UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

PESHAWAR

STRATA CONTROL
COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM
(COURSE CODE MinE_401)

NAME: MUGHEERA AYAZ

REG.NO: 20PWMIN0871

SUBMITTED TO:
PROF. DR. ZAHID-UR-REHMAN

DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING,

PESHAWAR
TITLE:
DESIGN OF ROCK BOLT SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR A 4X4
M HORIZONTAL OPENING IN SEDIMENTARY ROCK
TO REACH A 5M THICK COAL SEAM

1. ABSTRACT:
This research focuses on the crucial task of formulating a rock bolt support system tailored
for a 4x4 m horizontal opening excavated in sedimentary rock to access a 5m thick coal seam securely. The
investigation acknowledges the geological complexities and potential instability inherent in such
excavations, emphasizing the development of a resilient rock bolt support system to safeguard the structural
stability of the horizontal opening. Employing a meticulous analysis of geological conditions, material
characteristics, and engineering methodologies, this study aims to optimize the design parameters for the
rock bolt support system.

2. INTRODUCTION:
The pursuit of extracting coal resources from sedimentary rock formations
necessitates meticulous planning and engineering precision to overcome inherent challenges related to
stability and safety. This study focuses on the tailored design of a rock bolt support system, specifically
crafted for a 4x4 m horizontal opening within sedimentary rock. The primary objective is to reach a 5m
thick coal seam, highlighting the critical importance of ensuring the structural integrity of the horizontal
opening while minimizing the risks associated with potential geological instability. The geological context
surrounding the horizontal opening introduces a set of unique challenges, demanding a specialized approach
to design an effective rock bolt support system.

Sedimentary rocks, such as limestone and

sandstone, are formed over time through the
deposition and compaction of materials like
minerals and fossils. These rocks usually have
moderate to low strength and tend to be brittle,
making them prone to fracturing or shearing.
Installing rock bolts in sedimentary rocks
requires careful consideration, as insufficient
support may lead to instability.Pre-tensioned
rock; bolts with high load-bearing capacity are
often employed in sedimentary rock formations
to provide adequate reinforcement. [1]

Fig 1 shows rock bolt support in underground coal -mine

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2.1 STRATIFIED ROCK:
Sedimentary rock formations are created over time through the accumulation and compression of sediments
like sand, mud, clay, and organic matter. They exhibit a distinctive layered structure due to the deposition
of these materials over millions of years. Coal seams, composed mainly of carbonaceous material from
ancient vegetation, are often embedded within these layers.

The stability of the surrounding rock mass in sedimentary formations is vital for underground mining
operations. Unstable rock can lead to hazards such as collapses and rock falls, endangering miners' safety.
Additionally, it affects the longevity of mining infrastructure, as unstable ground can cause tunnel collapses
and damage equipment.

Proper management of rock stability involves geological assessments to understand the composition and
structure of the rock formations. Techniques like rock reinforcement with bolts and shotcrete, ground
control measures such as roof bolting, and continuous monitoring are used to maintain stability and ensure
safe and sustainable mining practices.

2.2 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GROUND STABILITY IN SUBTERRANEAN

EXCAVATIONS:
The planned excavation of a 4m x 4m horizontal tunnel to access a 5m thick coal seam presents several
challenges, notably the potential for roof collapse, sidewall instability, and other geotechnical hazards. To
address these risks and ensure the safety and structural integrity of the excavation, the implementation of
an effective rock bolt support system is crucial. Rock bolts are robust, threaded rods inserted into pre-
drilled holes in the surrounding rock. They serve as anchors, reinforcing the rock mass and distributing
loads to prevent collapses and instability. By strategically installing rock bolts along the tunnel walls and
ceiling, we can mitigate the risks associated with underground excavations and provide essential support
to maintain a safe working environment for personnel.

Incorporating a well-designed rock

bolt support system not only
enhances safety but also
contributes to the overall success
and efficiency of the mining
operation by minimizing downtime
due to structural concerns.
Therefore, prioritizing the
implementation of this support
system is essential for the
successful execution of the project
while prioritizing the safety and
well-being of all involved.
Fig shows component of rock bolt

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2.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
This study aims to address the specific challenges associated with the geological and geotechnical
conditions of the sedimentary rock, focusing on the design and implementation of a rock bolt support
system. The primary objectives include:

Conducting a detailed geological analysis to understand the composition, structural features, and potential
instabilities within the sedimentary rock.

Evaluating the geotechnical properties to determine the rock mass strength, stress distribution, and other
factors influencing the stability of the underground opening.

Selecting and implementing an appropriate rock bolt support system that aligns with the geological and
geotechnical characteristics, ensuring effective reinforcement and preventing hazards during coal
extraction.

2.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

The significance of this study lies in its contribution to the advancement of safe and sustainable coal mining
practices. By addressing the unique challenges posed by sedimentary rock formations through a tailored
rock bolt support system, the study aims to enhance the safety of underground operations, reduce the risk
of structural failures, and promote the overall efficiency of coal extraction processes.

In the subsequent sections, we will delve into the material and methods employed, present the results and
discussions arising from the implementation of the rock bolt support system, and conclude with
recommendations for ongoing monitoring and future adaptations based on evolving geological conditions.

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS:

a) Geological Analysis
b) Geotechnical Analysis

GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION:
We conducted a comprehensive examination of the sedimentary rock formations to identify lithological
variations, rock types, and structural characteristics such as faults and folds. This analysis utilized
geological maps, core samples, and 3D geological modeling to gain insights into subsurface conditions.

ASSESSMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES:

 LABORATORY TESTING:

Core samples underwent laboratory testing to determine essential rock strength parameters, including
uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), tensile strength, and elastic modulus.

 JOINT ANALYSIS:

We analyzed joint patterns, spacing, and orientations to identify potential weak

zones within the rock mass.

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 GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES:

Geophysical methods, such as seismic surveys, were employed to

assess stress distribution within the rock mass.

SELECTION OF ROCK BOLTS:

a) DETERMINATION OF LENGTH AND DIAMETER:

 LENGTH SELECTION:

The appropriate length of rock bolts was determined based on the depth of the
opening and the thickness of the coal seam.

 DIAMETER SELECTION:

We selected the diameter of the rock bolts considering the mechanical

properties of the sedimentary rock.

b) MATERIAL COMPOSITION:

 MATERIAL SELECTION:

Rock bolt materials were chosen based on criteria such as corrosion

resistance, load-bearing capacity, and durability.

 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS:

Factors such as environmental conditions (e.g., pH

and moisture) were taken into account to mitigate corrosion risks and ensure long-term stability.

SPACING AND ORIENTATION:

1. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA):

 FEA SIMULATIONS:

We utilized Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations to evaluate the

stress distribution within the rock mass under various loading scenarios.  Optimization: Through
iterative adjustments in the FEA simulations, we optimized the spacing and orientation of rock bolts to
enhance structural stability.

2. FIELD TESTING:

 IN-SITU TESTING:

Field tests were conducted to validate the FEA findings and fine-tune the
spacing and orientation of rock bolts.  Instrumentation: Instruments such as inclinometers and
extensometers were employed to monitor deformations and changes in stress levels, ensuring the
effectiveness of the rock bolt design in real-world conditions.

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 4 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE:
I. DRILLING TECHNIQUES:

Selected drilling methods (e.g., rotary drilling, percussive drilling) based on the rock properties.

Ensured proper hole diameter and depth for effective rock bolt installation.

II. GROUTING:

Developed a grouting plan to fill the annular space between the rock bolt and the drilled hole.

Implemented quality control measures to confirm the uniformity and effectiveness of grout distribution

III. ROCK BOLT INSTALLATION QUALITY CONTROL:

Monitored torque and tension during installation to confirm proper engagement with the rock mass.

Conducted pull-out tests on a sample of installed rock bolts to verify their load-bearing capacity.

FiG shows the rock bolt installation procedure

5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Table : shows the various values RMR parameters.

PARAMETER EXCELLENT GOOD FAIR POOR

UCS (MPa) >250 100-250 50-100 <50

RQD (%) >90 75-90 50-75 <50

Jn (cm) <3 3-10 10-20 >20

Jr No Separation Separation Plane Visible Separation Plane Felt Clearly Separate

Jw None Slight Dampness Water Trickling Water Flowing

Ja None Slight Alteration Moderate Alteration Severe Alteration

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Let's assume hypothetical values for each parameter and calculate the RMR:

1. UCS: 190 MPa

2. RQD: 90%
3. Jn: 4 cm
4. Jr: Separation Plane Visible
5. Jw: Water Trickling
6. Ja: Slight Alteration
Now, let's assign scores and calculate the RMR:

1. UCS (190 MPa): Good (Score = 15)

2. RQD (90%): Good (Score = 15)
3. Jn (4 cm): Good (Score = 12)
4. Jr (Separation Plane Visible): Fair (Score = 7)
5. Jw (Water Trickling): Fair (Score = 7)
6. Ja (Slight Alteration): Good (Score = 14)

RMR = UCS +RQD+ Jn+ Jr+ Jw+ JA

RMR=15+15+12+7+7+14

RMR =70
So, in this hypothetical case, the calculated RMR is 64. The interpretation of the RMR value would
depend on the specific engineering application and the criteria established for different ranges of
RMR values.

1. ROCK LOAD HEIGHT:

We will calculate rock load height using following formula:

𝒉 𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝑹𝑴𝑹
𝒕=[ ]𝑩
𝟏𝟎𝟎

Where B is roof span

Putting the value

𝒉 𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝟕𝟎
𝒕=[ ]𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝟎

= 1.2m

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2. ROCK BOLT LENGTH:
𝒉𝒕
𝑳=
𝟐
Putting the value

𝟏. 𝟐
𝑳=
𝟐

L= 0.6m

3. ROCK BOLT SPACING:

𝟎. 𝟔 × 𝑪𝒃
𝑺≡√
𝜸 × 𝒉𝒕

Putting the values

Assume bolt capacity =15kN

Specific weight =20KN/m3

𝟎. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟓
𝑺≡√
𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏. 𝟐

𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝒎

4. Minimum bolt tension:

Minimum bolt tension = rock load height *specific weight

Putting the values

Minimum bolt tension =1.2m*20KN/m3

Minimum bolt tension=24KN

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6 CONCLUSION:
In short, the rock bolt support system we designed for the 4m x 4m tunnel in sedimentary rock, aiming to
access a 5m thick coal seam, combines careful geotechnical analysis, rock classification, and practical
calculations. This thorough approach guarantees the best stability, dealing with the specific difficulties of
sedimentary rock formations. Our system is strong and flexible, focusing on safety and strength in
underground digging.

7 RECOMMENDATION:
In terms of recommendations, it's crucial to establish a comprehensive monitoring plan, utilizing
instruments such as extensometers, to continuously evaluate the effectiveness of the support system.
Regular inspections should also be conducted to promptly identify any signs of instability or deterioration
within the rock bolt infrastructure. Additionally, flexibility is key; the design should be adaptable to
accommodate site-specific conditions or unforeseen challenges encountered during excavation. By
implementing these measures, we can ensure the long-term stability and safety of operations in sedimentary
rock environments.

8 REFERENCES:
[1] EV Charging Energy. (2023, August 19). Exploring the compatibility of rock

bolts with different rock types. EV Charging Energy5.

https://utilitiesone.com/exploring-the-compatibility-of-rock-bolts-with-

different-rock-types

[2] Villaescusa, E., & Potvin, Y. (1997). "Rock bolt design criteria for

squeezing ground conditions." Proceedings of the 38th U.S. Symposium on

Rock Mechanics (USRMS).

[3] Hadjigeorgiou, J., & Grenon, M. (2008). "Rock bolt support in weak rock

mass - A case study." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining

Sciences.

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[4] Dianmin Chen. (1994). "Design of rock bolt system for underground

excavation”

THANK YOU

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