Wave Optics # coherent and incoherent sources : The sources of light ,

which emit
# Wavefront : The locus of all particles of the medium vibrating in continuous light waves of the same wavelength ,
same frequency &

same phase at a given instant is known as wavefront -

in same phase or having a constant phase difference are known as

Spherical wavefront : When the source of light is a point source ,

the coherent sources .

wavefront is spherical "grays Two sources of light do not emit light waves with a constant

--
D
J

Navefront phase difference are called incoherent sources

-&
.

source Interference of lights

Cylindrical Havefront : When the light source is linear, the wavefront It is the phenomenon of redistribution of
energy on account of

is Cylindricalwavefront
linear >
-
superposition of light waves from two coherent sources.
Source Interference pattern produce points of maximum and
* minimum intensity. Points where resultant intensity is maximum ,

* Plane Wavefront : When the point source or linear source of light is at interference is said to be constructive and at the points of
very large distance ,
a small portion of spherical or cylindrical wave -
destructive interference , resultant intensity is minimum .

-front appears to be plane Such .

a wavefront is known as Plane wave -

#Intensity distribution
-
front If a b are the amplitudes of interfering waves due to two coherent
-
Light rays
sources and ! is constant phase difference between the two
Plane *

wavefront- D
waves at any point P, then the resultant amplitude at P

will be G b + 2 abcosd
R =
+

According
=

# Huygens principle : to Huygens principle ,

-

Every point on given wavefront (primary wavefront) acts as a Resultant intensity I =

I +
, If + 2 IE,E, Cos
fresh source of new disturbance called , secondary wavelets
. When cosd = I -when cosd = -I

The secondary wavelets spread out in all the direction with Imax /E + +Es)
=

, Imin =
(II +E2)
,
-

the speed of light in the medium primary

Secondary
.

&

wavefront
-

A surface touching these secondary Conditions for sustained interference of light

Wave
wavelets-
*
wavelets tangentially in the forward front ⑭The amplitudes of waves from two sources should preferably
⑭
direction at any instant gives the new be equal .

⑭ I

(secondary) wavefront at that instant ↳ The waves emitted by the two sources should either be
in phase or should have a constant phase difference and
#
Laws of reflection by Huygens principle have frequency
same .

-
H Al ↳ The two sources should be very narrow .

L &

O
p
Sunil Jangra Physicsexperiment
Young's double # slit : was the first to demonstrate
-
I -
t
L
X
r ( the phenomenon of interference of light Using
.
two slits
BI
illuminated by monochromatic light source , he obtained bright
For every point on Wavefront AB , a corresponding point lies on and dark bands bands of equal width placed alternately.
the reflected wavefront A'B' .
These were called interferencefringes .

so , comparing two triangle ABAB' & AB'A'B · screen

4 Dark
We find that ,
AB A'B = =
Ct BB =
common (A = LA go =
3 Bright #

3 Dark
Thus two triangles are congruent ,
hence Li = L
2 Bright C
2 Dark
Laws of refraction by Huygens principle S 1 Bright
- I Dark
air
d ⑭ Central Bright fringe
~ Incident
it
From AABB' and AA'B'B , shell's Dark (or central maximal
wavefront 1 Bright
law can be proved. *

B 1i
Ct
BI o
S2 2 Dark

Sni CtBB'
= =
2 Bright
r g 3 Dark
Vt
glass
- 3 Bright
All
#
V 4 Dark
-
refracted ↑ D D

wavefront
* Intensity
# Effect on
frequency wavelength and speed during refraction
.

M
,

When a wave passes from one medium to another then change in

speed v takes place , wavelength X also changes whereas its

ii it in 2x
,

frequency o remains the same .

O pathe difference
Sunil Jangra Physics