Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Class 9

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is formed by combining the two words artificial and
intelligence.
a. Artificial – Artificial refers to something created or produced by humans rather
than existing naturally
b. Intelligence – The ability to acquire and use knowledge and skills is referred
to as intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence Definition

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to do cognitive tasks such as

thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving, and decision making. It is based
on how individuals use their brains to observe, learn, figure out, and make
decisions.

Artificial Intelligence has been defined in a variety of ways by various

organizations.

Artificial Intelligence NITI Aayog

The ability of machines to execute cognitive functions such as thinking,

perceiving, learning, problem solving, and decision making is referred to as
artificial intelligence (AI).

World Economic Forum Artificial Intelligence

The software engine that propels the Fourth Industrial Revolution is artificial
intelligence (AI). It has already had an impact on people’s lives, businesses, and
political processes. It will soon be driving automobiles, stocking warehouses, and
caring for the young and elderly in its embodied form of robots. It holds the
prospect of resolving some of society’s most serious problems.

European Artificial Intelligence

AI isn’t a well-defined technology, and there isn’t a single description that

everyone agrees on. It’s more of a catch-all word for data analysis and pattern
detection tools.
Artificial Intelligence Encyclopedia Britannica

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to a digital computer’s or a computer-controlled

robot’s ability to do tasks normally performed by intelligent beings.

History of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence formally founded in 1956, when the term “Artificial

Intelligence” was coined at a conference at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New
Hampshire.
The phrase “artificial intelligence” was created by John McCarthy, who also
hosted the first AI conference.

1. 1956 – Birth of AI Dartmouth Conference

2. 1966 – First Chatbot “ELIZA”
3. 1972 – First Intelligence “Robot WABOT – 1”
4. 1974 – 1980 : First AI winer1980 : Expert System
5. 1987 – 1993 : Second AI Winner
6. 1997 – IBM Deep blue “First computer to beat a world chess champion”
7. 2002 – AI in Home “Roomba”
8. 2011 – IBM Watson “Wins a Quiz show”
9. 2012 – Google Introduce AI in there application
10. 2014 – Chatbot Eugene Goostman “Wines a Turing test
11. 2015 – Amazon Echo
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Class 9

Role of AI in Education

The use of technology in education is changing the way we teach and learn all
across the world. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the technological innovations
that may be used to adapt the learning experience of different learning groups,
teachers, and tutors.

The picture below displays some of the most fundamental AI competencies –

What is Machine Learning?

Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that allows computers to

learn and develop without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning is
concerned with the creation of computer program that can access data and learn
for themselves.

Machine Learning can be used to address difficult problems like detecting credit
card fraud, enabling self-driving automobiles, and detecting and recognizing
faces.

What is Natural Language Processing?

Natural language processing (NLP) is an area of artificial intelligence (AI) that

focuses on assisting computers in understanding how humans write and
communicate. This is a difficult task because of the large amount of unstructured
data involved.

What is Expert System?

An expert system is computer software that can handle complex issues and
make decisions in the same way as a human expert can.

What is Vision in AI?

Computer vision is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows computers

and systems to extract useful information from digital photos, videos, and other
visual inputs, as well as to conduct actions or make recommendations based on
that data.

What is Speech Recognition in AI?

Voice messages can now be converted to text using this Speech technology. It’s
also capable of recognizing a person based on their voiced commands.

What is planning in AI?

In Artificial Intelligence, planning refers to the decision-making duties carried out

by robots or computer programmes in order to attain a given goal.

What is Robotics?

Robotics is the production of robots that can do activities without the need of
human interaction, whereas AI is the process of systems imitating the human
mind to make judgments and ‘learn.’

ExCIT

ExCITE was the result of our brainstorming. ExCITE is a technology-agnostic

evaluation methodology for Artificial Intelligence solutions that focuses on
transparency.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence

AI Application in E Commerce

a. Personalized Shopping – Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to develop

recommendation engines that help you engage with your customers more
effectively. These suggestions are based on their previous browsing behavior,
preferences, and interests.

b. AI-powered Assistants – Virtual shopping assistants and chatbots aid in the

enhancement of the online buying experience.

c. Fraud Prevention – Two of the most serious difficulties that E-Commerce

businesses face are credit card fraud and fraudulent reviews.

Artificial Intelligence in Automobiles

Self-driving automobiles are built using artificial intelligence. To drive the vehicle,
AI can be combined with the camera, radar, cloud services, GPS, and control
signals.

Artificial Intelligence in Social Media

Many of the social media sites use a AI technology in Social Media

a. Facebook – Artificial Intelligence uses the technique known as DeepText.

DeepText automatically translates the post from one language to another
language.

b. Twitter – Twitter uses AI for fraud detection, propaganda removal, and to

remove hateful content.

Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture

With the help of AI the farmer can identify defects and nutrient deficiencies in the
soil with the help of machine learning applications

Artificial Intelligence in Robotics

Another industry where artificial intelligence applications are widely used is
robotics. AI-powered robots use real-time updates to detect obstructions in their
path and instantaneously arrange their route.

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Class 9

Three Domains of Artificial Intelligence

There are three types of domain in Artificial Intelligence.

1. Data Science (Data for AI)

2. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
3. Computer Vision (CV)
1. Data Science (Data for AI) –

The process of converting a raw dataset into valuable knowledge is known as

Data Science. Nowadays Data Science is an important part of an Industry. Data
science is an AI domain concerned with data systems and processes, in which
the system collects a large amount of data, maintains sets of data, and extracts
meaning from them.

AI Games related to Data Science

Rock, Paper, Scissors AI Game (Based on Data Science)

Rock, Paper, Scissors is an easy game to play. Each player chooses one of the
three things (typically by creating the appropriate hand shape on three counts!)
and the following rules are used to determine who won that round:

• Paper wraps (beats) Rock

• Scissors cut (beat) Paper
• Rock blunts (beats) Scissors
The purpose of the game is to guess your opponent’s choice and select the
proper object to defeat them.

Game link (Play in computer)

https://rps-ai-game.herokuapp.com

2. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Natural language processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence. Natural
language Processing has the ability to understand text and spoken words in the
same manner that humans can.

AI Games related to Natural language Processing (NLP)

• Akinator with alexa AI Game (Based on Natural Language Processing)

• Akinator is a free Amazon Echo app that uses a series of questions to
figure out which character you’re thinking of.
• You can ask the app to guess the identity of a real or imaginary individual.
Game link (Play in mobile phone)
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.digidust.elokence.akinator.fre
emium&hl=en_IN&gl=US

3. Computer Vision (CV)

Computer vision allows computers and systems to extract useful information from
digital photos, videos, and other visual inputs. The goal of Computer Vision is to
take necessary action after identifying an object or person in a digital image.

AI Games related to Computer Vision

Emoji Scavenger Hunt (Based on Computer Vision)

Emoji Scavenger Hunt is a project that uses neural networks and your phone’s
camera to detect real-world counterparts of the emoticons we use on a daily
basis.

Game link

Website link – https://emojiscavengerhunt.withgoogle.com/

Reverse Image Search (Based on Computer Vision)

Google’s picture search is presently only available on desktop computers. If a

friend has sent an image to you on WhatsApp or Facebook that you want to
verify, you’ll need to first copy the image to a desktop and then run a reverse
image search.
Website link –
https://www.labnol.org/reverse/

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Class 9

Relate

Real World Application

1. Google Maps and Ride – hailing application

Google Maps is a web-based service that provides accurate data on geographic
regions and locations all over the world. Google has added new features of
google ride which compare ride services and their pricing with alternative modes
of transportation, such as public transit or walking, in the Google Maps app.

2. Face detection (Virtual Filter, Face ID unlocking)

Biometrics are used in a facial recognition system to map facial traits from a
photograph or video. To identify a match, it compares the information to a
database of known faces. Facial recognition can aid in the verification of a
person’s identification, but it also raises concerns about privacy.

3. Text editors on autocorrect and autocomplete

Autocorrect: This feature corrects any spelling mistakes made while typing.

Autocomplete: If a term has already been used, this function provides

suggestions for automatically finishing it. If you type ‘msword’ once, it will try to
complete the sentence by displaying msword on the next line if you type ‘ms’.

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Class 9

What is Smart Home

A smart home is a flexible house setup in which appliances and devices may be
managed remotely using a mobile or other networked device from anywhere with
an internet connection.

Advantages of Smart Home

1. Smart Home provide more comfort

 2. Smart Home improve Security
3. Smart Home saves energy
4. Smart Home helps to save your money
5. Smart Home means more free time
Disadvantages of Smart Home

1. Cost
2. Always depends on Internet
What is Smart City

The Smart Cities Mission’s goal is to promote economic growth and improve
people’s quality of life by facilitating local area development and utilizing
technology, particularly technology that leads to Smart results.

Advantages of Smart City

1. Improved Infrastructure
2. Safer Communication
3. More Jobs Opportunities
4. Decrease of Crime
Disadvantages of Smart City

1. Concerns about data security and privacy

2. Excess network trust
3. It’s difficult to get the financial model for implementation out there.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Class 9

Purpose

Role of AI in Sustainable Development

What is Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is the development which doesn’t compromise the

capacity of the future generation to satisfy their needs.
In 1987 the first time sustainable development appeared in the Brundtland report.
This was a warning to all countries regarding environmental consequences,
globalization and economic growth.
Sustainable Development goals are also known as Global goals. There are 17
goals in sustainable development which were introduced in 2015.
There are total 17 Sustainable Development Goals are:

1. Zero Hunger
Food supply is aided by AI throughout the supply network, from manufacturing to
transportation and distribution.

2. No Poverty
Artificial intelligence has the potential to help reduce the number of individuals
driven into poverty as a result of natural disasters.

3. Good Health and Well-Being

Doctors and radiologists are collaborating to identify ways to use AI to detect
brain cancers.

4. Quality Education
AI can assist in personalization, allowing young girls and boys to learn more
effectively.

5. Climate action
AI may be used to improve electricity demand forecasts and associated
predictions from sources such as sunlight and wind.

6. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure

The industry can benefit from AI by applying it to develop reality modeling
applications.

7. Gender Equality
AI can tell you how many of your applications are men and how many are
women.

8. Clean Water and Sanitation

By measuring, forecasting, and modifying water efficiency, AI can ensure that
more people have access to clean water.

9. Affordable and clean energy

AI can improve energy output by predicting and adapting to changing conditions
and demand.

10. Sustainable cities and communities

AI can help develop electrified and even driverless vehicles, as well as smarter
infrastructure planning, resulting in large and necessary reductions in air
pollution.

11. Decent work and economic growth

AI can make work-life more safe, such as predictive maintenance of systems,
plants, bridges.

12. Reduce Inequalities

AI can be used to identify discrepancies in legal practices and rules so that new,
equal foundations can be built.

13. Responsible consumption and production

AI can accomplish more with less, reducing inefficiencies in production,
improving quality, and optimizing logistics.

14. Life on land

Desertification can be noticed more easily with AI.

15. Life below water

AI can act as a lifeguard by monitoring the state of marine resources and
assisting in the prevention and reduction of pollution in our oceans.

16. Partnerships for the goals

The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence is a multi-stakeholder project
aimed at closing the gap between AI theory and reality by funding cutting-edge
research and applied initiatives on AI-related objectives.

17. Peace, Justice and strong institutions

AI helps to providing equal access to justice to every one and defending
everyone’s fundamental rights

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Class 9

Social Challenges of Artificial Intelligence

“AI has the potential to assist in the solution of some of the most complex social
and environmental issues, such as healthcare, disaster prediction, agriculture,
environmental conservation, and cultural preservation.”

Wildlife conservation
AI-powered tools can track animal movements and analyze massive volumes of
data to help us better understand where they go and what habitats we need to
protect.

Disaster Awareness And Prediction

Large companies such as Google are focusing on flood prevention, using
artificial intelligence to predict high-risk locations and informing the citizen.

Bullying And Hate Speech

Major social and media platforms are developing their AI bots to detect and
eliminate bullying, hate speech, and other undesirable online behaviors.

Agriculture
Smart farming entails using artificial intelligence to increase overall harvest
quality and accuracy. AI technology aids in the detection of plant disease, pests,
and poor agricultural nutrition. AI sensors can detect and target plants, then
determine the best pesticide to use in the area.

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Class 9

Possibilities

Career Opportunities in Artificial Intelligence

1. Data Analytics
2. Natural Language Processing
3. Robotic Scientist
4. Research Scientist
5. Researcher
6. Software Engineer
7. AI Engineer
8. Data Mining and Analysis
9. Data Scientist
10. Machine Learning Engineer
11. Business Intelligence Developer
11. Big Data Engineer/ Architect
12. Business Intelligence Developer

Top Companies in Artificial Intelligence

1. Google
2. Apple
3. Amazon
4. FaceBook
5. Anki
6. DJI
7. Deepmind
8. Clarifai
9. Casetext
10. DataVisor

Skills required for Artificial Intelligence

1. There are a various numbers of skills required for AI related Jobs

2. Required Training to become a expertise in the field of Artificial Intelligence
3. Good knowledge of Math and Science related to AI
4. Required Programming Languages like Python, Java, Web related language
etc.
5. Linear algebra and statistics
6. Signal processing techniques
7. Neural network architectures

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Class 9

AI Ethics

AI ethics are a collection of principles that guide the development and use of
artificial intelligence.

1. Why AI Ethics is important?

Ethical AI can help businesses run more efficiently, provide cleaner products,
reduce negative environmental impacts, improve public safety, and improve
human health.

2. Ethical Challenges in Artificial Intelligence

1. Cost to Innovation
2. Lack of quality data
3. Problems of Integrity
4. Lack of accuracy of data
5. Bias and discrimination
6. Reduction of human contact
 7. Violation of fundamental human rights in supply chain
8. Negative impact on environment
9. Loss of human decision-making

AI Project Cycle Class 9 Notes

The AI Project Cycle is a step-by-step process that a company must follow in
order to derive value from an AI project and to solve the problem.

There are five different stage of AI Project Cycle.

Stage of AI Project Cycle

Problem Scoping
Whenever we begin a new project, we encounter a number of challenges. In fact,
we are surrounded with issues! These issues might be minor or major;
sometimes we overlook them, and other times we require immediate attention.
To understand a problem, determine the different aspects that affect the problem,
and define the project’s goal are problem scoping.

How to Identify the Problem Scoping in AI Project

Follow the following steps to identify the problem scoping from the project –

• Understand why the project was started.

• Define the project’s primary objectives.
• Outline the project’s work statement.
• Determine the most important goals.
• Choose important milestones.
• Determine the major constraints.
• Make a list of scope exclusions.
Acquiring Data from following Source
 AI Project Cycle Class 9 Notes

4Ws Problem Canvas

The 4 W’s of Problem Scoping are Who, What, Where, and Why. This 4 W’s
helps to identify and understand the problem in a better manner.

a. Who – The “Who” element helps us to understand and categorize who is

directly and indirectly affected by the problem, and who are known as
Stakeholders.

b. What – The “What” section aids us in analyzing and recognizing the nature of
the problem, and you may also gather evidence to establish that the problem
you’ve chosen exists under this block.

c. Where – What is the situation, and where does the problem arise.

d. Why – Refers to why we need to address the problem and what the
advantages will be for the stakeholders once the problem is solved.

Statement of the Problem Template

After you’ve completed the above 4Ws, make a summary of what you’ve learned.
The problem statement template is the name for this summary. This template
summarizes all of the important points in one place. So, if the same problem
comes again, this statement will make it much easier to fix.

Problem Statement Template with space to fill details according to your

Goal:
AI Project Cycle Class 9 Notes
Data Acquisition
The method of collecting correct and dependable data to work with is known as
data acquisition. Data can be in the form of text, video, photos, audio, and so on,
and it can be gathered from a variety of places such as websites, journals, and
newspapers.

What is Data

Data is a representation of facts or instructions about an entity that can be

processed or conveyed by a human or a machine, such as numbers, text,
pictures, audio clips, videos, and so on.

There is two type of data –

1. Structured Data
2. Unstructured Data

a. Structured Data
When data is in a standardized format, has a well-defined structure, follows a
consistent order, and is easily accessible by humans and program. This data is in
the form of numbers, characters, special characters etc.

b. Unstructured Data
Unstructured data is information that doesn’t follow traditional data models and is
therefore difficult to store and manage. Video, audio, and image files, as well as
log files, are all examples of unstructured data.
Dataset
Dataset is a collection of data in tabular format. Dataset contains numbers or
values that are related to a specific subject. For example, students’ test scores in
a class is a dataset.

The dataset is divided into two parts

a. Training dataset – Training dataset is a large dataset that teaches a machine

learning model. Machine learning algorithms are trained to make judgments or
perform a task through training datasets. Maximum part of the dataset comes
under training data (Usually 80%)

b. Test dataset – Data that has been clearly identified for use in tests, usually of
a computer program, is known as test data. 20% of data used in test data

AI Project Cycle Class 9 Notes

Acquiring Data from Reliable Sources

There are six ways to collect data.

a. Surveys
A research method for gathering data from a predetermined sample of
respondents in order to get knowledge and insights into a variety of issues.

b. Cameras
We can collect visual data with the help of cameras, this data is unstructured
data that can be analyzed via Machine learning.

c. Web Scripting
Web scribing is a technique for collecting structured data from the internet, such
as news monitoring, market research, and price tracking.

d. Observation
Some of the information we can gather through attentive observation and
monitoring.

e. Sensors
With the help of sensors also we can collect the data. A device that detects or
measures a physical property are called sensors, such as biomatrix.
f. Application program interface
An API is a software interface that enables two apps to communicate with one
another.

How to create a System Map with example of Water Cycle.

All of the constituents of the Water Cycle are circled in this System Map. With the
help of arrows, the map depicts the cause and effect relationships between
elements. The arrowhead represents the effect’s direction, while the (+ or -)
indicates their relationship. If the arrow with the + sign goes from X to Y, it
suggests the two are directly related.

That is, as X rises, Y rises as well, and vice versa. If the arrow, on the other
hand, goes with a – sign between X and Y, it signifies that both elements are
inversely connected.

This means that while X increases, Y decreases, and vice versa.

Now, it’s your turn to build your own System Map!

AI Project Cycle Class 9 Notes

Data Exploration
In order to better understand the nature of the data, data analysts utilize data
visualization and statistical tools to convey dataset characterizations, such as
size, amount, and accuracy.

Data exploration is a technique used to visualize data in the form of statistical

methods or using graphs.

Why Data Exploration

Exploration helps you gain a better understanding of a dataset, making it easier

to explore and use it later. It also helps to quickly understand the data’s trends,
and patterns.

About Data Visualization Chart

Data visualization charts are graphical representations of data that use symbols
to convey a story and help people understand large volumes of information.

The following are some of the most frequent data visualization chart and
graph formats:
a. Column Chart – A column chart is a basic Visualization chart that uses
vertical columns to represent data series. Because column lengths are easy to
compare, column charts are an effective approach to demonstrate the changes in
the data.
b. Bar Chart – A bar chart is a visual representation of category data. The data
is displayed in a bar chart with multiple bars, each representing a different
category.
 AI Project Cycle Class 9 Notes

Modelling

AL, ML & DL

Venn Diagram of AI

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence in robots that

have been trained to think and act like humans. The term can also refer to any
machine that demonstrates, like humans, the ability to learn and solve the
problem is Artificial Intelligence.

Machine Learning
Machine learning is a part of an Artificial Intelligence application in which we give
data to the machine and allow them to learn for themselves. It’s essentially
getting a machine to accomplish something without being specifically
programmed to do so.

Deep Learning

Deep learning is a part of Artificial Intelligence that uses neural networks with
multilayer. Deep learning analyzes the data, learns the data and solves the
problem the same as a human. Deep learning requires the machine to be
educated with a large quantity of data in order to train itself.

Rule Based

The rule-based approach to AI modeling is when the developer defines the

relationship or patterns in data. The machine follows the developer’s rules or
instructions and completes its job properly.

What is Modeling

An AI model is a program that has been trained to recognize patterns using a set
of data. AI modeling is the process of creating algorithms, also known as models,
that may be educated to produce intelligent results. This is the process of
programming code to create a machine artificially.
 AI Project Cycle Class 9 Notes

Rule Based AI Model (Decision Tree)

Learning Based Approach

Refers to AI modeling in which the developer hasn’t specified the relationship or

patterns in the data. Random data is provided to the computer in this method,
and the system is left to figure out patterns and trends from it. When the data is
unlabeled and too random for a human to make sense of, this method is usually
used.

Decision Tree in AI

The concept of Decision Trees is similar to that of Story Speaker. It’s a rule-
based AI model that uses numerous judgments (or rules) to assist the machine in
determining what an element is. The following is the basic structure of a decision
tree:
Points to Remember

When creating Decision Trees, one should carefully examine the dataset
provided and try to determine what pattern the output leaf follows. Try picking
one output and figuring out the common links that all similar outputs have based
on it.

When building a decision tree, it’s common for the dataset to have redundant
material that’s of no use. As a result, you should make a list of the parameters
that directly affect the output and use only those when designing a decision tree.

For a single dataset, there may be several decision trees that lead to correct
prediction. The most straightforward option should be selected.

Evaluation
After a model has been created and trained, it must be thoroughly tested in order
to determine its efficiency and performance; this is known as evaluation.
Neural Network Class 9 Notes

Algorithm
An algorithm is a set of instructions used in machine learning that allows a
computer programme to mimic how a human learns to classify certain types of
data.

a. Supervised Learning

Supervised learning is a method of developing artificial intelligence that involves

training a computer algorithm on input data that has been labeled for a certain
output.

Example of Supervised Learning

You obtain a set of photographs with descriptions of what’s on them, and then
you train a model to detect fresh photos.
b. Unsupervised Learning

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems to find patterns in data sets
including data points that are neither categorized nor labeled is known as
unsupervised learning.

Example of Unsupervised Learning

Assume the unsupervised learning algorithm is given an input dataset with
photographs of various cats and dogs. The algorithm is never trained on the
given dataset, therefore it has no knowledge what the dataset’s characteristics
are.
c. Reinforcement Learning

“An intelligent agent interacts with the environment and learns to operate within
that environment through reinforcement learning.”

Example of Reinforcement Learning

Neural Network
Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts proposed neural networks for the first time in
1944.

A neural network is an artificial intelligence strategy for teaching computers to

analyze data in the same way that the human brain does. Deep learning is a form
of machine learning technique that employs interconnected nodes or neurons in
a layered structure to mimic the human brain. It develops an adaptive framework
that allows computers to learn from their errors and continuously improve.
Some of the features of a Neural Network are listed below:

1. The human brain and nervous system are used to model neural network
systems.
2. They can automatically extract features without the programmer’s input.
3. Every node in a neural network is a machine learning algorithm.
4. It comes in handy while working on difficulties with a large data set.
Neural Networks Vs Human Nervous System

In the subject of Neural Network research, the biological brain and Artificial
Neural Networks are two of the most challenging areas of study.

a. SIZE: The human brain contains 86 billion neurons and over 100 trillion
connections that transmit electrical information throughout the body. The number
of neurons in the artificial neural network is far lower.

b. MEMORY: The primary distinction is that humans forget, whereas neural

networks do not. A neural network that has been properly trained.
c. ENERGY CONSUMPTION: The biological brain uses roughly 20% of the total
energy consumed by the human body. Artificial constructions can’t even come
close to matching the efficiency level of a biological brain, which operates on
roughly 20 watts.
Introduction to Python Class 9 Notes

What is program
A computer program is a collection of instructions that perform a specific task
when executed by a computer. The purpose of programs is to make computer
programs run faster, safer, and more efficiently. Programs do everything in a
computer: they read and write data, manage memory, and perform calculations.
They are the building blocks of the operating system, the software that runs our
most important functions, and the programs we write ourselves. One of the most
important programs on a computer is the operating system, which performs basic
functions such as memory management and file management.

Programming languages such as C++, Java, Python, and Ruby are used to
construct programmes. These are human-readable and writable high-level
programming languages.

Why Python for AI?

At the core of every modern artificial intelligence system is Python. It’s the
programming language of choice for data scientists and engineers building the
critical infrastructure that powers today’s most advanced AI systems. For this
reason, many organizations are turning to Python to build their next generation of
AI systems. This guide will help you get started using Python for AI.

Lisp, Prolog, C++, Java, and Python are some of the programming languages
that can be used to create AI applications.

Python is the most popular of these because of the following reasons:

1. Simple to understand, read, and maintain

2. Clear syntax and a simple keyword structure
3. Python includes a large library of built-in functions that can be used to
tackle a wide range of problems.
4. Python features an interactive mode that enables interactive testing and
debugging of code snippets.
5. Python runs on a wide range of operating systems and hardware
platforms, with the same user interface across all of them.
6. We can use the Python interpreter to add low-level models. These models
allow programmers to make their tools more efficient by customizing them.
 7. Python includes interfaces to all major open source and commercial
databases, as well as a more structured and robust framework and support
for big systems than shell scripting.
Applications of Python
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. It is different
from other languages such as C and Java that are designed to be compiled to
machine code. Python is easy to learn and can be used to write virtually anything
that can be described in code.

There are different type of Python Application –

1. Web and Internet Development

2. Desktop GUI Application
3. Software Development
4. Database Access
5. Business Application
6. Games and 3D Graphics
Installation of Python
Python is a cross-platform programming language, which means it runs on a
variety of platforms including Windows, MacOS or Linux operating system.

A Python interpreter must be installed on our computer in order to write and run
Python programmes.

Downloading and Setting up Python

Step 1 : Download Python from python.org using link python.org/downloads

Step 2 : Select appropriate download link as per Operating System [Windows 32

Bit/64 Bit, Apple iOS]

Step 3 : Click on Executable Installer

Step 4 : Install

Python IDLE installation

After installing Python, you’ll need an IDE to write Python programmes. IDLE is a
Python editor with a graphical user interface. IDLE stands for Integrated
Development Environment. This IDLE is also known as the Python shell, and it
has two modes of operation: interactive mode and script mode. Interactive Mode
allows us to communicate with the operating system, whereas Script Mode
allows us to generate and edit Python source files.

Interactive Mode

Python IDLE Shell provides a Python prompt, You can write single line python
commands and execute them easily.

Script Mode

In Python, the Script Mode allows you to add numerous lines of code. In script
mode, we type a Python programme into a file and then use the interpreter to run
the code. Working in interactive mode is useful for beginners and for testing little
parts of code because it allows us to test them right away. However, while writing
code with more than a few lines, we should always save it so that we may alter
and reuse it.

Python Statement and Comments

Python Statement

A statement is a piece of code that can be executed by a Python interpreter. So,

in simple words, anything written in Python is a statement. In The Python
programming language, there are various types of statements, such as
assignment statements, conditional statements, looping statements and so on.
These assist the user in obtaining the desired result.

Multiline Statement

The token NEWLINE character is used at the end of a Python statement.

However, we can use the line continuation character to extend the statement
across many lines (\).

We can utilize these characters when we need to execute long calculations and
can’t fit all of the assertions on a single line.
Type of Multi-line Statement Usage

s=1+2+3+\

Using Continuation Character (/) 4+5+6+\

7+8+9

Using Parentheses () n = (1 * 2 * 3 + 4 – 5)

footballer = [‘MESSI’,

Using Square Brackets [] ‘NEYMAR’,

‘SUAREZ’]

x = {1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 +
Using braces {}
7 + 8 + 9}

Using Semicolons ( ; ) flag = 2; ropes = 3; pole = 4

Python Comments

In Python, comments are lines of code that are skipped by the interpreter while
the programme is being run. Comments improve the readability of the code and
assist programmers in completely comprehending it. In Python there are two
types of comment.

a. Single Line comment

A single-line comment in Python begins with the hash symbol (#) and continues
until the end of the line.

Example
# Single line comment

b. Multiple Line comment

There are a variety of methods for writing multiline comments.

Example

c. Using Multiple hash (#)

# Multiple line comment 1

# Multiple line comment 2

d. Multiline comment using String literals

“ “ “ Multiline comment in

Python statement “ “ “

Or

‘ ‘ ‘ Multiline comment in

Python statement ‘ ‘ ‘

Python Keywords and Identifiers

Keywords – Keywords are reserved words in Python that the Python interpreter
uses to recognise the program’s structure. In Python, keywords are predefined
words with specific meanings. The keyword can’t be used as a variable name,
function name, or identifier. Except for True and False, all keywords in Python
are written in lower case.

Example of Keywords –

False, class, finally, is, return, None, continue, for lambda, try, True, def, from,
nonlocal, while, and, del, global, not, with, as, elif, if, or, yield, assert, else,
import, pass, break, except, in, raise etc.
Identifiers – An identifier is a name given to a variable, function, class, module,
or other object. The identification is made up of a series of digits and
underscores. The identification should begin with a letter or an Underscore and
then be followed by a digit. A-Z or a-z, an UnderScore (_), and a numeral are the
characters (0-9). Special characters (#, @, $, percent,!) should not be used in
identifiers.

1. Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or

uppercase (A to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore _.
2. An identifier cannot start with a digit
3. Keywords cannot be used as identifiers
4. We cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc. in our identifier
5. Identifier can be of any length
6. Python is a case-sensitive language.
Example of Identifier

var1

_var1

_1_var

var_1

Variables, Constants and Data Types

Variables

A variable is a memory location where you store a value in a programming

language. In Python, a variable is formed when a value is assigned to it.
Declaring a variable in Python does not require any further commands.

There are a certain rules and regulations we have to follow while writing a
variable

1. A number cannot be used as the first character in the variable name. Only
a character or an underscore can be used as the first character.
2. Python variables are case sensitive.
3. Only alpha-numeric characters and underscores are allowed.
4. There are no special characters permitted.
Constants
A constant is a kind of variable that has a fixed value. Constants are like
containers that carry information that cannot be modified later.

Declaring and assigning value to a constant

NAME = “Rajesh Kumar”

AGE = 20

Datatype

In Python, each value has a datatype. Data types are basically classes, and
variables are instances (objects) of these classes, because everything in Python
programming is an object.

Python has a number of different data types. The following are some of the
important datatypes.

1. Numbers
2. Sequences
3. Sets
4. Maps
a. Number Datatype

Numerical Values are stored in the Number data type. There are four categories
of number datatype –

1. Int – Int datatype is used to store the whole number values. Example :
x=500
2. Float – Float datatype is used to store decimal number values. Example :
x=50.5
3. Complex – Complex numbers are used to store imaginary values.
Imaginary values are denoted with ‘j’ at the end of the number. Example :
x=10 + 4j
4. Boolean – Boolean is used to check whether the condition is True or
False. Example : x = 15 > 6 type(x)
b. Sequence Datatype

A sequence is a collection of elements that are ordered and indexed by positive

integers. It’s made up of both mutable and immutable data types. In Python,
there are three types of sequence data types:
 1. String – Unicode character values are represented by strings in Python.
Because Python does not have a character data type, a single character is
also treated as a string. Single quotes (‘ ‘) or double quotes (” “) are used
to enclose strings. These single quotes and double quotes merely inform
the computer that the beginning of the string and end of the string. They
can contain any character or symbol, including space. Example : name =
”Rakesh kumar”
2. List – A list is a sequence of any form of value. The term “element” or
“item” refers to a group of values. These elements are indexed in the same
way as an array is. List is enclosed in square brackets. Example : dob =
[19,”January”,1995]
3. Tuples – A tuple is an immutable or unchanging collection. It is arranged in
a logical manner, and the values can be accessed by utilizing the index
values. A tuple can also have duplicate values. Tuples are enclosed in
(). Example : newtuple = (15,20,20,40,60,70)
c. Sets Datatype

A set is a collection of unordered data and does not have any indexes. In Python,
we use curly brackets to declare a set. Set does not have any duplicate values.
To declare a set in python we use the curly brackets.

Example : newset = {10, 20, 30}

d. Mapping

This is an unordered data type. Mappings include dictionaries.

Dictionaries

In Python, Dictionaries are used generally when we have a huge amount of data.
A dictionary is just like any other collection array. A dictionary is a list of strings or
numbers that are not in any particular sequence and can be changed. The keys
are used to access objects in a dictionary. Curly brackets are used to declare a
dictionary. Example : d = {1:’Ajay’,’key’:2}

Operators
Operators are symbolic representations of computation. They are used with
operands, which can be either values or variables. On different data types, the
same operators can act differently. When operators are used on operands, they
generate an expression.
 Operators are categorized as –

•Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Logical operators
• Identity operators
• Membership operators
• Bitwise operators
Arithmetic Operators

Mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and

division are performed using arithmetic operators.

Operator Meaning Expression Result

+ Addition 20 + 20 40

– Subtraction 30 – 10 20

* Multiplication 10 * 100 1000

/ Division 30 / 10 20

// Integer Division 25 // 10 2

% Remainder 25 % 10 5

** Raised to power 3 ** 2 9

Assignment Operator

When assigning values to variables, assignment operators are used.

Operator Expression Equivalent to

= x=10 x = 10

+= x += 10 x = x + 10

-= x -= 10 x = x – 10

*= x *= 10 x = x * 10

/= x /= 10 x = x / 10

Comparison Operator

The values are compared using comparison operators or relational operators.

Depending on the criteria, it returns True or False.

Operator Meaning Expression Result

> Greater Than 20 > 10 True

20 < 50 False

< Less Than 20 < 10 False

10 < 40 True

== Equal To 5 == 5 True
 5 == 6 False

!= Not Equal to 67 != 45 True

35 != 35 False

Logical Operator

Logical operators are used to combine the two or more then two conditional
statements –

Operator Meaning Expression Result

And And Operator True and True True

True and False False

Or Or Operator True or False True

False or False False

Not Not Operator Not False True

Not True False

Type Conversion
Type conversion is the process of converting the value of one data type (integer,
text, float, etc.) to another data type. There are two types of type conversion in
Python.

1. Implicit Type Conversion

 2. Explicit Type Conversion
Implicit Type Conversion

Python automatically changes one data type to another via implicit type
conversion. There is no need for users to participate in this process.

Example :

x=5

y=2.5

z=x/z

In the above example, x is containing integer value, y is containing float value

and in the variable z will automatically contain float value after execution.

Explicit Type Conversion

Users transform the data type of an object to the required data type using Explicit
Type Conversion.

To do explicit type conversion, we employ predefined functions such as int(),

float(), str(), and so on.

Because the user casts (changes) the data type of the objects, this form of
conversion is also known as typecasting.

Example : Birth_day = str(Birth_day)

Python Input and Output

Python Output Using print() function

To output data to the standard output device, we use the print() method (screen).

Data can also be saved to a file. The following is an example.

Example :
a = “Hello World!”

print(a)

Output – Hello World!

Python User input

In python, input() function is used to take input from the users.

Introduction to Tools for AI Class 9 Notes

Introduction to Anaconda
We’ve looked into three primary AI domains: data, natural language processing,
and computer vision. It’s not uncommon for these domains to have distinct
packages that need to be installed while creating code.

Even if we can install them all in IDLE, managing them all is difficult.

Anaconda
Anaconda is a free and open-source Python distribution aimed at simplifying
package management and deployment in scientific computing (data science,
machine learning applications, large-scale data processing, predictive analytics,
and so on). It allows users to construct different virtual environments, each with
its own packages and settings, depending on their needs.

Anaconda Navigator
Anaconda Navigator is a desktop graphical user interface (GUI) that comes with
Anaconda that allows you to run programmes and manage Anaconda packages,
environments, and channels without having to use command line commands.

Introduction to Tools for AI Class 9 Notes

How to Install Anaconda

Step 1 : Log on to https://www.anaconda.com/distribution/

Step 2 : Scroll down to the bar with operating system options and click on
windows.

Step 3 : Under Python 3.7 version, select the right option according to the
configuration of your pc(32-bit/64-bit). The download will begin.

Step 4 : Double click the installer to launch.

Step 5 : Click on “Next”.

Step 6 : Read the license agreement and click on “I Agree”.

Step 7 : Select an install for “Just Me” unless you’re installing for all users (which
requires Windows Administrator privileges) and click “Next”.

Step 8 : Select destination folder, and click “Next”.

Step 9 : Do not change anything in PATH Options, click “Next”.

Step 10 : Wait for the installation to complete.

Step 11 : Click on “Skip” to continue.

Introduction to Tools for AI Class 9 Notes

Jupyter Notebook
The Jupyter Notebook is an exceptionally effective tool for developing and
presenting AI-related projects in an interactive manner. Jupyter is the successor
to the previous I Python Notebook project, which was first released as a
prototype in 2010.

What is a Notebook?
A notebook mixes graphics, narrative prose, mathematical equations, and other
rich media with code and its output in a single document. Notebooks are
becoming an increasingly popular choice at the centre of contemporary data
science, analysis, and, increasingly, science at large, thanks to their natural
workflow that encourages iterative and rapid improvement.

Installing Jupyter Notebook

Anaconda is the most convenient way to install and use Jupyter Notebook.
Anaconda is the most popular Python data science distribution, and it comes pre-
installed with all of the most popular libraries and tools. With Anaconda, we get
the Anaconda Navigator, which allows us to scroll through all of the applications
that come with it.
Working with Jupyter Notebook
It is important to have a kernel on which Jupyter Notebook runs in order to use it.
In Jupyter, a kernel provides programming language support. Jupyter Notebook’s
default kernel is IPython. As a result, whenever we need to use Jupyter
Notebook in a virtual environment, we must first install a kernel in the
environment where the notebook will operate.

Open Anaconda Prompt and type the following command to install the
kernel:

Command – conda install jupyter nb_conda ipykernel

Jupyter is a Jupyter Notebook extension that is installed in this case. nb conda

refers to notebook conda, which is an extension to jupyter kernel to set the kernel
for a notebook’s execution. Ipykernel is a powerful and interactive Python shell
and a jupyter kernel to work with python code in Jupyter Notebooks, and nb
conda refers to notebook conda, which is an extension to jupyter kernel to set the
kernel for a notebook To open the Jupyter Notebook, use the following command
after the installation is complete.

Command – Jupyter notebook

Feature of Jupyter Notebook

Menu Bar

1. File: In the file menu, you can create a new Notebook or open a pre-
existing one. This is also where you would go to rename a Notebook. I
think the most interesting menu item is the Save and Checkpoint option.
This allows you to create checkpoints that you can roll back to if you need
to.
2. Edit Menu: Here you can cut, copy, and paste cells. This is also where you
would go if you wanted to delete, split, or merge a cell. You can reorder
cells here too.
3. View menu: The View menu is useful for toggling the visibility of the header
and toolbar. You can also toggle Line Numbers within cells on or off. This
is also where you would go if you want to mess about with the cell’s
toolbar.
4. Insert menu: The Insert menu is just for inserting cells above or below the
currently selected cell.
 5. Cell menu: The Cell menu allows you to run one cell, a group of cells, or all
the cells. You can also go here to change a cell’s type, although the
toolbar is more intuitive for that. The other handy feature in this menu is
the ability to clear a cell’s output.
6. Kernel Menu: The Kernel cell is for working with the kernel that is running
in the background. Here you can restart the kernel, reconnect to it, shut it
down, or even change which kernel your Notebook is using
7. Widgets Menu: The Widgets menu is for saving and clearing widget state.
Widgets are basically JavaScript widgets that you can add to your cells to
make dynamic content using Python (or another Kernel)
8. Help Menu: Finally, you have the Help menu, which is where you go to
learn about the Notebook’s keyboard shortcuts, a user interface tour, and
lots of reference material.

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

There are three control flow statements in Python – if, for and while.
Decision Making Statement
In programming languages, decision-making statements determine the program’s
execution flow. Python has the following decision-making statements:

1. if statement
2. if..else statements
3. if-elif ladder
If Statement

The if statement is used to test a condition: if the condition is true, a set of

statements is executed (called the if-block).

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

Syntax -

test expression:

statement(s)

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

# Check if the number is positive, we print an appropriate message

num = 3

if num > 0:

print(num, “is a positive number.”)

print(“this is always printed”)

num = -1

if num > 0:

print(num, “is a positive number.”)

 print(“this is always printed”)

If…else statement

The if/else statement is a control flow statement that allows you to run a block of
code only if a set of conditions are satisfied.

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

Syntax -

if test expression:
Body of if
else:
Body of else
Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

# A program to check if a person can vote

age = input(“Enter Your Age”)

if age >= 18:
print(“You are eligible to vote”)
else:
print(“You are not eligible to vote”)
Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

# Write Python program to find the greatest number among two numbers

num1 = int(input(“Enter Number”));

num2 = int(input(“Enter Number”));
if num1 >= num2:
if num1 == num2:
print("Both numbers are equal.")
else:
print("Fisrt number is greater than the second number.")
else:
print("Second number is greater than the First number.")

# Write python program to check the number is even or odd

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if (num % 2) == 0:
print("{0} is Even".format(num))
else:
print("{0} is Odd".format(num))
if-elif ladder

Elif stands for “else if.” It enables us to check for several expressions at the same
time. If the if condition is False, the next elif block’s condition is checked, and so
on. The body of else is executed if all of the conditions are False.

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

Syntax -

if test expression:

Body of if

elif test expression:

Body of elif

else: Body of else

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

# To check the grade of a student

Marks = 60

if marks > 75:

print("You get an A grade")

elif marks > 60:

print("You get a B grade")

else:

print("You get a C grade")

Nested if statements

An if…elif…else sentence can be nestled inside another if…elif…else statement.

In computer programming, this is referred to as nesting.

# Write a program to check weather number is zero, positive or negative

num = float(input("Enter a number: "))
if num >= 0:
if num == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Positive number")
else:
print("Negative number")
For Loop

The for statement allows you to specify how many times a statement or
compound statement should be repeated. A for statement’s body is executed one
or more times until an optional condition is met.

Syntax -

for val in sequence:

Body of for
# Program to find the sum of all numbers stored in a list

numbers = [6, 5, 3, 8, 4, 2, 5, 4, 11]

sum = 0
for val in numbers:
sum = sum+val
print("The sum is", sum)
While Statement

The while statement allows you to repeatedly execute a block of statements as

long as a condition is true. A while statement is an example of what is called a
looping statement. A while statement can have an optional else clause.

Syntax -

while test_expression:
Body of while
 Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

# Program to add natural

n = int(input("Enter n: "))
sum = 0
i=1
while i <= n:
sum = sum + i
i = i+1
print("The sum is", sum)
Communication Skills Class 9 Notes
Image Source – CBSE | Image by – cbseacademic.nic.in

What is Communication?
Communication is the exchange of information through signs, signals, speech,
writing, or other forms of media.

Learning objectives of Effective communication

1. Sending, receiving and understanding the message or information.

 2. Development of Interpersonal Skills
3. To express effectively & with maximum efficiency
Communication Skills Class 9 Notes

Communication Cycle (Process)

The communication cycle is the method through which a message is sent by one
person and is received by a series of people. The speed and efficiency of a
communication cycle are dependent on how quickly the sender receives
feedback.

1. Sender: the person or entity originating the communication

2. Message: the information that the sender wishes to convey
3. Encoding: how the sender chooses to bring the message into a form
appropriate for sending
4. Channel: the means by which the message is sent
5. Receiver: the person or entity to whom the message is sent
6. Decoding: how the receiver interprets and understands the message
7. Feedback: the receiver’s response to the message
Communication Skills Class 9 Notes
Communication Styles
There are four main categories or communication styles including

1. Verbal
2. Non-verbal
3. written
4. visual.
Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is the use of language to transfer information through

speaking or sign language. It is one of the most common types, often used
during presentations, video conferences and phone calls, meetings and one-on-
one conversations.

Advantages of Verbal Communication Skill

It saves time – The verbal form of communication gives you this facility to
quickly send intended message thus saving you time. It saves you money – No
requirement of paper or designing a flyer etc

Feedback quickness – The clear benefit of verbal communication is that the

listener can ask questions and get answers immediately, without any waiting. If
there is any ambiguity, the sender can clarify the recipient and obtain prompt
feedback on whether his intended message was received in its intended form or
not.

Most convenient method – The most often used form of communication

worldwide is verbal. Because it is more practical, people prefer verbal
communication. When speaking, you are more likely to express information
clearly and in easily accessible language.

Ease of preparation – The simplest form of communication is oral because

there is no need to prepare any written materials.

Communication Skills Class 9 Notes

Disadvantages of Verbal Communication

Chances of distortion of meaning – It sometimes happens that the message’s
intended meaning changes for the intended individual due to the presence of
numerous barriers in effective communication, which leads to a lot of issues
down the road.

Not convenient for long messages – Long messages shouldn’t be delivered

verbally since the recipient can forget previously stated important points by the
time the message is finished.

Irrelevant information – A lot of useless material can enter a discourse during

an important debate, wasting time and leaving a gap in the relevant information.
This results in pointless time waste and, occasionally, ignoring or forgetting to
chat about what is truly important.

Create a misunderstanding – Usually, when two individuals are having deep

conversations, they can have some misunderstandings during the time.

Communication cost – Sometimes verbal communication can be really

expensive if you need to communicate in a language that you are not familiar
with. You will need another person to play the part of translator for you. With
advanced technology of hologram, translator may not be required but surely big
cost is involved.

Non-verbal Communication

Nonverbal communication is the exchange of information with others through

body language, gestures, and facial expressions. It may be applied both
consciously and unconsciously. When trying to define the ideas and feelings of
another, nonverbal communication is beneficial.

Body language – Body language is a form of non-verbal communication in which

information is expressed via physical behaviour instead of or in addition to words.
It’s important that our words and body language complement one another.

Some of the example of Non-Verbal Communication

• Body language includes:

• Facial expressions
• Posture
• Gestures
• touch
 • The use of space
• Eye movement
The Dos and Don’ts of non- verbal messages and body language

DOs

1. Make eye contact

2. Check your facial expression.
3. Be natural with your gestures
4. Maintain a receptive posture.
5. Refrain from sending mismatched messages.
6. Watch for actions that can be taken for defensiveness.
7. Don’t appear disengaged.
Don’ts

1. Rubbing your hands together during an important meet up

2. Leaning back while meeting with a friend or close colleague.
3. Crossing your arms during an interesting conversation.
4. Not making eye contact.
5. Making too much eye contact.
6. Fidgeting.
7. Touching your face too often.
Communication Skills Class 9 Notes

Advantages of non-verbal communication

Complementary – The meaning of a verbal statement is enhanced by nonverbal

signs.

Easy presentation – Information can be easily presented in non-verbal

communication through using visual, audio-visual and silent means of non-verbal
communication.

Substituting – Verbal communications may be replaced by nonverbal ones,

especially if they are blocked by background noise, interruption, distance,
language barrier, etc.; for instance, gestures like placing a finger to the lips to
request silence or facial expressions like nodding in place of a yes.

Reducing wastage of time – Non-verbal communication spread quickly to the

intended audience. This is why non-verbal indications of communication, such as
signs and symbols, can convey some messages far more quickly than written or
spoken words.

Disadvantages or limitations of non-verbal communication

Vague and imprecise – It’s difficult to understand and interpret nonverbal

communication. Since no words or language are used in this communication to
convey a clear meaning to the recipient.

Continuous – While verbal communication can be stopped, non-verbal cues are

typically impossible to stop.

Multi-channel – If you only focus on someone’s eyes, you can overlook an

important hand signal. Therefore it may be confusing to keep up with
everything.

Culture bound – The thumbs-up gesture, which is considered favourable in the

US, may be considered obscene in another culture.

Long conversations are not possible – In non-verbal communication, long

conversation and necessary explanations are not possible.

Communication Skills Class 9 Notes

Written Communication

Writing, typing, or printing symbols like letters and numbers to transmit

information is known as written communication. It is beneficial because it offers a
record of data for future use. Books, pamphlets, blogs, letters, memoranda, and
other written materials are frequently used to distribute information.

Advantages of Written Communication

A Permanent Record – A written communication makes it easier to keep a

record of the information discussed or exchanged permanently.

Meticulous Presentation – People take great care to meet all writing

requirements since written documents are permanent records and must be
readable on the other end. Every document that has been collected thus far
includes all key information that must be conveyed.
Easy Circulation – In opposed to oral communication, a printed document can
be simply distributed within an organisation. This feature of written
communication is useful for providing the general public with the information they
need.

Suitable for Statistical Data – Statistical charts and figures are difficult to be
interpreted verbally, thus, circulating a document allow people to examine such
intrinsic detail with ease.

Promotes Goodwill – A well-written document conveys a lot about an

organization’s professionalism when trying to do business. Therefore, if done
properly, written communication aids in the promotion of goodwill.

Disadvantages of Written Communication

Time Consuming – It takes a lot of effort to create an excellent piece of writing,

which is challenging when there are time constraints.

Non-flexible – Once distributed, a written document cannot be changed.

Because every written word is concrete and binding, written communication is
inflexible as a result.

No Scope for Clarification – The details cannot be understood by such persons

through the formulated written text if the document is not edited with the less
informed person’s mindset in mind.

Demands Writing Proficiency – In order to deliver the message adequately

across the other end, one should have competencies in the writing sector.

Probability of Wrong Interpretation – One could get the wrong or no sense

from a piece of writing if it contains complex vocabulary or tough sentences.
Therefore, using written communication requires using simple language.

Communication Skills Class 9 Notes

Perspectives in Communication
Perspective focuses on how language and symbol, message production, and
message transmission through media, organisations, and society shape our
common meanings and practises.
Visual perception

The capacity to see and understand the visual data that surrounds us is known
as visual perception.

Language

The different perspectives we experience can be with language as well.

Prejudices

If all future experiences with persons of the same “type” or who share the same
qualities would be the same, we have prejudices. This happens when we focus
on a single, isolated experience with a certain “type” of person.

Feelings

Actually, there are two ways that your emotions might affect how you speak to
someone else. The first only pertains to how you are feeling that day; if you are
feeling well, you will communicate in one way, and if you are feeling unwell, you
will communicate in a different way.

Environment

Your environment is the final factor that affects communication. In various

settings, each of us communicates in a different way. Do you communicate with
our professors the same way you do with your friends? Do you treat strangers
more or less formally than you treat people you are familiar with?

Communication Skills Class 9 Notes

Factors affecting Communication at Work place

8 Factors Influencing the workplace Communication are;

Cultural Diversity

The risk of miscommunication and incorrect message interpretation increases

when persons from various cultural backgrounds converse.
Emotional Difference

The meaning of communication is strongly influenced by the emotions and

sentiments of the individuals involved. For instance, doctors typically have a
lower level of emotional attachment to their patients than do their patients’ family.

Communication Skills Class 9 Notes

Educational and Intellectual Difference

The difference in the informal educational and intellectual level of the sender and
receiver also influences the meaning communication If they have similar
educational qualifications, communication will be effective because they are likely
to hold similar perceptions, understanding ,feeling, thinking ,view, etc.

Positional Differences among the Personnel

Communication between two parties may be difficult if they are in different

positions in the hierarchy. For instance, leaders typically give any message from
their subordinates less consideration.

Functional Relationship between Sender and Receiver

The purpose of communication in business is substantially influenced by the

functional relationship between the sender and recipient. The recipient might not
grasp the sender’s message if they are from different functional departments or
sectors.

Communication Skills Class 9 Notes

Basic Writing Skills

Writing is a way of communication that enables students to express their
thoughts and feelings, develop sensible arguments from their knowledge and
beliefs, and transmit meaning through well-written prose. Written communication
can, in its most sophisticated form.

Kinds of sentences
A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and
predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and
consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.

There are four types of Sentence

Declarative Sentence

1. Tells something
2. Ends with a period.
Interrogative Sentence

1. Ask a question.
2. Ends with a question marks
Exclamatory Sentence

1. Shows strong feeling

2. Ends with an exclamation marks
Imperative Sentence

1. Gives a command
2. Ends with a period or an exclamation marks
Self Management Skills Class 9 Notes

Image Source – CBSE | Image by – cbseacademic.nic.in

Self-management refers to the capacity to control your workload and productivity
in the workplace independently. You may enhance your productivity at work and
advance your career by learning and using self-management techniques.

Self-management is the act of managing oneself; it also refers to accepting

accountability for one’s own actions and well-being. It also entails controlling your
interactions with the people and things in your environment.

The reasons behind promotion of self-management are as follows:

1. When facing challenges or challenging circumstances in life, we do not

want the individual to be dependant on anybody else.
2. Self-management gives people the self-assurance they need to manage
their lives and find solutions to their own difficulties.
3. Self-management offers a sustainable, long-term method of managing
one’s personal life.
Self Management Skills Class 9 Notes

Positive Results of Self-Management

Various situations in life are comfortable by taking the following benefits from
self-management…

It guides individuals to self-monitor their conduct and behavior

Students, once become aware that they are responsible for their behavior, they
become proactive.

1. Prepares individual to complete the task independently.

2. Instills ownership to the task and the consequences amongst individuals.
It helps in self-evaluation

Self-management helps people understand that if they don’t achieve their goals,
they must change their course on their own. When the expected results are
accomplished, it also inspires people.

1. Helps in setting individual goals

2. Directs evaluation of performance, objective resetting and enhances self-
esteem.
It leads to self – reinforcement of positive behavior
Self-management encourages students to act appropriately given the situation. It
encourages people to do the right thing and prevents them from engaging in bad
behavior while keeping the long-term effects in mind.

1. Promotes self-learning to achieve goals

2. Self-confidence is increased, which supports the habit.
Self Management Skills Class 9 Notes

Self-Management Skills

Self Confidence

It means believing in one’s potential and ability to meet life’s requirements for
goals, objectives, and difficulties and that one is deserving of living a happy life.

• Taking on a new endeavor, like starting a blog, can help you feel more
confident.
Stress Management

It is a condition of emotional tension and discomfort brought on by unexpected,

demanding, and confusing situations.

• Finishing your schoolwork on time will allow you more free time to enjoy
without the burden of homework dragging you down.
Independent Working

This typically means is when an individual is assigned a task(s), he/she takes

ownership and doesn’t require constant assistance or supervision to complete
that task(s).

• Studying independently for a test, a competition, or learning something

new will help you become more self-reliant.
Team Player

A person who conforms well with norms of a team and contributes to the
attainment of the common goals in an efficient and effective way is called as a
team player.

• You can improve your teamwork abilities and learn from others while
working on a group project.
Time Management

To maximize productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness, it is a purposeful effort to

priorities tasks according to the available time.

• You should schedule time for relaxing activities and exercise while you’re
studying. You’ll have more positive energy if you manage your time well for
each of them.
Personality management

A positive personality includes elements like general cleanliness, grooming,

suitable attire, and effective verbal and nonverbal communication.

• Making a good first impression at school, a friend’s house, or on the

playground involves dressing appropriately.
Self Management Skills Class 9 Notes

Self-Confidence
Factors that help in building self confidence –

Social

People’s self-confidence is influenced by their interactions with their family

and community, social environment including friends, relatives, teachers, and
the media.

Cultural

Cultural factors comprise of values, beliefs and customs. Indians give higher
importance to family values, believe in the philosophy of “Vasudhev
Kutumbhkam” and follow custom of celebrating Diwali.

Physical

Individuals’ self-confidence is considered to be affected by physical self-efficacy,

physical activity, and social physique anxiety. Self-confidence has been proven
to be directly correlated with physical activity.
 Self Management Skills Class 9 Notes

Self-Confidence Building Tips

Getting rid of negative thoughts

People get closer to having a calm, positive mind by putting their negative ideas
to rest. People must engage in an activity to divert their attention from unpleasant
thoughts, such as walking, drawing, singing, dancing, chatting, watching,
reading, or talking.

Thinking positively

Positive thinking makes the brain more calm and boosts output and performance.
People feel happier when they begin to think positively, and their confidence
increases.

Staying happy with small things

A person who is overjoyed with thanks for each and every small favor in his life
feels arrogant. Being grateful to others and to the world gives people confidence.

Staying clean, hygienic and smart

A confident individual must first practice good personal hygiene. Being at your
best may be achieved easily and effectively by maintaining clean, healthy hair,
teeth, fingers, body, and skin.

Chatting with positive people

Interacting with positive people brings forth a fresh and progressive perspective
to life. People in similar stages of life go through similar issues. Some positively
handle these situations, and interacting with them shall help boost confidence.
Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes
Image Source – CBSE | Image by – cbseacademic.nic.in
Image Source – CBSE | Image by – cbseacademic.nic.in

Information and communication technology, or ICT, is the field that deals with
using electronic devices like computers, smartphones, iPads, etc.

Information technology refers to the processes of gathering, controlling, storing,

and transferring data. It encompasses all available information management
technologies.

Using ICT tools can lead to

• higher order thinking skills
• provide creative and individualized options for students to express their
understandings
• Students are better prepared to deal with ongoing technological change in
society and the workplace.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

Some of the advantages of ICT in education are:

• Complex topics can be easily explained to the students with the help of
pictures, videos, presentations, etc.
• Images and videos used for teaching improves the retention memory of the
students.
• Presentations can make the lessons interesting.
• Practical demonstration can be given to the students.
• If the teaching process in the class is interactive, it will make the lesson more
enjoyable.
• An e-learning program allows students to learn at their own pace, at any
convenient time, and from any place.

ICT in different sectors

ICT in Healthcare

ICT plays an important role in healthcare. Some of the uses of ICT in health care
are:

• Through the right communication media, a doctor can easily deliver treatment
and care to the patient who is located far away. Doctor can also continuously
monitor the patient’s history, diagnostic report, and track the current health
condition. The Doctor can also interact with patient, recommend to take medical
examination and prescribe medicine.

• Using the ICT tool or a suitable communication system, government can make
efforts to create awareness among the public about the communicable diseases,
prevention measures and various current diagnostic & etc.
• ICT in healthcare research helps to find the possible prevention measures to
eradicate and reduce the spread of diseases.
• Through ICT, the traditional healthcare systems can be eliminated and new
models can be formed for effective quality care.
• Hospitals can use different electronic media to store medical data. This helps to
retrieve the information easily. This data can be transferred to the patient or to
the Doctors for consultation.
• Computer based machines are used for MRI, CT-scan, ultrasound are done in
hospitals, diagnostic centres, to diagnose the diseases.
• Life support systems are provided to the patients
• You can search information on any disease, medicines, etc. on the internet.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

ICT in Governance

ICT in governance can be help:

• Deliver government services efficiently
• E-governance sites enable people to perform various tasks such as filling a
form, applying for passport, paying bills, property tax, etc. even sitting at home.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

ICT in Business

ICT in business can be used for the following purposes:

• Keep records of the stock
• Prepare accounts and balance sheets
• Maintain database of staff and customers
• E-commerce enables people to buy and sell products online. This service is
available 24 x 7.
• E-banking facility helps to make banking transactions at any time of the day .

Impact of ICT on society

ICT has divided the society into two groups:

1. Persons who can do their personal and professional work efficiently. They are
efficient in using services like, e-banking, e-learning, e-governance sites, etc.
2. People who do not have access to a computer and internet. They also do not
have knowledge to use facilities available on the internet.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

ICT in our daily life

ICT has a great impact in our daily life. Some of the uses of ICT in our daily life
are given below:
• We can read newspapers online.
• We can get connected with our friends, relatives or even family members far
away from us using email, messenger, video conferencing etc.
• With the introduction of video conferencing, business meetings are now easier.
• Nowadays people use mobile phone apps to meet and connect with new and
old friends.
• Social networks like Facebook.com have played a big role in connecting both
old and new relationships.
• We can access a full library of educational material via a mobile app or website
on any smartphone or iPad.
• Technology has also made the buying and selling of goods and services flexible
and a lot safer.
• Most banks now offer online banking facilities. People make use of this service
daily to manage their finances.
• Most businesses use online banking facility to pay employees and transfer
money.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

ICT Tools

Mobile

The simplest and most convenient form of communication is via a mobile phone.
It is portable, lightweight, and tiny in size. You can always and everywhere keep
in touch with your friends and family.

Tablets

Small personal computers with a touch screen are called tablets. Users of tablets
can enter data and commands using a keyboard or mouse.

Radio

Radio is the oldest tool used to provide entertainment and information to people.
You can listen to music, radio shows, etc. on radio.

TV
Television is another important ICT tool. You can watch music, view programs,
etc. on television.

Newspaper

Newspaper is another most important ICT tool. News related to all the issues ,
national, international, sports, space, etc, are printed in newspapers.

Email

Email is the most common way of communication in today’s world. It is the official
way of communication. Some of the advantages of using email are:

• You don’t have to pay anything extra for sending or receiving email. You just
pay for the internet connection.
• You can send bulk mails
• The receiver may not be online when you send the email.
• You can send documents, presentations, images, videos, etc. as an attachment
to email.
• When you send an email, it reaches, the receiver at any part of the world in few
seconds.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

Interactive White Boards

These boards a allow to project computer . Also handwritten notes can be taken
on the board and saved for later use.

E-readers

E-readers are electronic devices that can hold hundreds of books in digital form.
E-readers are portable, have a long battery life.

Identify the Various Components of Computer System

BAISC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

A computer is an electronic device that has devices to enter data, store data and
process raw facts and figures according to the given instructions and give the
desired result on an output device.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

A computer system comprises of hardware and software.

• Computer hardware – Physical parts of a computer such as Input devices,
output devices, central processing unit and storage devices are called computer
hardware.
• Computer software – Software are the programs or applications that run on
computer. For example, MS Word, MS PowerPoint, Operating systems, etc.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

Computer hardware

The physical components of a computer system are called hardware. A computer

basically consists of
following physical components:
• Input unit
• Processing unit
• Storage unit
• Auxiliary storage
• Output unit
Input Devices

Input devices are used for entering data or instructions into the computer.

The Central Processing Unit

The Central Processing Unit is the brain of the computer system.

Functions of Central Processing Unit are:
• It controls the sequence of operations within the computer
• It gives commands to other parts of the computer
• It controls the use of main memory for storing data and instructions

It consists of the following main units:

• Arithmetic and Logic unit (ALU)
• Control Unit (CU)
• Main Memory Unit

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

All the calculations and comparisons are done in this unit.

The ALU performs all the following arithmetic operations:
+ (addition)
– (subtraction)
*(multiplication)
/(Division)
^(Exponent)
The ALU also performs the following logical operations:
< (less than)
<(greater than)
<= (less than or equal to)
>= (greater than or equal to)
<> (not equal to)

Registers

These are temporary storage areas found in CPU of modern computers.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

Computer Software

Software is a set of computer programs that perform a particular task.

Following are the categories of softwares:

System Software
System software is a set of one or more programs designed to control the
operation of a computer
system. Operating systems and language processors come under the category
of system software.

Operating System

Operating system is a master control program that runs the computer. When the
computer is switched on, operating system is the first program loaded into the
computer’s memory. Examples of operating system are Windows, UNIX, MS-
DOS, Mac OS, Solaris, etc.

Language Processors

A computer can understand commands expressed as machine code, such as 0

and 1. The source code for the programmes is written in a high level language
similar to English. To run, the source code needs to be translated into machine
language. Language processor refers to the programme used to translate source
code written in high level languages into machine code. The object programme is
the programme that has been converted into machine code.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

Language processor is of three types:

1. Assembler:- It is a program that translates an assembly language program into

machine language.

2. Compiler:-It is a program that translates a high-level language program into

machine language. For example C++ compiler.

3. Interpreter:-It is a program that translates a high-level language into machine

language program line by line. For example, Visual basic Interpreter.

Application Software

Application software is a computer program that is designed to perform a certain

type of work. This type of software pertains to one specific application. For
example, software written to calculate salary of the school employees cannot be
used to prepare school result.
Utility Program

A utility program is used to perform maintenance work on a system or on the

components of the computer.

Antivirus software:- This program helps in detecting and removing viruses. For
example, Norton antivirus, McAffee virus scan, etc.
File management tools:-These tools help in storing, searching, and sorting files
and folders on the system. For example, Windows Explorer.
Compression:- This program helps in compression of large files so that they
take less storage space. For example, WinZip.
Disk Management Tools:- These programs include

• Disk Cleaner:-This utility scans for the files that have not been used since
long. These files may be occupying large amount of space. It prompts the
user to delete such files to create more disk space.
• Disk Defragmenter:-It rearranges the files and free space on the
computer so that files are stored in contiguous and free space is
consolidated in one contiguous block. This speeds up the disk access.
• Backup:- backup means making a duplicate of the files and data stored on
the computer. This program is used to take backup copy of the data. In
case the original data is lost, the backed up data can be used.
Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEMORY

The storage unit consists of the following components:

• Primary storage
• Temporary Storage

Primary Storage

The primary storage is also called the primary memory. It is directly accessible by
the CPU. It can be:
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• ROM (Read Only Memory)

Functions of primary memory are:

• Here data is fed and held until it is ready to be accessed.
• It is used to hold the data being processed and the intermediate results of
processing.
• It holds the result of the processing.
• It holds the processing instructions.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

Memory Units

Units of computer memory are:- Bit (Binary Digit), Byte (Kilobyte, Megabyte,
GigaByte, TeraByte,
PetaByte, ExaByte, ZettaByte, YottaByte)
The elementary unit of memory is a bit. A group of 4 bits is called a nibble and a
group of 8 bits is
called a byte.
One byte is the minimum space required to store one character.
1 Byte = 8 bits
One kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes
One Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB = 1024 x 1024 bytes
One Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB =1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes
One Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes
One petabyte (PB) = 1024 TB=1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes
One ExaByte (EB)=1024 PB=1024 x 1024 x1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes
One ZettaByte (ZB)=1024 EB)= 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024
bytes

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM is utilised to store active data and instruction information. RAM stands for
random access memory because information is stored there in a random order. It
is only a passing recollection. RAM is also referred to as volatile memory
because it is lost when the power is switched off. It is also referred to as
read/write memory since data may be read from and written to RAM. It is
possible to overwrite or erase data kept in RAM.

Read-Only memory (ROM)

The primary memory of a computer includes ROM. It is used to store the

manufacturer’s instructions for checking the system’s hardware basics and
loading the operating system from the proper storage device.
Until it is written over, data and instructions stored in ROM are permanent.
If the power is turned off, the contents of the ROM are not lost. ROM is referred
to as non-volatile memory for this reason.

Secondary Storage

The secondary memory is used because the computer’s primary memory only
temporarily saves the data and information. The majority of information is stored
in secondary memory. Secondary memory is also a non-volatile memory
because the data it contains is not lost when it is used. Since data is stored on
these devices until it is removed, they are non-volatile. Hard drives, CDs, DVDs,
Pen drives, and other secondary storage media are examples.

INPUT, OUTPUT AND STORAGE DEVICES

Input devices

Input devices are used for entering data or instructions into the computer.

Output Devices

The output unit comprises of devices such as Monitor, Printer, speaker, etc. to
display information to the user.

Storage Devices

All computers have a hard disk drive installed in them. It is used to store files of
Operating system, softwares and other files.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

Identify Various Peripheral Devices

VARIOUS PERIPHERAL DEVICES AND THEIR USES

An internal or external device that is directly connected to a computer but does

not support the computer’s main task, such as computing, is referred to as a
peripheral device. It facilitates end users’ access to and usage of a computer’s
features.
Different peripheral devices, fall into following three general categories:
1. Input devices, such as a mouse and a keyboard
2. Output devices, such as a monitor and a printer
3. Storage devices, such as a hard drive or flash drive

EXAMPLES OF PERIPHERAL DEVICES

Input Devices

Keyboard

Different types of keys of the keyboard are:

• Alphanumeric keys are used to type alphabets, numbers and special symbols
like $, %, @, A etc.
• Special keys such as Shift, Ctrl, Alt, etc. are used for special functions.
• Function keys such as Fl, F2, F3 etc. are used to give special commands and
these commands may be different for different softwares.
• Cursor Movement keys. These keys are used to move the cursor in a
document. These include the arrow keys, PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, etc.

Mouse

On a computer monitor, a mouse is used as a pointing device to move the mouse

cursor. The mouse pointer on the computer screen goes in the same direction as
the mouse when it is moved on a flat surface.

Joystick

A Joystick is used to play games on the computer. It consists of a vertical stick

that is moved to control objects on the computer screen.

Light pen

A light pen is a pointing device. It is used to draw directly on the screen. It can
also be used to point to an object or option directly on the computer screen.

Graphics Tablet

Digital drawings are made using a graphic tablet by manually drawing images
using a special pen on a flat surface known as the tablet. Stylus is the name of
this particular pen.
Scanner

A scanner is a device that is sued to convert text or image into a digital file.

Barcode Reader

Vertical lines that are both thick and thin make up a barcode, which can be found
on items. The product and the manufacturer are identified by the bar code. A tool
called a barcode reader can read these barcodes.

Microphone

A microphone is a device used to record your voice and save it in the form of a
digital file in the computer.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

Output Devices

Computer Monitor

A computer monitor, resembles a TV screen and can display both text and
images. The output displayed on computer screen is called the soft copy.

Printer

A printer is a device used to print the files stored on the computer on paper. The
output produced on paper is called the hard copy. Commonly used printers are:

• Dot matrix printer – It is the most commonly used character printer, i.e, it
prints one character at a time. Most of the dot matrix printers are bidirectional,
i.e., they print one line of text from left to right and then the next line from right to
left.
• Inkjet printer – These printers use a continuous stream of ink drops to print on
paper
• Laser printer – These printers print one page at a time and are very fast.

Storage Devices

CDs/DVDs
Compact Disc (CD) and Digital Versatile disc (DVD) are optical media that is
used to record data from computer. Data can then be read from the CD. To read
data from the CD, we need to have a CD Drive in our computer.

There are two variations of CD-

• CD-R and
• CD-RW

Pen Drive/Flash Drive

A pen drive is a tiny, portable device used to store computer data. Additionally, it
can be used to access and move data. Pen drives come in a variety of sizes,
including 1 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB, and 32 GB.

External hard disk

A storage device called an external hard drive is one that is attached to a

computer using a USB cable or wirelessly. When compared to flash drives, an
external hard drive has a larger storage capacity and is typically used to back up
essential data and computer files. There are external hard drives with capacities
of up to 1 TB and 2 TB.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

USE ANY TYPING TUTOR SOFTWARE TO PRACTICE TYPING

AND LEARN USING DIFFERENT KEYS OF THE KEYBOARD.
Tux Typing tutor is a software used to teach typing to children and even adults.
Regular practice will help you to increase typing speed and reduce the mistakes
while typing. Before learning typing, you should learn how to place your fingers
properly on the keyboard.

Performing Basic Computer Operations

The computer must be started correctly, and it must be shut down correctly when
you are done with it. The operating system and the files may become corrupted if
the computer’s power is turned off while you haven’t closed any open
documents.
Operating Systems

The foundational programme that manages a computer is called an operating

system. It acts as a conduit for communication between the user and the
computer.

Some of the functions of Operating system are:

• It manages all the devices of a computer and keeps track of the status of the
device, whether it
is busy or not.
• It also checks whether the device is functioning properly or not.
• It also controls software resources of the computer.

• t manages the computer memory and keeps track of which memory space is in
use by which
program and which space is free.
• It manages the structure of the files and directories on a computer system.
• It keeps track of the amount of disk space used by a specific file.
• It allows you to create, copy, move and delete files.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

DOS – DOS (Disk Operating System) is an operating system for a personal

computer. Early computers were able to run one program at a time. It had a
command line interface in which a user has to remember the commands to run
the program and do other operating system tasks. For example, the DOS
command, dir, will display the list of files in the current directory.

Windows – It is an operating system developed by Microsoft. Some popular

versions of Windows operating system are- Windows 98, Windows, 2000,
Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10.

Linux – It is an operating system designed for personal computers. It is a free

and open-source software, which means it can be modified and redistributed.

Mobile operating Systems

Android – It is an operating system used in mobile phones and tablets. It is

owned and maintained
by Google and is an open-source operating system. The android releases were
nicknamed after sweets
or dessert items like Cupcake (1.5), Donout (1.6), Éclair (2.0), Frozen Yogurt
(2.2), Honeycomb (3.0)
and Jelly Bean (4.1), Kitkat (4.4), marshmallow (6.0),

Symbian – It is an operating system used in mobile phones. Symbian was

developed and sold by
Symbian Ltd. It is primarily used by Nokia. It is also used by Japanese mobile
phone manufacturers for
handsets sold in Japan.

Windows Phone – It is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft for

smart phones and pocket PCs. Windows Mobile. Windows 8.1 is the latest
release of this operating system. iOS It is a mobile operating system developed
by Apple Inc. for iPhones, iPads, and iPods. It is supported only by Apple
hardware. iOS 9 is the latest release of this operating system.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

Connect with the World Using Internet and its Applications

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

Internet is a network of networks. It is an interconnection between several

computers of different types belonging to various networks all over the world. The
Internet is a medium of communication and exchange of information.
Exploring information on the web is called web surfing.

Some common terms related to Internet

WWW (World Wide Web) – WWW stands for world wide web is a network of
world wide computers.

Protocol – Protocol is a set of rules to be followed while communicating or

transferring data on internet.

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) – This protocol defines the rules to be
followed while transferring the
information. The information may be in the form of text, images, videos, etc.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) – Each web page has a unique address
which identifies its location on the network. This unique address is called the
URL.
The URL has two parts:
• Protocol identifier: It identifies the name of the protocol used.
• Resource name: It specifies the complete address to the resource on the
Internet.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

APPLICATIONS OF INTERNET

Some of the services provided by internet are:

• Email
• Chatting
• Video conferencing
• Social networking
• E-learning

• E-shopping
• E-reservation
• E-banking, etc.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

Email
E-mail stands for electronic mail. It is a message in an electronic form that is sent
or received from one
computer to another.

Chatting
Chatting on internet refers to textual communication that offers a real-time
transmission of text
messages from one person to another. These messages are generally short.

Video Conferencing
Video conferencing using internet is a visual communication between two or
more persons who may
be present at different locations.
Social Networking
Social networking is the use of internet based social media sites that is used by
people to stay
connected with friends, family, etc.

E-learning
E-learning or online learning refers to a learning system that is done using an
electronic device with
internet connection.

E-shopping
Buying products online, i.e., using an electronic device with internet connection is
called e-shopping. Customer can buy products from the comfort of their home. It
saves time and effort. You can even compare products, even cancel the
transactions. Most important, this facility is available 24 X 7 and 365 days.

E-reservation
E-reservation means booking of tickets online. You can book airline tickets, train
tickets, movie tickets and even hotel rooms and tour packages online.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

INTERNET BROWSER

A programme used to access websites is known as a web browser or internet

browser. It serves as a conduit between the web server and the internet. Google
Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge, opera, etc. are some
examples of widely used web browsers.

A web browser performs the following tasks:

1. It connects to the web server and sends a request for the information.

2. It displays the information on the computer

WEBSITES AND WEBPAGES

Web site
A web site is a collection of two or more related web pages. Web pages of a web
site are linked together through hyperlinks.
Web page
An individual page of a web site is called a web page. It is written in a special
computer language
called HTML (Hyper text markup Language).
There are two types of web pages:
• Static web pages
• Dynamic web pages

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

EMAIL APPLICATIONS

Some of the advantages of e-mail are:

• It is fast and easy to use.
• It is the fastest means of communication. A message can reach any part of the
world in a fraction of a second.
• You can send text message, pictures, sound messages across the globe.
• Message can consist of few lines or more. It is not charge by weight.
• You don’t have to pay anything extra for the sending or receiving the email. You
just pay for the internet connection.
• You need not be on your computer or online to receive the e-mail.
• E-mails are eco-friendly as no paper is used.
• You can also send bulk messages to a large number of people at the same
time.

EMAIL ACCOUNTS

To send or receive email messages, you first need to open your email account
and have your email address.

Email address
An email address has two main parts:
• User name
• Host name
These two parts are separated by @ symbol.
For example, consider the following email address: [email protected]
In the above email address, myemail is the user name and gmail.com is the host
name.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

SENDING AND RECEIVING EMAIL

Some of the options while composing an email are:

To – This option allows you to write the email address of the person you want to
send the message to.

Cc – It stands for carbon copy. This option allows you to send the same
message to several persons at the same time and every recipient will know all
the recipients of this mail. The multiple email addresses are separated by
semicolon.

BCc – It stands for Blind Carbon copy. This option allows you to send the same
message to several persons at the same time but a recipient will not know who
the other recipients of this message are.

Subject – This option allows you to write in few words about the content of the
message. Attachment This icon helps you to attach files such as, documents,
presentations, images, videos, etc with your email message.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL MEDIA

The benefits of social networking websites are:

• These sites provide a way to connect with people around the world.
• Social Networking site, like Facebook can be used to stay in touch with the
family, and connecting with old friends has become very easy
• These sites help us to learn about current events.
• These sites also work as a platform to launch new business ides, or for
advertisers to market their products and services to their subscribers.
• Social networking sites can be used to disarm social stigmas.

Disadvantages of Social Networking websites

• These sites expose people to a lot of information, which may or may not be
authentic.
• If you share your current location over social media, you can easily become a
target.
• Peer pressure and cyberbullying are also important issues.

• Online interactions have now substituted the face-to-face interactions and this
has reduced the social skills.
• Social networking has become a distraction for most of the people. Students
who use social networking too often have lower grades.
• Using social networking for long hours in a day can lead to a sedentary lifestyle.
• Social networking sites can spread false or unreliable information quickly.

The following actions keep you safe on social networking websites:

• Do not post and share private information like mobile phone number, home
address, etc. on social networking websites.
• You should be familiar with the privacy policy of the social networking sites. You
can adjust your privacy settings on social networking websites, so as to control
who can access your information.
• Use a strong password. Longer password is more secure than a shorter one.
• Use a different password for each social media account.
• Be selective with friend requests. Don’t accept the friend request if you don’t
know the person personally.
• Be careful while clicking at any link or any pop-up window.
• Protect your computer with anti-virus software and keep it updated.
• Always Log Off when you are done.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

CYBER CRIME

Introduction to Cyber Crime

Cyber crime refers to any crime done using computer or any electronic device
with internet connection. Some of the cyber crimes are:
• Cyber Bullying
• Cyber Stalking – It refers to harassing an individual or an organization using
internet. This may include making false accusation or defaming, threatening,
damaging data, etc.
• Hacking – If someone tries to get into computer systems in order to steal,
corrupt or illegitimately view data, then it is called hacking. The person who does
hacking is called a hacker.
• Phishing – Phishing means an attempt to acquire a sensitive information such
as username, password, etc.
• Spamming – Spam refers to unsolicited email which is sent in large quantities
to a large number of users.

Cyber Bullying
Cyberbullying is when a student posts text and images on any electronic device,
such as a computer, smart phone, tablet, etc. with the goal to harm, humiliate,
threaten, or embarrass the victim. Cyberbullying typically entails posting or
transmitting rumours, abusive, or nasty messages in an effort to harm a person’s
reputation or relationships with others.

Basic ICT Skills Class 9 Notes

Cyber Addiction

The internet has grown to be a necessity in our lives. We use the internet for a
variety of things, including communication, knowledge enhancement, shopping,
bill payment, in schools, at home, and at work.

Some of the factors responsible for cyber addiction are:

• Lack of family interaction
• Change in life style
• Lack of social circle
• To compete with latest up comings and technology to keep updated.
• Mostly both the parents are working and doesn’t have time for kids and want
their kids to be busy on computer or mobiles.

Some warning signs of cyber addiction

• Loss of control when trying to stop or limit the amount of time on the internet.
• Breaking promises to self or others
• Feeling of depression or anxiety when someone stops or interrupts while
working on the computer.
• Feeling of guilt over excessive use of internet

After Effects of Cyber Addiction

Over use of internet may lead to:
• Headaches
• Back aches
• Irregular eating habits
• Sleep disturbances
• Neglect of family and friends
• Dry eyes and eye problem
• Feeling of depression, irritation
Entrepreneurial Skills Class 9 Notes

Image Source – CBSE | Image by – cbseacademic.nic.in

An entrepreneur is a person who decides to start their own company based on a

concept they have or a product they have developed, taking on the majority of
the risks and enjoying the majority of the advantages.
 Entrepreneurial Skills Class 9 Notes

Business – Meaning and Types

A business is described as an ongoing activity in which people engage in
economic activity with the intention of making a profit through the production,
sourcing, purchase, and sale of goods and services.

Businesses share the following characteristics regardless of their type,

size, scale, or ownership:

Trade-related – Trade-based enterprises are those that primarily involve the

buying and selling of goods or services.

Economic or social motive – Typically, the main goal of most firms is to make a
profit. This is why they engage in economic activities including production,
distribution, trade, and expansion.

Presence of an entrepreneur – Every business has a founder who is more than

just an entrepreneur. This person is in charge of taking the initiative to launch,
manage, and expand the firm, as well as to make important decisions and accept
the associated risks.

Regular Transactions – A company needs to conduct transactions and deal

with customers frequently. Even if a profit is made, an activity that only involves
one transaction in which products and services are exchanged or transferred
cannot necessarily be regarded as a business.

Uncertainty – Every firm is characterized by uncertainty regarding sales, profits,

and success. There is no assurance that the money invested will yield a return or
that the company will make a certain quantity of money.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 9 Notes

Types of Businesses
There are basically four types of Businesses –
Manufacturing Business – Manufacturing businesses source product s that can
be used as raw materials, with the intention of converting these materials to
make an end product.

Service Business – A company that provides services to its clients is known as

a service business. Transportation, cleaning, travel, hospitality, maintenance,
and consultation are a few examples of service business.

Merchandising Business – One of the most common business types is a

merchandising company. A company that buys finished goods and resells them
to customers is known as a merchandiser. Think about supermarket or clothes
retailer.

Trading Business – Reselling products is another activity done by a trade

company. The distinction between a trading business and a merchandising
business is that a trader is not required to maintain an inventory. For example
Real estate brokers, middlemen, importers, exporters, foreign exchange traders,
etc. are a few examples of trading firms.

Hybrid Business – Combining various organisational patterns to create goods

and/or services is what is meant by a hybrid business model. Businesses have
realised that hiring virtual assistants is the most effective approach to streamline
operations, cut expenses, and expand their operations.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 9 Notes

Features of Types of Businesses

Types of Businesses in Our Community

Based on size –

Micro Enterprise – A micro enterprise is a business enterprise where the

investment in plant and machinery or equipment is not more than INR 1 crore
and turnover does not exceed INR 5 crores.

Small Enterprise – A small enterprise is a business enterprise where the

investment in plant and machinery or equipment is not more than INR 10 crore
and turnover does not exceed INR 50 crores.
Medium enterprise – A medium enterprise is a business enterprise where the
investment in plant and machinery or equipment is not more than INR 50 crore
and turnover does not exceed INR 250 crores.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 9 Notes

Based on legal form –

Sole proprietorship – In a sole proprietorship, the ownership and control of the

business is with one single person, and the liability of the owner is not separate
from the entity.

One Person Company – A One Person company also has only one person as a
member, who acts in the capacity of both, a shareholder and a director, but an
OPC is legally separate from its owners. There is no threat on the owner’s
personal property in case of unmet liabilities.

Partnership – Partnership is a legal form, where at least two people, or more

start a business as co-founders or co-owners and divide the share as per
agreement. The partners are personally liable for an unlimited amount of
liabilities.

Limited Liability Partnership – In a Limited Liability Partnership, there are two

or more partners. In this, no one single partner or owner is individually
responsible for any other partner’s or member’s negligence or misconduct or
liability.

Company – A company is defined as a legal entity formed to get engaged in

business, by a group of individuals. Usually, these individuals have limited
liability, and the capital in units of equal value of a company are called ‘shares’.
Company can be public or private.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 9 Notes

Based on sector –

Primary sector – Businesses that extract, retrieve, harvest, and produce raw
materials using earth-based natural resources are included in this category. Coal,
wood, wheat, iron, corn, and other raw commodities are some examples. Mining,
agriculture, fishing, horticulture, and other core sectors are examples.
Secondary sector – The conversion of raw materials into finished items is the
primary activity of enterprises in this industry. It organises all manufacturing
variables using primary sector items to create both utility and luxurious goods.

Tertiary sector – This sector is defined by provision of services to businesses

and customers. It is completely based on a service and there is no production of
goods involved.

Objectives of Entrepreneurship Development

Some of the core objectives of entrepreneurship development include:

1. Assisting entrepreneurs in undergoing the process of entrepreneurship.

2. Handholding budding entrepreneurs to recognize and design unique
business opportunities.
3. Helping aspiring entrepreneurs start and grow dynamic businesses that
provide high value add.
4. Developing the motivational needs of entrepreneurs.
5. Training entrepreneurs to develop the required skills and gain knowledge
for running and managing a new business.
6. Providing support to entrepreneurs for effective business planning
7. Accelerating and incubating new ideas.
8. Aiding in the availability of technology or raw material.
9. Creating adequate infrastructure for entrepreneurial activities.
10. Providing financial assistance from banks and other financial
institutions.
11. Enabling a suitable entrepreneurship ecosystem and business
environment.
12. Implementing norms, policies and rules for establishment of new
ventures and enterprises.
13. Providing tax benefits, incentives, subsidies etc. for creation of new
enterprises.
14. Encouraging research and development across industries
Entrepreneurial Skills Class 9 Notes

Phases of Entrepreneurship Development

Stimulatory phase

Stimulatory phase involves stimulating or generating need, interest, motivation

and awareness among individuals to become entrepreneurs. It is done by
orienting them towards the meaning, process, benefits and practice of
entrepreneurship.

Support phase

The support phase involves helping new businesses with their varied activities
through mentoring, incubating, funding, and counselling the entrepreneurs. Some
of these actions include choosing a business strategy, creating a prototype or
product, registering a company legally, consulting on management issues,
providing money, providing a building and power, choosing the right equipment
and plant, obtaining licences and permissions, etc.

Sustenance phase

The goal of the maintenance phase is to aid businesses in making expansion

plans. Strategies for growth, expansion, diversification, modernization, etc. are all
given guidance. Additionally, assistance is provided in the form of research and
development, additional funding, market research, etc.

Challenges of Entrepreneurship Development

• Lack of continued motivation
• Lack of formal education
• Low technical knowledge
• Absence of managerial skills
• Inadequate infrastructure and resources
• Lack of finance availability
• Lack of awareness about entrepreneurship schemes
• Strict regulatory framework
• Low margin market linkages
Entrepreneurial Skills Class 9 Notes

Entrepreneurship – Characteristics, Role and Rewards

Characteristics of Entrepreneurship

Innovation
innovation can be understood as creative use of one’s ideas to propose a
solution that introduces something unique or new to the world. There are many
types of innovation such as product, process, disruptive etc.

Dynamic Economic Activity

Entrepreneurship involves creation of value or wealth through a business

enterprise, that buys and sells commodities/product/services and uses resources
optimally.

Risk bearing

When putting certain decisions and ideas into practise, entrepreneurs must take
risks. Businesses can anticipate certain risks, such supply constraints, rising raw
material costs, price volatility, shifts in governmental laws, etc.

Potential For Profit

“Profit potential is the likely level of return or compensation to the entrepreneur

for taking on the risk of developing an idea into an actual business venture.” For
a commercial entrepreneur, profit is usually the main goal.

Entrepreneur Vs. Entrepreneurship Vs. Enterprise – Characteristics

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 9 Notes

Role of Entrepreneurship
Capital Formation – Entrepreneurship leads to value addition and creation of
wealth, because entrepreneurs promote capital formation by mobilising the idle
savings of public.

Employment Generation – Increased entrepreneurial activity has the potential

to lead to more prospects for large-scale employment. Numerous employment
opportunities for skilled, unskilled, and jobless people are produced as more
firms, offices, factories, trade entities, etc. are established, especially in emerging
nations.

Balanced Regional Development – Entrepreneurship helps to remove regional

disparities
through setting up of industries in less developed and backward areas. Micro
businesses and cottage industries also play a role in increasing entrepreneurial
activity in many specific cultural regions.

Value Creation – Value creation happens when a client base recognizes a

product or service as having more value and a firm makes money by selling the
good or service to satisfy the customer’s requirements and wants.

Wealth Distribution – Due to entrepreneurship and transaction-based activities,

wealth and income are distributed among people and regions. Salary payments
are made to employees, suppliers are compensated for their supplies,
commodities are sold in a variety of markets, large-scale services are rendered,
etc.

Industrialization and Development – If a business is established in an area

and is perceived as a lucrative prospect, it is possible that other people will be
inspired to establish businesses of a similar nature.

Entrepreneurial Skills Class 9 Notes

Rewards of Entrepreneurship
Economic development – The most effective use of resources, the
development of new concepts, wealth creation, constant money flow, skill
development, etc. are some characteristics of economic development. These
aspects are all made possible by entrepreneurship and are crucial for a country’s
economic growth.
Enterprise and Business Creation – Entrepreneurship has a direct impact on
the growth of businesses.
By merging and coordinating various resources, including human, financial,
physical, and intellectual capital, as well as entrepreneurial aptitudes like risk-
taking, creativity, leadership, and resource management.

Capacity Building – As an entrepreneur spends in educating staff members and

enhancing their managerial skills, skill development and training is a big benefit
of becoming an entrepreneur. Similar to this, an entrepreneur also improves his
or her own skills by resolving issues, making choices, accepting setbacks, trying
out other strategies, etc.

Improved Standard of Living – Customers have various options when choosing

from a variety of goods and services to fulfil the same need thanks to
entrepreneurship. Higher standards of life are a result of the diversity and
accessibility of better goods and services provided by businesses.
Green Skills Class 9 Notes

Image Source – CBSE | Image by – cbseacademic.nic.in

We cannot imagine our lives without the environment around us. Everything that
surrounds us comprises Environment – Living beings, flora and fauna, non-living
things, the vegetation, climate,
natural resources.
 Green Skills Class 9 Notes

Relationship Between Society and Environment

The society constitutes of group of people living together in a community, a
village, a city, a town, a states or a country. It is these group of people with their
own set of ideologies and beliefs that affects the environment. If a group of
people believe that rivers are sacred, then all people belonging to that group will
resonate the practices that support their belief.

If a group of people believe that killing of animals is a heinous crime, the people
in that community will reflect it in their behavior shaping their relationship. But, if
a group of people is greedy and is concerned to accumulate wealth, their actions
will echo their mind-set and will have adverse effect on the environment.

Green Skills Class 9 Notes

Ecosystem and Factors Causing Imbalance

When an ecosystem’s natural balance is disturbed by a natural or artificial
disturbance, ecological complications that may arise. Ecological imbalance is
directly related to human activity.

Following are the man-made disruption that causes ecological imbalance:

Deforestation – Due to increase in population the need for building houses has
emerged. To overcome this challenge more and more houses are built in hilly
regions due to which trees are cut. Also, in order to maintain the life style a lot of
forests have been cut. Due to shifting climatic circumstances, many species of
birds and other creatures are in danger of going extinct.

Degradation of Land and Soil Erosion – Deforestation has also given rise to
problems like soil erosion and degrading quality of land. The poor quality of land
and soil is resulting in rising health concerns for human beings. It is also leading
to problems for herbivorous animals causing concerns of their extinction.

Overexploitation of Resources – To satisfy our needs, we are not only using

the resources available to us but we are exploiting them as well. We are great
tons of waste due to over usage of resources making it difficult for our ownselves
to breathe fresh air. The overexploitation of resources is also one of the factors
adding to degradation of land in urban cities.

Industrial and Atmospheric Pollution – The rising number of industries is one

of the major concerns these days. The pollution caused by these industries and
factories is not limited to air. The presence of the industries near the rivers to
dispose the waste is causing water pollution.

Green Skills Class 9 Notes

Faulty Mining Practices – Large-scale mining has led to the conversion of
forests and agricultural areas into stockyards, roadways, and other infrastructure.
Additionally, mining dust is deteriorating. factors affecting the ecosystem disrupt
the balance of the air around us. Land degradation is a result of improper
disposal of mining waste. Poor mining techniques have a serious impact on
human health.

Green Skills Class 9 Notes

Natural Resource Conservation

Air, Water, Land, and Energy are the four main categories of natural resources.
Conservation of these resources is the top priority in the current climate, when
pollution levels have increased to the point of posing health risks.

Air Conservation – The conservation of air is the protection and cleaning of the
earth’s air supply. Air pollution can be caused by any number of sources,
including transportation, power plants, and factories. This pollution can cause a
number of health problems, so it is important to practice air conservation when
possible.
Water Conservation – Scarcity of Water has caused International agencies to
act immediately.
Wisely using the water is need of the hour. Adopting Rain Water Harvesting
Systems in our
communities and waste water treatment plants shall contribute in conserving
water for future
generations.

Land Conservation – : Conserving land means to act at two levels. First,

promoting afforestation
and discouraging deforestation for material benefit. This will help promote other
life forms to survive
and help to maintain balance in the eco system. Second, improving the quality of
soil, most of the
health concerns today are due to poor quality of food.

Energy Conservation – : We use a lot of non-renewable sources of energy to

fulfil our daily needs.
Conservation of Energy means to conserve these resources and use alternative
sources of energy to
meet our needs such as wind, solar, wave energy.

Green Skills Class 9 Notes

Green Economy and Its Importance

The green economy will help preserve resources for both the current and the
next generation, while also ensuring that new employment and investment
opportunities are developed to support the nation’s economic progress. Future-
ready will be a green economy. Less health issues will be seen in a green
economy, which will also encourage healthy lifestyles and the usage of cutting-
edge technologies. Such an economy will be self-sufficient and independent. But
creating such an economy will require work on all fronts.
Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes
There are three control flow statements in Python – if, for and while.

Decision Making Statement

In programming languages, decision-making statements determine the program’s
execution flow. Python has the following decision-making statements:

1. if statement
2. if..else statements
3. if-elif ladder
If Statement

The if statement is used to test a condition: if the condition is true, a set of

statements is executed (called the if-block).

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

Syntax -

test expression:

statement(s)

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

# Check if the number is positive, we print an appropriate message

num = 3

if num > 0:

print(num, “is a positive number.”)

 print(“this is always printed”)

num = -1

if num > 0:

print(num, “is a positive number.”)

print(“this is always printed”)

If…else statement

The if/else statement is a control flow statement that allows you to run a block of
code only if a set of conditions are satisfied.

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

Syntax -

if test expression:

Body of if

else:

Body of else

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

# A program to check if a person can vote

age = input(“Enter Your Age”)

if age >= 18:

print(“You are eligible to vote”)

else:

print(“You are not eligible to vote”)

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

# Write Python program to find the greatest number among two numbers

num1 = int(input(“Enter Number”));

num2 = int(input(“Enter Number”));

if num1 >= num2:

if num1 == num2:

print("Both numbers are equal.")

else:

print("Fisrt number is greater than the second number.")

else:

print("Second number is greater than the First number.")

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

# Write python program to check the number is even or odd

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if (num % 2) == 0:

print("{0} is Even".format(num))

else:
 print("{0} is Odd".format(num))

if-elif ladder

Elif stands for “else if.” It enables us to check for several expressions at the same
time. If the if condition is False, the next elif block’s condition is checked, and so
on. The body of else is executed if all of the conditions are False.

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

Syntax -

if test expression:

Body of if

elif test expression:

Body of elif

else: Body of else

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

# To check the grade of a student

Marks = 60

if marks > 75:

print("You get an A grade")

elif marks > 60:

print("You get a B grade")

else:
 print("You get a C grade")

Nested if statements

An if…elif…else sentence can be nestled inside another if…elif…else statement.

In computer programming, this is referred to as nesting.

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

# Write a program to check weather number is zero, positive or negative

num = float(input("Enter a number: "))

if num >= 0:

if num == 0:

print("Zero")

else:

print("Positive number")

else:

print("Negative number")

For Loop

The for statement allows you to specify how many times a statement or
compound statement should be repeated. A for statement’s body is executed one
or more times until an optional condition is met.

Syntax -

for val in sequence:

 Body of for

# Program to find the sum of all numbers stored in a list

numbers = [6, 5, 3, 8, 4, 2, 5, 4, 11]

sum = 0

for val in numbers:

sum = sum+val

print("The sum is", sum)

While Statement

The while statement allows you to repeatedly execute a block of statements as

long as a condition is true. A while statement is an example of what is called a
looping statement. A while statement can have an optional else clause.

Syntax -

while test_expression:

Body of while

Flow of Control in Python Class 9 Notes

# Program to add natural

n = int(input("Enter n: "))

sum = 0

i=1
while i <= n:

sum = sum + i

i = i+1

print("The sum is", sum)