I, What are the types of sentences, structurally? Their features?

Give some
examples
1. Structurally, there are 3 types of sentences:
a. The simple sentence:
- A simple sentence is a sentence that has only one clause - finite clause.
eg: + I love you.
b. The compound sentence:
- The compound sentence combines two or more independent clauses with a
coordinating conjunction (or, and, but, yet, for, nor, so) or a semicolon.
eg: + She was sick, so she didn’t go to school.
c. The complex sentence:
- The complex sentence is the sentence, one of whose elements is a subordinate
clause.
eg: + The boy failed the test because he did not work hard
- Complex sentences by using co-ordination and sub-ordination:
+ Co-ordination: is the relationship between the 2 units which are independent
to each other.
eg: (1) Tom saw Mary.
(2) He ran away.
=> (1) + (2) co-ordinators: Tom saw Mary and/ but he ran away.
+ Sub-ordination: is the relationship between the 2 units which are dependent to
each other. That is one clause is the subordinate to the other.
eg: (1) + (2) subordinators: When Tom saw Mary, he ran away.
2. Based on possible arrangement of S, V, O, C, A, there are 7 types of sentences:
(phân tích s/v/c/a)
1) S + V_intransitive: She’s coming / They have gone out/ The plane took off.
2) S + V intensive + C: She’s my sister/ They look tired.
3) S + V intensive + A: They were here/ She got off the bus.
4) S + V mono-transitive + O: They built this house/ He gave up tobacco.
5) S + V ditransitive +O + O: We gave him a book/ She informed me of the news.
6) S + V complex-trans + O + C: We elected him our President.
7) S + V complex-trans + O + A: I put it here.
II, What are the communicative types of sentences? Their features? Give some
examples
Communicatively, sentences can be categorized into four main types: declarative,
interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory.
1. Statements: the subject is always present and generally precedes the verb (positive or
negative). I’m happy
2. Questions:
a) Yes/no questions: (i) General yes-no question, (ii) tag questions, (iii) Declarative
question (You’re tired?), (iv) Exclamatory question (Hasn’t she grown!)
b) Wh-questions: (i) Wh-questions with wh-word pronouns: who, whom, which, what,
whose – Questions on S, Od, Oi, Cs and modifier of NP;
(ii) Wh-questions with wh-word adverbs: when, where, how, why, how + Adj/adv –
Questions of Adverbial, Cs, Co Eg: Who are you?
c) Alternative questions: Did you come by train or by bus?
3. Commands
Commands without S: Put it on the table!/Don’t make such a noise!
Commands with S: You there be quiet!
You come here, Jack, and you go over there, Mary.
c) Commands with LET: Let us all work harder!/Let me have a look!/Let’s not open the
door/Don’t let’s open the door/ Don’t let him lose heart.
4. Exclamations
a) Full exclamations:
What + NP +…: What an enormous crowd came!
How + adj/Adv: How fast he drove his car.
b) Short exclamations:
What + NP: What a book!
How + Adj: How beautiful!
Adj only: Wonderful!
III, What are the common ways of expressing the subject? Give some examples.
The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun, or noun phrase
1. Noun Phrase:
- Basic: His father is a doctor.
- Complex:That tall girl is my girlfriend.
2. Nonfinite
- Ving Cl: Learning E grammar is boring.
- To infinitive Cl: It’s my task to help her.
3. Finite NCl:
- That Cl: That he likes you is true.
- Yes - No Interrogative Cl: Whether she likes the subject or not isnt important.
- WH - Interrogative Cl: What caused the fire is a mystery.
- Nominal Relative Cl: What caused the fire is a cigarette end
 IV, What are the basic sentence elements ? Their features? Give some examples
FIVE sentence elements: S, V, O, C, A
Syntactic features of Subject (Realisations of S)
N noun phrase
Basic His father is a doctor.
Complex That tall girl is my girlfriend.
Non-finite NCl V-ing Cl Learning English grammar is boring.
To-infinitive Cl It’s my task to help her.
Finite NCl That Cl That he likes you is true.
Yes-no interrogative Cl
Whether she likes the subject or not is not important.
WH-interrogative Cl What caused the fire is a mystery.
Nominal Relative Cl What caused the fire is a cigarette end.
Syntactic features of Object (Realisations of Od and Oi)
Noun phrase Basic I love coffee (Od).
I gave the beggar (Oi) some money (Od).
Complex I showed the English man (Oi) the way to the city centre (
Non-finite NCl V-ing Cl I enjoy listening to music (Od).
To-infinitive Cl I want to become a doctor (Od).
Finite NCl That Cl I hope that she will come. (Od)
Yes-no interrogative Cl I don’t care whether she will come or not (Od).
WH-interrogative Cl I wonder why she hasn’t come (Od).
Nominal Relative Cl I know what he was saying at that time (Od).
He gave whoever came to the door (Oi) a brochure (Od).
Syntactic features of Complement (Realisations of Cs and Co)
Noun phrase Basic He’s a teacher (Cs). / I consider him my teacher (Co).
Complex He’s a teacher of English (Cs). / We elected him the monitor of the class (
Adj P She’s very beautiful (Cs).
The film made her very sad (Co).
Adj Cl I’m glad to see you again (Cs).
I’m sure that he will come (Cs).
This made her afraid of whoever came near (Co).
Non-finite Cl V-ing Cl My hobby is collecting stamps (Cs).
I heard him singing in the classroom (Co).
To-infinitive
MyCltask is to help you (Cs).
I want my son to become a doctor (Co).
Bare infinitive
What I can do now is run away (Cs).
The film made them cry a lot (Co).
V-ed2 Cl I had my hair cut yesterday (Co).
She heard her name called (Co).
Finite NCl That Cl My hope is that she will come (Cs).
Yes-no The problem is whether she likes you or not (Cs).
interrogative Cl
WH- The problem is who will go (Cs).
interrogative Cl
Nominal What you like is what I like (Cs).
Relative Cl
You can call me whatever name you like (Co).
Syntactic features of Adverbial (Realisations of A)
Adv P She runs very quickly. / She’s here.
Prep P She’s in the classroom.
I met him in the morning.
NP She lives a long way from here /He came this morning.
Non-finite Cl V-ing Cl Going on holiday, I made a lot of new friends.
To-infinitive Cl I’m learning English to find a better job.
V-ed2 Cl Built in 1954, the house now looks rather old.
Verbless Cl When in Rome, do as Rome does.
If possible, come to see me tonight.
Finite Cl Adverbial Cl While I was cooking, the phone rang.
 Although it was raining heavily, he still went to school.

V, What are adjuncts? Their syntactic features? Give some examples.

An adjunct is a word, a phrase, or aclause that can be removed from a sentence without
making the sentence grammatically wrong. An adjunctis usually anadverb used to
modify averb.
A) Adjuncts can come within the scope of clause interrogation and can bethe focus of
the question.
B) Adjuncts can come within the scope of clause negation and can be thefocus of the
negation.
C) Adjuncts can come within the scope of predication proforms or predication ellipsis.
John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary. Peter will pay back the loan when he
has money but Goerge won’t.
D) They can be the focus of restrictive adverbial (e.g. only)
They only want the car for an hour.
e) They can be the focus additive adverbials (also) or, of a cleft sentence:
They will also meet if they have time.
It was when we were in Paris that we first saw John.
f) Adjuncts can be the focus of clause comparison:
John writes as frequently as his brother does.
g) Adjuncts can be premodified by however, how
However strongly you feel about it, you should be careful what you say.
How cautiously he drives!
h) Adjuncts can be premodified by so:
So monotonously did he speak that everybody left.
VI. What are conjuncts? Their types? Give some examples.
A conjunct is aword, phrase, orclause linked to another word, phrase, or clause
throughcoordination.
a. Enumerative: firstly, secondly, for one thing,..
b. Reinforcing: also, furthermore, moreover,…
c. Equate: equally, likewise, in the same way,…
d. Transitional: incidentally, by the way
e. Appositional: namely, in other words, for example
f. Resultative: consequently, hence, therefore,…
VII. What are disjuncts? Their types? Give some examples.
Disjuncts are a type of adverbial in English that modifies an entire clauseand passes a
comment on the situation. It generally shows the point of view of the speaker, what the
speaker/writer feels about the situation or truthfulness of the speaker about the sentence.
There are 2 main classes: Style & Attitudinal disjuncts
1) Style disjuncts: the speaker’s comment on the speaking style
Seriously, do you intend to resign?
Strictly speaking, nobody is allowed in here.
If I may say so, the dress doesn’t suit you.
2) Attitudinal disjuncts: the speaker’s comment on the content of what he is saying.
Obviously, nobody expected us to be here today.
They arrived, to our surprise, before we did.
Even more important, he has control over the party’s finances.
VIII, What Are Complements? Their catergories and functions? Give some
examples
- Definition: In English, a complement is a word or a group of words that completes the
meaning of a part of the sentence. It is essential to the meaning of the part it
complements; it is needed to render the meaning the sentence intends to give.
- Types of complements:
1. Subject complement: a subject complement is a word or a group of words (phrase or
clause) that either renames the subject or modifies it. It comes after a linking verb and
identifies the subject. Eg: My father is a doctor.
2. Object complement: an object complement is a word or a group of words (phrase)
that comes after a direct object, identifies it, and either reanmes it or modifies it.
Eg: You proved us wrong again.
3. Adjective complement: an adjective complement is a phrase or a clause that
completes the meaning of an adjective by giving more information about it.
Eg: They were shocked to see me alive.
4. Verb complement: a verb complement is usually an object that comes after a verb and
completes its meaning.
Eg: We want more money.
5. Adverbial complement: an adverbial complement is an adverb or an adverbial that
completes the meaning of a verb. It helps the sentence renders the meaning it intends to
give.
Eg: Don’t aim for a money fight.
IX, What are the possible forms of the Subject Complement? Give some examples.
Cs=NP: She’s a teacher of English.
Cs=Adj/AdjP: She’s good at Grammar.
Cs=Adj Cl: (Adjectival clause = Adjective (head) + Clause (non-finite or finite))
He’s wise to stay at home. (Adj + to-infinitive Cl)
She was busy doing her homework.(Adj + V-ing Cl)
I’m sure that he will win the match. (Adj + that Cl)
We weren’t certain whether he would come or not. (yes-no interrogative Cl)
She wasn’t aware who he was. (Wh-interrogative Cl)
I wasn’t clear about whatever he said. (nominal relative Cl)
X, What are the possible forms of the Object Complement? Give some examples
An object complement in English can be:
- Noun phrase: He made her his wife.
- Adjective phrase: He made her happy.
- Finite clause: He named her whichever name he liked.
- Non-finite clause: He persuaded her to run away./ They let us go out.
XI, What are the kinds of verb complementaion? Give some examples.
- A verb complement is usually an object that comes afer a verb and completes its
meaning. Without the verb complement, the sentence stops giving the same meaning
and looks incomplete.
- Types of verb complements:
1. Direct object: a direct object of a verb is someone or something that directly receives
the action. Asking “what” or “whom” to the verb gives you the direct object.
- Max beat Anna in the finals.
2. Indirect object: an indirect object is usually a person for whom an action is done. The
indirect object receives the action. We can find it by asking “whom” to the verb.
- I will show your parents what you do here.
XII, What Is a Noun Clause (or Nominal Clause)? Give some examples.
A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as
a subject, object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.
There are two subgroups, each of which comprises a set of minor types.
a. Finite nominal clauses including: + That clause: That he knows me is obvious.
+ Wh-interrogative clauses: Where he has gone is still not known.
+ Yes/no-interrogative clauses: He asked whether you knew it.
+ Nominal relative clauses: What caused the fire was only a cigarette end.
b. Non-finite clauses including:
+ To-infinitive clause (to V): It's my task to help him.
+ Bare infinitive clause (V): All we had to do was repeat what he said.
+ V-ing participle clause (V-ing): We all enjoyed watching TV.
 XIII, According to verb phrase structure (structurally), What are the kinds of
clause? Give some examples.
i) S + Vintransitive: The bird sang./She’s come.
ii) S + Vintensive + Cs: He’s my student./They look tired.
iii) S + Vintensive + A: They were here./She got off the bus.
iv) S + Vmonotrans + O: My sister bought this car last year.
They gave up drug addiction.
v) S + Vditrans + O + O: They gave him this book.
We informed them of the news.
They took great care of the children.
vi) S + Vcomplextrans + O + Co:We elected him president of the company.
They left the house empty.
vii) S + Vcomplextrans + O + A: She led them upstairs.
We hung the pictures on the wall.
XIV, What is an adverbial clause? Its main types? Give some examples.
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb in
its sentence. In other words, an adverbial clause is a clause that does the same thing as
an adverb. Here are the main types of adverbial clauses, along with examples:
Structural realizations of nominal clauses:
I. Finite adverbial clauses: When I last saw you, you lived in New York.
II. Non-finite adverbial Clauses:
1. V-ing Cl: Nearing the entrance, I shook hands with my acquaintances
2. To-infinitive Cl: They left early to catch the train.
3. Bare infinitive Cl: Rather than go there by air, I’d take the slowest train.
4. V-ed2 Cl: Once published, the book caused a remarkable stir.
II. Verbless Clauses: When in Rome, do as Rome does.
 Syntactic function of adverbial clauses: Adverbial (A): adjunct,
conjunct and disjunct.
XV, What is an Adjective Clause? Its kinds ? Give some examples.
An adjective clause is a multi-word adjective that includes a subject and a verb. It
usually comes after the noun it modifies and is made up of several words, which, like all
clauses, will include a subject and a verb.
There are 3 kinds of adjective clauses:
- Adj clauses functioning as post-modifier in NPs
+ Restrictive adjective clauses: The man who went there with him is my
brother.
+ non-restrictive adjective clauses: We met Mr Jones, who was expert at nuclear
physics.
- Sentintial adjective clauses: They have antecedents as the whole previous main
clause.
Ex: He came to see her too often, which annoyed her parents.
- Nominal adjective clauses: They are very close to the noun phrase status in that
they can perform seven (out of eight) different functions of noun phrases (S, Cs,
Od, Co, Cprep, and Oi).
Ex: We remember when we first came here. (= the time when we first came here)
XVI, What is a comment clause? Give some examples.
1. Like a main clause:
At that time, I believe, labour was cheap.
You know, I think you’re wrong.
2. Like an adverbial clause (functioning as disjunct):
I’m a pacifist, as you know.
As far as grammar is concerned, the sentence is the largest unit.
3. Like a nominal relative clause as conjunct:
What’s more, we lost all our belonging.
4. Non-finite clauses as style disjunct:
a. To V: I’m not sure what to do, to be honest.
b. V-ing: I doubt, speaking as a layman, whether television is the right medium.
c. Ved2: Stated bluntly, he has no chance of winning the game.

XVII, What is a premodifier? Give some examples

A premodifier is a modifier that precedes the head of a noun phrase or word that
determines the meaning of a phrase.
Major classes: Adj, V, NAdj:
Adj:big pillow, new pants,
V: Ving / Ved2A
flying flag / a sleeping child – temporary
An interesting story / shocking letter – permanent
A broken vase: a vase which was broken
A retired teacher: a teacher who has retired
N:
A Sunday newspaper / a literature teacher
A girls’ school / a three hours’ lecture
XVIII, What are the syntactic functions of “to-infinitive”? Give some examples
Syntactically, “To-infinitive” non-finite clause has syntactic functions as following:
- Subject: To walk with boy-friend under the rain is nice.
To get a good job is my goal.
- Object: I need to wash my hair now.
- Adverbial: to get a good job, I try very hard
- Subject complement: My desire is to get a good job.
- Appositive: my dream, to get a good job, will come true
- Co: I persuaded him to give me a hand.
XIX, What are the syntactic functions of “noun phrases”? Give some examples
1. Subject (S): Teachers are talkative.
2. Indirect/ Direct Object (Oi/Od): My mother gave the beggar (Oi) some money
(Od).
3. Subject Complement (Cs): She is a teacher.
4. Object Complement (Co): We consider him our teacher.
5. Prepositional Complement (Cprep): She’s keen on grammar.
6. Adjective Complement (Cadj): He’s not worth your husband.
7. Adverbial (A): He came this morning.
8. Apposition (App): Mr Johnson, our teacher, is very strict.
9. Vocative: Tuan, come here.
XX, What is the structure of the complex noun phrase? its features? Give some
examples.
- Structurally, the complex NP might consist of Head N, Pre-modifier and Post-
modifier
The Pre-modifier can be: close system items and open class items
Ex:A thank-you letter (open class item)
This running water (open class item)
-The Post- modifier can be : adv/prepositional phrase, NFCl, FCl (Relative Clause),
Ex: Preposition phrase: men of some wealth
-Non-finite clause: The first men to come to the party.
-Finite clause: Girl who are well-qualified
-Adverb phrase: All the beautiful cars over there.
-Adjective phrase ( there is nothing new in his book/there is no one absent today)
 S Od Cs App
That That he likes you is I know that she will My hope is that Our hope that things
true come. things will get will get better is
better. well-founded.

Wh-int What caused the I don’t know what The problem was Her question how
fire is a mystery. caused the fire. who would help he could finish the
her. work is not easy.
Finite

Yes/no Whether he’ll come I don’t care whether The question is The problem
or not troubles her. he likes me or not. whether she would whether he can win
int agree. is decisive now.

Nom. What caused the I know what caused Coffee is what I like Coffee, what I like
fire was only a the fire. best. best, is quite easy to
Rel cigarette end. find.

To V To help him is my She wanted to Our task was to Our duty, to help
task. become a doctor. help them. them over this
difficulty, is not so
simple.
Non-finite

Bare V Run away was what All I have to do is

we could do then. repeat what he says.

V-ing Learning English I like listening to My hobby is My hobby,

grammar is boring. music. collecting stamps. collecting stamps, is
time-consuming.

Cadj Co Cprep Oi
That I’m sure that things will
get better.

Wh-int She wasn’t conscious who I’m concerned about why

he was. he said so.
Finite

Yes/no I’m not sure whether she He was interested in

will come. whether she could win the
int match.

Nom. Rel You can call him whatever This depends on whatever We gave whoever went
name you like. he says at the meeting. there a brochure.

To V I’m glad to meet you. I want my son to become a

doctor.
Non-

Bare V The film made him laugh a

lot.
 V-ing She’s busy doing her I heard them laughing in I’m keen on playing
fini
te
homework. the bedroom. football.