Indian independence

movement, which gained momentum after World War II. Eventually, the Indian
National Congress and the Muslim League negotiated with the British
government, leading to the partition of India and the creation of two separate
nations: India and Pakistan. India gained independence on August 15, 1947,
while Pakistan came into existence on August 14, 1947.

The British Raj had a profound and lasting impact on the Indian subcontinent. It
shaped India's political, social, and economic structures, leaving a complex
legacy that continues to influence the region to this day. During the British Raj
in India, the British constructed various buildings and structures across the
country. These structures represented the architectural style of the time and
served as symbols of British power and influence. Here are some notable
examples:

1. Government House (Rashtrapati Bhavan): Located in New Delhi, this

grand building was originally constructed as the Viceroy's House and

13
 served as the residence of the Viceroy of India. Today, it is the official
residence of the President of India.

2. Victoria Memorial: Situated in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), the Victoria

Memorial is a magnificent white marble building dedicated to Queen
Victoria. It now serves as a museum and gallery showcasing British Raj
history.

3. Gateway of India: Situated in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), the Gateway

of India is an iconic monument built to commemorate the visit of King
George V and Queen Mary to India. It stands as a symbol of British
presence and is a popular tourist attraction.

4. India Gate: Located in New Delhi, India Gate is a war memorial built in
memory of Indian soldiers who died during World War I and the Afghan
Wars. It is a prominent landmark and serves as a venue for national
events and ceremonies.

5. Howrah Bridge: Spanning the Hooghly River in Kolkata, the Howrah

Bridge is an engineering marvel constructed during the British Raj. It is
one of the busiest bridges in the world and a vital transportation link.
Bombay High Court: Located in Mumbai, the Bombay High Court is an
impressive neo-Gothic building constructed during the British era. It is
one of the oldest High Courts in India and features intricate architectural
details.

6. Allahabad High Court: Situated in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, the

Allahabad High Court is another notable building constructed during the
British Raj. It is one of the largest and oldest High Courts in India, known
for its grand architecture.

14
7. Jaipur City Palace: Located in Jaipur, Rajasthan, the City Palace is a
stunning complex that blends Rajput and Mughal architectural styles.
While the palace's foundation predates the British Raj, several additions
and renovations were made under British influence.

8. St. John's Church: Situated in Kolkata, St. John's Church is one of the
oldest Anglican churches in India. Its construction began in 1784 and was
completed during the British era. The church showcases a mix of
Neoclassical and Gothic architectural elements.

9. Raj Bhavan: Raj Bhavan, or Government House, is the official residence

of the Governor of Bengal in Kolkata. It was constructed in the early 19th
century and served as the residence of the British Governors-General
before the capital moved to Delhi.

10.Victoria Terminus: Located in Mumbai, now known as Chhatrapati

Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, it is a magnificent railway station built in
Victorian-Gothic architectural style. It serves as a significant
transportation hub and is a UNESCO World Heritage site.

11.Government Museum and Art Gallery: Situated in Chennai, the

Government Museum and Art Gallery is a colonial-era museum that
houses a vast collection of art, archaeology, and ethnology. The building
showcases Indo-Saracenic architectural influences.

12.Rajabai Clock Tower: Located in Mumbai, the Rajabai Clock Tower is a

prominent landmark and a fusion of Victorian and Venetian architectural
styles. It stands within the campus of the University of Mumbai.

13.Mysore Palace: Situated in Mysore, Karnataka, the Mysore Palace is an

opulent palace built in Indo-Saracenic architectural style. While the

15
 original palace dates back to the 14th century, the current structure was
rebuilt under the patronage of the British during the 19th century.

14.Madras High Court: Located in Chennai (formerly Madras), the Madras

High Court is an impressive building constructed during the British era. It
stands as one of the oldest High Courts in India and showcases British
architectural influences.

15.Shimla Town Hall: Constructed in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, the Shimla

Town Hall is an elegant building featuring Victorian architectural
elements. It served as a venue for various cultural and administrative
events during the British era.

These are just a few examples of the many buildings and structures constructed
by the British during their rule in India. These structures not only showcased
British architectural styles but also left a lasting impact on India's urban
landscape. Many of them continue to be significant landmarks and tourist
attractions today. The British Raj brought significant changes to India's political,
social, economic, and cultural landscape. The British introduced modern
infrastructure, such as railways, telegraphs, and postal systems, which played a
crucial role in connecting different regions of India. They also implemented
Western-style education systems and established universities, leading to the
growth of a new Indian middle class that became involved in various social and
political movements.

16
2.CHARACTERISTICS:
The use of local materials in Indo-Saracenic architecture not only showcased
the availability and suitability of indigenous resources but also reflected the
integration of traditional craftsmanship and building techniques. It allowed for a
harmonious blend of architectural styles while ensuring that the structures were
well-adapted to the local climate and conditions.

Indo-Saracenic designs were introduced by British imperialist colonizers,

promoting their own sense of “rightful self-glorification”. Public and
Government buildings were often rendered on an intentionally grand scale,
reflecting and promoting a notion of an unassailable and invincible British
Empire.

• Onion (bulbous) domes

• Overhanging eaves

• Pointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches

• Vaulted roofs

• Domed kiosks

• Miniature domes

• Domed chhatris

• Pinnacles

• Towers or minarets

• Harem windows

• Open pavilions or pavilions with Bangala roofs

• Pierced open arcading

17
Chief proponents of this style of architecture werethese: Robert Fellowes
Chisholm, Charles Mant, Henry Irwin, William Emerson, George Wittet and
FrederickStevens, along with numerous other skilled professionals and artisans
throughout Europe and the Americas.

Structures built in Indo-Saracenic style in India and in certain nearby countries

were predominately grand public edifices, such as clock towers and
courthouses.

Indo-saracenic architecture found its way into public buildings of all sorts such
as railway stations, banks and insurance buildings, educational institutions,
clubs and museums .

18
 2.1.
ONION (BULBOUS) DOMES:

Onion domes, also known as bulbous domes or onion-shaped domes, are

architectural elements commonly found in Russian and Eastern European
architecture. These distinctive domes are characterized by their distinctive
shape, resembling an onion or a bulb.

19
Onion domes are typically used to crown the top of a church or other religious
structure, although they can also be found on certain secular buildings. They are
often made of wood or metal, such as copper or tin, and are covered with
decorative elements like ornate crosses, stars, or crescents.

The origins of onion domes can be traced back to Byzantine and Islamic
architectural influences. Over time, they became an integral part of the
architectural style known as Russian or Slavic Revival, which flourished in
Russia from the 16th to the 19th century.

The construction of onion domes involves a series of stacked concave or convex

curves, gradually diminishing in size as they ascend. This creates the distinctive
bulging and tapering effect, resembling an onion or a flame. The domes are
often topped with a smaller onion dome or a cross.

20
2.2.OVERHANGING EAVES:
In Indo-Saracenic architecture,
overhanging eaves are a common feature
that adds to the distinctive aesthetic of
the style. Indo-Saracenic architecture is a
blend of Indian, Islamic, and European
architectural elements that emerged
during the British colonial period in
India, particularly from the late 19th
century to the early 20th century.

Overhanging eaves refer to the extension

of the roof beyond the walls of a building, creating a protective overhang. The
eaves are typically supported by brackets or corbels, which are decorative and
functional elements. These extended eaves serve multiple purposes in Indo-
Saracenic architecture:

Climate Control: The overhanging eaves provide shade and help to protect the
building from direct sunlight, reducing heat gain and maintaining cooler interior
temperatures. This feature is particularly important in hot and tropical climates
like India, where the style originated.

Rainwater Management: The extended eaves help to redirect rainwater away

from the walls of the building, preventing water from seeping into the structure
and protecting it from moisture-related damage. The overhang also provides
shelter for windows and walls, minimizing water penetration during heavy
rains.

Architectural Ornamentation: Overhanging eaves are often intricately carved

and decorated, showcasing the skilled craftsmanship of Indo-Saracenic
architecture.

21
2.3.Pointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches:
In Indo-Saracenic architecture, which emerged during the 19th century in the
Indian subcontinent, you can find a variety of arch styles,
including pointed arches, cusped arches, and scalloped arches.
These arch types are influenced by a fusion of Indian, Islamic,
and European architectural styles.

Pointed Arches: Pointed arches, also known as Gothic arches,

are a prominent feature in Indo-Saracenic architecture. These
arches have a characteristic pointed shape, with two curved sides that meet at a
central point. Pointed arches were introduced to the Indian subcontinent by
Islamic architects and were commonly used in structures like mosques, palaces,
and tombs. They provide an elegant and visually striking appearance.

Cusped Arches: Cusped arches are another notable arch style found in Indo-
Saracenic architecture. These arches have small, concave curves, or cusps,
intersecting the main arch. The cusps can be simple or highly intricate, featuring
elaborate geometric patterns or floral motifs. Cusped arches are often seen in
the entrances, windows, and decorative elements of buildings, adding a delicate
and intricate touch to the architectural design.

Scalloped Arches: Scalloped arches, also called horseshoe arches, are

characterized by their rounded, horseshoe-like shape. These arches have a
rounded top and tapering sides that resemble an inverted U-shape. Scalloped
arches have their roots in Islamic architecture and were incorporated into Indo-
Saracenic style. They are commonly seen in structures like mosques, gateways,
and palaces, providing a distinctive aesthetic and a sense of elegance.

22
2.4.VAULTED ROOFS:
In Indo-Saracenic architecture, vaulted roofs are an important design element
that combines architectural styles from India, Islamic traditions, and European
Gothic and Renaissance influences. This architectural style emerged during the
British colonial period in India and was prevalent from the 19th to the early
20th century.

Vaulted roofs in Indo-Saracenic architecture are characterized by their arched or

domed shape and their ability to span large spaces. They are often constructed
using brick or stone and are designed to create a sense of grandeur and
spaciousness. The vaults can be simple or elaborately decorated with intricate
patterns, carvings, or tile work.

One of the significant influences on vaulted roofs in Indo-Saracenic architecture

is the Islamic architectural tradition, particularly the use of domes and arches in
mosques and tombs. These elements were adapted and incorporated into the
design of public buildings, palaces, educational institutions, and other structures
during the colonial era.

European architectural styles, such as Gothic and Renaissance, also played a

role in shaping the vaulted roofs of Indo-Saracenic architecture. The pointed
arches and ribbed vaults of the Gothic style, for example, were often fused with
the traditional Indian architectural elements to create unique vaulted roof
designs.

23
The purpose of vaulted roofs in Indo-Saracenic architecture was not only
functional but also symbolic. They served as a way to demonstrate the grandeur
and power of the ruling British Empire while incorporating and honoring local
architectural traditions. The use of vaulted roofs allowed for the creation of
large interior spaces, aiding in the circulation of air and providing relief from
the intense heat of the Indian climate.

2.5.DOMED KIOSKS:

Domed kiosks are architectural

elements commonly found in
Indo-Saracenic architecture,
which is a style that emerged in
the 19th century in the Indian
subcontinent. Indo-Saracenic
architecture is a fusion of
Indian, Islamic, and European
architectural styles, reflecting
the colonial period when it
flourished.

In this architectural style,

domed kiosks are often used as
ornamental pavilions or small
structures within larger complexes, such as palaces, gardens, or public
buildings. They serve both functional and decorative purposes and are known
for their intricate designs and craftsmanship.

The design of domed kiosks in Indo-Saracenic architecture is influenced by

Islamic and Mughal architectural traditions, characterized by the use of arches,
24
domes, and intricate geometric patterns. The domes of these kiosks can vary in
shape, including bulbous, hemispherical, or elongated forms.

The kiosks are typically constructed using materials like stone, brick, or plaster,
and are adorned with decorative elements such as carved stone or stucco
ornamentation, intricate tile work, and delicate lattice screens

known as jali work. These embellishments often feature motifs like floral
patterns, arabesques, calligraphy, and symbolic representations.

The kiosks are characterized by intricate and ornamental detailing, featuring

elements such as arches, minarets, lattice screens (jali), and decorative motifs
like geometric patterns, floral designs, and calligraphy. The domes themselves
may be adorned with intricate carvings or tile work, adding to their visual
appeal.

The design of domed kiosks in Indo-Saracenic architecture is influenced by the

traditional architectural forms of Islamic architecture, particularly Mughal
architecture. The domes are typically bulbous or onion-shaped, similar to the
onion domes discussed earlier. They are often constructed using materials like
stone, brick, or plaster.

Domed kiosks in Indo-Saracenic architecture provide shaded spaces for rest or

gathering and also serve as architectural focal points, enhancing the visual
appeal of the surrounding area. They contribute to the overall grandeur and
splendor of the buildings or complexes they are a part of, showcasing the
intricate craftsmanship and cultural amalgamation of the architectural style.

One prominent example of Indo-Saracenic architecture featuring domed kiosks

is the Victoria Memorial in Kolkata, India. The memorial, built in the early 20th
century, showcases a blend of British, Mughal, and Venetian architectural
styles, with several domed kiosks adorning its grounds.

25
2.6.MINIATURE DOMES :
Miniature domes in Indo-Saracenic architecture typically have a bulbous or
onion shape, similar to the onion domes found in Russian and Eastern European
architecture. However, they are usually smaller in size and are used as
decorative features rather than as the main architectural element.

These miniature domes are often placed on top of entrances, corners, or as

crowns on pavilions, chhatris (small elevated pavilions), or chhajas (projecting
eaves). They are usually
made of materials such as
stone, brick, or plaster,
and are intricately carved
or embellished with
decorative motifs,
including geometric
patterns, floral designs,
or calligraphy.

2.7.DOMED CHHATRIS:
Domed chhatris are architectural elements commonly found in Indo-Saracenic
architecture, a style that emerged during the British colonial period in India.
Chhatris are elevated, dome-shaped pavilions or kiosks that serve as decorative
elements on buildings, particularly on the rooftops.

26
In Indo-Saracenic architecture, which is a blend of Indian, Islamic, and
European architectural styles, chhatris are a prominent feature. They showcase
the fusion of Indian and Islamic design elements with Western influences.

Chhatris typically consist of a raised platform or base, supporting a dome-

shaped canopy or pavilion. The domes are often bulbous or onion-shaped,
similar to the onion domes discussed earlier. They are adorned with intricate
carvings, ornamental finials, and decorative elements like arches, spires, and
miniature domes.

Chhatris are primarily used for ornamental purposes, serving as symbolic

elements rather than functional structures. They are often placed at the corners
or along the sides of buildings, providing an aesthetic balance and creating a
visual impact. Chhatris can be found on palaces, tombs, temples, and other
significant architectural structures.

These domed chhatris draw inspiration from Indian architectural traditions,

particularly from the regional style of Rajput and Mughal architecture. They are
also influenced by Islamic architectural features such as domes, arches, and
intricate geometric patterns.

In Indo-Saracenic architecture, pinnacles are architectural elements commonly

used to crown the top of buildings, particularly in religious and monumental
structures. Indo-Saracenic architecture emerged in the 19th century in India
during the British colonial period and combined elements of Indian, Islamic,
and European architectural styles.

2.8.PINNACLES:
Indo-Saracenic architecture are typically decorative and ornate, adding a
vertical emphasis and a sense of grandeur to the building. They are often placed

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on top of domes, towers, or minarets, enhancing the visual appeal and
architectural composition of the structure.

These pinnacles often feature intricate carvings, elaborate patterns, and detailed
craftsmanship. They may be made of stone, marble, or other materials and can
be adorned with decorative elements such as finials, finials, kalash (urns), or
chhatris (small domed pavilions).

The design of pinnacles in

Indo-Saracenic architecture
draws inspiration from various
architectural traditions.
Islamic influences can be seen
in the use of geometric
patterns, calligraphy, and
arches, while Indian elements
are reflected in the
incorporation of traditional
motifs, sculptural details, and
temple-like features.

2.9.TOWERS OR
MINARETS:
Minarets are an important
architectural feature in Indo-
Saracenic architecture. Indo-
Saracenic architecture
emerged in the 19th century in India during the British colonial period and
combined elements of Indian, Islamic, and European architectural styles.

28
In Islamic architecture, minarets are tall, slender towers typically found adjacent
to mosques. They serve several purposes, including providing a visual focal
point, calling the faithful to prayer, and sometimes acting as observation towers.

In Indo-Saracenic architecture, minarets retain their traditional Islamic

characteristics but are often incorporated into a broader architectural
composition that includes elements from other architectural traditions. They are
used to enhance the visual appeal, grandeur, and cultural significance of the
buildings.

Minarets in Indo-Saracenic architecture are usually tall and prominently placed,

rising above the main structure of the building. They are often characterized by
intricate detailing, including geometric patterns, calligraphy, and decorative
elements such as arches, balconies, and latticework.

2.10.HAREM WINDOWS:
In Indo-Saracenic architecture, harem windows are a
distinctive feature inspired by Islamic architectural
traditions. The term "harem" refers to the private
quarters of a traditional Muslim household, typically
reserved for women and family members.

Harem windows, also known as jharokhas or oriel

windows, are elaborately carved and projected
windows that serve both functional and aesthetic
purposes. They are often found in palaces, forts, and
grand residences, particularly in the Rajput and
Mughal architectural styles of India.

The design of harem windows in Indo-Saracenic architecture showcases a

fusion of Islamic, Indian, and European influences. They feature intricate stone

29
or wood carvings, delicate jali (lattice) work, and decorative elements such as
brackets, columns, and arches. The windows are typically placed at an elevated
position, projecting outward from the building facade.

Harem windows serve several functions. They provide privacy for the
inhabitants of the harem while allowing natural light and ventilation into the
space. The intricate latticework allows for airflow and temperature regulation,
creating a comfortable environment inside the building. Additionally, the ornate
design of the windows adds a touch of elegance and visual appeal to the
structure.

These windows also serve as a symbol of status and wealth, as their elaborate
craftsmanship and detailed carvings require skilled artisans. They often feature
motifs inspired by nature, such as flowers, vines, and geometric patterns,
reflecting the rich cultural heritage of the region.

2.11.OPEN PAVILIONS OR PAVILIONS WITH BANGALA

ROOFS:
Open pavilions or
pavilions with
Bangala roofs are
architectural
features commonly
found in Indo-
Saracenic
architecture,
particularly in
India. Indo-
Saracenic

30
architecture emerged during the British colonial period in the 19th century and
combined elements of Indian, Islamic, and European architectural styles.

Open pavilions are structures that provide a covered space, often with open
sides or partially enclosed with arches or columns. They are designed to provide
shelter while allowing for open views and airflow. Open pavilions are typically
used in public spaces, gardens, and as extensions to larger buildings.

In Indo-Saracenic architecture, open pavilions often feature Bangala roofs. A

Bangala roof is a distinct architectural element with roots in traditional Bengali
architecture. It is a steeply sloping roof with prominent eaves that extend
beyond the walls, providing shade and protection from the elements. The eaves
of the roof are often decorated with intricate wooden or plasterwork carvings.

The design of open pavilions with Bangala roofs in Indo-Saracenic architecture

combines Indian and Islamic influences. The open sides or arches reflect the

traditional Indian architectural style, allowing for natural light and ventilation.
The Bangala roof, on the other hand, showcases the fusion of Indian and
European influences, with its steep slope and decorative eaves resembling
certain European roof styles.

These pavilions with Bangala roofs can be found in various architectural

structures, such as public gardens, palaces, and government buildings. They
serve as gathering spaces, resting areas, or vantage points, offering a blend of
functional utility and aesthetic appeal.

2.12.PIERCED OPEN ARCADE

Pierced open arcading is a characteristic feature of Indo-Saracenic architecture.
It refers to a decorative element in which a series of arches are placed side by
side, creating an arcade. What sets pierced open arcading apart is the intricate

31
and elaborate ornamentation within the arches, often featuring intricate patterns
and delicate filigree work.

In Indo-Saracenic architecture, pierced open arcading serves both functional and

decorative purposes. Functionally, it allows for the passage of air and light
while providing shade and ventilation to the interior spaces. This feature was
particularly useful in the hot climate of the Indian subcontinent.

3.ARCHITECTURE AS A SYMBOL OF POWER:

Turbulent Islamic culture irrupting into the ancient world of the Hindus and
Jains was like an Earthquake. The antagonism was fundamental: Hinduism
venerates a thousand Gods; whereas the message of the Quran is strictly
monotheistic and the facades of Hindu temples are covered with images
celebrating the Gods of a protean pantheon, while Muslims inspired the Ten
Commandments had established an iconic form of worship that rejected all
images. HINDU ARCHITECTURE, with its temples hollowed out of cliffs or
built of worked stone, is based on Traditional techniques derived from Timber
construction: piers and lintels are combined with corbelling. MUSLIM
ARCHITECTURE, on the other hand is based on arches, vaults built up of
shaped Voussoirs and domes on squinches. The introduction of these features
into India initiated a technological revolution. 12th Century- INDO-MUSLIM
ART PERSIAN BUILDERS- Masters in the Art of brickwork, made use of
four-centered arches and of domes. Persian influence is detectable between 12th
to 15th centuries. The most characteristic element of Persian Architecture was
the courtyard-plan mosque nor is the four-iwan scheme is nowhere seen. The
iwan with its pointed vault posed too many problems for Hindu stone masons.

32
Brick was replaced by Ashlar, in the use of which local builders excelled. Only
the Arch and Vault which had initially defeated became widespread. After the
throne of Akbar in the mid 15th century, “A time of chaos” of rich creativity
saw a profound revitalization of the form and aesthetic principles of Islamic Art
This melded style reached its height in 17th century Bijapur, if not even earlier,
in the fifteenth-century Pathankindoms of Gaur and Mandu. The buildings of
this era, as contrasted with the ornate structures of later rulers, were, in their
view, 'more restrained and flexible’, simple yet dignified, eminently suited both
to decorative elaboration and modern needs.

4.LITERATURE STUDY

4.1.MYSORE PALACE

4.1.1INDRODUCTION:
Mysore Palace, also known as Amba Vilas Palace, is a historical palace and a
royal residence (house). It is located in Mysore, Karnataka, India. It used to be
the official residence of the Wadiyar dynasty and the seat of the Kingdom of
Mysore. The palace is in the centre of Mysore, and faces the Chamundi Hills
eastward. Mysore is commonly described as the 'City of Palaces', and there are
seven palaces including this one. However, the Mysore Palace refers
specifically to the one within the new fort.

4.1.2ARCHITECTURE:
The last palace, now known as the Old Palace or the Wooden Palace, burned to
ashes during the wedding of Jayalakshammani, the eldest daughter of
Chamaraja Wodeyar in 1896. Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV and his mother
Maharani Kempananjammanni Devi commissioned the British architect Henry
33
Irwin to build a new palace. E.W. Fritchley worked as a consulting Engineer.
Meanwhile, the royal family stayed in the nearby Jaganmohan Palace.
Construction was overseen by an executive engineer in the Mysore Palace
division. He conducted elaborate architectural studies during his visits to Delhi,
Madras, and Calcutta, and these were used to plan the new palace. The
construction cost was placed at Rs 41,47,913 (around $30 million adjusted to
inflation) and the palace was completed in 1912.

The palace was further expanded in around 1930 (including the addition of the
present Public Durbar Hall wing) during the reign of Maharaja
Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar.

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35
4.2.LITERATURE STUDY:CHEPAUK PALACE.
Chepauk Palace was the official residence of the Nawab of Arcot from 1768 to
1855. It is situated in the neighbourhood of
Chepauk in Chennai, India and is
constructed in the Indo-Saracenic style of
architecture.

4.2.1HISTORY:
By the end of the Carnatic Wars, the previously independent kingdom of the
Carnatic had virtually become a protectorate of the British East India Company.
The Nawab Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah (VIII) was a close friend and ally of
the British and was dependent on Company troops for his protection. So, in
1764, he thought of constructing a palace for himself within the ramparts of Fort
St George. However, due to space constraints, Wallajah was forced to abandon
his plans and instead constructed a palace at Chepauk, a few miles to the south
of the fort.

Known for its intricate carvings, wide arches, red brick walls and lime mortar,
Chepauk Palace was built by the engineer Paul Benfield, who completed it in
1768. It was one of the first buildings in India to be built in the Indo-Saracenic
style.The palace comprises two blocks, namely, Kalas Mahal and Humayun
Mahal. Kalas Mahal was the official residence of the Nawabs from 1768 to
1855. Humayun Mahal, the northern block, was virtually rebuilt between 1868
and 1871 by Robert Chisholm when assigned the work of creating a new
records office and building for the Revenue Board by Governor Lord Napier.

36
4.2.2ARCHITECTURE:
The Chepauk Palace comprises two blocks—the northern block is
known as Kalas Mahal while the southern block is known as
Humayun Mahal. The palace is built over an area of 117 acres and is
surrounded by a wall. The Humayun Mahal is spread over 66,000
square feet and has ventilators on the terrace and a connecting
corridor to the Kalas Mahal.

37
5.CONCLUSION:
Indo-Saracenic architecture represents a unique and fascinating architectural
style that emerged during the British colonial period in India. It is characterized
by the fusion of Indian, Islamic, and European architectural elements, resulting
in a rich and diverse architectural heritage.

Throughout this dissertation, we have explored the key features and influences
of Indo-Saracenic architecture, including the use of domes, pinnacles, pierced
open arcading, and ornate decoration. We have observed how these architectural
elements reflect a harmonious blend of cultural, religious, and artistic
influences.

Indo-Saracenic architecture showcases the ability to incorporate diverse

architectural traditions and adapt them to the Indian context. It reflects the
cultural exchange and intermingling of ideas between the colonizers and the
local artisans and craftsmen.

One of the notable aspects of Indo-Saracenic architecture is its visual grandeur

and attention to detail. The intricate carvings, delicate filigree work, and the use
of vibrant colors create a sense of opulence and splendor. This aesthetic
richness is often combined with functional considerations, such as providing
shade, ventilation, and the integration of local climate-responsive design.

In studying Indo-Saracenic architecture, we have also recognized the need for

its preservation and conservation. Many of these architectural gems face various
challenges, including neglect, deterioration, and insufficient maintenance.
Preserving and safeguarding these structures is crucial not only for their
architectural value but also for their cultural and historical importance.

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6.REFERENCE:
 Das, Pradip Kumar, Henry Irwin and the Indo Saracenic Movement
Reconsidered, 2014, ISBN 1482822695, 9781482822694,
 Jayewardene-Pillai, Shanti, Imperial Conversations: Indo-Britons and the
Architecture of South India, 2007, ISBN 8190363425, 9788190363426,
 Mann, Michael, "Art, Artefacts and Architecture" Chapter 2 in Civilizing
Missions in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia: From Improvement to
Development, Editors: Carey Anthony Watt, Michael Mann, 2011, Anthem
Press, ISBN 1843318644, 9781843318644,
 Metcalf, Thomas R., Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean
Arena, 1860–1920, 2007, University of California Press, ISBN 0520933338,
9780520933330,

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