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Urinary System

The urinary system works to eliminate waste from the body through excretion. It is made up of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it is released through the urethra. The kidneys, ureters, and bladder are important for regulating blood volume, pressure, and chemical balances in addition to waste removal.

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18 views

Urinary System

The urinary system works to eliminate waste from the body through excretion. It is made up of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine, which travels through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it is released through the urethra. The kidneys, ureters, and bladder are important for regulating blood volume, pressure, and chemical balances in addition to waste removal.

Uploaded by

Payton
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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URINARY

SYSTEM
Prepared by: Erika G. Macaraeg, RMT
URINARY SYSTEM
Excretion is the process by which unwanted substances and
metabolic waste are eliminated from the body.

Urinary System - plays a role to eliminate wastes from the body,


regulate blood volume and pressure, control levels of electrolytes
and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
MAIN PARTS OF
URINARY SYSTEM
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
01
KIDNEY
KIDNEY
■ located in the posterior abdominal region
on each side of the vertebral column.
■ are bean-shaped organs and reddish brown
■ Each kidney weighs about 130-160 g and
measures about 10- 12 cm long, 5-6 cm
wide, and 2.5 -3 cm thick
KIDNEY
■ It has upper & lower poles, medial and lateral borders, and anterior
and posterior surfaces.
■ The lateral border is convex.
■ The medial border is concave.
■ The middle part of the medial border is depressed and is known as
hilum (hilus)
KIDNEY COVERINGS
The kidney is protected by three layers of connective
tissue:

■ Fibrous renal fascia- which binds the kidney and


associated organs to the abdominal wall
■ Adipose capsule - a layer of fat that cushions the
kidney and holds it in place
■ Renal capsule - a fibrous sac that is anchored at
the hilum and encloses the rest of the kidney like
a cellophane wrapper, and protects the kidney
from trauma and infection.
MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
Kidney has two regions. ■ The tip of each of the renal
1. Cortex: is the outer region that pyramid is its apex or papilla
contains renal corpuscles and ■ Funnel shaped cavities known
convoluted tubules. as the minor calyces surround
2. Medulla: is the inner region. the papillae
- contains darker, cone-shaped ■ 2-3 minor calyces fuse to form
renal pyramids that are a major calyx.
separated by cortical columns. ■ Several major calyces join
- has parallel bundles of loops together to form a large cavity
of Henle and collecting known as the renal pelvis that
tubules continues out of the kidney to
join the ureter.
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
■ The kidney may be regarded as a
collection of millions of
uriniferous tubules
■ Each uriniferous tubule consists
of an excretory part called
nephron and of a collecting
tubule.
■ Each kidney contains over
million nephrons and thousands
of collecting ducts
NEPHRON
■ Structural and functional unit of the kidney
■ Each kidney contains 1 to 1.5 million of nephrons.
■ Has two parts: Renal corpuscles and Renal tubule
NEPHRON - RENAL CORPUSCLES
■ Renal corpuscles forms the proximal end of the nephron
■ It has two poles: Vascular pole and Urinary pole
NEPHRON - RENAL CORPUSCLES

■ GLOMERULUS
- Is a ball like structure made
up capillaries
- Attached to arterioles on
both sides
- Intraglomerular mesangial
cells are mesangial cells
located among the
glomerular capillaries
NEPHRON - RENAL CORPUSCLES
■ BOWMAN’S CAPSULE ( glomerular capsule)
- Is a double wall sac that envelopes the glomerulus
- Visceral layer envelops the glomerulus. This layer is made of body
tissue known as simple squamous epithelium.
- Parietal layer forms the outer boundary of the renal corpuscle. The
inner layer of the capsule is the visceral layer, and it’s made up of cells
called podocytes.
- The space in between the walls of the capsule is called Bowman’s
space
NEPHRON - RENAL CORPUSCLES
● GLOMERULAR FILTRATION BARRIER (filtration barrier)
The filtration barrier consists of 3 components:
➢ Endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries
- The glomerular capillary endothelium has many perforations called
fenestrae, which are pores about 70nm in diameter.
➢ Glomerular basement membrane
- The basement membrane consists of 3 layers:
An inner thin layer (lamina rara interna)
A thick layer (lamina densa)
An outer dense layer (lamina rara externa)
NEPHRON - RENAL CORPUSCLES
➢ Epithelial cells of Bowman’s Capsule
(podocytes)
- Podocytes are specialised epithelial
cells of Bowman’s capsule which form
the visceral layer of the capsule.
- Foot-like processes project from these
podocytes and interdigitate to form
filtration slits. These filtration slits are
bridged by a thin diaphragm (the slit
diaphragm) which has very small
pores
NEPHRON - RENAL TUBULES
❖ Proximal convoluted tubule
- arises from the glomerular capsule. It is the longest and most coiled of the four
regions and thus dominates histological sections of renal cortex
❖ Loop of Henle
- forms a long U-shaped nephron loop (loop of Henle). The first portion of the loop, the
descending limb, passes from the cortex into the medulla. At its deep end it turns 180°
and forms an ascending limb that returns to the cortex
❖ Distal convoluted tubule
- When the nephron loop returns to the cortex, it coils again and forms the distal
convoluted tubule (DCT). This is shorter and less convoluted than the PCT
❖ The Collecting Duct:
- The DCTs of several nephrons drain into a straight tubule called the collecting duct,
whichpasses down into the medulla
URINE FORMATION
Urine formation occurs during three processes:

1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
URINE FORMATION

1. FILTRATION
■ Nonselective passive process
■ Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through
capillary walls
■ Blood cells cannot pass out to the capillaries
■ Filtrate is collected in the glomerular capsule and leaves via
the renal tubule
URINE FORMATION
2. REABSORPTION
■ The peritubular capillaries reabsorb several materials
- Some water
- Glucose
- Amino acids
- Ions
■ Some reabsorption is passive, most is active
■ Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule
URINE FORMATION
2. SECRETION
■ Some materials move from the peritubular capillaries into the
renal tubules
- Hydrogen and potassium ions
- Creatinine
■ Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ureter
CLASSES OF NEPHRON
❖ Cortical nephrons
85% of all nephrons
Almost entirely within cortex

❖ Juxtamedullary nephrons
Renal corpuscles near
cortex-medulla junction
FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY
■ Filters blood plasma, eliminates waste, returns useful chemicals to
blood
■ Regulates blood volume and pressure
■ Regulates osmolarity of body fluids
■ Secretes renin, activates angiotensin, aldosterone
– controls BP, electrolyte balance
■ Secretes erythropoietin, controls RBC count
■ Regulates PCO2 and acid base balance
■ Detoxifies free radicals and drugs
■ Gluconeogenesis
02
URETERS
URETERS
● The Ureters are a pair of narrow , thick walled muscular tubes
which convey urine from the kidneys to urinary bladder
● Each Ureters is about 25cm (10 inch)long
● The upper half lies in the abdomen and the lower half in the
pelvis
● It measures 3mm diameter, but it slightly constricted at three
places.
- At the pelviureteric junction
- At the brim of lesser pelvis
- At its passage through the bladder wall
URETER
03
URINARY BLADDER
URINARY BLADDER
■ The urinary bladder is
a hollow muscular
organ , which
functions as the
reservoir for the urine
received from the
kidneys and to
discharge it out
periodically
04
URETHRA
URETHRA
Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside
of the body by peristalsis
Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters
Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
External urethral sphincter (voluntary)
GENDER DIFFERENCES
■ Length
Females – 3–4 cm (1 inch)
Males – 18-20 cm (8 inches)
■ Location
Females – along wall of the vagina
Males – through the prostate and penis
■ Function
Females – only carries urine
Males – carries urine and is a passageway for sperm cells
FEMALE
3 to 4 cm long
External urethral orifice
between vaginal orifice and clitoris
Internal urethral sphincter
detrusor muscle thickened, smooth
muscle, involuntary control
External urethral sphincter
skeletal muscle, voluntary control
MALE
18-20 cm long
Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter
3 regions
prostatic urethra
during orgasm receives semen
membranous urethra
passes through pelvic cavity
penile urethra

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