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Expert Physics 2nd Year

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Expert Physics 2nd Year

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for Entrance & Competitive Tests itt on ELECTROSTATICS [ Learning Objectives Coulomb's law State Coulomb's law and explain that force between Ll two-point charges is reduced in a medium other | : than free space using Coulomb's law {i | coulomb’s law in material media 1u,,_ | Describe the concept of an electric field as an [m4 - example of afield of force Calculate the magnitude and direction of the electric field arid its int + | Electric feta tensity Ui. | field at a point due to two charges with the same or | 4 _| opposite signs \ Bedi a due to an infinite ‘Sketch the electric field lines for two-point charges shee! Bs of equal magnitude with same or opposite signs Electric intensity between two Describe and draw the electric field due to an . Infinite size conducting plate of positive or negative oppositely charged parallel plated charge Define electric potential at a point In terms of the vi. || Electric potential work done in bringing unit positive charge from - infinity to that point Vi_| Capacitor vii. | Define the unit of potential van | Capacitance of capacitor andits unit //| vt | DeFive aRexpression for electric potential at a point duetoa polnt charge | Capacitance of a parallel plate capatitor | pe) | Damenstste charging and discharging of a capacitor through 2 resistance %__| Energy stored in a capacitor siz | Charging and discharging a capacitor Jb ‘Coulomb's Force ee Blectric Force * or Electrostatic: Force ‘Summary 6f Unit # 06 (Electrostatics) | newton, N kgs? (Mur? Coulomb's k Constant newtori metre coulomb? Nmtc? | kgm? sta? era) Permitivity of Free Space or Electric Constant, newton? metre? coulomb? ntmect | kgtm'sta? | MALTA Relative Permittvity or Dielectric Constant, or Dielectric Cortese “Absolute Permittivity| or Permittivity of Medium Fned =o newton metre? coulomb? * emt gt m? stat Electric Field Strength or - Electric Intensity or Electric Flux Density or Potential Gradient newton coulomb? volt metre nc vm kemstat (crag Electric Flux on newton metre ‘coulom* ‘Surface Charge Density ‘coulomb = Electric Potential (Difference) & “ Absolute Electric Potential metre Electron Volt r U=aav = tev=1.6 Elecrostatles or Static Electricity Elgctro Le. charge, States le Tne action of Electric Forces Fe Study of Electric Charges — At Rest Under The electric effect is produced by: > Mechanical means such as friction > Electrostatic Induction > Conduction ; © CHARGE: An entity that develops Its own Electric Field & elther due to: S lossofelecron. > Postve charge’ > ilghtly Lesser mass > Gainofelectron > Negative Charge "> Slightly Greater mass ‘Source Charge © © LAWOFCONSERVATION OF CHARGE: |. . : > Inantsolated system, Individual chgé cénnditherbe created nor aastioyel > Charge can be created or-destroyed but in equal and opposite pairs” 8. in pair production and pair annihilation > Total charge of an isolated system remains constant ‘* QUANTIZATION OF CHARGE: =. > Q=ne anak : Te : (where; Isinteger & n#0 —in General} & where; ‘n’Is fractional — In Quarks) > one t edo “Teag* {iteWves number of charges Le éctrons or protons in 1€ char 7 ree) EON AN ELECTRON BY MILLIKAN’S METHOD (OIL DROP Ext RA maka 139° > n=6.25x19" “or Entrance & competitive Tests when Vis turned ON) v gate > ae a= > que “ome ¥ Gene va ‘ > > ree ft G=n(2.6x0%c) > en1.6x10" a ck aA > Raw os {when Vis turned OFF) where; ma SmI _4 _ start eae yes ony, se ape . sLECTROSTATIC INDUCTION: > Neutral objects, when brou; | ight near charged objects, lectrostatic charge such that one ‘end gets partially +ve eae ly ve and other partially ve but the nochange remains ero. @ | ¥ attracts A Y CattractsB Y Aattracts 8 f the , > ‘Confirmation Te: : Bie Test forthe presence Fhe onan object Is REAUISION econ I \ \ a | SS _ ip Always of (aes) =e developed when mas ©. oO o Entity thi loses or gains electron(s) ‘of charge to develop Bap intrinsic property Electric field around It charge In which Electric Region around 3 Forces are applicable a ‘Bb) Electric field = rength or Electric | 7s intensity €” ata point Is foots ie foret taleviating the elect FOF ag that by a positive (test) charge pein" _| or in between thew} ‘formula point near i&h = 3c) Electric Intensity “€’ ata point ‘P’ at distance ‘7 from the source charge ‘a’ {formula valid for an isolated sourge charge: point near i8 3d) Electric field strength or Electric Intensity ‘€’ at a point; is measured by calculating the -ve of Potential Gradient Sa which is the potential difference per unit length (or distance). ~~ {formula valid for combination of charges: points at o in between them} ; or {formula valid for changed plates; points Yt. wv cat 4) Electric Force Fe : Electric/Electrostatic/Coulomb’s force'*Fe is applicable b/w charges due to interaction of thelrelectricfields:¥ Spm x RA HIE {formula valid. for two point charges}... 5) Electric and Potential Difference * “AW? 'Sa) Refers to concentration of electric charges on a certaln area of an object Higher concentration on certain area ‘> Higher potential Vigher * Lower concentration on certain area, > Lower potential Viewer {this concentration of charges leads towards the idea of ability or capacity to store the charge which in.turn leads towards the concept of Capacitance} 5b) Electric potential at a point P” at distance ‘? from a source charge ‘q’ {formula valid for av. isolated source charge; ont wit (8. ; Viewer ‘ : Pag for Entrance & | EXPERT PHYSICS Tes, or an isolated source chat 225 | Pa ge sa Pot al ctference ays cmcentcance & Competith nce in values of O potential and lower pores Sof high AV = Vibe Vener nt si % AV=Vn— Va {formula valid for an isolated . " points near i} furce charge; | Me, * éi ® {formula valid for combine = points at or in between them a or rraula valid For charged i dora al ra lates: points at AVeV.-V. oF charges, or AVEVs— Va 5d) Potential difference ‘AV’ byw points in an electric field Is; the work done ‘W' (or change of electric potential energy Poet “AU’) in carrying a unit positive (test) charge from dne point to the other point; 4°" or while keeping the charge ingquilibrium v, y, {formula valid for an isolated source charge; | 2 | yaa i points-near it} a . [veda oe é or {formula valid for combination of charges: y %. points at or in between thers}, 1) TF “ or — {formula valid for charged plates, | or in between therm} points at ce ‘AV’ blwtwo Pp rent Se) Potential differer in an electric field points at a distance ‘d” {formula valid for combination of charges points at or in between cher} or ints at parged plates: {formula valid for o or in between them} SG] ‘ Boruc ronce! \ Wlectric Force re) / (Electro: 1) Perea tat holds atotns & MORE, This force Is responsible for t= force Fl (coulomb : static Foree)/ ules jecules oes ranging rom Micro to Ma eee a Beek Taw given by Charles Coulomb (a French Miltary Engineer; In 1784 AD) > This law provides quantitative analysis of El lectric Force Fe > Deals with the measurement of electric force that exist between electric (point) charges > Valid for Static, Polnt charges having distance b/w them larger as compared to the size of charge, ¢ 2 > cicero ine) = (ras anew + MATHEMATICALLY: egg and eet [> u->rropottonamyecnsiant | 9/> k->couloimbleconstant > ©, > Electrle constant - > £4 Permittvity of Free Space| freon 9 > ke gets ‘STATEMENT: > (Electric Force b/w two point charges) c (Product of Magnitude of both charges) > epmegig= (8.85 x10%) Nim! >>. Velueofkdapendson: & 8h 4) Natute of Metiim bf sho Charges - Pals tants > Dims of eg = [MALTA] R= 9h > Dim. ofke= IMUT “ta y am, pone MT ve wes ests («23 = {Invector form} ° RAT : ahd u cared =< a Che eT 7 a a] = mt aN - ek = {If qu, q2 are kept constant} Cy . = At alstance b/w charges Is kept constant) > Mutual Force Le. acts on Le. both the charg Acts along the line joining the charges 7". Equal & Opposite forces [F, =—f fia =f] experienced > Inaceordance with Newton's 3° Law of Motion Tee erin 2 ©. Fez -veli-ve) =(*¥0) D> Repusive Force ~Q at °- 7" pe (eve)(-ve) = (-ve) “> Attra tive Force o. i \F DIELECTRIC MI ‘ pe 1 ak * ee | "tame? pew - F,’ J z Ft Fe’ decreases bya fattor e, OR Fs’ becomes Aeimes ‘ : ad & Wi presence of dielectri ' ic CO! OR ‘DIELECTRIC CO-EFFICIENT’ OR ‘RELATIVE PERI a ‘the electric intensity E between ‘the charges is decreased 1 Relative permittivity is a factor by, which relative to vacuum Mo RPALLY . + fatio of electric force Fe between charBes in absence of medium to the electric’ force Fe’ between charges in presence of medium wows | __f me vata Le \bicrease int ture, , decreases pS emperatu i ! z EXPERT PHYSICS (6.5) Electric Field anc feioesee eS The region or space around an object In which the forces-2 ‘Fleld of Forey e.g. gravitational field, electric field etc. , i Region or space around a source charge in which a test charge experiences an electric force is Galled + Field’ of the source charge ey * itis an intrinsic property of charge to have Electric Field around it * Number of electric field lines passing through unit area placed perpendicular to Its proportional, Magnitude of Electric Field E or Electric Field Strength E or Electric Intensity E or Elect Fux eng or Potential Gradient “ . . © Electric Field Strength (at a point) = Force per unit Charge (placed at that point) > Electric Field Strength E of a source (point) charge is measured by; how much electric force it ay ona positive (test) charge * > Electric field is the cause and electric force is its effect Fg. (4) Dots sunoundeg Be Gescriak mororary poe roa See terarewe res Circa raat are come {Where;qoisthe test charge}, t “| {Electric intensity due to source (point) charge q; ata distance “Ain vector form} tbat {if “q’ Is kept constant} {iff distance ‘r’ is kept constant} {where; & =k. itis equal to electric intensity due 0% 1c AS POTENTIAL GRADIENT: > Electric Intensity Is equal to negative of i the rate of ch > He tensity i ecual net change of potential with distance sty Bative of the potential gradient a > E=slope of V-d graph {whére; negative sign shiows that Els along decreasing potential) > PotentialGradient: l ) ’ an, AV ois : “The quantity aA gives the maximum value of the rate ‘of change of potential with distance between the r because the charge has be two plates is minimum. It is known as: VECTOR QUANTITY: * ee > Ehas the same direction Se hhet bf eldethe forée Fr experienced by a positive charge > Eis along the direction of decréasing potential ~~ ‘én moved alonga field fine along which the distance Ar Potential Gradient.” UNIT: NC oF Vi at 2 DIMENSIONS: [MLT#A™] Z cttic Fle > Field Is > Fields "¥ ‘field Theory t-. Ele ¥ For Infinite extent Y For Finite extent Uniform allover Non-Uniform at ends (Fringing feld) ELECTRIC FIELD LINES OR EI EXPERT PHYSICS __230| Page for Entrance Sue tee eects t D tnt ace) usllSohee dcedin vara esi] : > Path followed by a charge in an electric field Is called ‘Electric Field Line’ > Also called ‘Lines of Force’ > Imaginary lines > Start from positive charge and end on negative charge 7 > Perperidicular on the charged body > No electric line is present inside conductor > Donot intersect > > > > > > Contract longitudinally Repel transversely Tangent drawn to electric field lines; Gives the Direction of electric intensity Electric field is stronger; When the electric lines are closely spaced Electric field is weaker; When the electric lines are far apart: When lines are parallel & equi-spaced > Uniform field {ERO FIELD SPOT) or (2ERO FIELD LOCATION) or (NEUTRAL ZONE): : Ent = 0 Uke charges of Equal Magnitudes —O)—-+O)— 1 i at MlePolnt Uke Charges | f Like charges of Unequal Magnitudes, /” CG )—+6- Invfw ee cares z = ved ey hate oe che Unlike charges of Equal: Magnitudes, © —O-—O— e PR Ates) Ato Unlike Charges . Unlike charges of UnEquial Maghitudes ~C)40+ exten doge. : ener renter GAUSS'S LAW: > "The flux thorugh any closed surfaces + times thi total charge enclosed int? 1 - > Gauss's aw ($=——0.) i used fo fnd electric intensity 1 \While doing so, it uses “Gaussain Surface’ which I an imaginary surface that passes through the point at which electric intensiy "ts to be measured, its cholee Is arbitrary depending upon tN charge distribution due to different charge distributions. 1 CTE: Gauss’ law isan exiension of Coulomb's law, Coulomb's law allows us to find Fe due to pol? ni ges v4 Breas Ciass/z1a\v sF.48 us to find E and in turn Fy (°F, =a,£) due to charge alistribtuti! vr ICS. 2 Seeronow War 2211 Fage ED iC for Entrance & Competitive Tests {the tnteror, hepa net of 8 metal encioure i ene ton = rote Isa fleld-ree region which . Vea the sutce™ Const, (eutpsena sti econ dees tom roe . . le and Equi-potential surface) e.g Wee oe 1 o/ SHELLTHEOREMIN ELECTROSTATICS; 9 ®t . fa.charged particle Is located INSIOE a sill of unitorm charge, there tno net electrostatic force on the ogttie fom teen shell of uniform charge, there I br 5 te Foo, E=0, AV=0 3 V=const. and W=0} Asl uniform charge attracts of repels a char L ged partl is OUTS! shel all the shell's charge were concentrated at its center pce eee eee fle.use; F=kG&, cand, yndy fi we . {where;-r is measured from centre O of the sphere as if all the charge on the surface is concentrated at the centre of sphere or shell I.¢, polnt charge approximation} " = ¥ Elspresent normal to the surface and not along the {equl-potential) surface Y Eismaximum at the surface (which js normal tothe surface). After that t decreases such 1 WX BREF that Ea PARE So * > FOR INFINTE SHEET OF CHARGE: -.. ri is u ; gee . {for +ve charged sheet Els directed outwards} {for-ve charged sheet; Els directed inwards} sd yori) aims &, page EXPERT PHYSICS 232] “a ee —— 46, stan epost cae pura lites > Esa tnnntrnetstamae® 5 Eaton > Es 1 = 2X Eduetolotnte sheet of charge ured parse plate EMEC CRM Ma oe) Tome een rl (6.12) Eloctron Volt TaN] Work done per unit positive (test) charge in moving It against the electric field ke electrostatic equilibrium (1. with uniform velocity) Ab LRT MATHEMATICAL FoRM: PINE the charge, > sve Mon ( | % , NE | Au~ XS y r i >. Ava {-W=auy (according to Work-Enetgy Principle} ; : ELECTRON VOLT ‘eV’: > The amount of energy gained or lost by an ele ctron as It traverses a potential difference of 1 0t > AU=9,AV=Jev. =(26a0™c)(y) > Jev=(16c0), > Us. v =| ied?” PH (6 asraot)ev. > Ire . > eVis the unit of energy used at micro-tevel > 1ev=ipv {electron volt = proton volt) © INTERNS OF > AV=Ed > AV= Area under E-d graph YSIS 4? te iTY: Scalar quantity S2lPage for Entrance & Competitive Tests yur denoted by v . 4 ‘ : Potential difference betwe: ‘ en two sethrough these points; keeping the chon sl 8 11 of work ved charge in equilsrium Is done In moving a charge of c or pMENSIONS: IMUT?A4) Vescr and; CV=4) a eT: LACEY Sree ry cI ATT E GRaeeee FASO pesINITION: ROY can gectrie potential ata point, _ ata distance r A pringing a unit positive charge from inf (due to point charge, is equal to the amount of work done finity:to | MATHEMATICALLY: inly-to that point keeping the charge In equilbrium ES 14./ ee 7 \ek- D> — (f {Electri¢ Potenti ba ane, siric Potential due to source (point) charge q at a distance r} + RATIOS! f re) { - mag v alr i ' vr 1 tamale a Is constant} va \ ‘, ~ Vali {ifydistance ‘r is kept constant} vq roe ef 1 NTE EE wee oy Tan od togéther, their combined potential is; V'=1i*V, il have greatar potential and vice versa > Iffor a single spherical charge 4; potent ‘then for ‘n’ identical spherical charges ‘combine > Foran equal charge, the sphere of smaller surface area wi for BNytea iinet Y / 7 Votan {for q=tonst} rod VAL surface chargé density (ofa sphere) gon of4a) yy. shor > Va a ee a Is > Electric potential in terms o} v=? Entrance & Cony EXPERT PHYSICS 236 | Page i EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES > The surface on which electric potential ls same at all of its polnts. e.g: a hollow charged meta iy on its surface, Is equlpotential surface"! sphere, on which charge is distributed uniform! {le. V=const, = AV=0 = E=0 everywhere Inside and on surface of sphere} > On equipotential surface (or in equipotential region); Potential difference between two point, > On equipotential surface (or In equlpotential region}; No work Is done In moving a charge yy point to the other point (W=AU=qAV=4(0)=0) > However, work is done when point charge Is moved from one equipotentlal surface to anothe, ‘equipotential surface POE Electric Potential at a point Vas In fact; 1) The potential at that point 2) The potential at Infinity (which is equal to zero) -AV=V,-\y NEN, Ve ce *avey,=0 Av=\, ) ng PENN ra eo e potential difference AV between two point x Se 7A 4... PEe 4 huang gif. “| «®t Ox 26 . . cc) ‘At point P mid-way between the charges: Atpoint P mid-way between the changes _— “ay |e wv’ il $8) oof 8) oa 204] vecouni(Ja(Ja(Suca) ere) GG r r d d Dv=0 (ae a 0 avevev.= (33) -1(- r AV=V,-V=K : q > aveni(8) #0 > av=0 AV 0 ar 2d DE=0 — (ero-Field Spot} festvic Field line) gfe move from #ve charge tow, Lael following the electric field lines ards the ve potential will decrease ‘ A i Fee ee eee eee ate eaual and 5 posite charged parallel plates: * Potential will ke © After fe follow 2 test charge ALONG {PARAILEL to} the follows [PARALLEL ————— = field line between between ‘ol the Tollowat 235 | Page Note: Wi for Entrance & Competitive Tests 7 fae Move from one +ve charge to the other ree following the electric field line: "ep on decreasing upto the central ‘ ; Pa fe between them provided that it would be inimum but not zero at the centre that, the potential increases [PERPENDICULAR) to the efectric field line between eee e ee fat Pa, Pe, Pad Kd const. {at Pi, Po, Pab : Vet eons {along Ps to Pato Pa) 730 {along Pi to Pa to Pa} {along Pi to P2to Pa} Wauive0 {along Ps to Pato Pa} {along Ps to Pato Pa} {along Ps to Pato Pa} EXPERT PHYSICS (Rpts (RES Wer tte ed Penden Eade Eee ee eee en Pierre r eisai ress ging and Discharging a © © DEFINITION: Adevice used to store: > Electric Charge (on its plates) > Electric Energy (in the electric field between Its plates) CConductivo plates OLDNAME: Condenser (f= \ ‘TWPES: Air capacitor, Paper capacitor, Plastic capacitor, Ceramnic capacitor, Mica capacitor, Electrol, capacitor etc. ABOUT CAPACITANCE OR CAPACITY ‘C’ OF A CAPACITOR: > Ability of a capacitorta store the charge ¢ > Capacitance of a capacitor is defined as “the amount of cHarge on one plate necessary to raise the potential ofthat plate by 1V wart the other plate” ~ > Capactance ofa paralel plate capacitor without any dielectric between its platesis genes ’ nu ance & Nga i 1 > ‘capactance ofa parallel plate capacitor withielectric between is plates Is elven a5 Ema ~ 3 Goa Gace ep Crea Gad a, yo {where; © UNIT.OF CAPACITANCE: farad (F): Capacitance of capacitor will be 1F if 1C charge Is stored on one plate to produce a potential alfferenct of 1V between the plates . . c Fay, oy Fecvt {and; FV=C} DIMENSIONS: of Capacitance or farad = [M7L7T*A?] EXPLANATION: Qev Q=(const.)V Q=cv {+ brea under C-V graph CAPACITANCE ‘¢” {ct Fart Pate Capacitor) for Entrance & Competitive Tests Dielectric constant Dielectric covefctent | F This vaio unique ora centsin ceapactor \ A . Cota = 86 FAD Ge oe ‘Thickness of plates (Wature of material, of metal plates > Increasing the area ‘A’ of the plates willincrease the capacitance > Decreasing the separation ‘d’ between the plates will increase the capacitance , “> Placing dielectric 's,' between the plates will Increase the capacitance NOTE: Capacitance is changed only when tHe above mentioned ‘Structural Factor * DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OR DIELECTRIC CO-EFFICIENT: itor In case of dielectric medium between the plates to the > The ratio of capacitance pf capaci capacitance of capacitor In case of vacuum betweén the plates Cus * POLARIZATION: © Siete «> The phenomenon of developme! electric fleld > Polarized dielectrics produce-electric field oppos > Causing the net field to decree “Polarization charges’ are re! ‘i > Dipole set of two equal and opposte Chas sepa es" induced Chaves ya small stance ization) -(U-F st of dipoles in dielectric material ite to the electric fleld of capacitor plates rs’ are changed | when subjected to external ~ ests : Entrance & Competitive 238 EXPERT PHYSICS DIELECTRICS: polar Insulators > Dielecties maybe polar Insular Fes etween the parallel plates of capac, > Molecular view of polarized elect (plates betwen OG BP {with dielectric; Electric Force Fs “> Decreases} {with dielectric; Electric intensity E > Decreases} {with dielectric; Electric Flux $, > Decreases} {with dielectric; Voltage V > Decreases) (with dielectrle; Capackance C-> increases} a Bis crissy (ar chon O note: > Capacitor stores D.C but notA.c ~ ~ > Capacitor conducts AC but notDIGS yey) Phy > Afully discharged capatitorinitlaly Acts a8 a short cireult Le. ReO current with no voltage crop) > After charging fully upto to the level of source voltage, It acts as an open circuit Le. R== (voltage drop with no current). Gl ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR:” ‘ABOUT ENERGY STORAGE: » Charges on the plate of capacitor possess electrical potential ‘energy ‘U’ because the work W'S one by the battery to depasit more and more charges on the plates Te > Capacitor stores charge ‘a’ on its surface; or In another way we can say; capacitor stores elect Potential energy ‘U" in the electric field ‘€’ between Its plates 1 > u=lqv 3” e,cE'Ad or zu eg yee or Ua dee! > 1 > u=sav or Jor Entrance & Competitive Tests u “At unde aw > The energy stored bythe raph + CApacltoy t 4 he ua [he. (Unppies), = QV] es ‘ hb since the 7% Vishate the o Of the ene as heat energy In the resistance er hal ofthe to '¢ energy supplied by the battery tal CNerRY of the battery fie. (Uy, ), = 9€ 1 1s fost O UNDERSTANDING THE VARIATIONS IN Aid , €,:C. a. VE; UUNDER THE D/DISCONNECTED CONFIGURATIONS IN CAPACITORS: BATTERY ‘When Battery is DISCONNECTED from the Capacitor Js kept CONNECTED to the Capacitor after the capacitor sflly charged) acitor Is fully charged} |.e, Isolated Charged Capacitor EXPERT PHYSics 240 | Page EE Compete tag, CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF CAPACITORS: ~ (CHARGING OF A CAPACITOR: > Phenomenon to charge the capacitor > Capacitor is charged by ‘Electrostatic Induction’ : . > Charging occurs exponentially : > Capacitor keeps on getting charged unt + [lerminal voltage'across capacitor plates Vc] = [Source Voltage. Vs] & Current further stops flowing (I= 0) in the circuit > Time constant for charging: Time required by capacitor to deposit 0.63 = 63 % of the equilibrium charge - “(he Oy -a(e*) > ans = 0.63 go} * DISCHARGING OF ACAPACITOR: = 2 ‘ j > Phenomenon to discharge the €apacitor. ts > ‘Discharging occurs exponentially" 2 < > Time constant for discharging: --" - Ph v Time required by capacitor to lose 0.6: 33 % of equilibrium charge {and kept retaining the remaining 0.37 = 37 % of equilibrium charge}. i the a, -a(e*) © 2 Wins = 0.37 Go} | + TIMECONSTANT: | “ po > Product of resistance and cafiaditance (RC= t) ? > Time Constant for Charging: : ¥ Time required by capacitor to'deposit 0.63 = 63 % of thé equilibrium charge . > Time Constant for Discharging: Time required by capacitor to lose0.63 = 63 % of equilibrium’ charge fand kept retaining the remaining 0.37 37% of equilibrium charge} * » Charge in capacitor reaches its equilibrium value gesooner when time constant (RC =t) is smaller & vice versa Charging of Capacitor During Discharging of Capacitor Re cv, - rte Re amet Ro for Entrance & Competitive Tes 5 Tae vs. tgraph Vvs. tgraph Tvs. t graph © Acapacitor Is approximately fully charged'after five times constant (Le, 5t) such that; q=qo, V=Vs ‘and I=0 ator. fez objet PLT Taras Oi ahs ive Afterit’ q=0.63qo 9 4= 63% of de q=0.86q. 4=86% Of as ts q=0.95qo 9 4=95% OF do At: q=0.98 qos 19,97 8% OF > Afterst: q=0.99qo° ~-2'a=99%0f de * emay be noted that the total charge is Increasing wth ime ,, deereasing with time en Ideally speaking, a capacitor Is > > > > > RE but the rate of charging (Ie: current I) is fuily charged after Infinite time : eS ck tae hans ; ar ot ena onrott cyte ety ate caaet tain gtr amet > : a to charge and discharge ‘slower response + When Ro=t is large > More time a charge and discharge > Rapid response > Lesser time to js also an apple! ation of charging and discharging of capacitor * Th RC=t is small ~The elctronic flash lights of cameras for Entrance & Com ATTRA Wage EXPERT PHYSICS Unit # 06 .PHYSICS » * ‘(Electrostatics) T the potential ata point which Is am from a charge Is volt, then the potential at ‘woe ‘Which from the same charge will be o)av T 2a” a)av c)o.sv Pet r hain > yet > y,-05v | 2 7 —_] 2. The values of electric intensity will ‘due to the presence of dielectric medium A) Increase ') Increase exponentially IMDcAT 2029) C) Decrease © -D) Remain same Ttisa fact that the dielectric medium reduces the electric intensity by the factor e, 1 cof plt } a i : 3 In capaci, energy Is stored In the form of : j IMDCAT 2020) + A)Gravitational energy | “B) Kinetic energy ©) Electric intensity D) Maghetic induction €__| Afact. See theory portion 4. Ohmtimes faradis equivalent tos!» [Mpcat 2029] A)Time~ B) Charge “yojibistance D) Capacitor 5. Electric field erength of a point charge Is Eand electric potential Is Vata distance rfrom the point cheat What Is the electric potential at a point for the sare point charge where electric field strength €/4? ayav aj2V owe oyw/a [mocat201a1_ | For a point charge; 5 e 5 Tee iz kq 1 - a . . Ea Deas a edi” c : ve > vel Tor D Atdistance 2r: E'== and vi-4 ae 6. particle carrying a charge of Se falls through a potential difference of 25V, what would be ee” acquired by the particle in ‘S77 - mca 2011 A)1.6x1099) 8) 1254 C) 125 x 1079) b) 125 x 1.6 x 1074 ] U=qav = - D > U=(5e)(25v)=125ev | oe anole cant anced cand Zectric field strength at a point betw for Entrar. 1% ‘ont: 7 ee Is reduced to hal en Oppost ae is 0 hal aa What willbe the new aan, oataee Plates is Es Ifthe distance between Sew 8) E/2 0 wa Of electric intensity? [mpcarT 2019) sep Fe at . b)2€ ole dedd Des coulomb’ law is given by the formula Fk ¢ja,/!.Th free space Is equal to 4.9, /r*. The magnitude of k having the unit of Nm? C? for A)g9x10 B) 10x 10% [MCAT 2018} T - = ©) 9x10? b)6x107 ' =—— =9x10°Nm'C* 4ne, 9, Atorch is rated 2.2 V, 0.25 A. Cal che transferred by the passage of ee passing through the bulb in one second and energy A)25Cand0.55) 8) 0.25Cand cree bos tmapcar 2048] ~ 7 0.25 Cand 2.25 0) 0.25 C: Gah > a=(025)(4)> a-0280 77 9) 0.25 Cand 0.55 3 D 7 1/22 veav > U=(025)(22) vlad > v-($ AND, yo85 uve f Use ia) 29 aio > U=7, > u=088) 10. Electric potential due to 21¢ charge at distance of one meter Is equal to [mpcat 2018} A) 18x 10° volt 8) 18x10 volt “cy. 8x totvolt D) 1.8 x 10% volt ¢ | veKd > v=(x0 yea) Y= 18x10" =1.8x10°V 41. Force experienced per unit positive test charge at a point in an electric field Is the definition of A) Electric potential energy 8) Electric potential (pear 2008 C)Electric field strength D) Electric field Fe Electric field strength or Electric field intensity is; E= 7 c | whereas Electric field itselfis the intrinsic property of an electric charge to develop field around |__| itsetfin the form of electric field lines. J 2m tf a a charge particle Is placed one by B paces large force? * a ¢ . n & ) Same atall point B) At point ‘B’ c)At point ‘C’ A) At point 4 (uniform) b Bee > Faconst EXPERT PHYSICS 2a4 | Page 13. Apoint charge at distance staph shows relationship y force Fto ‘x’ A) 8) 4 Fa cia > Fat > ‘Pts directly mee Ey "x from another point 1#1C and qz Is 1N. The distance between charges, 14, . * The Coulomb's force between two charges q; (Mocat2n,7, a what Is the charge qu? Ajix10°C B) 1x 10°C . aanaee ae mane @? * "paca eo )4x10°C A Fok > a 15, Electric field strength at positive vector = (47#3]) mi caused by pont charge q=SHC placed at ogni, A) 14407 + 1080) v/m SO 8) 12401 +1280] V/m’ Impcar 2017 C) 11407 + 1080j V/in 4 D) 12491 + 1080] V/m In scalar form; =k. scalar form; E=k 5) In vector form; E=kL? > E=K 7 Now; r=V4?+3? =/25=5 } Poet) 5X19) Vr47 99) Wats 2 Wie ag é- [tno Sao is3i)=|5 ae i523) 5[Z-cq0c6 ets) =[9x4x10](4i+3)) Sethe ag =[assisa08i}a0= [eso 1080f]c! 16. Ifthe length, width and separation between the plates of a parallel plate capacitance becomes ‘4 . A) Double B) Half 7 Four times ) Eight times eau) > cz Pex 17. The difference between the plates of a parallel plate capacitar Is 2,0 mm and area ofeach pate #22" The plates are in vacuum. potential diference of 1.0%10* Vis appled across the plates. Fd the amr) capacitance [mpcaT A)4x107F 8)8.85x10°F °C) 3,54 10°F 0)9.0% 10%" Ac, (2)(8.85x10™") B Me > C2 ri “ Beto) 2 85K107F 18. _ Whats the charge stored on a 5 pF capacitor charged to the potential difference of 12V? 1 A)60 He 8)24c C24yc peo impcat [ A Q=CV D> Q=(5y)(12)=60nC titive Tests ill be the 245 | P: t what wil be she erect on the ca = torEntrance & Compe ibled while aration betwee! eltance sep the plates hahaa caPactor area ofeach plate Is dou {mpcat 2022] ‘a) Capacitance remains same c) Capacitance becomes four times 8) Capacitance becomes double ) Capacitance reduces to half 410 V potential difference is a capacitor?” plied across the plate of 1 uF capacitor. What ls the energy stored In [MDCAT 2012) A) 0.5. md 8) 0.05 mi Gsm D) 50m) 20. osm 1 Z u=2cv? > U==(1x10%)(10" fpf i Fl0x10"){07 =0.5a0** = 05x10" -00500" = Electric intensity is a vector quantity ani its direction is [MDCAT 2010] a. ‘A) Perpendicular to the directi __qjatacertain angle 2 Offield’ {"B) Opposite to the direction of force - : 7 7 5° D) Along the direction of force == This equation shows t D. % uation shows ‘that the direction of & is along the direction of F . it 3 22, The magnitude of an electric field Between two Separated plates can be, calculated by the relation = 3) =) a E . A) AV=Ed 8) AV=E/d =C) AV =— p) c= MDCAT 2010} - Ps aes av a | endl > aveed S a _ 23, The work done In moving alunitipositive charge from one point to another against the electric field is ameasure of + IN [MDCAT 2009] A) Capacitance §) Potential difference between two points C) intensity of electric field py resistance betineen two points + = B itis the definition of Potential difference _ 5 ifference of 3.0 V. Calculate the energy of 2e falls through a potential di [MDCAT 2009] a“ p)9.x10") 16x10"! j6.0x10"4 a > avant 9 ace=aav > axé=(zeyav) > AKE=6eV ” qa 4 AKE=6(1.6x10")) > ake=(9.6010")) ‘ | «1000 ohms. What isthe value of Cinthe circuit? instant 2 seconds I cas {iapcaT 2008) 25, of time Resistance In RC circult 9) 20 pfarad A)2 pfarad ) 200 pfarad p) 2000 pfarad RC=t BD (1000) =2 . . D Joce a3 4/502. oan" 200000 = OEE |__|? ©=000 "500 100 700 ———— EXPERT PHYSICS ‘Unit # 06 PHYSICS Electrostatics There are four point charges A, B, Cand D. If A and 8 cp but A and C attract each other. The charges B and D wil | A) Repel each other B) Attract each other C) Exert no force on each other ' D) Attract or repel depending upon magnitude of charge on them A act, See theory portion — ] ci is 2. The sure test of charge present on any object tinder observation A) Attraction 8) Repulsion~..~ Ste) Both A&B ___D) Depends upon nature of char, B__ Afact Seetheoryportion. = x 4 3. Strictly speaking, the masy‘of a négétively charged body Is than/to that of a posttively charged body fof. pee ey A) Less 8{ Greater “¢)equal D) Sometimes less sometimes B [Afact. Seetheory portion | i i a t t 4 Acharged body may attiact | A) Oppositely charged body 8} Similarly charged body ) Aneutral body XN DYBotha & C D_ [A fact. See theory portion 7 ge of 46x40 2 C. Thé number of electrons it has gained or lost sm G) 5x10” (lost) D)-8x10" (lost) 5. -_ Aglassrod rubbed with sl acquires A)Sxi07 (gained) _B) 2x10 (lost) ~ c | gene > n2S [aah ie & Com j § _ Wien a body is earth connected, electrons from the earth flow into the body. This means the bodyis A) Uncharged 8) Positively charged. C) Negatively charged _D) An insulator BA fact. See theory portion... 2 £4 7 TST sa 7. When 10 electrons are removed from a neut, ral metal sphere th wingisthe whan 1 le phere then which of the following is A) +16yc B) 16uc C) 6.25x10%C ” 7 ys D) 6.25x10'c. 8. A body has a charge of a A body bas a charge of one coulomb, The umber of excess (or lesser) electrons on it from ts norm A) 100 8)1.6x 10% £) 1.6 x 109 ; 1 ‘A fact. See theary portion 138210 216.25 x10" Eo Hite te neeny porter a a ‘9. What Is the effect on. ‘soap bubble when some charge ls given to It ‘ . 4 Le s pintegs 8) Its size Is decreased :) There Is no effect on size D) The bubble Colla, ; [A [Repulsion b/w the charges causes expansion pses — pris, —s- fated conducting sphe 247 | Pa “an 150! re P hy ec r fp oearth bya Jong wire, is brought ioe’ nt for Entracie &: 60°72 FEN) ests, oe arge di po Mtibution ar shown. Asimilar sphere Q, connected Sh C): which dlagram shows the final dig NA 7 vt Sttlbution of char, Oo} ‘ ")s *'R€ On the two spheres? aoe 8) in of charge Is following umnsp~——£) * Gi + eee the end comecton atte Benois ofl = = 7 lect ion. then M of electrostaticinduetion B Jot be able to retain its charge since ground —a ——$$_____— —— COS eer ____—, the ground wal —— nrihe distance between two equal | pale wgbled, what would happen to the oon IS doubled and magnitude of either charge is also force isdoubled 8) Forceig wel ‘them? same IS quadrupled c) Force Is » halved pak RaSh Spel) yt C r \ 7 \ a 2 Twopositive point charges are 3m apart and thelr'ce \ \ them is 0.075N then the charges are epee arses re: 16 force betwons A) 10pC, 101C B) 15pC, Suc |g =kB% (0.075) =(9x20") 2% Rake > (0.075) (eae): G)AauC, Bue |b) Aauc, Gye (Gi975)=(@x10") 2% > (007) ay 9, > 4,9, =0.075x10" ‘ ~ Ingiven options; q,q, =25p x Sub 75x10F" 0.075410 *.9, A FS 14, ifthe ratio of magnitudes of two charges Is 1:3 then the ratio of the electrostati forces which they willkes ce & CO tive Tests Aad By) 13 ORE) pya:d i Since Coulomb’s law and Fe aré in accordance with the Newton's 3"! Jaw of motion therefare both the charges.will experience equal and opposite forces Fu =—Fur vegardless of the magnitudes af two » |ctarges : TALIM ¥ Fy? fut . Suse and py ck 9 fark? | the other by tem U The force between two pers dem aparne swf enetare moved twee by then the force between them will become, p2sn S20 8) 10 N : ; (to & __4n__ Rakhh > pot aE ) D7 dem—aten—sem PF : A . herby 1em «. Pedem-Lem-Lem} ; . .s are moved ‘towards each othe! by {'s both the chart ee : dem) Lay ad (su) > '=208 for Entrance & Competr ; EXPERT PHYSICS. nts 248 | Page ye sairather ic charge Is added to both of them ia 15. "2C and ~2¢ charges exert a force of 2N on e: Now the force will be ann oyayan A)AN B)2N Rok PRoaa > ahs a-(2s >, 3 4 16. rges +20 and ~Q are separated by certain distance and ‘Two identical metal spheres with chat Joined by a copper wire. What would be the force between exert a force F on each other. They are them If that wire Is later removed? : A)F/2s +» B)F/4 oo CFB ) F/16 Bk OF, cq, > “)e- ' | ao = | After joining, the charge will start flowing and finally stops as soon as the electrostatic equilibrium s | 7 a >4,'= attained, Under this condition; Quy =a, +0, =(+20)-+(=0) een 7. A charge Qis divided into two parts af magnitude q and Q—q. What Is the ratio Q/q so that the fore between the two parts placed at the given distance Is maximum? A)1:2 B) 2:4 Cy aia “bya” Fook OF, qa, This shows that the force b/w the two chargésis maximum when their product Is maximum. The product is maximum when they are équal in, magnitude Le. q, =a, Now, under the given condition; q,=q and q;=Q=q” For;'4, =a > q=a-q° D> gra=a aor > %mq=a a2-8 q 3 222 qa [A sphere of charge +2 is fixed in position. A smaller sphere of charge 4q Is placed near the larée" sphere and released from rest, The smaller sphere will move away from the larger sphere with_—— velocity and __acceleration A) Decreasing, Increasing B) Increasing, Increasing C) Increasing, Decreasing D) Increasing, Constant ‘Since both the charges are positive therefore they will exert repulsive force on each other. ‘Smaller sphere of charge +q when placed near larger sphere of charge +Q and released from will move away with increasing velocity due to repulsive force. However, when inoving a2 distance will go on increasing and the electric force will go on decreasing wk > poet (eK > Raed) Now, by Newton's 2™ law of motion; with decreasing force the acceleration also decreases : {Fema > Fea} : rest r ns mgs a uniform electric fled by 249 | Page , ised from plates A and B reg, tween plater n spectively then Pectively, 8) >a, id Da < * 9) a=, /2 TEASE pace 5 equal charges are placed on three comers ofa ganda 5 Fox The ratio 72 square, The force batween qi and az Is Fiz and i, F ganberwer” figure. The force 8 are arranged at the comers dsshown in the adjoining a Fourcharges Ir kept at the centre O18, nthe charge fro A)Zero 8) Along the diagonal BD Set )Along the diagonal AC RLY to AB 2 Four charge’ are arranged at the comers of a 54U372 ‘pcb, as shown in the ad onthe charge kept at the centre Ols aC) A)Zero T 8) Along the diagonal AC ts Fe ClAlong the diagonal BD 0} Along the perpendicular bise ed Three charges each equal #9 #2care ore? one between any two charses AE 8) for Entrance & Co,p, oH RTA Ria racaag nt EXPERT PHYSICS 250 | Foge Fg = YR? +A? +25 cos® Fg = VF +? +2FF cos 60" Fae = fe astsar(2) fg VPP Le Fy =V3F 24, The igure shows three point charges. Ifthe net force on the central charge Is zero, what TSthe vale of a/b? 5 g |>S.% 54 2B j a_ OTs 25, Three charges *4q, Q.and q are placed on a straight line of length L at points of distance 0, Y/2andl respectively. What should be Q inorder to'make the net foree on q to be zero? A)+g 8)-q “> .0) 44g . D)-4q (Fue), = in +s Bas Pek et a iG ; fe Brrortae Bly 4. ay Ha 26. _Acharge q is placed at the center ofthe line jaining two equal charges charges will be in equilibrium if q is equal to Q. The system of the three AQ 8) -Q )Q/4 Dj-a/4 System in equilibrium means that; (Fa), =F), = (Fx), = = z Now, solving for' (Fy), =0 : ene ee i D | F,+E,=0 > R,=-Fy fi by O72 [eres a = =+Q > qu—-2 Pky KE ee? eh > fa=-0 Hqu-2 - ” 27, Two similar spheres having +q and -q charge are kept at a certain distance, Force F acts be™ ‘two. If In the middle of two spheres, another similar sphere having #q charge Is kept, then It experiences a force of : A) BF towards ~q 8) BF towards +q * ¢) 4F towards—q . D) 4F towards +q Vg nwvsics 251 | Page ction compen et, 4 i : : i ‘on ha AAS a BG 4 (MA) | YQ x “ye atk . a > Charge at middle experiences 8F Towards —q Fe (a), Fafa = : aki 8 L jg Twopoint charges placed at a distance tin ar a oe indiana kate Ree ne r Nx B)rk 7 ee kK : 7 Ne a Orvik ‘Two small spheres experiance a certain electrostatic force a medium of dielectric constant Kx. When they are in a medium of dielectric constant Ka then the: electrostatic force between them is in the ratio: A) Kaka By Karkiy Ch Kx. D) a2 [since Coulomb's lav and Fe are Inaccorcance mith the Newton's 3® lew of motion therefore both the forces Fi fa charges will experience equal and oppesite i Paha? pe ‘MATHEMATICALLY 9: = . er a > (Fadoue = Apositive charge moves along *V¢ nt 8) Both x and y compar locity 3 ®)Both x and y components Of )x-component of velocity changes }yeomponent of velocity changes 27 ‘component does not change sinr® > o=9 ric fie! 252 | rage EXPERT PHYSICS {E40 DF #0 70> ‘Av, #0 > ¥, 31, Anelectron travelling north enters in a region where the electric field Is unl79°9°4n3 95 re The electron orveieewe A) Speeds up B) Slows down. C) Veers east - 0] Veers west [. " B Electron is moving along E |e. moving towards -ve plate. 4 iz wh. itwill slow down Due to opposition, it will oar I 32. surface is ONn/c B) 2.25 x 106 N/C 50x Ic D) 1,125 x 106 N/C ‘According to the Shell Theorem, the whdle charge Is assumed to be concentrated at St va ‘A hollow spherical conductor of radius 2m carries a charge of 500 1C. The electric field strengy, a5 the centre ie. point charge appréximation, Is present;normal to the surface. At surface, its value Is e-ki > ex(oao') A) > Pao 2 D> E=11.25x10° D E=1.125x10°N/C ‘Two charges +5yuCand +10yC are placed 20cm ‘apart, The net electric fleld at the midpoint betwee, them is Vy A)'4.5x10° N/C directed towards }5pC. 8) 4.5x10® N/C directed towards +10p€ C) 13.5x10° N/C directed towards +5uC - D) 13.5x10® N/C directed towards +10pC%S Ve rix ‘Due to opposing fields; Se ~ (Exe) ospae=Fs Es ai iQeranice & (Ene )antgome KK ky mY Cone FGF (3) rd a) (lene LHe) fasr)] (8) oc fo) 4xoxd0? ; (Cnet) sepa ™ pao") oe te 4x9x10" (Ca) enagan = Sarr [Se404)* (Ese tpn = (9x20"")[ 5x10] -} Ent) magone =9XSKA0 (Eee) nudgoe = 45X10" ; (Eve ytmidpoee =4.5x10° N/C directed towards +5yC . toe

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