PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA

College of Business Administration

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OPERATING TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES AND

WASTE MACHINES ON OPTIMIZING WASTE COLLECTION, ROUTES, AND
SCHEDULES OF LEONEL WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPANY

A Business Research presented to the faculty of

College of Business Administration
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa
Muntinlupa City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Operation Management

By:

Epanis, Dicerie Nicole D.

Espino, Frederick Loren M.

Linayao, Myra

Monroy, Ralph

Quijano, Riza
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TRANSMITTAL LETTER
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page …………………………………………… i

Transmittal Letter ……………………………………………. ii
Table of Contents ……………………………………………. iii

CHAPTER PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION
Problem Statement
Research Objectives
Hypothesis
Background of the Study

2 METHODOLOGY
Sampling Design
Research Design
Data Collection

REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION

The rapid and continuous growth of urban populations has led to a dramatic Increase
in the amount of municipal waste generated, with significant socio-economic and
environmental impacts. Municipal solid waste management is a multidisciplinary activity that
includes generation, source separation, storage, collection, transfer and transportation,
treatment and recovery, and finally, critical disposal (Rada et al., Wagner and Bilitewski,
2019). In case you point to diminish natural dangers and advance supportability, viable
squander isolation is the viable approach. It mitigates dangers related with unpredictable
dumping, defilement of water supplies, and the spread of illnesses. This ponder will
investigates the significance and sorts of squander isolation, at the side sorting canisters for
your domestic, schools, and restorative facilities.

In recent years, waste management techniques have evolved, motivated by the desire
to minimize the environmental impact of waste and increase the effectiveness of waste
management practices. There is a wide range of approaches, from traditional methods such as
composting and landfilling to modern, more advanced solutions using IoT (internet of things)
technology. The majority of municipal waste is collected door-to-door by garbage collectors
using garbage trucks. Household/industrial waste collection is one of the most difficult
operational problems facing major urban municipalities. (Muhammad Awais Javed, Bakhtiar
Ali's, et al., 2023). It takes effort to optimize a route “by considering all factors. The distance
traveled by a truck has been found to depend on factors such as pickup frequency, truck load
capacity, truck compartment volume ratio, and waste density.

Leonel Waste Management Corporation (Leonel) was registered in 1993 with the
purpose of providing effective, thorough and continuous waste collection services to their
customers. Machinery and labor, such as trash compactors, dump trucks, roll-on-roll trucks,
vacuum cleaners, personal watercraft, and heavy equipment, are more than sufficient to
properly handle each new mission. In line with their determination to contribute to
environmental protection, Leonel has been intensively searching for opportunities to enter the
renewable energy industry. Leonel’s long-term goal is to advance efforts to address the solid
waste problem, not only by contributing to cleanliness and beautification, but also by turning
it into an opportunity through innovation and collaboration with the renewable energy sector.

The purpose of this study is to define the effectiveness of technology and machines to
properly sort waste disposal and how technology affects the operation to optimize waste
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collection, routes, and schedules. This study will also focus on the significant effect between
routes/schedules and their company resources in terms of trucks, machines, system software,
and human resources and how the company allocate their resources. This paper will highlight
the all the positive and negative of using technology and machines to properly segregate
waste collection.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

1. What are the machines they use to a proper segregation and sorting waste products?
2. How is waste management optimized there:

1.1 Waste Collection/disposal;

1.2 Routes; and
1.3 Schedules

3. How waste company allocate their resources?

2.2 Trucks;
2.3 Machines;
2.4 System Software; and
2.5 Human resources

4. Is there a significant effect between routes/schedules and their company resources in

terms of trucks, machines, system software, and human resources?

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1. To determine what kind of machines they’re using to properly segregate waste

products
2. To aim to enhance performance on waste management disposal. The study aims to
investigate the minimization of schedules and to attain better efficiency and cost
savings route.
3. To determine how the company allocate their resources in terms of maintaining the
quality of services that their employees provides, to also allocate the maintenance of
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their trucks and machines. To also aims to investigate whether their route system
software/application helps them to plan a cost effective waste products collection.
4. To determine if there’s a significant effect between routes/schedules and their
company resources in terms of trucks, machines, system software, and human
resources.

HYPOTHESIS

Ho: There is no significant effect between routes/schedules and their company

resources in terms of trucks, machines, system software, and human resources.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

FOREIGN STUDIES

According to Shymala Gowri, (2023) from waste management software and machines
that optimizes routes to automated sorting facilities using AI, technology is shaping the future
of how we handle our waste and keep the planet clean. Data analytics provide insights into
waste streams and recycling habits, while field service management solutions improve how
technicians service waste sites and deal with compliance issues. The role of technology in
environmental services and waste management is crucial as we work to build a greener future
for generations to come. Environmental and waste administration services have come a long
way from the cliché waste truck. These days, the industry is changing how it works utilizing
imaginative unused apparatuses that move forward maintainability, upgrade effectiveness,
diminish costs, and maximize natural affect.

Ordinary waste collection forms in metropolitan cities include a few key stages.
Residents create squander through every day exercises, coming about within the generation of
family squander comprising different materials. Squander canisters or holders are deliberately
set in private regions, commercial areas, and open spaces to encourage helpful squander
transfer. Squander collection plans are built up, indicating the days and times when squander
collection vehicles will visit assigned zones for pickup. Specialized waste collection vehicles,
such as waste trucks, move through foreordained courses to gather waste from assigned
containers. In a few cases, inhabitants are required to partition their squander in to diverse
categories, such as recyclables and non-recyclables. Waste collectors may too perform extra
sorting. Collected waste is transported to exchange stations or inter-mediate offices, where it
may experience assist sorting and handling. Squander is at that point transported to landfills or
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reusing offices, depending on its nature. Recyclables are sent to reusing plants, whereas non-
recyclables may be disposed of in landfills. The final step includes the correct transfer of
squander, following to natural directions and waste administration arrangements. In general,
an successful squander collection handle in metropolitan cities coordinating key arranging,
planned collections, sorting, and legitimate transfer to guarantee the efficient administration
of different sorts of waste created by a thickly populated urban environment (Muhammad
Awais Javed, Bakhtiar Ali's, et al., 2023). Advancements in sensors and remote
communications have cleared the way for the integration of Web of Things (IoT) systems in
various savvy city applications. Waste administration can moreover saddle the control of IoT
to find out the amount and composition of squander, transmit these information to squander
collection organizations, and define optimized courses for efficient squander collection.
Without a doubt, IoT can computerize and move forward the whole squander collection
prepare.

According to Abeer A. K. Alharbi's, Salihah Alotaibi et. al. (2023), various thinks
about have examined both taken a toll and course optimization issues to upgrade the
execution of operational efficiency. Fetched optimization in strong waste administration
includes recognizing and executing techniques to play down costs whereas keeping up
compelling waste collection and transfer administrations. The first step is planning collection
courses that minimize travel separations, diminish fuel utilization, and optimize the utilization
of collection vehicles. Following, ideal distributing assets are required, such as work force,
vehicles, and hardware, viably to improve operational efficiency and diminish sit out of gear
time. Another critical figure in fetched optimization is the usage of innovation, such as course
optimization computer program, sensors, and checking frameworks, to streamline operations
and recognize zones for fetched reserve funds. Waste can moreover be efficiently sorted at the
private zones so that squander collection and preparing fetched can be decreased. Vehicle
course optimization is imperative portion of strong waste administration and requires the
planning of efficient and cost-effective ways for waste collection. There are numerous critical
components that ought to be considered whereas planning vehicle courses for waste
collection. These incorporate thought of geological format of the city zone, populace of the
range, traffic thickness, and current dissemination of waste containers around the city.
Besides, vehicle courses ought to be energetic and alter with real-time information to
maximize the waste collection efficiency. The optimization prepare expands to vehicle
capacity arranging, guaranteeing that collection vehicles are allotted courses adjusting with
their capacity to minimize pointless trips and vehicle sitting. Prescient analytics play a
significant part by expecting changes in waste era, permitting for proactive alterations to
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collection courses and plans. Besides, the integration of progressed innovation, counting GPS
following, sensors, and communication frameworks on collection vehicles, encourages
continuous observing of course execution, vehicle status, and adherence to arranged courses.
Profitable experiences are moreover drawn from client criticism, empowering the
identification of zones for course alterations based on shifts in waste era or specific collection
necessities. This all-encompassing approach to course optimization points to improve the
generally adequacy, efficiency, and maintainability of squander collection operations.

Written by Bányai, Tamás, Illés, Stankeviciute, and Bányai (2019), there are several
obstacles in the way of collecting residential waste, particularly in downtown areas; the
system must be dependable, adaptable, economical, and environmentally friendly. The
authors outline how Industry 4.0 technologies may be applied to garbage collecting systems
and how their processes can be optimized within the confines of this study. This waste
collection process is represented by a mathematical model that includes scheduling,
assignment, and routing issues. The model aims to achieve the following: (1) assign waste
sources to garbage trucks in an optimal manner; (2) schedule waste collection by routing each
garbage truck to minimize overall operation costs and increase reliability while taking into
account a wide range of environmental indicators that have a significant impact on public
health.

Stated of Saukenova, Oliskevych, Taranic, Toktamyssova, Aliakbarkyzy, and Pelo

(2022), it is suggested to use early waste collection, which lessens the frequency of emptying
containers, in order to prevent unforeseen charges. As a result, there are more trucks arriving
to load, but unanticipated mileage from inconsistent loading forecasts is eliminated. It is
demonstrated that an active, shortest schedule of operations must be created and maintained
for multiple periods in order to efficiently arrange the activity of garbage trucks on the city's
transport network. A mixed graph ordering strategy is proposed to create an optimal cyclic
schedule of garbage trucks. The set of garbage collection procedures and the temporal
correlations between their execution periods are displayed in the mixed graph.

Written by the study of Xiangru Chen (2022), Information and communication

technology (ICT) enables smart cities to provide its residents with higher-quality services and
to share information with the wider public. Waste collection is a critical component of smart
city services, and smart technology offers enormous promise for raising the standard and
efficiency of rubbish collection globally. This is a resource waste since car petrol is wasted,
city resources are mishandled, and trash is emptied—even partially. Garbage collection in
smart cities is plagued by two key issues: excessive expenses and ineffectiveness.
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Recycling is a solution to this issue because it minimizes the amount of waste that
needs to be disposed of and preserves important storage space. Estimates indicate that humans
can produce more rubbish than ever before, despite increased recycling rates. Creating
algorithms that can gather and use data during the learning process to forecast the future is a
primary goal of machine learning. In order to improve the separation of complex trash, this
research proposes the autonomous machine learning-based waste recycling framework
(AMLWRF) to categorize and separate materials in a mixed recycling application.

According to Pillai, Sneha, Aiswarya, Anand, and Prasad (2023), Algorithms for
municipal solid waste management that use machine learning (ML) can improve waste
management practices and lessen their negative environmental effects. Growing garbage
generation as a result of population growth has created significant environmental risks.
Therefore, to lessen the negative consequences that would result from the development of
large garbage, an efficient waste management system with much more inventive waste
management strategies is needed. In order to automate and optimize garbage generation,
collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal, this study examines a variety of machine
learning techniques. In order to provide accurate and efficient forecasts for trash creation,
segregation, and collection, the system combines several machine learning techniques, such
as decision trees (DT), k-nearest neighbors (KNN).

According to Xiangru Chen (2022) As a result, there is a growing need for intelligent
sorting to support intelligent recycling. The remainder is broken down into two categories:
sustainability and the importance of automated trash recycling for enhancing smart city
efficacy. By using trash management, waste's negative effects on the environment, human
health, and other areas are lessened. You can utilize paper, cans, glass, and other recyclable
items in this fashion. One of the various waste management processes is the disposal of
poisonous or hazardous trash. The remaining operational components of waste management
include disposal, recycling, resource recovery, and processing.

When medical waste is not appropriately managed, the COVID-19 virus spreads
more readily. The safety of employees and sanitation are essential elements of waste
management. Treatment and temporary storage on-site can lessen the burden of medical
wastes. The virus can be stopped from spreading by using proper waste management
techniques. A key component of automated sorting methods that improves waste separation
quality and precision is machine learning (ML). Along with storing, tracking, and
navigational capabilities, trash processing, analysis, and optimization of the necessary data
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would ultimately improve waste collection by advancing the program, hence increasing the
overall efficiency of waste management.

Garbage is all throughout the city as a result of ineffective waste collection

techniques. As a result, this article suggests a useful machine learning (ML) and Internet of
Things (IoT) garbage management solution. The suggested approach makes use of an
Arduino UNO microcontroller, an ultrasonic sensor, and a moisture sensor. The machine
learning technique can be used to create cities free of pollution.

According to Wu, Tao, and Yeng (2020),To address the optimization challenges in
urban trash collection and transportation in China, a model known as the Priority-Considered
Green Vehicle Routing Problem (PCGVRP) within a waste management system. The focus is
on ensuring timely waste collection for high-priority bins, particularly those containing
medical or hospital waste, to promptly remove hazardous materials. The PCGVRP model
considers both traditional waste management costs and greenhouse gas emissions for
environmental sustainability. Additionally, Waste Filling Level (WFL) is incorporated using
sensor-equipped bins to establish dynamic routes, enhancing the economic and efficient
aspects of waste collection and transportation. The proposed solution employs a Local Search
Hybrid Algorithm (LSHA), combining Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for initial
optimization and Simulated Annealing (SA) for global optimization.

According Shahrir M. Zahari, Izan Jaafar, Shahrul Bin Ismail, Noor Zaitun Yahaya,
et. al., (2022) Waste administration is a fundamental component whether it is in created or
creating nations since each nation ought to bargain with squander items that include the
collection, treatment and transfer of the refuse/garbage. A portion of successful administration
would incorporate safety and wellbeing prerequisites since it'll give security for the laborers
whereas decreasing costs in terms of inadvertent and work-related maladies. From this time
forward, wellbeing and security scope play a pivotal part for businesses related with tall
chance and inadvertent issues such as mining and development, as would be accessible in
most writing. Be that as it may, it once in a while incorporates the squander division indeed in
spite of the fact that the specialists are uncovered towards different high-risk variables not just
from the ergonomic perspective but too within the physical and mechanical component as
well as organic and chemical risks. The so-called security concern is rotated around the
physical danger amid the complete administration step of squander, though the wellbeing
hazard is especially due to the bioaerosol components (clean, microscopic organisms,
organisms, endotoxin, etc.) Indeed more, these wellbeing and security issues in squander
administration are considered more obvious in creating nations than in created nations since
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most of the squander is taken care of by hand/manually, and there's too a need of mindfulness
or thought with respect to the hazard. Clearly, each nation managed in an unexpected way
depending on the mechanical headway in which developed nations would have a more
extensive scope including squander chance, such as for innovative squander treatment (e.g.
composting and burning) and administration of very less secure squander materials
(hazardous or radioactive squander). In any case, the wellbeing hazard related to squander
administration should be surveyed for both the exposure pathway (specialists and open)
additionally on the health effect from the introduction, with the have to be consider the
perplexing variables.

Effective waste disposal is one of today's biggest environmental challenges. Isolation,

management, transport and movement of waste must be properly monitored to limit risks to
nature. (Adi Suvarnamma and Jangampalli Adi Pradeepkiran (2021). Efficient tracking of
waste is best realized when waste is sequestered. Segregating waste at a landfill requires
additional time and effort. It takes Segregation of waste at basic level (residential level)
contributes to proper recycling and transfer of waste to landfills. This study proposes a
consumer-grade intelligent waste tracking system leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) with
an integrated waste separation mechanism, providing an easy-to-use solution for household-
level waste separation to do so that it can be sent directly to an appropriate treatment facility
(Muthanna et al., 2019).

According to Viridiana Del Carmen-Niño and Ricardo Herrera-Navarrete (2023).

Technology is a complement to achieving efficient MSW management. Therefore, this study
analyzes the technical and logistical conditions of cities and seeks to improve waste collection
routes in cities, while identifying practical implications (challenges, strategies, prospects) in
optimizing services. I would like to suggest. The problem of optimization of waste collection
routes in urban complexes has already been studied, but the analysis is considered relevant for
situations far from urban centers, where open garbage dumps proliferate. While other studies
have presented optimal alternative route scenarios, this study aims to improve travel times in
the absence of alternative roads.

While it is important to acknowledge that the experience and knowledge

accumulated over the years will benefit MSWM, it is also important to emphasize that there is
still much work to be done to improve system performance and reduce costs. It is important.
However, at the national level, existing information of this type needs to be collated and new
data created. However, the major gap in his MSWM in Mexico is the lack of reliable
information. Laura López, Maximino Reyes et al. (2023)
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According to Indira Saukenova, Myroslav Oliskevych, Igor Taran, Aliya
Toktamyssova, Dana Aliakbarkyzy, and R o m a n P e l o (2022). Affirms that the
organization and arranging of strong squander collection are complex and the degree of their
complexity is developing. The requests of the world community to decrease contamination
and rubbish sorting are developing due to the expanding number of citizens of megacities. On
the other hand, the paper famous that effective computer decision-making instruments are not
utilized however to course waste trucks. The creators proposed to fathom the MV directing
issue for a partitioned collection of strong squander employing a huge neighborhood look
calculation. The creators recognize that the administration of strong squander collection and
transfer is frequently ineffectual due to the tall instability related with the real filling levels of
rubbish cans in [2]. Hence, one of the conceivable arrangements is the utilized of sensors for
filling waste cans. Be that as it may, the utilized of information from sensors must be went
with by suitable calculations for optimizing the courses of rubbish trucks. Such extraordinary
calculations are still obscure.

According to Yazdani, Kabirifar, et. al, (2021).The surge in urbanization and

population growth has triggered a notable rise in construction and demolition (C&D) waste
globally. Inadequate management of C&D waste has resulted in substantial landfilling, raising
concerns about its detrimental effects on the environment and natural resources. To address
this issue, a systematic allocation of construction projects to C&D waste recycling facilities is
crucial to conserve resources effectively. Previous studies have predominantly assumed
deterministic parameters in waste collection routing problems, rendering deterministic models
unsuitable for real-life scenarios due to associated uncertainties. To tackle this challenge, a
novel simheuristic approach integrating simulation and optimization techniques proposes the
use of a hybrid Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize vehicle route planning for C&D waste
collection from construction sites to recycling facilities. Comparative analysis with
established approaches highlights the superior performance of this simheuristic algorithm.
The research draws on a real case study of construction projects allocated to recycling
facilities in Sydney, Australia, enhancing academic insights into optimizing future waste
collection challenges more precisely and comprehensively.

The construction industry’s environmental impact is significant, with construction

waste contributing to environmental degradation, energy consumption, and landfill depletion.
Recycling initiatives offer a promising solution to mitigate construction waste’s adverse
effects by significantly reducing waste generation and its impact on the environment.
Recycling construction materials not only conserves natural resources but also contributes to
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sustainable development by reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Implementing recycling practices within the construction industry offers various benefits,
including reduced environmental impact, energy conservation, job creation, and enhanced
reputation for companies prioritizing sustainability. Frimpong, et al. (2021).

Urbanization has profound effects on the construction industry, particularly in

generating construction waste that can lead to soil and water pollution if not managed
properly. Sustainable practices such as recycling and reusing materials are essential to
minimize the environmental impact of construction activities. The future of the construction
industry lies in adopting sustainable building practices that prioritize energy efficiency, waste
management, and the use of green building materials to reduce its carbon footprint and
contribute to sustainable urban development. Mirmozaffari and Boskabadi. (2021)

According to Andeobu, Wibowo and Grandhi. (2022). Solid waste production and its
impact on human health and the environment have long been a concern for governments
worldwide. Recently, there has been a growing focus on resource recovery through advanced
methods like artificial intelligence (AI) in Australia. AI is increasingly being applied in
various sectors, including solid waste management (SWM), offering innovative solutions.
This study explores the use of AI technologies in different aspects of SWM to enhance
sustainable practices in Australia. By analyzing studies from 2005 to 2021, the research
compares the performance of AI applications, identifies benefits and challenges, and provides
recommendations for optimizing resource efficiency. The findings indicate that AI-based
models excel in predicting solid waste generation and recycling, highlighting the need for
upgraded infrastructure and AI adoption to improve SWM sustainability in Australia. The
study emphasizes the importance of a national approach for AI recycling technologies to
ensure consistency across regions and enhance waste management efficiency.

Machine-learning methods for optimizing smart bin collection in urban settings.

Typically, the problem is framed within a dynamic graph structure, where each smart bin’s
changing waste level is depicted as a node. The research evaluates algorithms that combine
Reinforcement Learning (RL), time-series forecasting, Genetic Algorithms (GA), and Graph
Neural Networks (GNNs) to improve collection efficiency. While individual techniques have
limitations in computational requirements and adaptability, their combined use offers a
comprehensive solution. The theoretical expectation is that the GNN-RL model will
dynamically adjust to real-time data, the GNN-time series will forecast future bin statuses,
and the GNN-GA hybrid will optimize network configurations for accurate predictions. This
integrated approach aims to enhance waste management efficiency in smart cities by
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leveraging AI technologies embedded in smart bins to predict waste generation patterns,
optimize collection routes, and improve overall waste management services .Gatti, Barbierato
and Pozzi. (2024).

LOCAL STUDIES

The city of Muntinlupa is showing how agricultural waste can be converted into clean
cooking fuel. The key to this innovation lies in a simple setup: a so-called anaerobic digester,
which converts organic material into biogas. With this technology and composting machinery,
the city is moving towards waste-free agriculture and a circular economy. According to
Angeli Platino (2023), Inspired by the potential benefits of waste utilization, a team from the
Southeast Asian Regional Agricultural Graduate Research Center (SEARCA) investigated
biogas digester technology at the Environmental Sanitation Center (ESC) in Tunasan,
Muntinlupa City. As implementers of the Rice Straw Biogas Hub (RSBH) project, the
SEARCA team is promoting the use of biogas technology to increase the value of rice straw,
which is largely a waste or unused agricultural resource with the aim of creating an
environmentally friendly waste management system, ESC runs a city-wide waste separation
project, in which all stakeholders separate waste in a targeted manner and transfer it to
production and encourage its use as inputs for urban areas, ultimately enabling a circular
economy in large cities.

ESC develops and manages land that almost resembles rural farmland, with crops
and livestock, and where food residues from public markets are disposed of and processed.
The fruit and vegetable waste is fed to the animals, whose manure is converted into cooking
gas in a biogas fermenter Lichelle Carlos (2023), addition to that Dr. Victor Luis, Jr.,
SEARCA Biogas Energy Consultant, Engineer His Vincent Alon, head of the ESC
department, explained and demonstrated the process of producing biogas and compost from
waste. Sludge, a byproduct of a biogas plant, is used to seed or introduce bacteria before the
fruit, vegetable and sawdust waste is added to the composter. The soil compost produced is
cleverly branded ``Muntinglupa’’ and is used in the city’s greening program. Other packaging
waste is sewn into useful eco-bags. Buan et al., (2023).

According to (Partlow, 2021), the pyrolysis machines, once operational, will convert
the collected solid wastes into pavers, hollow blocks, and other construction materials for use
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in various infrastructure projects and road maintenance. While unable to find a suitable
sanitary landfill as required by law, the city now operates its materials recovery facility
(MRF), with biodegradable wastes processed to become organic fertilizers.

According to Vallar,E. (2023) Route optimization could be a prime case of how

innovation improves maintainability and cost-effectiveness in waste administration. The
progressed information examination and real-time checking permit for greener, leaner
operations. Whereas at first requiring an forthright venture, the long-term investment funds in
time, fuel, and labor make a compelling case for waste collection companies to execute these
innovative arrangements. The longer term is automated, optimized, and eco-friendly. As a
result, good garbage collection service is crucial for upgrading the next levels of a municipal
solid waste system. One strategy to improve waste collection performance is to create optimal
truck routes. The aims to develop a garbage Collection Arc Routing Problem to simulate the
garbage collection routing problem. The investigation found that the EM-like with local
search and selection strategy mechanism had strong distance value minimization abilities, and
truck capacity consideration is critical to achieving greater route efficiency and cost savings.

According to Breva(2020), In Magsaysay, as the population expands, so does the

amount of solid garbage produced. In addition, garbage is produced from a variety of sources
outside of homes, restaurants, markets, and other commercial buildings. Poor solid waste
management has a negative impact on people's social and economic well-being. Correct solid
waste segregation and diversion is critical to the SWM's effectiveness. People's participation
and knowledge are essential for proper segregation.

Additionally, the political will of the government to carry out its goals and educate
its citizens is necessary for public engagement. Because of this, everything comes down to the
honesty and readiness of the government to intervene. Among the most important problems
the community is now dealing with are the following: improper waste segregation in each
barangay's MRF, irregular solid waste collection, and a lack of knowledge and information on
solid waste management in the area, not all barangays being serviced by waste collection,
additional garbage vehicle to keep the collection schedule on track, inadequate absence of a
junk shop in every barangay, absence of equipment for processing recyclables and residual
materials, low number of houses practicing trash segregation, and lack of equipment for
special waste treatment prior to disposal are all examples of the community's response to the
adoption of the solid waste management program.
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Gumasing and Sasot (2019), Waste management includes collecting, transporting,
disposing of, and recycling material waste in compliance with the local environmental
regulatory framework. It also includes various waste product monitoring and regulating
methods. Garbage collectors confront a variety of work risks due to the many processes
involved in waste collecting and disposal. Studies and research have been conducted on the
possible harm that incorrect waste disposal could provide to the environment and the public,
but there hasn't been much focus on the occupational risks related to garbage collection jobs.
Therefore, in order to create a mitigation strategy that would reduce the occupational hazards
connected with this industry, this study attempts to identify and evaluate the occupational
risks linked with the jobs of garbage collectors in the Philippines.

According to Tendero (2023), although the report notes that attempts to waste
segregation and recycling are admirable, there are still large gaps in the strategies for
collecting, disposal, and total waste reduction. The correct execution of waste management
methods is hampered by a lack of awareness, inadequate infrastructure, and poor coordination
among stakeholders, even in the presence of legislation and policies. The study emphasizes
how urgently better institutional support, more robust education and awareness campaigns,
and infrastructure investments for effective waste management systems are needed. By
addressing these issues, the ecology of Zamboanga City's public market will see sustainable
development, reduced health hazards, and less environmental pollution. Policymakers,
municipal governments, and market vendors can benefit greatly from the study's insightful
conclusions, which include suggestions for improving waste management procedures and
fostering a cleaner, healthier atmosphere.

Molina and Catan (2021), Ineffective solid waste management will cause a number of
issues with the environment, health, and socioeconomics. Given that educational institutions
are change agents and that R.A. No. 9003, science education is being linked with solid waste
management concepts. The control of the generation, storage, collection, transfer and
transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a way that complies with the highest
standards of engineering, economics, public health, conservation, aesthetics, and other
environmental considerations while also being sensitive to public opinion is known as solid
waste management.

According to Flores and Tan (2020), unwanted garbage production has increased
dramatically as a result of fast industrialization and urbanization. The neighborhood has
struggled with the issue of garbage segregation. Nonetheless, numerous initiatives are being
put in place to distinguish between recyclable materials and garbage. About 20 years ago,
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people began sorting rubbish, and many waste sorting facilities still have automated assembly
lines in place today. However, there is one flaw in this process cycle: a lot of manual labor is
needed for the trash sorting process's quality control step at the moment.

At the industrial level, mixed waste products are sorted using the following methods:
large items are manually sorted, while other materials are separated according to size using
big rotating drums. It's smaller, with holes in the diameter for releasing particles, and big
objects hanging inside the drum. Different kinds of technology are currently in use, and their
success rates vary when it comes to sorting different materials [19]. No contemporary
technology has been employed for trash segregation in the Philippines. At that time, only the
manual segregation process was employed.

According to Maria Digna Bose (2020), within the past, inhabitants of the barangay
were not mindful of the right taking care of, and transfer of strong wastes. They did not
realize the perils that misused waste seem cause to the environment and most particularly to
the individuals. They depended as well much on the rubbish collection truck that came each
Saturday to collect the week-long family wastes. Individuals fair put together the squanders in
a pillage or a waste pack in this way squanders isolation was not hone by them. The collected
waste was transported to an open dumpsite. At that point the closure arranges of the dumpsite
was implemented and waste collection all of a sudden ceased. The inhabitants were not
prepared of the closure and they did not know what to do with their waste that started to heap
up. Therefore, the least demanding way to urge freed of their waste is burning, others toss
their waste in empty parcels where plastics begun to be blown by wind and were scattered all
over, a few toss their squanders within the waterway and there are too a few who fair heaped
their rubbish in their patio pulling in rodents, bothers and creepy crawlies. The individuals did
not think of the results the way they oversee their squanders.

Additionally Strong waste administration is the collection, transport or transfer and

treatment of squander materials. It relates to materials delivered to human exercises, and the
prepared by and large embraced to persevere its impacts on wellbeing, the environment and
aesthetics. It decreases or dispenses with unfavorable impacts on the environment and human
wellbeing or maybe underpins financial advancement and progressed the quality of life. In
today's contaminated world, learning the right strategies of dealing with the squander
produced has ended up basic they overseen their squanders Maria (2020).

In order to safeguard public health, these wastes must be appropriately managed. If

not, there is a significant danger of disease transmission to patients, waste pickers, workers,
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and the general public when they come into contact with infectious pathogens (Das et al.,
2021). Not only can it cause disease, but it cannot be combined with other non-hazardous
solid wastes in the sanitary landfill if it contains radioactive or hazardous wastes. In order to
stop the development of infectious diseases and landfill problems, proper waste management
procedures, safety precautions for waste workers, and cleanliness are essential (Das et al.,
2021). According to Aspiras, Emma. (2019), Current challenges highlighted irregular
garbage collection schedules, inadequate waste transport facilities, improper disposal of
biodegradable waste, underutilization of recycling activities, and limited public awareness
campaigns on proper waste management at the barangay level.

SYNTHESIS

Urban population expansion has resulted in a notable rise in municipal trash, which
has had an influence on the environment and socioeconomic sectors. The processes of
generation, source separation, storage, collection, transfer, transportation, treatment, recovery,
and disposal are all included in the interdisciplinary process of waste management. A
workable strategy for reducing risks is viable waste separation. These concerns include erratic
dumping, inadequate water supplies, and disease transmission. Techniques for managing
waste have changed to be more efficient and have less of an impact on the environment.
Using both personnel and machinery, Leonel Waste Management Corporation (Leonel) offers
efficient waste collecting services. In order to solve the solid waste issues, the company is
also looking for chances to enter the renewable energy sector. The purpose of this study is to
determine how well technology and machinery perform waste sorting and how they affect
waste collection, routes, and timetables.

Muntinlupa City is transforming agricultural waste into clean cooking fuel through an
anaerobic digester. The Southeast Asian Regional Agricultural Graduate Research Center
(SEARCA) is implementing the Rice Straw Biogas Hub (RSBH) project at the Environmental
Sanitation Center (ESC) in Tunasan, Muntinlupa City. The project aims to increase the value
of rice straw, an unused agricultural resource, and promote an environmentally friendly waste
management system. Victor Luis, Jr., and Vincent Alon, head of the ESC department, discuss
the development of land resembling rural farmland, where food residues from public markets
are processed. The waste is fed to animals, whose manure is converted into cooking gas in a
biogas fermenter. The compost produced is branded "Muntinglupa" and used in the city's
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greening program. The city also operates a materials recovery facility for processing
biodegradable wastes into organic fertilizers.

Vallar (2023) suggests that route optimization can improve waste administration
efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Real-time checking and advanced information analysis
enable greener operations. Long-term investments in time, fuel, and labor make it worthwhile
for waste collection companies. A garbage collection arc routing problem simulation can
improve performance, with truck capacity consideration crucial for route efficiency and cost
savings. Shymala Gowri (2023) highlights the role of technology in waste management,
highlighting the advancements in data analytics, field service management solutions, and AI
in ensuring a planet clean. She emphasizes the importance of a greener future for generations
to come, and how technology is transforming waste management services. In metropolitan
cities, waste collection involves various stages, including collection, sorting, and
transportation to landfills or reusing offices. Muhammad Awais Javed, Bakhtiar Ali's, and
others emphasize the importance of efficient waste management in densely populated urban
environments. Advancements in sensors and remote communication have enabled the
integration of IoT systems in waste management applications, enabling efficient collection
and monitoring of waste levels and composition.

Abeer A. K. Alharbi's, Salihah Alotaibi, and Bányai have explored the use of waste
management and optimization techniques in waste collection and transfer. They focus on cost
reduction, efficient collection methods, and the use of technology like course optimization
software, sensors, and monitoring systems. They also emphasize the importance of
considering factors like geological layout, population, traffic density, and waste container
distribution. Bányai, Tamás, Illés, Stankeviciute, and Bányai (2019) highlight the need for
reliable, adaptable, economical, and environmentally friendly waste collection systems in
urban areas. They propose a mathematical model that optimizes waste collection processes,
assigning waste sources optimally, and scheduling waste collection by routing each truck.
This approach aims to minimize operational costs, increase reliability, and consider
environmental indicators that impact public health. Overall, these studies highlight the
importance of optimizing waste management and waste collection processes for improved
operational efficiency.
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METHODOLOGY

SAMPLING DESIGN

RESPONDENTS AND PLACE OF THE STUDY

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

SAMPLING SIZE
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RESEARCH DESIGN

NATURE OF RESEARCH DESIGN

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES

DATA COLLECTION

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

SCALES AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT

REFERENCES