Republic of the Philippines

NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

College of Nursing and Applied Sciences
Brgy. Rizal, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
(034)722-4120, www.nonescost.edu.ph

Name: Parreno, Juvesmar V.

Rating:
Group No: Date:

EXERCISE 1
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. What are the different parts of the microscope? Complete the table

Mechanical Part Function

1. Base (Foot) ● It is the base at which the microscope
stands on. It is a U-shaped structure.
2. Pillar ● It is the stand that lies on the stage and
is a perpendicular projection.
3. Arm ● The whole microscope is managed or
carried by the curve-shaped structure
called the arm.
4. Stage ● It is the rectangular structure that has a
hole in the center that allows the light
to pass through it. It is below the
eyepiece, and most of the specimens
are placed on this stage to examine.
5. Body tube ● It is the hollow tube at the upper arm,
which has one end of the eyepiece
lens, and another term has an
objective lens. The body tube is
altered using the adjustment knobs.
6. Clips ● The stage, on the side of the specimen
holder, contains clips that hold the
slides on which samples will be
placed.

Microbiology and Parasitology Lab Experiment

 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Nursing and Applied Sciences
Brgy. Rizal, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
(034)722-4120, www.nonescost.edu.ph

Magnifying Part Function

1. Objective Lenses ● The objective lens is a crucial
component of microscope optics,
positioned near the sample or object
being observed, playing a vital role in
imaging.
2. Eyepiece Lens ● The eyepiece magnifies the objective's
primary image, allowing the eye to
use its full resolution, and the
microscope produces a virtual image
of the specimen at the eye's point of
vision.

Illuminating Part Function

1. Sub stage condenser ● The objective lens system's aperture is
matched by the sub-stage condenser,
which concentrates light passing
through the sample.
2. Iris ● An iris diaphragm is a flexible metal
assembly that adjusts the opening size
to control the cross section of the light
ray bundle entering the condenser and
objectives.
3. Diaphragm ● It is a structure located below the
stage which controls the intensity of
light entering the stage. It is of two
4. Light source types: disc and iris.
● Low voltage halogen bulbs are the
most commonly used source of
illumination for compound
microscopes.

Microbiology and Parasitology Lab Experiment

 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Nursing and Applied Sciences
Brgy. Rizal, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
(034)722-4120, www.nonescost.edu.ph

2. Based on your observations, what are the different shapes and colors of bacteria?
After my observations in our activity, the different shapes of bacteria are spherical, comma or
vibrios, rod, spiral and corkscrew or spirochetes and the colors appear in purple or violet, blue,
white and bluish green.

3. Compute the total magnifications by filling in the table.

Ocular Scanner LPO HPO OIO

4x 10x 40x 100x

10x 40x 100x 400x 1000x

8x 32x 80x 320x 800x

QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH:

1. Define the following terms used in microscopy.
Parfocal
Parfocal objectives allow lenses to remain in focus throughout magnification adjustments,
ensuring minimal or no refocusing.

Working distance
The distance between the front edge of the objective lens and the specimen surface, including
the cover glass surface, when the specimen is focused.

Field of View

Microscope field of view (FOV) is the maximum visible area through the microscope eyepiece
or scientific camera, typically measured in diameter.

Microbiology and Parasitology Lab Experiment

 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Nursing and Applied Sciences
Brgy. Rizal, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
(034)722-4120, www.nonescost.edu.ph

Micrometer

Microscope micrometers, also known as eyepiece micrometers, are small glass discs with
markings mounted in eyepieces, used to measure or count specimens.

2. How can eye strain be avoided in microscopy?

To prevent eye strain, take frequent microbreaks, rotate microscope work, maintain straight
wrists and elbows, and avoid tilted head/neck postures. Raise and stand the microscope for a
neutral posture and move it to the edge of the counter.

3. When is the oil immersion objective used? What kind of oil is used?

Oil immersion objectives use cedarwood oil for large magnifications, preventing refraction due
to its similar refractive index to glass. This enhances microscope resolution by preventing light
refraction.

4. When is the concave surface of the mirror used?

The concave mirror is utilized when a light source is near a microscope to concentrate light rays
on a specimen, enhancing its visibility under a microscope.

5. Name the other types of microscopes and discuss the principles involved in their
applications and modifications.
● The compound microscope's principle is to enhance sample magnification through
lens combination, enabling the study of bacteria and viruses, forensic laboratories,
and metallurgy, with primary image viewing in the tube and eyepiece.
● A simple microscope is a tool used to magnify a sample, allowing for better
understanding of small parts, fine jewelry, educational institutions, and skin
diseases. Its principle is to obtain a virtual, erect image at the least distance of
distinct vision from the eye.

Microbiology and Parasitology Lab Experiment

 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Nursing and Applied Sciences
Brgy. Rizal, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
(034)722-4120, www.nonescost.edu.ph

● An electron microscope uses tungsten metal and high voltage current to excite
electrons, creating a continuous beam of light. Magnetic coils focus the beam on
the sample, ensuring it doesn't pass through the glass lens. This tool is used for
quality control and failure analysis in industries, and for capturing electron
micrographs using specialized cameras.
● A stereo microscope uses reflected light to magnify opaque objects and thick,
solid samples at low power magnifications between 20x and 50x. It is useful for
examining historic coins, artifacts, microsurgery, and viewing crystals, making it
suitable for various applications.
● The scanning probe microscope uses a sharp probe tip mounted on a cantilever to
precisely scan every atom on a sample's surface. The deflection distance is
measured by a laser, and the final image is obtained on a computer. It is used to
study electrical and magnetic properties of samples.

CONCLUSIONS
Through the use of a microscope, scientists may study the forms and organelles of cells
as well as minute objects at the cellular level. A microscope's lenses are essential for
magnifying pictures and doing in-depth observation. Invented in 1590, the compound
microscope has two or more lenses and can have up to four objective lenses with varying
magnifications. Multiplying the magnifications of the objective lens and the eyepiece
yields the overall magnification of a set of lenses. The dissecting microscope is perfect
for seeing larger things that are too small for the human eye to see in detail since it has a
lower magnification yet still produces a three-dimensional image.

Microbiology and Parasitology Lab Experiment