Cell Structure and

Function

Cell: basic unit of Each cell respond,

structure and function grow, reproduce,
in a living thing. and use energy.

Nerve Cells Muscle Cells Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets

Responsible of sending and Cells that carry oxygen from the

create a pulling force to lungs and deliver it throughout our cells that circulate within our
receiving neurotransmitters— Cells of the inmune
body. Red blood cells also blood and bind together
chemicals that carry stabilize or move parts of transport waste such as carbon when they recognize
information between brain system
the body. dioxide back to our lungs to be damaged blood vessels.
cells. exhaled.
Parts of the cell
Cell membrane: barrier between the
inside of the cell and its environment
and controls the movement of materials
into and out of the cell.

Organelles: structure inside the cell that

helps the cell to perform its functions.

Cytoplasm: fluid mixture that contains

the organelles. It also contains the
compounds cells need to survive (water,
enzymes, carbon compounds)
 Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Cells Cells

Bacteria All other cells

No Nucleus Nucleus
Organelles not Membrane-covered
membrane-cover organelles

DNA is bunched up in the DNA is found in the

Center of the Cell nucleus
ANIMAL CELL
Cell Membrane • Thin layer that separates the inside of the
cell form its outside environment.
• lets nutrients into the cell.
• Made up of Lipids and proteins.
Nucleus • “control center” of the cell because it contains
DNA.
• DNA is the hereditary material that carries all of
the information on how to make the cell’s
proteins.
Nucleolus • Storage area for materials that are used by
other organelles.
Mitochondria • “powerhouses” of cells.
• they produce much of the energy a cell needs
to carry out its functions.
• Surrounded by two membranes.: inner and outer
membrane.
Vacuoles • Storage area of the cell. Vacuoles store water,
food, and waste.
Endoplasmic Reticulum • Series of tunnels throughout the cytoplasm.
• They transport proteins from one part of the cell
to another.
• ER: series of folded and connected tubes.
Ribosomes • protein factories of the cell.
• Proteins are released into the ER.
• Some ribosomes are not attached to
the ER, but float in the cytoplasm.
Golgi Body/Aparatus • receive proteins and other compounds
from the ER
• package materials and distribute them to
other parts of the cell.
• release materials outside of the cell.
Lysosomes • contain enzymes that can break things
down.
• pick up foreign invaders such as bacteria,
food, and old organelles and break them
into small pieces that can be reused.
Cytoskeleton • series of fibers made from proteins. It
provides structure to the cell and gives it
its shape.
PLANT CELL
VS
ANIMAL CELL
There are 3 main differences between plant and animal cells:

Plants have chloroplasts: Chloroplasts are organelles that contain a pigment called
chlorophyll. They convert light into chemical energy in form of molecules by a process
called photosynthesis.
Plant cells have a large central vacuole: The plant vacuole stores the cell sap
(fluid contained inside the vacuole that it water in its majority). The sap consists on:
sugar, amino acids and ions and when it is full ti gives the plant structure and rigidity.
Plant cells have cell wall: made up of a carbohydrate called cellulose. It provides
structure and support for the plant and is able of giving the plant high internal
pressure.
 Cell Processes

Protein Active
Difussion Osmosis
Channels Transport

movement of diffusion of water Isotonic molecules move with a

molecules from across the cell Hypotonic concentration process that allows Engulfing: cell
areas of greater membrane. difference (from higher can take in
Hypertonic to lower). Larger molecules to move
concentration to molecules like sugars, across the cell larger
areas of lesser starches, and proteins membrane from
concentration. sometimes diffuse lower to higher
particles of
through protein concentrations. food
channels.
 Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
• process where plants use the • chemical reaction that uses
energy of sunlight to produce oxygen and glucose to
energy-rich molecules produce carbon dioxide, water,
(carbohydrates). and energy.
• Plants use carbon dioxide • Energy is stored in a molecule
(from the air) and water to called ATP (adenosine
make a simple carbohydrate triphosphate).
(glucose) and oxygen. • ATP is a molecule that stores
• This chemical reaction takes and transfers chemical energy
place only in the presence of within cells. It is used to power
light. cell functions. (ex. Muscle
contractions)
• Energy released from cellular
respiration is often given off in
the form of heat.
 Viruses

a tiny, nonliving particle made up of

genetic material and protein.
Viruses are not cells and are not
made of cells.

A virus contains a core DNA.

All a virus can do is wait for a host Surrounding that core is a protein That envelope may have spikes
cell to infect. A host cell is a cell coat. In some viruses, the protein made of carbohydrates and
that is, or becomes, infected with a coat is covered by an envelope proteins that help the virus particles
virus. made of proteins, lipids, and attach to host cells.
carbohydrates.
How viruses infect cells?
• protects your cells from unfamiliar
objects like viruses and bacteria.
• immune system produces chemicals
that cause your body temperature to
increase.
• Cells of your immune system recognizes a virus,
they make antibodies to stop further infections.
• Antibodies are proteins that bind to viruses and
prevent them from infecting cells.
• If you come in contact with the same virus again,
the cells of your immune system recognize it and
immediately start producing antibodies to stop
the virus’s spread.
• The cells of your immune system produce different
antibodies for different viruses.
 Vaccines
• preparation made from weakened virus particles
or their empty protein coats.
• vaccines do not make you sick.
• causes your immune system to produce
antibodies to a particular virus.
 Cell Division

Most of the cells in your body reproduce

by dividing into two cells called
daughter cells.

Each daughter cell contains an

exact copy of the DNA found in
the original parent cell.
 Cell Division in Prokaryotic Cells

• prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not have a

nucleus.
• DNA is found bunched up in the cytoplasm.
• cell division is simpler than the division of
eukaryotic cells.
• Each daughter cell contains one copy of the
DNA from the original cell.
What are chromosomes?

• A chromosome is a structure made of

DNA and protein in the nucleus of a
eukaryotic cell.
• Chromosomes organize DNA into
distinct units. Different organisms have
different numbers of chromosomes.
• Humans have 46 chromosomes.
• The proteins in a chromosome help
support its structure and function.
• genetic information of the cell is
stored in the DNA.
The Cell Cycle

• period of time from the

beginning of one cell division
to the beginning of the next.
• consists of three stages:
interphase, mitosis, and
cytokinesis
 Reproduction

formation of new
organisms of the
same species

Sexual Asexual

reproduction that reproduction that

involves special
types of cells called
requires only one
sex cells. parent

Sex cells have 23

chromosomes. Male sex In asexual reproduction,
are called sperms and the DNA and internal
female sex cells are structures are copied.
called eggs.
 Meiosis

cell division that produces

sex cells with half the
number of chromosomes.

Second
First Division
Division

doubled
The homologous pairs chromosomes are
of chromosomes split apart. The
separate and two cells doubled chromosomes
are formed line up in the center of
the cell.

Final Result:
4 new cells.
 Genetics

study of Gregor Mendel

heredity. Father of genetics.

Allele Phenotype Genotype

Dominant Alleles of a
Form of a trait
form of a gene that, when present, gene
covers up the appearance of that the
the recessive allele. organism
displays.
Female genotype
Recessive Ex. Flower color
X
form of a gene that is
Male genotype
hidden when the dominant
allele is present. X and Y
Female: XX
Male: XY
 DNA

molecule that looks like a

twisted ladder. Its shape is
called a double helix.

the DNA molecule are made of

The two sides of the DNA chemical building blocks called
ladder are made of
sugar molecules
bases.
alternating with
phosphate molecules.
adenine (A)

thymine (T)

cytosine (C)

guanine (G)
 Mutations

change in the hereditary

material of an organism.

gene mutation involves a In chromosome mutations genetic disorder is an

Sex cells with extra sets of
change in one of the bases during meiosis one or more abnormal condition that an
chromosomes may be
in the sequence along a pairs of chromosomes may fail organism inherits from its
produced.
gene. to separate. parents.

cystic fibrosis
Hemophilia
Sickle Cell Disease
Down Syndrome
 scientific theory that
Evolution explains how life
changes through time.

Adapatation Evolution

inherited trait that helps process of how

an organism survive. organisms acquire
Ex. Body structures. adaptations over time.

comparative anatomy,
DNA analysis, and the
fossil record.
Comparative Anatomy Analogous Structures
fossil is a remnant or trace of an organism from the
past, such as a skeleton or leaf imprint, embedded
and preserved in Earth’s crust.

Most fossils are dug up from sedimentary rock layers.

Sedimentary rock is rock that has formed from
sediments, like sand, mud, or small pieces of rock.

Many fossils are formed from the hard parts of an

organism’s body like bones and teeth. Fossil
formation begins when an organism’s body is quickly
covered in sediments from an event like a mudslide
or a sand storm.
 Darwin´s Theory of
Evolution

All organisms are Evolution is gradual, The mechanism of

Organisms change descended from
evolution is natural
common ancestors by a taking place over a
over time. selection.
process of branching. long time.

Process by which
organisms with
favorable adaptations
survive and reproduce
at a higher rate than
organisms with less-
favorable adaptations.
Process of Natural Selection
 Plants

Plants are producers and use

photosynthesis to make food.

Plants have a cuticle. A

Most plants are green this is cuticle is a waxy layer that
Plants have eukaryotic cells
because the contain a covers the parts of a plant
with cell walls.
pigment called chlorophyll. that are exposed to air like
leaves and stems.
 Plants

Vascular Non- Vascular

have tissues made of cells

that transport water and do not have any tissues to
nutrients throughout the transport water and nutrients.
plant. These tissues are Ex. Mosses and liverworts
called vascular tissues.
 Non-Vascular
Plants

small, simple plants usually found in

moist locations.

The life cycle of nonvascular plants

Because they lack vascular tissues shows an alternation of
Mosses and liverworts need water
plants must absorb water and generations. It includes a
to carry the sperm to the eggs for
nutrients through osmosis and sporophyte stage that produces
fertilization.
diffusion. spores and a gametophyte
stage that produces sex cells.
 Seedless Vascular
plants

ferns, club mosses,

and horsetails.

they have vascular

tissues, these plants
can grow taller than
mosses and liverworts.