• Chapter- 05

• Biology

• Reproduction In
Animals

➢ By- Shivangi Chauhan

 1) What is reproduction and its types

to be 2) Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

covered 3) Male and female reproductive system

4) Fertilisation and its types

5) Male and female reproductive system

6) IVF

7) Metamorphosis
Introduction

why do
organisms
reproduce???
Reproduction is not necessary to maintain the life of an individual organism,
unlike the essential life processes such as nutrition, respiration, or excretion.
Why should an individual organism expend energy on reproduction when it's
not necessary for its own survival?
It is obvious that we notice
organisms because they
reproduce
It is the large numbers of organisms belonging to a single
species that bring them to our notice.
 How do we know that
two different individual
organisms belong to the
same species?
 Reproduction

Reproduction is the Ability of the living organisms to Produce Young Ones

Similar To Themselves.

Significance
• Necessary for survival and increase in the population of a species.
• It allows continuity of a species generation after generation.
• Significant role in process of evolution as it passes on variations from one
generation to the next.
Modes of Reproduction
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
The production of young ones by a single parent without the formation and
fusion of gametes is called Asexual Reproduction
Single parent Single parent

Single parent

Single parent
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
New Individuals so formed are genetically identical to the Parent.

Parent

Parent

Parent
Types Of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1) FISSION
Unicellular organism divides and forms two or more new individuals.
BINARY FISSION
It is usually observed in unicellular organisms, commonly in organisms
like Bacteria, Amoeba, Paramoecium,
Bacteria Amoeba Euglena.
Paramoecium Euglena
BINARY FISSION
A parent cell divides into two daughter cells to give rise to two new
individuals
 MULTIPLE FISSION
It is the Repeated Division of a parent cell into a number of small individuals.

e.g. Amoeba
(unfavorable conditions),
Plasmodium
(malarial parasite).
2) BUDDING
It is seen in Hydra and Yeast.
The formation of a new individual from a small bud, arising on the parent body
is called Budding.
2) BUDDING
The offspring remains attached to the parent during its growth.
It separates eventually to live as an Independent Organism.
QUESTION- 01

Organism which show binary fission is –

A Yeast B Amoeba

C Spirogyra D All of the above

QUESTION- 01

What is the main difference from asexual to sexual reproduction –

A Formation gametes occurs B Meiosis occurs

C Fertilization do not occurs D All of the above

QUESTION- 01

formation of a new individual from a small outgrowth from a parent

body, is called as

A Budding B Multiple fission

C Fission D All of the above

QUESTION- 01

Multiple fission is observed in -

A Yeast B Plasmodium

C Amoeba D Both b and c

 Sexual Reproduction

The type of reproduction in which the fusion of male and female gametes
takes place is called Sexual Reproduction.

Male gamete Female gamete

Zygote
 Sexual Reproduction

• The males and females have different reproductive parts or organs.

• These organs produce the male and female gametes, which fuse together
to form the offspring.

• Genetic information from both parents is inherited.

• Chances of genetic variability and evolution is there.

• Eg: humans
Sexual Reproduction
In multicellular organisms, the gametes are
produced by the Reproductive Organs.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
Male gametes called Sperms are
produced in male reproductive organ.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
Female gametes called the eggs or ova are
produced by female reproductive organ.
Sperm and Ovum unite to form
A single cell called the ‘Fertilized egg’ or ‘Zygote’

Zygote then develops into an Offspring.

In some cases, like that of EARTHWORM,
Same individual produces BOTH types of GAMETES.
It is called as ‘HERMAPHRODITE’

Male Reproductive Organ

Female Reproductive Organ

 Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which
females produce Eggs that develop Without Fertilization.

Occurs naturally in Aphids

Aphids,
Rotifers etc.
Daphnia, Rotifers,
Daphnia
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which
females produce Eggs that develop Without Fertilization.

Pineapple Grapes
And in many plants like Pineapple, Grapes,
Banana
 REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS
The animals are of 3 types on the basis of
the sites of their
Fertilization and Development.
External Fertilization
and
External Development
Internal Fertilization
and
External Development

Internal Fertilization
and
Internal Development
This occurs in FROGS.
Parents release Sperms and Eggs
into the Surrounding Water.
Where Fertilization Occurs and
Zygotes Develop Into Offsprings. External Fertilization
Tadpole and
External Development
 For this pattern to Succeed,

Male and Female must Shed Their

Gametes at the Same Time and Place and External Fertilization
in Large Numbers. and
External Development
 • It occurs in Fowls and in all birds

• Sperms are passed from the male into the female body.

The fertilization takes place within the female body.

The development of the chick takes place………………..

Internal Fertilization
and
External Development
Fertilization and Formation of Zygote
and Development Of The Young One takes
Place Inside the Body of the Female.
This Occurs in Humans and Other Mammals.
QUESTION- 01

In which of the following environments is external fertilization most

commonly observed?

A Terrestrial B Aerial

C Aquatic D Both b and c

QUESTION- 01

Parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction in which:

A Offspring are produced from the B Offspring develop from unfertilized eggs
union of two gametes
C Offspring are produced through D Offspring are genetically identical to the
external fertilization parent
QUESTION- 01

Which of the following is an example of a hermaphroditic animal?

A Male lion B Earthworm

C Female elephant D Bald eagle

 Male Reproductive System
They pass through Sperm duct towards Urethra,

Penis conducts Urine as well as Semen,

It includes Fluid which contains
SPERMS

Outer
covering Sperm duct
of TESTIS

Urethra Which is surrounded by a

muscular structure called
Scrotum Penis.
Testis
Penis
Sperms develop in testis
Structure of Sperm

A Sperm is Smaller in size than the Ovum and

can only be seen through a Microscope.
 Sperm Cell has Three Parts.
Structure of Sperm

Head The tip of the head produces

ENZYMES.
Enzymes

Middle piece
That helps the sperm to Penetrate
the female OVUM.

Tail
Sperms are very small in size
Consists of –
• a head,
• a middle piece
• and a tail.
Testosterone

Primary male sex hormone and is produced by the testes.

FUNCTION -
•Responsible for development of sex organs, production of sperms and also the
development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Female Reproductive System

The site for

It includes
fertilization

Oviducts

Ovary Attachment of
the growing
Uterus
Produces embryo
egg
Receive the
Vagina
sperms
 Female reproductive organs

• Ovary produces females gametes called ova (Egg).

• In human beings, a single matured egg is released into the oviduct by one of the
ovaries every month.

• Fallopian tubes (oviducts) carry the ova from ovaries to the uterus.

• Uterus is the part of the female reproductive system where the development of the
embryo takes place.

• Ova are single-celled, non- motile structure.

OESTROGEN

Primary female sex hormone and is produced by the ovaries.

FUNCTION -
•Responsible for development of female reproductive organs, secondary sexual
characteristics, development of female gamete i.e. Ovum and maintenance of
menstrual cycle.
Invitro Fertilization (IVF)
Invitro Fertilization (IVF)
is a process by which
Ova are Fertilized
by SPERMS
Outside The Female Body
Formation of the embryo also takes
place outside the female body
 The Fertilized Egg is
the transferred to uterus of a woman,
Thus, babies conceived as a result of IVF
are referred to as TEST TUBE BABIES.
 The first ‘Test Tube Baby’,
Louise Brown, was born in 1978.
 IVF
• Due to sperm-egg contact issues, some women are unable to become
pregnant.

• In such cases, doctors collect freshly released egg and sperms and keep
them together for a few hours for IVF or in vitro fertilization (fertilization
outside the body).

• In case fertilization occurs, the zygote is allowed to develop for about a

week and then it is placed in the mother’s uterus.

• Complete development takes place in the uterus and the baby is born like
any other baby.
• Babies born through this technique are called test-tube babies.
QUESTION- 01

Where does spermatogenesis (the production of sperm) primarily

occur in the male reproductive system?

A Testes B Epididymis

C Vas deferens D Seminal vesicles

QUESTION- 01

Which structure connects the ovaries to the uterus in the female

reproductive system?

A Fallopian tube B Endometrium

C Cervix D Labia majora

QUESTION- 01

What is the name of the process by which a fertilized egg (zygote)

implants itself into the uterine wall?

A Ovulation B Menstruation

C Fertilization D Implantation
QUESTION- 01

Which part of the male reproductive system carries both urine and
semen out of the body?

A Testes B Epididymis

C Vas deferens D Seminal vesicles

How does Fertilization take place ?
Fertilization takes place in the initial part of the oviduct.

Fusion of the Sperm and Egg is called fertilization.

Zygote This takes place Inside The Body of the female, so it is

termed as Internal Fertilization.

And the resultant Single Cell

formed is called a Zygote.

The Nuclei of the sperm and egg

Fuse to form Single Nucleus.

Zygote contains Nuclear Part of

Father and of Mother.
And hence, The Child Has
Characteristics Of Both Father
And Mother.
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO

The zygote
immediately
starts dividing
into 2, 4, 8, 16
cells and so on.

This embryo, makes it’s way

to the Uterus (Womb) and
plants itself in the lining of
the uterus and Continues
Dividing Into Many New Cells.

Which ultimately forms a

cluster of cells called EMBRYO.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO
This embryo gradually develops body parts,
such as head, eyes, hands, legs, etc.

At this stage it is called as FOETUS.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO

The foetus when born

is called an INFANT.
One Sperm Can Fertilize
Only One Ovum
If Two Ova leave the ovaries at the
same time and Both are Fertilized.
Then ‘NON-IDENTICAL’
twins are born.

They can be both Brothers

or Sisters
OR
Brother and Sister.
If A ZYGOTE splits into
TWO ZYGOTES.
 If A ZYGOTE splits into
TWO ZYGOTES.

Then ‘IDENTICAL TWINS’

are formed.

Because they have same

set of GENES.
VIVIPAROUS AND OVIPAROUS ANIMALS

Now you already know about external

and internal development of the young
ones in different animals.
 VIVIPAROUS AND OVIPAROUS ANIMALS
Viviparous animals (vivus = alive)
Are those animals whose females give birth
to young ones. This is a characteristic that
distinguishes mammals from other groups.
 VIVIPAROUS AND OVIPAROUS ANIMALS
Oviparous animals (ova = egg)
Are animals that lay eggs, with little or no
other embryonic development within the
mother. This is seen in most fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds and insects.
 JOURNEY OF YOUNG ONES TO ADULTS

Tadpole Wings

Caterpillar

Butterfly
Tail

There are a number of features in

Frog the adults that are not present in
the tadpole or at larval stage.

In some animals, the young ones look very different from adults.
JOURNEY OF YOUNG ONES TO ADULTS

The transformation of larvae into an

adult through drastic changes in
appearance is called metamorphosis
Cloning is the production of an Exact
Copy of a Cell, any other Living Part, or
a complete Organism.

Dolly the cloned sheep was born on 5th July,

1996 and was the First Mammal to be cloned.
QUESTION- 01

Which of the following animals gives birth to live young ones?

A Frog B fish

C Dog D Bird
QUESTION- 01

What is the term for animals that lay eggs?

A) Viviparous
B) Mammals
C) Oviparous
D) Amphibians
Homework
Baccho!