Thermodynamics : * System in thermodynamic equilibrium * Process involving the system change from one to another * Energy (heat, kinetic, potential, others), work etc + 1st law energy balance and 29 law Heat Transfer : * Temperature distributions — non-equilibrium * The rate of heat transfer + 1st law energy balance and 29 law Heat Transfer involved parameter units: . qWin?) OW) kWimkK) AW/1t_K) c, U/kg.K) o=5.67x10°(W/n?.K*)Surrounding surfaces at Forced convection Air Sones) = Pe convection radiation Ofer - , conduction NEWESn slaucar-coaling Stefan—Boltzmann law =hA.(T. — T, " 7 ‘ r Qeom = WAST, ~ Te) OY) 6. = eed (TH Thy) (W) Ovvas = wy @ Thermal diffusivity, m?/s: Represents how fast Fourier’s law of heat conduction heat diffuses through a material 5 a pg eT O coya = KATEmissivities of some materials Typical values of convection heat at 300 K BS] ~ ansfer coefficient a Material Emissivity [Spe of Aluminum foil 007 2 convection bh Wim Anodized aluminum 0.82 Polished copper 0.03 Polished gold 0.03 ree convection of gases 2-95 Polished silver 0.02 " : f Polished stainless steel 0.17 ree convection of Black paint 0.98 liquids 10-1000 White paint 0.90 ; . White paper 0.92-0.97 rced convection Asphalt pavement ——_-0.85-0.93 of gases 25-250 Red brick 0.93-0.96 Forced convection ay 7 Ad ates food 82-0. of liquids 50-20,000 oi, 0.93-0.96 Boiling and Water 0.96 condensation 2500-100,000 Vegetation 0.92-0.96 4Bulk System Energy Balance £ Werk ———= Mass —~~S 7" FIGURE 1-15 on, the rite of energy tem is equal to the rate Iransfer from the system. In steady ope Iransfer 10 a3 of energy: In heat transfer problems, it is convenient to write a heat balance and to treat the conversion of nuclear, chemical, mechanical, and electrical energies into thermal energy as heat generation. On = Qo + Egon = AE pean yen 0) = te any Heat Change in thermal wanster genctation energy ofthe sysismSurface Energy Balance A surface contains no volume or mass, and thus no energy. Therefore, a surface can be viewed as a fictitious system whose energy content remains constant during a process. Surface energy balances Ei, = Ey, This relation is valid for both steady and transient conditions, and the surface energy Control surface rad q 0 i I q Hl jon q i 2 ™N convection balance does not involve heat generation since a fe de thi | 7 surface does not have a volume. FIGURE 1-19 inter: O);=O7+:0;, Ene ctions at the outer wall surface of a house. When the directions of interactions are not known, n be assumed to be towards the su ind the surface ene: ). Note that the interactions in opposi and balance this equation, be expressed as © E\q end up having negative values all energy interactions ‘gy balance can direction willStep 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: Problem Statement Schematic Assumptions and Approximations Physical Laws Properties Calculations Reasoning, Verification, and Discus L Wemity important ~ variables Make > reasonable» assumptions and Apply approximations, relevant “a physical laws A differential equation Apply aerlicabe - Kriy solution technique a FIGURE 1-6 Mathematical modeling of physical problems. ?School of Mechanical \erospace Engineering Session 2017/18, Semester 1] MA3003 HEAT TRANSFER Solutions to Tutorial 1 Introduction to Heat Transfer (Week starting 21 August, 2017) 1. A hollow sphere of diameter 3 m has 5-em-thick walls of superinsulation (& = 1.2 = 10* W/mK) and contains liquid oxygen at 90 K. If the outside temperature of the insulation 1s 25°C, how much liquid oxygen evaporates in g/day if the Latent heat of vaporization 1s 213 J/g? State and justify all assumptions. (1) Steady-state condition, (2) 1-D heat conduction across the spherical insulation shell 1s equivalent to that across a plane wall because its thickness is much smaller than the diameter of the spherical container. (3) constant thermal conductivity of insulation, (4) no heat generation across the insulation, (5) neghgible temperature drop across the sphencal contamer because of resistance across the superinsulation is mich higher than across the container material, and (6) inner surface of spherical container has the same temperature as liquid oxygen Tutors: Take time to lead students in the discussion of the assumptions to solve this question. For sphere including insulation thickness of 5 cm such that its average diameter D = 3.05 m, atea normal to 1-D conduction = surface area, 4 =aD'= 29.22? Rate of 1-D conduction across a plane wall is given by 298 - 90) =e ELF (12107 429.22 -14.59W 5«10" => heat is conducted in the opposite direction 1¢. into the insulation Tutors: Ask students the difference between the above equation and Fourier’s Law for 1-D heat conduction, Test them on the concept of temperature gradient ete. ‘Mass of oxygen lost per day is given by «3600 x 24 x «2. n= fle 2600224 1459 =e 24 g/day = 5918 g/day i, 2 LC. Tee Ie Setsems - MAION} Saas 2 2015-2088 doc 1PROBLEM 1.12 (MA3003 Tut 1, Q2) KNOWN: Heat flux gage with thin-film thermocouples on upper and lower surfaces; output voltage, calibration constant, thickness and thermal conductivity of gage FIND: (a) Heat fhue, (b) Precaution when sandwiching gage between two materials. SCHEMATIC: ge bonded. Paes a ide abs 35Q.V ae laminates Gage, k=14Wlm-K S pair type-K TC. Jane tions, Sag? 4QV1C ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional heat conduction in gage, G) Constant properties ANALYSIS: (a) Fourier's wv applied to the gage can be wnitten as aT and the gradient can be expressed as AT _ AE/ where N is the number of differentially connected thennocouple junctions, Sap is the Seebeck coefficient for type K thermocouples (A-chromel and B-alumel), and Ax = 11s the gage thickness. Hence, KAE NSapt 14 W/m-Kx350x10 V - SS 7 9800 Wn? < Sx 4010 VPC «025x107 m qe (b) The major precaution to be taken with this pe of gage is to match its thermal conductivity with that of the material on which it is installed. Ifthe gage is bonded Detween lamumates (see sketch above) and its thermal conduchvaty 1s stgmficantly different from that of the laminates. one dimensional beat flow will be disturbed and the gage will read incorrectly. COMMENTS: If the thermal conductivity of the gage is lower than that of the laminates, will it indicate beat fluxes that are systematically high or low?‘MA3003 Tut 1, Question 3 KNOWN: Hot vertical plate sspended in cool, stl air, Change in plate temperature with time at the instant when the plate temperature 15 225°C. FIND: Convection heat transfer coefficient for this condition ScHEMATIC: : Ty=225C Te} \_ pgfan GX EDD rf GX Too 25% C, Pate 051085 tL _, * MeS15tg, Cp22770 Sty K ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Plate is isothermal and of uniform temperature, (2) Negligible radiation ‘exchange with surroundings, (3) Negligble heat lost though suspension wires, ANALYSIS: As shown in the cooling curve above, the plate temperature decreases with time, The condition of interest is for time to. For a control surface about the plate, the conservation of energy requirement is iT, f ha? ' i Seeny | Geom Ein - Eout = Est tL) W2hAg (Ts -Teo where Ay i the surface area of one side ofthe plate. Solvang for find ne Sp __at AGU Ta) 325 kg 2770 UB Kg 922 Kism6.4 Wim? K. < 2x(0.3*0.3)m7(225-25)K COMMENTS: (1) Assuming the plate is very bighly polished with emissivity of 0.08, determine whether radiation exchange with the surroundings at 25°C 13 negh pble compared to convection. (2) We will later consider the crttenca for determining whetber the isothermal plate assumption it reaworable If the thermal coeductruty of the present plate were high (stch as aluminum ot copper), the enterica would be satisfied.‘MA3003 Tur 1 Q4 - (PROBLEM 1.65) KNOWN: Conditions associated with surface cooling of plate glass which is initially at 600°C. Macinmim allowable tempersne gradieat in the glass FIND: Lowest allowable air temperate, T= SCHEMATIC: Giass plate, T-600°C kL W/mK, 6:08 i Surroundings Pad Tour Teo Ran Too, hs SWiK ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Surface of glass exchanges radiation with large surroundings at Trur™ Tox (2) One-dimensicnal ceaductica in the wduection ANALYSIS: The maxinam temperate gradient will exist at the surface of the glass and at the instant that cooling 1s utiated. From the surface energy balance, Eq. 1.12, and the rate equations, Eqs. 1.1, 13a and 1.7, it follows that 4 -n(t, -1,)-00 (Tt Th) =0 $,000°Cim and Tr ce, with (Tide) * -15'Cimm = s—is73-1.)k m--K +4085 67<10°S_W_ m*-K T... may be obtained from a tnal-and-encr solution, from which it follows that, for T.., = 61SK_ 21,0008.» 127s 819,730 a m m Hence the lowest allowable air temperate is T. » 618K = 345°C. cooling is determined pnmanly by radiation effects COMMENTS: (1) [sital (2) For fixed T.., the surface femperanure gradient would decrease with mereazing time into tbe cooling process. Accordingly, T., could be decreasing with increasing time and still keep within the maxinzun allowable temperature gradientmado0s Tt. 1, Giver: A3 mm diaeacter thermistor recording a temperature of 42.6°C in a duct with walls at 38.1°C. Reqeired: Troe air ernpersture. Atsumptions: 1. Thermistor can be modeled 2s a small gray body in Large, nearly black surroundings sre het Let T, be the thermistor reading. T, the ar temperature, and Ty the wall temperature. Then Bq 39 applies, Qame + Ont =O rete og sy since at steady state there is no conduction within the thermisor, Subenruting from Rar-tM) mem be conection ond vedaten RAM-Ty) + coAT 1 f=0 IGIS.6-T,) + 0.715.67x10*X315.64-311.14) = 0 Solving. T= 363K 243°C Comments: 1. The erro in the measurements 43,3-42.6= 07°C. 2 Donot specify a percent err: sloce the Celsius temperacare scale Is arbitrary, Ue rpumerical vilue of T, is arbitrary. 3. Notice that area A cancels: however, hy 7D so thet there Is a important efiet of themaistor size on the result. The error decreases as the thermistor becomes muller. 4. We have used T [K] « 273 + T (°C) for this stenpte engineering calculation: the (0.15 K error ia this approximation docs not afc the result,