) ABACUS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND *

MANAGEMENT
(A joint venture of JIS Group and Techno India Group was established in 2008)

-: Affiliated to :-
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT)
(Formerly Known as WBUT)
-: Approved By :-
All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE)

- :Project Name: -
Bi-directional car wheel movement by Solenoid Engine
with Transmission mechanism
-:Submitted By:-
STUDENT NAME ROLL NUMBER REGISTRATION NUMBER
Rittick Adhikary 24000721037
Souptik Mal 24000721056
Pradip Indra 24000721022
Nanigopal Maity 24000721021
Subhadip Bairi 24000721013

Under the Supervision of: Mr. SUBHAM SAHA

(Assistant Professor of Abacus Institute of Engineering and Management)
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for a degree named
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering
From the Alma Mater: Abacus Institute of Engineering and Management
Under the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (Formerly Known as WBUT)
Magra, Hoogly, West Bengal
June, 2024

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Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 1
 -:A Project Report on:-
Bi-directional car wheel movement by Solenoid Engine with
Transmission mechanism
-:Submitted By:-

STUDENT NAME ROLL NUMBER REGISTRATION NUMBER

Rittick Adhikary 24000721037
Souptik Mal 24000721056
Pradip Indra 24000721022
Nanigopal Maity 24000721021
Subhadip Bairi 24000721013

Under the Supervision of: Mr. SUBHAM SAHA

(Assistant Professor of Abacus Institute of Engineering and Management)
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for a degree named
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering
Under the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
(Formerly Known as WBUT)

ABACUS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

MANAGEMENT
(A joint venture of JIS Group and Techno India Group was established in 2008)
Magra, Hoogly, West Bengal
June, 2024

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 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project report entitled:
“Bi-directional car wheel movement by Solenoid Engine with Transmission
mechanism’’
Submitted to the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT)
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Mechanical Engineering is a record of original dissertation work
done by us as a group, under the guidance and supervision of Mr. SUBHAM SAHA,
Assistant Professor at Department of Mechanical Engineering in Abacus Institute
of Engineering and Management in the place named Magra in District - Hooghly,
State - West Bengal and it has not formed the basis for the award of any
Degree/Diploma/Fellowship or other similar title to any candidate to any
University.

Place:
Date :

--------------------------------------
Signature of the Candidates
STUDENT NAME ROLL NUMBER
Rittick Adhikary 24000721037
Souptik Mal 24000721056
Pradip Indra 24000721022
Nanigopal Maity 24000721021
Subhadip Bairi 24000721013

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ABACUS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 3

 Department of Mechanical Engineering

FORWARD
This is to certify that the dissertation i.e. B. Tech. thesis work entitled :
“Bi-directional car wheel movement by Solenoid Engine with Transmission
mechanism’’
by the students named:
1. Rittick Adhikary
2. Souptik Mal
3. Pradip Indra
4. Nanigopal Maity
5. Subhadip Bairi

(final year students of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology, under MAKAUT, formerly
known as West Bengal University of Technology) has been carried out under my
supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology during session 2021-2024 at the Department of Mechanical Engineering in
Abacus Institute of Engineering and Management, Magra.
This work has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree. However, various kinds of
literature have been consulted and data collected in preparing this report which has been
duly acknowledged in the thesis. It is a record of work performance by the students formed
as a group as a result of their extensive and untiring effort under my guidance and
supervision. I wish them every success in life.

--------------------------------------------------------------
Project Supervisor: Mr. SUBHAM SAHA
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
AIEM, Mogra-712148

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ABACUS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 4

 Department of Mechanical Engineering

MESSAGE
It takes immense pleasure to certify the students named:
1. Rittick Adhikary
2. Souptik Mal
3. Pradip Indra
4. Nanigopal Maity
5. Subhadip Bairi
Of 2021-2024, Final year students of Degree of Bachelor of Technology, under MAKAUT,
(formerly known as West Bengal University of Technology) from the Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Abacus Institute of Engineering and Management, for their
dissertation i.e. B. Tech. thesis work entitled:
“Bi-directional car wheel movement by Solenoid Engine with Transmission
mechanism’’
carried out under the supervision of Mr. SUBHAM SAHA, a distinguished faculty member
in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Abacus Institute of Engineering and
Management. This is to certify that the submitted record of the aforementioned project work
by above Students Name reflects their sincere and untiring effort for the partial fulfillment
for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering from Abacus Institute
of Engineering and Management. I do think that he will be capable to efficiently deal with
such intriguing problems in practice and I wish their success in future endeavors.

----------------------------------------------------------
Mr. BIKASH BANERJEE
Assistant Professor & Head of the department
Mechanical Engineering Department
AIEM, Magra

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ABACUS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 5

 MESSAGE
It gives me great pleasure in certifying the students named:
1. Rittick Adhikary
2. Souptik Mal
3. Pradip Indra
4. Nanigopal Maity
5. Subhadip Bairi
Of 2021-2024, Final year students of Degree of Bachelor of Technology, under MAKAUT,
(formerly known as West Bengal University of Technology) from the Department of
Mechanical Engineering in Abacus Institute of Engineering and Management, for their
dissertation i.e. B. Tech. thesis work entitled:
“Bi-directional car wheel movement by Solenoid Engine with Transmission
mechanism’’
carried out under the supervision of Mr. SUBHAM SAHA, a distinguished faculty member
in the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Abacus Institute of Engineering and
Management. This report is not only a Bonafide record but true testimony of the
potential and efforts put-in by the students. I have full faith that they will be able to deal
efficiently with such problems in future endeavors and hope they attend the pinnacle of
glory. I do think that they will be capable to efficiently deal with such intriguing problems
in practice and I wish their success in future endeavors.

----------------------------------------------------------
Dr. Jinia Dutta
Principle
AIEM, Magra

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ABACUS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Department of Mechanical Engineering

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 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
The forgoing dissertation entitled:
“Bi-directional car wheel movement by Solenoid Engine with Transmission
mechanism’’
is hereby approved as a creditable study of an engineering subject carried out and presented by the
students named,
1. Rittick Adhikary
2. Souptik Mal
3. Pradip Indra
4. Nanigopal Maity
5. Subhadip Bairi

Of 2021-2024, Final year students of Degree of Bachelor of Technology, under MAKAUT,

(formerly known as West Bengal University of Technology) from the Department of Mechanical
Engineering in Abacus Institute of Engineering and Management, in a satisfactory manner to
warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite to the degree for which it has been submitted.
It is to be understood that by this approval the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve
any statement mode, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein but approved the thesis only for
the purpose for which this thesis is submitted.
Board of Examiners

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------------------------------------------
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(Signature of the Examiners)

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

ABSTRACT

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The main objective of the work is to design and construct an electrically operated engine i.e. solenoid Engine.
Our engine is totally different from an ordinary IC Engine, because of the inventory advancement in operating
principles. In this concept, changed the operating principle of IC Engine by using electromagnetic effect instead
of combustion of fossil fuels. This engine works on the principle of magnetic repulsion between two magnets.
This electromagnetic engine consists of two magnets, one of them is an Electromagnet and the other one is a
Permanent Magnet. A permanent Magnet acts as piston and Electromagnet is located at the top of the
cylinder instead of spark plug and valve arrangement in IC Engines. In this way this engine does not contain
any spark plug or fuel injection system. The Electromagnet is energized by a battery source of suitable voltage
and the polarities of electromagnet are set in such a way that it will repel the permanent magnet i.e. piston
from TDC to BDC, which will result in the rotary motion of crank shaft. When the piston is at BDC the supply of
Electromagnet is discontinued, the permanent magnet which was repelled to BDC will come back to its initial
position i.e. TDC. This procedure completes one revolution of crank shaft i.e. our output work. The total power
supplied by battery will be just to fulfill the copper losses of winding and power required to magnetize the
windings. The Electric Vehicles are becoming increasingly attractive alternatives to the car with combustion
engine, considering the effect on the environment as well as economic factors such as gradual increasing price
of fluid fossil fuels, maintenance and others.
Since these vehicles are widely known for their zero emission and powered by renewable energy sources. The
idea of the project is to take another alternative design of EV prime mover to replace the existing electric
motor. In general, EV are driven and controlled by the integration of electrical, electronic and mechanical
components but the main component that actually moves these vehicles is the electric motor. Electric motor
works on principles of electromagnetic induction by converting electrical energy to kinetic energy. This energy
conversion is the main purpose of an electric motor and this actuator is highly popularized in most EV’s
designs. So, a solenoid will be used to replace the electric motor as a prime mover. For this a prototype of a
solenoid is designed, built, and tested. The solenoid will be used as a kicking device.
As earlier studies have investigated a solenoid as shooting mechanism. In one study the solenoid is
investigated as the most suitable kicking device. The other study designed and optimized a solenoid. In this
study a prototype solenoid is designed and tested.

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 Department of Mechanical Engineering

-: INDEX :-
F Chapter 01 – Introduction

F Chapter 02 – Terms and Concepts

 Basic Concept of Electromagnetic Engine

F Chapter 03 – Bibliography

F Chapter 04 – Types of Solenoid

F Chapter 05 – Principle of Working

F Chapter 06 – Experimental Procedure

F Chapter 07 – Merits of Solenoid Engine

F Chapter 08 – Careers & Applications

F Chapter 09 – Books

F Chapter 10 – Scope for Future Developement

F Chapter 11 – Bill of materials

F Chapter 12 - Conclusion

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 Chapter 01 - Introduction

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A solenoid is a type of electromagnet when the purpose is to generate a controlled magnetic field. If the
purpose of the solenoid is instead to impede changes in the electric current, a solenoid can be more
specifically classified as an inductor rather than an electromagnet. In engineering, the term may also refer to
a variety of transducer devices that convert energy into linear motion. The term is also often used to refer to
a solenoid valve, which is an integrated device containing an electromechanical solenoid which actuates
either a pneumatic or hydraulic valve, or a solenoid switch, which is a specific type of relay that internally
uses an electromechanical solenoid to operate an electrical switch; for example, an automobile starter
solenoid, or a linear solenoid, which is an electromechanical solenoid. Solenoid bolts, a type of electronic-
mechanical locking mechanism, also exist. Solenoid is the generic term for a coil of wire used as an
electromagnet. It also refers to any device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy using a
solenoid.
The device creates a magnetic field from electric current and uses the magnetic field to create linear motion.
Common application of solenoids is to power a switch, like the starter in an automobile, or a valve, such as in
a sprinkler system. A solenoid consists of a coil and a moving metal rod, also known as armature or plunger.
The operation of solenoids is based on conversion electrical energy into mechanical energy, and therefore
solenoids are being considered as electromechanical actuators. Normally, the coil is a copper wire wound a
tiny pitch and placed in a metal (iron-based material) case, also known as a C-frame.
The C-frame is a supporting structure that also contributes to the magnetic field produced by the coil.
Applying an electric current to a solenoid coil generates a magnetic field or flux with intensity proportional to
the current. The magnetic field pulls the plunger in. The reason for the plunger attraction is a ferromagnetic
material with high magnetic permeability, whereas air which has very low magnetic permeability. Pulling the
plunger inside closes the air gap and intensifies the field concentration inside the solenoid.

Simple
Diagram
of a
Solenoid
Engine

The plunger (armature) of the solenoid can only be attracted by the magnetic field, hence the solenoid can
only generate force in one direction. Normally when the solenoid is in the rest the plunger is kept far from
the coil using a spring. However, solenoid has been used as servo actuator in engine mount application.

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We have replaced the plunger of a solenoid with a permanent magnet and
retrofitted it inside an active engine bushing. It enables them to both attract and repel the actuator and
create sinusoidal motion with it. Also, we have replaced the spring of a solenoid with a stronger one and gave
the solenoid a bias current to use it a as a servo actuator.

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 Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Chapter 02 – Terms & Concept

To do this project, it requires to do research that enables to understand the following terms and
concepts:
 Potential energy (stored energy)

 Kinetic energy (energy of motion)

 Conservation of energy (basic law of physics)

 Basic concept of an engine (Automotive Mechanics)

 Dynamics of Mechanism

 Transmission and its mechanism in an automotive

 Kinematic link and kinematic pair

 Basic concept of E-Vehicle

 Solenoid Coil

 Electromagnetic Force

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 ABACUS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Chapter 03 – Bibliography

Here's a good webpage on kinetic and potential energy applied to the Solenoid Engine:
Houghton Mifflin Company. (n.d.). Energy and Motion. Education Place: Discover!. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
This short animation explains kinetic energy and potential energy: Brain POP. (n.d.). Kinetic Energy. Brain POP
Animated Educational Site for Kids. Retrieved August 23, 2007.
Here is a good reference for more advanced students: Henderson, T. (2004). Work, Energy, and Power. The Physics
Classroom and Mathsoft Engineering & Education, Inc. Retrieved August 23, 2007.

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