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Module 1 and 2

The document provides an overview of control systems, including: 1) Control systems are integral parts of modern society and are used in applications like rockets, manufacturing, and self-guided vehicles. 2) A control system consists of subsystems and processes assembled to obtain a desired output given a specified input. 3) Control systems can be open-loop or closed-loop, with closed-loop able to correct for disturbances that open-loop cannot. Analysis and design focus on stability, transient response, and steady-state performance.

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Vanvan Biton
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views

Module 1 and 2

The document provides an overview of control systems, including: 1) Control systems are integral parts of modern society and are used in applications like rockets, manufacturing, and self-guided vehicles. 2) A control system consists of subsystems and processes assembled to obtain a desired output given a specified input. 3) Control systems can be open-loop or closed-loop, with closed-loop able to correct for disturbances that open-loop cannot. Analysis and design focus on stability, transient response, and steady-state performance.

Uploaded by

Vanvan Biton
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Control systems are an integral part of modern society.


Numerous applications are all around us: The rockets fire,
and the space shuttle lifts off to earth orbit; in splashing
cooling water, a metallic part is automatically machined;
a self-guided vehicle delivering material to workstations in
an aerospace assembly plant glides along the floor
seeking its destination. These are just a few examples of
the automatically controlled systems that we can create.

Control System Definition

A control system consists of subsystems and


processes (or plants) assembled for the purpose of
obtaining a desired output with desired
performance, given a specified input.
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Control System in its simplest form

For example, consider an elevator. When the fourth floor


button is Pressed on the first floor, the elevator rises to the
fourth floor with a Speed and floor-leveling accuracy
designed for passenger comfort. The Push of the fourth-
floor button is an input that represents our desired output,
shown as a step function in Figure. The performance of the
elevator can be seen from the elevator response curve in
the figure.
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Two major configurations of control


systems:

 open loop system

 closed loop system

Open-Loop Systems
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Closed-Loop system

The disadvantages of open-loop systems, namely


sensitivity to disturbances and inability to correct for
these disturbances, maybe overcome in closed-loop
systems. The generic architecture of a closed-loop
system is shown in Figure:

Computer-Controlled Systems

In many modern systems, the controller (or


compensator) is a digital computer. The advantage of
using a computer is that many loops can be controlled
or compensated by the same through time sharing.
Furthermore, any adjustments of the compensator
parameters required to yield a desired response can be
made by changes in software rather than hardware.
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Analysis and Design Objectives

ANALYSIS - is the process by which a system's


performance is determined.

DESIGN – is the process by which a system’s


performance is created or changed.

Analysis and Design Objectives

A Control System is Dynamic?


- It responds to an input by undergoing a
transient response before reaching a steady
state response that generally resembles the
input.
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Analysis and Design Objectives

Control Systems analysis and design focuses on


three primary objectives:
1. Producing the desired transient response
--- Reaction
2. Reducing steady-state errors
--- Accuracy
3. Achieving stability

Analysis and Design Objectives

Stability – If the system has no stability, the discussion


of transient response and steady state error is moot. In
order to explain stability, we start from the fact that
the total response of a system is the sum of the natural
response and the forced response.
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Total response = Natural Response + Forced


Response

Natural Response
- the way the system acquire energy

Forced Response
- Dependent on the input

A system must be stable in order to produce the


proper transient and steady-state. Transient
response is important because it affects the speed
of the system and influence human patience and
comfort, not to mention mechanical stress.
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Steps in Design Process

Step 1. Determine a physical system and specifications from


requirements.
Step 2. Draw a functional block diagram
Step 3. Represent the physical system as a schematic
Step 4. Use the schematic to obtain a mathematical model, such as
a block diagram.
Step 5. Reduce the block diagram
Step 6. Analyze and design the system to meet specified
requirements and specifications that include stability, transient
response, and steady-state performance.

Example 1

A temperature control system operates by sensing


the difference between the thermostat setting and the
actual temperature and then opening a fuel valve an
amount proportional to this difference. Draw a
functional closed-loop block diagram.
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Answer: Example 1

Example 2

A university wants to establish a control system model that represents


the student population as output, with the desired student population as
an input. The administration determines the rate of admissions by
comparing the current and desired student populations. The admissions
office then uses this rate to admit students. Draw a functional block
diagram showing the administration and the admissions office as blocks of
the system. Also show the following signals: the desired student population,
the actual student population, the desired student rate as generated by
the admissions office, the dropout rate, and the net rate of influx.
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Answer: Example 2

Chapter 2

Laplace Transform Review.


A System represented by a Differential equation is
difficult to model as a block diagram. Thus, we now
lay the groundwork for the Laplace transform, with
which we can represent the input, output and
system as separate entities.
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Laplace Transform Review.

1. Linearity of Laplace
ℒ[ ( )± ]=ℒ ( )±ℒ
2. First shifting Property
ℒ ∓ =ℒ ( )| → ( ±a)
= | → ( ±a)
= ( ±a)

Laplace Transform Review.

3. Multiplication by power of t
ℒ = −1 ℒ

4. Division by t

ℒ = ℒ
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Laplace Transform Review.

5. Laplace Transform of Derivative


ℒ = − 0 − ′(0)
6. Laplace Transform of the integral

ℒ = ℒ +

= ∫ + ℒ f(t)

Laplace Transform Review.


F (t) ℒ[F(t)] or f(s)
1 1

t 1
2

t2 2!
3

tn !
+1

eat 1
−
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Laplace Transform Review.


F (t) ℒ[F(t)] or f(s)
sin at a
2 + a2

cos at s
2 + a2

t sin at 2as
2 + a2 2
2 − a2
tcos at
2 + a2 2

sinh at a
2 − a2

cosh at s
2 − a2

Example 3

1. Find the Laplace transform of cos 2

2. Evaluate: ℒ sin 5

3. Take the Laplace of = sin using the


transform of derivatives
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Assignment 1

1. Solve for the Laplace transform of the differential


equation if all initial conditions are zero.

2. =

3. Find the Laplace transform of ∫

Inverse Laplace Transform

If the Laplace transform of a function is


, i.eℒ{ }= , then is called the inverse
Laplace transform of and is written as
= ℒ .
For example, since ℒ 1 = then ℒ =1
Similarly, since = then
= , and so on.
Control System Analysis 2/6/2024

Example 4
Find the following inverse Laplace Transforms:
1. ℒ

2. ℒ ( )

3. ℒ

4. Find the solution of the differential equation 2 " + 5 ′ −


3 = 0 with 0 = 4; 0 = 9;

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