Physical Science

Supplementary Learning Material

Prepared by: Bernard A. Cempron, SHS Teacher
 Introduction
Hello Senior High School Students, welcome to our second semester. I hope everyone is safe
and healthy. My name is Bernard A. Cempron, and I am one of the Science teachers at F.
Bangoy National High School.

Overview:
Introduction:
Learning Modules
Blended Learning Modality in cases of class suspension
Supplementary Learning Material Overview
Guide in using the SLM
Performance and Written Tasks
End remarks

Introduction
Physical Science is a natural science that deals with nonliving materials. This includes
Chemistry, Physics, Earth, and Astronomy ( Social Science Research Network). The Most
Essential Learning Competencies or MELC for this subject will be our guide for our activities.
Distance Learning Modules are available for use in case of class suspension. You are expected
to perform tasks honestly (No copying ) for the performance and written tasks that will be
provided. A blended learning modality is necessary at this time because of class suspensions
due to natural calamities. We need to continue basic education despite the challenge and it
requires commitment and passion for learning more than anything else.
This document is your supplementary learning material and will serve as your study
guide for the subject. This includes videos, document links, and content that are essential to
achieve the learning competencies needed by the learners.
Learning activities for this subject include written (25 %) and performance (50 %) tasks
and examinations (25 %). Performance Standard: Learners make a creative representation of
the historical development of the atom or the chemical element in a timeline. Example
outputs: Posters, Videos, writing, role-playing, or other creative ways.
Lastly, welcome to the subject and I hope that we have fun learning for the rest of the
semester. For any questions or clarification please don’t hesitate to contact me through our
communication means. Thank you and have a a nice and safe day everyone.

1st Quarter Main Topics:

1. Formation of Heavier elements.
2. Atomic number and synthesis of laboratory
elements.
3. Molecule polarity and properties.
4. Intermolecular forces and biological
Macromolecules
5. The Collision Theory of Molecules.
6. Earth Energy Sources
Formation of Heavier Elements

Learning Competencies (LC) :

1. Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during star
formation and evolution.
2. Explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of new elements in the
laboratory.
3. Determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar given its structure.
4. Relate the polarity of a molecule to its properties .
5. Describe the general types of intermolecular forces.
6. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances.
7. Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,
nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties and functions

Lesson 1: Formation of Stars

Activity: Short Video Clips Viewing
Instructions:
1. Please watch the two parts of the video. Tap or click the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NjzPw_JG44 to watch it. (Video By: Sir. Mark Laroya
of IETI College of Science & Technology,Inc. - San Pedro City,Laguna Campus.
2. Read this content for LC 1
A star is a ball of gas strongly held together by its gravitational force. The Sun, our
very own star, is the closest star to Earth and has been used by astronomers as a
model for studying stars in detail.
Evidence of Formation of Heavier elements during Star formation and evolution
Interstellar Medium (ISM) is a thin gas and dust in the outer space. Stars are
formed from the accumulation (or accretion) of these gas and dust which is
referred to as molecular clouds. The molecular cloud collapses due to
gravitational pull making it denser and and is called a nebula and this is
followed by the formation of the star.
Supplementary Learning Video on ISM: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=5_OiW3vQHDs
The formation of stars involves several stages and each stage could take around a
million years.
 Evidence of Star Formation
Discovery of ISM
Infrared Radiation is the energy emitted from different stages of star
formation and evolution. Supplementary Learning video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1daKvMXifHI
Advance Study for IR https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=wIZozabAMO8

Lesson 2: Atomic number and synthesis of new elements:

Learning Competencies: Explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis
of new elements in the laboratory
Content:
Atomic Number is the number of protons in an element. This is introduced by Henry
Moseley ( 1913) . He used X-ray spectroscopy to determine it. He shot a beam of
electrons to different elements and determined the unique frequencies of the line
spectrum from elements.
Supplementary Learning video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=GxCUG4Qs2zk
Synthesis of New elements
Moseley noted four gaps in the periodic table corresponding to the atomic
numbers 43, 61, 85 and 87. Two of these elements were artificially prepared in
the laboratory using particle accelerators.
Moseley’s missing element# 43 was later on identified as Technitium (Tc) by
Ernest Lawrence who bombarded Molybdenum (43) with deuterons in the
Berkeley cyclotrone. Visual aide: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=JrUPpS7wUWY.
Technetium is a remarkable corrosion inhibitor for steel and adding very
small amounts can provide excellent protection.

For element details open the link:

https://www.rsc.org/periodic-
table/element/43/technetium
Element with atomic number 85 was made by Dale Corson, Kenneth Ross
Mackenzie, and Emilio Segre in 1940 and called Astatine, Using electric field and
magnetic field, they bombarded Bismuth (atomic number 83) with fast-moving
alpha particles. Astatine came from the Greek word “astatos” which means
unstable. This element is used for thyroid cancer and radioactive tracer.

Element 87 (Francium), discovered by Marguerite Catherine Perey, was

discovered as a decay product of Actinium (Ac). It is the last element to be
discovered in nature. On the other hand, Element 61 (Promethium), was
discovered by bombarding neodymium and praseodymium with neutron.

Synthetic Elements
Lesson 3: Molecule Polarity
MELC: Define if a molecule is polar or non-polar given its structure.
Different substances behave in different ways. The oil and water do not mix
due to the nature of water and oil molecules. Water has polar molecules and
oil is made up of nonpolar molecules.
The polarity of a molecule is based on 2 factors:
Bonds between atoms
Polar Molecules - atoms having electronegativity difference ranging
0.5-1.9 .
Non-polar molecules - atoms having an electronegativity difference of
less than 0.4.
Geometry of the molecules
Supplementary learning video:
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOmk2OW0vQw (7 minutes)
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmziptuCgBU (21 minutes)

Lesson 4: Intermolecular Forces

MELC
Relate the polarity of a molecule to its properties.
Describe the general types of intermolecular forces.
Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances.
Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties
and functions
Molecule Polarity and its properties
Solubility. “like dissolves like” polar molecules dissolve polar molecules and
non-polar molecules dissolve non-polar molecules. For example: Water
dissolves salt because both are substances with polar molecules. But water
can’t dissolve oil because non-polar molecules bond oil. Oil however can be
dissolved by gasoline because the gasoline is made up of non-polar
molecules.
Electrical Conductivity is the capability of the substance to allow electricity to
flow. This property is based on the concentration of ions and charges. Ions
originate from inorganic materials such as chloride, Alkalis, Carbonate, and
sulfide compounds and dissolved salts.
Substances having Polar Covalent bonds (Hydrogen, Ozone, Water, when
dissolved in water conduct electricity. Relatively, strong acids (HCl aq and
HIaq) have lower conductivity. Pure covalent compound don’t conduct
electricity.
 Melting Point
The more polar a molecule is, the greater the forces of attraction that exists
between its molecules and the higher the boiling point. This substance needs
higher energy to break these Inter Molecular Forces (IMF) allowing Physical
Changes (Example: Solid to gas)
Water has Hydrogen Bonding IMF, a special kind of IMF, that is strong and needs
stronger energy to break it.
Non-polar molecules (Methane) exhibit low boiling point due to weaker IMF.
Water has 100 degrees Celsius of melting point while Methane melting point is
- 161 degrees Celcius.
Strong IMF means a higher melting point. Example Iodine Monochloride ICl ( Polar
molecules and Moderately Explosive) 27 degrees celsius while Bromine, a non
polar substance has -7.2 degrees celsius of melting point.
Physical States

Lesson 4 Biological Macromolecules.

MELC: Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties and
functions.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are organic molecules found in
every living organism. These macromolecules are large carbon-based structures
that are assembled by joining several smaller units, called monomers.
The macromolecules are formed, together through a chemical reaction called
dehydration synthesis. The resulting polymer can be disassembled through the
complementary process called hydrolysis.
Biological macromolecules are important cellular components and perform a
wide array of functions necessary for the survival and growth of living organisms.
Carbohydrates: Chemical Energy. main source of energy. The single building
block of a carbohydrate molecule is the monosaccharide glucose.Glucose is
the basic form of fuel in living things. It is transported by body fluids to all
cells, where it is metabolized to release its energy. Monosacharide,
disacharide, polysacharide)
Monosacharide (Ex. Glucose) Disacacharide (Ex. 2 glucose), Polysacharide
(Multiple Glucose)
Monosaccharide Disaccharide

Maltose
Glucose

Lipids:Long Term Energy

This include steroids, waxes, oils, and fats. A fatty acid is the monomer of a
lipid. There are two types of fatty acids. Fatty acids that have one or more
double bonds in their molecules are unsaturated fats. Fatty acids have no
double bonds are saturated fats.
Humans need to consume
unsaturated fats because
saturated one cause heart
disease.
Plants often store lipids in
their seeds while animal
store them in their adipose
tissues. Hense, plants
adipose tissue is the
storagerea for energy. a
Proteins: Keep the body running
The most complex organic compound. It is compose of chains of amino
acids. They are immense in size and extremely complex.
The link between amino acids are called peptide bonds. There are 2o
kind of amino acid.
Proteins are the major molecules that make up living
organism(Animals). Other proteins are dissolved in water (Example :
Blood) , it also function as support and strengthening ( Bones and
cartilage). It is also an important part of the construction of enzymes.

Nucleic Acid: Blue Print of Life

Composed of units called nucleotides.
Each nucleotide contains a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogen base. Living organisms have two important nucleic acids.
Living organisms have two important nucleic acids (DNA-
deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA- ribonucleic acid). DNA is found in the
nucleus and RNA is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
DNA and RNA differ in a few ways. DNA contains the sugar Deoxyribose
while RNA has ribose. For DNA adenine pairs with thymine while for
RNA adenine pairs with uracil.