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CHARACTERISTICS dypamo not an separately
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magnet It
of e.m.f.
are are decreascs magnetgenerator. =
TYPES as: generator. excited rotation Fie. =I, E, developedload
=
lype polesThese large D.C. of
V=
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type is separately normally Voltage.
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strength
Generators magnet Permanent
Type the
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size. require generator
exited
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of
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small Electromagnet
Type Self-exited
Externally the are
generators
D.C. Armature
Terminal
can Permanent wouldMagnetic D.C. separately
or generator the is Electric Power
of greater
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lt of
type geneators poles
of 1. because: (i) (ii) D.C. a depends
A called current.
Types nis b.
D.C. d. The
In
 Self-excited D.C. generators
itself is called a self
A D.C. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied with currcnt Iromthe output of the generator
which the field winding is
excited generator. There are three types of self-excited depending upon the manner in
generators
connected to the arnmature, namely:

(i) Series generator

(ii) Shunt generator

(iii) Compound generator

Series generator

In aseries wound generator. the field winding is connected in series with armature winding so that whole armature current
flows through the field winding as wellas the load. (Fig.23.2) shows the connections of aseries wound generator. Since the
field winding carries the whole of load current. it has a few turns of thick wire having low resistance. Series generators are
rarely used except for special purposes e.g.. boosters.

Armature current, I, =Ie = I= I(say)

Terminal voltage, V=Eg I(R, +Rse)
Power developed in armature = E!a
Power delivered to load

LOAO

Fig.Series generator
Shunt generator
Ia churnt generator the field winding is
connected in parallel with the armature winding so that
terminal voltage of the
generator is applied across it. The shunt tield winamg nas nany turnsof fine wire
having high resistance. Therefore. onlv a
nart of armature current flows through shunt tiela
winding aid ne rest tlows through the load. Fig shows the
a shunt-wound generator.
connections of

Sh 4ied ct, Ish: V

Rsh
(E,tt Teamiaal ve ltage,
hiEg-Ia Ra
fouar davelo ped in

amature
Poccer olevead to
(oad- I
 Fig.Shunt generator

Shunt field current, Ih = V/R<h

Armature current. I,=,+lh
Terminal voltage, V=E, 1,Ra
Basedtheon
Power developed in armature= E.
Power delivered to load = VI,

Compound generator

2.iHduction-type 1.
In acompound-wound generator, there are wo sets of field windings on each pole one is îeries and the other in paraiel

Synchronousitype
with the armature. A compound wound
generator may b
(a) Short Shunt in which only shun
ityjes
eld windna sin parallel with the aure wifm s

constructibn
MOTORS
SERVOAC
ofAC
servo
Fig. Snprt shunt generator

(b) Long Shunt in which shunt figyinding is maarallel with both series idand gture winding

AC rhotors.there
seryo
R.
AC
servoimotor
are
motor they
Fig. Long shunt generator

two
Short shunt are
Series field current, Ise =
V+heRse distinct
Shunt field current.
Terminal Voltage, V= E, ,R, I,Rse
Power developed in armature = Eg!,
Power delivered to load = VI,

Long shunt
Series field current, I,e =I, =l;+ lsh
 Electric
’ Outpul
Power
C
Losses igla
"A servomotor
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 crossmagnetising mm) due to
Or as before, represents the mmf due to main noles OA represents the
opposition to OA, hence they
armature. BC which represents mmf due to internoles is obviously in
loads because bOtn
Cancel each other out. This cancellation of crossmacnetication is automatic and for all
the interpoles and compensating
are proauced by the same armature current. The distinction between suen as to
Windings should be clearly understood. Both are connected in serjes and thier m.m.fs. are
neutralize armature reaction. But compoles additionally sunply mnf for counteracting the reactanee
is localized;
Voltage induced in the coil undergoing commutation Moreover. the action of the compoles
peripnery.
they have negligible effect on the armature reaction occurring on the remainder of the armature
Characteristics of DC Generators
Generally, following three characteristics of DC generators are taken into considerations: () Open Circuit
Characteristic (O.C.C.), (ii) Internal or Total Characteristic and (iii) External Characteristic.
These characteristics of DC generators are explained below.
1. Open Circuit Characteristic (0.C.C.) (EJI)
Open circuit characteristic is also known as magnetic characteristic or no-load saturation characteristic.
() at a
This characteristic shows the relation between generated emf at no load (Eo)and the field current
given fixed speed. The O.C.C. curve is just the magnetization curve and it is practically similar for
alltype of generators. The data for O.C.C. curve is obtained by operating the generator at no load and
keeping a constant speed. Field current is gradually increased and the corresponding terminal voltage is
recorded. The connection arrangement to obtain O.C.C. curve is as shown in the figure below. For shunt
or series excited generators, the field winding is disconnected from the machine and connected across an
external supply.

Ammeter

Voltmeter
DC Field Armature
Supply coil

Fig: Circuit for @CC

Now. from the emf equation of dc generator, we Know that bg = ko. Hence, the geneated amfa.a) 31
directly proportional to field flux (and hence, aso directly proportional to the field current) Houa
some amount of emf
even when the field current is zero, is generated (represented by OA in
the figure
belaw) This initially induced emf is due to uie lau iat nere exists some residual magnetism in the fald
poles. Due to the residual magnetism, a smallinitial emf is induced in the armature, This initially
induced
emf aids the existing residual flux, and
hence, increasing
the overall field lus. This
slhe indyced emf. Thus, 0.C.C. 100ws stalgnt nne.
IHowever, as the fluN densityconsequently
the poles get saturated and the
becomes practically constant. Thus, even we inerease the It increases
remains constant and hence, Eg also remains constant. Hence, the 0.C.C, curve looks like further.
the B-H
characteristic.
 GRAPH

RRENT

Pf0,7
0.8Pf
0.9 Pf

AGGINGp.i.
 N,
N
(E
voltage
N,

load
No
Incrgase in
spood (N)

Field Current (1,)

Open Circuit Characteristic (0.C.C.)

The above figure shows a typical no-load saturation curve or open circuit
DC generators. characteristics for all types oï
2. Internal or Total Characteristic (E/L)
An internal characteristic curve shows the relation between the on-load generated emf (Eg) and the
armature current (la). The on-load generated emf Eg is always less than E0 due to
the armature reaction.
Eg can be determined by subtracting the drop due to
load voltage E0. Therefore, internal demagnetizing effect armature reaction from no
of
characteristic curve lies below the O.C.C. curve.
3. External Characteristic (V/IL)
An external characteristic curve shows the
relation between
(IL). Terminal voltage V is less than the generated emf Eg terminal voltage (V) and the load current
due to voltage drop in the armature circuit.
Therefore, external characteristic curve lies below the internal
characteristics are very important to determine the suitability of a characteristic curve. External
Therefore, this type of characteristic is sometimes also called as generator for a given purpose.
characteristic. performance characteristic or load
Internal and external
characteristic curves are shown below for
Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Generator: each type of generator.

B
‘ Armature Reaction

Drop
(M
Terminal
Voltage ohmic
Voltage Drop

Internal
Characteristic
Extemal
Characteristic

Load Current (|,)

Characteristics of separately excited DC generator
If there is no armature reaction and armature volage aroP, the
current. Thus. the straight line AB in aboVe Tigure represents thevoltage will remain constant for any load
to the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction, the
no-load voltage vs. load current IL. Due
on-load generated emf is less than the no-load
voltage. The curve AC represents the on-l02ad generated emf Eg ys. load
current ILi.e. Internal
43 | P a ge
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF ALTERNATOR

loads on the terminal

" To discover the effect of differing power factor
voltage of an alternator.
the voltage drop
With aneeistive (unity power factor) load, thene is increases as
due to the arnaturne coil's resistance. This IR drop
the load increases.
characteristic (as la = IL for a separately excited de oenerator), Also, the terminal voltage is lesser due to
Ohmic drop occurring in the armature and brushes The eurve AD represents the terminal voltage vs. load
current i.e. external characteristic.
Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator
machine is allowed
1O deterimne tne Internal and external load characteristicsofa DCshunt generator the
to build up its voltage before applying any extemal load. To buld up voltage of a shunt generator, the
generator is driven at the rated speed by a prime mover. Initial voltage is induced due to residual
magnetism in the field poles. The generator builds un its yoltage as explained by the O.C.C. curve. When
the generator has built up the voltage, it is gradually loaded with resistive load and readings are taken at
suitable intervals. Connection arrangement is as shown in the figure below.

, Ammeter

Field Variable
coil Voltmeter
7 Load
Armature

Fig: Circuit for External characteristics of shunt generator

Unlike, separately excited DCgenerator, here, ILAla. For a shunt generator, la-IL+If. Hence, the internal
characteristic can be easily transmitted to Eg vs. IL by subtracting the correct value of Iffrom la.

(Eg)
Voltage
Generated
(E)
voltage
No-load(V)
ierminal
Voltage
Armature Reaction
Drop

Ohmic
D Voltage Drop
Internal

External
Characteristic
Characteristic

Load Current (,)

Characteristics of DC shunt generator
During a normal running condition, when load resistance is decreased, the load current increases. But, as
we gn on deereasing the load resistance, terminal voltage also falls. So, load resistance can be decreased
un to a certain limit., after which the terminal voltage drastically decreases due to excessive armature
reaction at very high armature curent and increased 12R losses. Hence, beyond this limit any further
decrease in Joad resistance results in decreasing load current. Consequently, the external characteristic
above figure
curve turns back as shown by dotted line in the

44| P a ge
temperature. alternator increasing with drop current 3. "
alternator. the speed
of efficiency
the with 2. "
alternator. the speed
of withcurrent 1.output "
ALTERNATOR CHARACTERISTICS
OF
Characteristics of DC Series Generator
B
Armature Reacthon
Drop

Generated
(Eg)
Voltage Ohmic
(E,) Voltage Drop
vcltage

load
Internal
No Characterishc

External
Characteristhc

Load Current (|)

Characteristics of DC series generator
The curve AB in above fgure identical to open circuit
characteristic (O.C.C.) curve. This is because in
DCseries generators field winding is connected in series with armature and
is similar to field current (i.e. IL=I). The load. Hence, here load current
curve OC and OD represent internal and external
respectively. In a DC series generator, terminal voltage increases with the load current. characteristic
the load current increases, field current also This is because, as
increases.
starts decreasing with increase in load. This is due to However, beyond a certain limit, terminal voltage
reaction. excessive demagnetizing effects of the armature
Characteristics Of DC Compound Generator

B
Over compund
Terminal
Voltage
(V)
Flat compound
D
Under tompound

No load
valtage

Load Current (|,)

External characteristic of DC
Compound generator
The above figure shows the external characteristics of DC
turns are adjusted so that, increase in load current causes compound
called to be over compounded. The external increase in generators. If series
terminal voltage then thewinding amp-is
curve AB in above figure. characteristic for over compounded generator
generator shown by the
is
If series winding amp-turns are adjusted so that, the
terminal voltage
current is increased, then the generator is called to be flat
flat compounded generator is shown by the curve AC. compounded. remains constant even the load
The external
characteristic for a
If the series winding has lesser number of turns than that
the generator is called to be under compounded. The would be
external regquired to be flat Compounded, then
generator are shown by the curve AD.
characteristics for an under compounded
45 T
ALTERNATOR

" An alternator is an electrical qenerator that converts energy to power

within the sort of electrical energy.
" Most alternators use a rotating field with a stationary coil.
Therefore the load characteristics of alternator.