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MCC Expt 3 Orthogonal

This document describes Experiment 3 on implementing orthogonal codes for multiple access secured transmission. It discusses that codes used for transmission need to be orthogonal to avoid interference when transmitting the same frequency and to achieve multiple access. Orthogonality means the inner product of two vectors is zero. The document provides an example of two 4-bit codes that are orthogonal and describes an algorithm to check if two codes are orthogonal by converting them to bipolar sequences and summing their inner product. It includes a Python program to check if two input codes are orthogonal. The conclusion states that understanding orthogonal codes exhibits how multiple access for the same frequency is achieved.

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10 views

MCC Expt 3 Orthogonal

This document describes Experiment 3 on implementing orthogonal codes for multiple access secured transmission. It discusses that codes used for transmission need to be orthogonal to avoid interference when transmitting the same frequency and to achieve multiple access. Orthogonality means the inner product of two vectors is zero. The document provides an example of two 4-bit codes that are orthogonal and describes an algorithm to check if two codes are orthogonal by converting them to bipolar sequences and summing their inner product. It includes a Python program to check if two input codes are orthogonal. The conclusion states that understanding orthogonal codes exhibits how multiple access for the same frequency is achieved.

Uploaded by

Alka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Computer Engineering Exp. No.

Semester B.E. Semester VII– Computer Engineering

Subject Mobile Application Development Technology Lab

Subject Professor
In-charge

Assisting Teachers

Laboratory

Student Name

Roll Number 17102A0057

Grade and Subject


Teacher’s Signature

Experiment Number 3

Experiment Title Implementation of orthogonal codes for multiple access secured transmission.

Resources Required Python/Java/C/C++

Objectives (Skill Set / To understand the codes used for any transmission need to be orthogonal in
Knowledge Tested / order to avoid interference of transmission of same frequency to achieve
Imparted) multiple accesses for single frequency.

What is orthogonality? Mathematically speaking, if we have n users and n-bit


chip sequences, then a set of vectors in n-space are orthogonal if any point in
n-space may be expressed as only one linear combination of these vectors. In a
more practical sense, vectors are orthogonal if they allow correct decoding of
transmitted data.

Two vectors are said to be orthogonal if their inner product is zero. Consider
Theory of Operation two vectors (2,0,3) and (3,5, -2). Their inner product is (2*3) + (0*5) +(3 * -2) = 6
+ 0+ (-6) =0. Hence they are orthogonal.

Example:
Department of Computer Engineering Exp. No.3
code 1 : 0 1 0 1

code 2: 0 1 1 0

Bipolar code1 : -1 1 -1 1

Bipolar code2 : -1 1 1 -1

cod1 * code2 = 1 1 -1 -1

sum = ( 1 + 1+ (-1) + (-1) ) = 0

Hence two codes are orthogonal.

Algorithm:

1) start

2) Enter length of the code , n

3) Enter code1, code1[ ]

4) Enter code2 , code2 [ ]

5) convert code1 into bipolar sequence.

6) convert code2 into bipolar sequence.

7) Multiply two codes. C [ ] = code [ ] * code2 [ ]

8) Add value of vector C . If sum is 0 then codes are orthogonal

9) Stop.

Program code1 = list(input("Enter Code 1: "))


bipolar_code1 = [-1 if x == '0' else 1 for x in code1]

code2 = list(input("Enter Code 2: "))


bipolar_code2 = [-1 if x == '0' else 1 for x in code2]

result = sum([x * y for x, y in zip(bipolar_code1,


bipolar_code2)])

print("Codes are orthogonal" if result == 0 else "Codes


are not orthogonal")
output
Department of Computer Engineering Exp. No.3
Conclusion Hence checking the code used to transmit the data are orthogonal is
understood exhibiting that how multiple access for same frequency is used
usage of frequency is made with the help of these orthogonal codes.

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