EH2208Y

PRODUCTION OF 50,000 TONS PER YEAR OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE VIA OXIDATION

OF N-BUTANE

Team Members: Supervisor:

1) Mohamad Wishal Kurnia bin Azmy (2018437792) Ts. Dr. Fauziah Marpani
2) Filzah Anisah binti Jeffril (2018264606)
3) Delia Michelle Anak Duty (2018262632) Course code:
4) Muhamad Rezza bin Abdul Manaf (2018425108) CPE664: Design Project II
5) Nurul Balqish binti Mat Hussin (2017631966)
6) Nur’Nadirah binti Azmi (2018425426) Date:
24 July 2021
 CHAPTER 7 PROCESS INTEGRATION
PINCH ANALYSIS

● Stream Data :

● ∆Tmin value
The minimum temperature is 10℃. To decrease
the amount of heat exchanger required to an
acceptable level with reasonable price (Rokni,
2016).
PROBLEM TABLE ANALYSIS PTA

Qhmin

Qcmin
❏ Minimum cold utilities : 9464.2 kW
❏ Pinch Temperature : 415℃
❏ Hot pinch temperature : 420℃
HEN GCC FEASIBILITY ❏ Cold pinch temperature : 410℃
 STUDY OF ECONOMICS PRE AND POST
HEAT INTEGRATION
Type of Utility Before Integration After Integration

Energy (kW) Cost (RM) Energy (kW) Cost (RM)

Hot utility 3,387.23 1,406,885.32 0 0

Cold utility 12,851.39 73,007.46 9,464.2 53,765.17

Total 16,238.62 1,479,892.78 9,464.2 53,765.17

1. Percentage saving:
❖ Energy (kW): 41.72%
❖ Cost (RM): 96.37%
2. Additional of 2 unit of cold utilities
3. Total 5 units of heat exchanger
CHAPTER 8 PROCESS CONTROL AND
INSTRUMENTATION Label Meaning

Objective of control: Final control element: TT Temperature transmitter

1) Equipment protection
2) Safety
LT Level transmitter
3) Environmental protection

Typical close loop system: FT Flow transmitter

_____ Capillary

____ Electrical signal

 DISTILLATION
COLUMN T102
Goal Strategy CV MV

Level of the Feedback Liquid level Flowrate of

distillation control in distillation distillation
column. system column column
bottom
outlet

Level of Feedback The Flowrate of

liquid in the control condensed reflux liquid
reflux drum system liquid level in entering top
the reflux of column.
drum.

Temperature Cascade Temperature Flowrate of

of distillation control of heated gas
column system gas supplied entering the
by the inlet steam
reboiler. stream.
SEPARATOR, V102
Goal Strategy CV MV

Gas Feedback Gas Outlet

pressure of control pressure of flowrate of
the the vapor at the
separator separator top stream

Liquid level Feedback Liquid level Outlet

in the control of the flowrate of
separator separator liquid at the
bottom
stream.

HE T-101 All

R-101 H-101
 CHAPTER 9 EQUIPMENT DESIGN
9.1 HEAT EXCHANGER E-108
Type of Heat
Exchanger

Shell and Tube Heat

TEMA Designations
Exchanger

Physical properties Shell Side Tube side

Fixed Tube AEM
Fluids Dibutyl Phthalate Coolant Fluid

Inlet Temperature (°C) 130 20 ★ Log Mean Temperature Difference, ∆TLMTD is at 29.408°C
Outlet Temperature (°C) 25 40 ★ Correction factor, Ft is taken as 1

Mass flow rate (kg/h) 24569 57607.5397

★ True temperature difference, ∆TLMTD is at 29.408°C
★ Heat transfer area, Ao = 51.643 m²
CHEMICAL DESIGN Parameters Value Unit

Material of Carbon Steel -

Construction

Tube Side

Inner Diameter 13.6 mm

Outer Diameter 16 mm

Length of Tubes 2.44 m

Number of Tubes 377 -

Tube Arrangement Triangular -

Tube Pitch 20 mm

Shell Side

Bundle Diameter 0.442 m

Shell Diameter 0.453 m

MECHANICAL DESIGN
Parameter Value Unit
Shell
Shell thickness 0.00237 m
Head
Type of front head Ellipsoidal head -

Thickness of front head 0.00237 m

Load on Vessel
Total weight of heat exchanger 52.5866 kN

Flange
Support Saddle -
NOZZLE SADDLE
MOC Carbon Steel -

Nozzles
Shell nozzle diameter 200 mm
Nom
Size
Pipe
OD
Flanges Raised face
Tube nozzle diameter 125 mm
d1 D b h d4 f Baffles
Shell 200 219.1 320 20 55 258 3
Type 25% cut -
Tube 125 139.7 240 18 48 148 3
Number of baffles 16 -
Bolting Drilling Neck

No d2 k d3 h2 r
Dimension, m mm
M16 8 18 280 236 15 10
V Y C E J G t1 t2 Bolt Bolt
M16 8 18 200 155 10 8
0.48 0.15 0.55 0.24 0.19 0.095 6 5 20 25
9.2 PACKED BED REACTOR R101
Chemical Design

Specification Data

Length, L (m) 13.02

Diameter, D (m) 4.34

Mean residence time, (hr) 0.0795

Volume of catalyst, Vcat (m3) 59.8

Number of tubes, Nt 2339

Type of cooling system Shell and tube heat

exchanger

Type of coolant Molten salt

 Mechanical Design
Ellipsoidal head
Specification Data

Material of construction SS304

Type of doomed head Ellipsoidal

Type of support Skirt support

Skirt support
Skirt thickness (mm) 7.98 SS304

More
9.3 ABSORPTION COLUMN

CHEMICAL DESIGN
9.3 ABSORPTION COLUMN
9.3 ABSORPTION COLUMN
MECHANICAL DESIGN
 9.4 DISTILLATION COLUMN T102

Factor Packed bed column Tray column

Sieve Tray
Advantages ● Cost efficient ● Better distribution Heuristics:
● Lower pressure ● Can handle high 1) Economical optimum
drops liquid flow rates. reflux ratio is in the
● Good for ● Plate efficiency range of 1.2 to 1.5 times
thermally can be predicted the minimum reflux
sensitive liquids. accurately. ratio, Rmin.
2) A safety factor of 10%
for number of trays.
Disadvantages ● Packing can ● Higher pressure
3) Limit the tower height
break during drops than packed
to 53m because of wind
installation. columns.
load.
● Maldistribution ● Foaming can
4) Tray spacings are
of liquid. occur.
between 0.5m to 0.6m.
 9.4 DISTILLATION COLUMN T102
Parameter Value Unit Chemical Design:

Bubble temperature 334 ℃

Dew temperature 199 ℃

Number of stages 20 stages

Plate spacing 0.5 m

Diameter 1.53 m

Height 28.7441 m

Plate efficiency 34.79 %

L/D 18.8273 -
9.4 DISTILLATION COLUMN T102
Material Design:

Parameter Value Unit

Design pressure 178.5 kPa

Design temperature 387.07 ℃

MOC Stainless steel -

Design of head Ellipsoidal -

Wind pressure 125 N/mm2

Corrosion allowance 4 mm

Skirt support height 3 m

Total weight 701.55 kN

9.5 SEPARATOR V102

CHEMICAL DESIGN

Design type Vapor-Liquid separator

Orientation Vertical

Demister Pad Mesh Pad

Demister thickness 0.1544 m

Vessel diameter 1.7344 m

Total height 5m

Volume of vessel 10.7791 m3

L/D 2.8829
9.5 SEPARATOR (V-102)

MECHANICAL DESIGN

Design pressure 0.143 N/mm2

Design temperature 230 °C

MOC Stainless steel 304

Design stress 115 N/mm2

Wall thickness 4 mm

Head and closure Ellipsoidal

Total weight 18.78 kN

9.5 SEPARATOR (V-102)

Skirt Support design

Type of skirt Straight cylindrical skirt

MOC Stainless steel 304

Height of skirt 2.6015 m

Skirt thickness 9 mm

Base ring anchor bolts

Type of bolt size M24

9.6 PACKED BED WET SCRUBBER T201
Chemical design of packed bed wet scrubber

Types Packed bed wet scrubber

Scrubbing liquid Sodium hydroxide

Packings Pall ring

Material Kynar plastics

Bulk density 68 kg/m3 (Sinnot, 2005)

Height of tower 6.50 m

Diameter of tower 2.01 m

Efficiency 95% (EPA,1993)

Air Quality Standard Pathway

9.6 PACKED BED WET SCRUBBER T201
Mechanical design of packed bed wet scrubber

MOC Stainless steel

Domed head Ellipsoidal head

Head thickness 7mm

Height of head 536.5mm

Type of insulation Mineral wool

Pathway
9.6 PACKED BED WET SCRUBBER T201
Mechanical design of packed bed wet scrubber

MOC of skirt Stainless steel

Type of skirt Straight cylindrical

skirt 90

Skirt thickness 10mm

Height of skirt 3114mm

 CHAPTER 10 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Equipment Cost Total Module Equipment Cost
Parameters taken into consideration RM 30,296,279.93

Equipment Type
Grassroot Cost
Capacity

Pressure RM 43,133,686.67

Material of Construction

CEPCI Fixed Capital Investment

2001 2021 RM 84,463,945.29

397 669.88
Working Capital
1 USD RM 4.12 RM 12,669,591
MANUFACTURING COST
Cost of Land Cost of Operating Cost of Raw Materials
Labour
RM 28,749,600 RM 74,133,436
RM 365,040

Cost of Utilities Cost of Waste

Treatment
RM 35,804,091
RM760,176

MANUFACTURING COST

RM 152,358,244
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
Revenue = RM 190,000,000 Non-Discounted Cash Flow
Cost of Land= RM 28,749,600
Cumulative Cash Position 514.38
(millions)
FCI = RM 84,463,945
Rate of Return on 30.07%
Investment

Salvage Value = 10% FCI Payback Period (years) 2.5

Taxation Rate = 24% Discounted Cash Flow

Net present Value 322.01

Depreciation Method: (millions)

MACRS (5 Years) Discounted Cash Flow 20.57%

Rate of Return

Discounted Payback 3.3

Project Life = 20 Years Period (years)
CHAPTER 11 PLANT SAFETY AND LAYOUT
HAZOP for Separator

For HAZOP

For HIRARC

E O
EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURE:
IN CASE OF CHEMICAL SPILLAGE
 2D PLANT LAYOUT

Emergency 3D layout Details

THANK YOU
SLIDE QNA
PFD
 CHAPTER 7
PROCESS INTEGRATION
HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK
In this maleic anhydride production, threshold problem
occurred which is only cover below pinch. Hence the
rule for below pinch is followed to determine the heat
exchanger network.

Design rule for below pinch:

1. Hot stream heat capacity flow rate must be greater

than or equal to the cold stream heat capacity
flow rate (CpH ≥ CpC).

2. Number of hot stream must be more than or equal

to the number of cold stream (NH ≥ NC).
UTILITIES SELECTION GCC
● The graph depicts a threshold problem
where there is only a presence of cold
utility.
● For this particular process, cooling water
at 10°C was first used to fulfill part of the
cooling load. The cooling water gains
heat from the process streams and its
temperature rises to a final temperature
of 35°C. The cooling water line is sloped
since it is a variable temperature cooling
utility that gains sensible heat, as
opposed to latent heat.
● Other than that, for the high temperature
range, Low Pressure (LP) Steam from
145°C is utilized (Ng, Xian, 2021)
Feasibility study
 ECONOMICS OF PROCESS INTEGRATION

Steam = RM35.50/kW.month Source: SPAN

Cost of
utility
Water = RM0.4542/m3

Source: Tenaga
Nasional Berhad
Industrial Tariff
 PFD AFTER
INTEGRATION
 CHAPTER 8
PROCESS CONTROL AND
INSTRUMENTATION
HEAT EXCHANGER Cooler)
HEAT EXCHANGER Heater)
 PACKED BED REACTOR R101
Stream 7 8

Control Control reactor Control the

Objective temperature flow stream

Control Cascade Feedback

Strategy control control

Controlled Reactor Mass flow for

Variable temperature stream 8

Manipulated Flowrate into Flowrate out of

Variable the reactor the reactor

Set point T = 350℃ F = 67613 kg/h

 FIRED HEATER H101
Stream 7

Control Objective Control outlet

temperature

Control Strategy Cascade controller

Controlled Variable Outlet temperature

Manipulated Flowrate of fuel inlet

Variable into the fired heater

Set point T = 350℃

 ABSORPTION COLUMN T101

Objective Control system Manipulated variable Disturbance Control strategy

To maintain the Cascade control. Outlet liquid level in the Changes in Level controller will
liquid level and absorber. liquid product drive the set point
prevent overflow in flow of the and the flow
absorber. product stream controller will
of absorber. control the valve to
match the set
point.
 ABSORPTION COLUMN T101
Objective Control system Manipulated variable Disturbance Control strategy

To control the flow Feedforward Flow rate of dibutyl Changes in the The flow controller
rate of solvent and control. will drive the
phthalate solvent and flow rate of
mixture of gases control valve to
into the absorber. mixture of gases. solvent and keep the flow rate
at its set point.
mixture of
gases streams.

To control the Feedback Flow rate of vapour Changes in Pressure in the

pressure inside the control. absorption column.
outlet at the top of the pressure.
vessel.
vessel.
 PIPING AND
INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM
 CHAPTER 9
CHEMICAL AND MATERIAL DESIGN
 PACKED BED REACTOR
Advantages of using packed bed reactor:
❏ High conversion per unit mass of
catalyst
❏ Low operating cost, construction and
maintenance
❏ It is a continuous operation
❏ It can be easily built
❏ It is easy to clean

The benefits of stainless steel 304:

❏ Corrosion resistant
❏ Durability
❏ Easy to clean
❏ Low in cost
❏ Long-life time
 PACKED BED REACTOR
Chemical Design Mechanical Design

Parameter Value/Detail Parameter Value/Detail

Condition Adiabatic and Design pressure 0.275 N/mm2

non-isothermal
Design temperature 762.47 K
Volume 3
192.67 m
Critical bulking stress 27.55 N/mm2
Tube arrangement Triangular pattern
Maximum compressive 9.58 N/mm2
Shell diameter 4.34 m stress

Equivalent area of shell 1.88 m2

Mass flowrate of coolant 48.9 kg/s

 9.3 ABSORPTION COLUMN
Column Efficiency Plate Design

BACK
 9.3 ABSORPTION COLUMN
MOC Column Carbon steel

Tensile strength 510 N/mm2 (ASTM A516 Grade 70

and ASME SA516 Grade 70 Carbon
Steel Plate, n.d.)

Ultimate strength 485 N/mm2 (ASTM A516 Carbon

Steel, Grade 70, n.d.)

Design stress 194 N/mm2

 9.4 DISTILLATION
COLUMN
Usage of Fractionating
Tower:

Design assumption:
1) Steady state
condition within
streams.
2) No phase change.
3) Non-reactive system.
Material Design
 9.4 DISTILLATION COLUMN
Category Value Unit

Weir length 1.1756 m

Downcomer area 0.2197 m2

Weir height 0.05 m

Hole diameter 0.005 m Weir design

Actual minimum vapor 25.1971 m/s Sieve tray advantages:

velocity ● Much simpler in construction
● Small holes in the tray.
Minimum reflux ratio 2.8031 - ● Low maintenance cost.
● Low fouling tendency.
Minimum number of 3.0911 stages
● Easy to fabricate.
stages
● Inexpensive
 9.4
DISTILLATION
COLUMN
AUTOCAD
DRAWING
 9.4 DISTILLATION COLUMN Erbar-Maddox
correlation:
Plate efficiency: Flooding velocity:

Feed plate location:

Fair equation:

HETP: Weir liquid crest: Total pressure drop:

 9.4 DISTILLATION COLUMN
Category for MOC Value Unit Type t (mm)

Maximum allowable 80.669 N/mm2 Hemispherical 4.85

stress
Ellipsoidal 5.69
2
Modulus of elasticity 210 kN/mm
Torispherical 7.00
Hardness 160 -
Flat head 26.76
Specific gravity 8 -
Minimum of cylindrical 5.8038
2
0.1% Proof stress 200 N/mm vessel

Tensile strength 540 N/mm2

Maximum temperature 815.6 ℃ Source: A prototype knowledge based system for pressure
vessel design by Lena Gunarssson

Minimum yield strength 206.8 N/mm2

 9.5 PHASE SEPARATOR

★ DEMISTER PAD/MIST ELIMINATOR, WHY?

To provide maximum removal efficiency by achieving
optimal gas velocity. A high velocity causes
re-entrainment of the liquid droplets, whereas a low Gas Processors Suppliers Association. (1998).
velocity allows very small droplets to pass directly Separators and Filters. Engineering Data Book, 1–15.
through the demister (KochGlitsch, 2018).

BACK
Material and insulation

Why stainless steel 304?

● By referring to chemical compatibility
chart.
● 304 is generally less expensive.
● It is generally considered one of the
most widely-used austenitic stainless
steels.

Insulator : Mineral wool

● Mineral wool insulation is suitable for
temperatures up to 1200 °F (649 °C).
● Mineral wool is water-repellant, yet
vapor-permeable, and can be used
outdoors

T-201 V-102
Chemical pathway Mechanical pathway

CD MD
 SUMMARY
CD
 SUMMARY
MD
CHEMICAL DESIGN : REFERENCE
● Svrcek, W. Y., & Monnery, W. D. (1993). Design two-phase separators within the right
limits. Chemical Engineering Progress, 89(10), 53–60.

BACK
9.6 PACKED BED WET SCRUBBER
Malaysia air quality standard

CO quality
standard
1 hr : 0.03 ppm
8 hr : 0.01 ppm

Source : Malaysia ambient air quality guideline

 Equipment Selection (PACKED BED WET SCRUBBER

Advantages and disadvantages of packed bed wet

scrubber
● Can operate in high temperature and moisture
and low pressure
● Able to remove both gases and particles
● Can neutralize corrosive gases and require
only small space compared to other air control
devices
● Packed bed wet scrubber can provides large
contact area between liquid and gases.
● High values of liquid/gas ratio are best
handled in packed tower
● Packed tower for difficult corrosion problems
are likely to be less costly
Solvent Selection
★ Caustic solution such as sodium hydroxide is the most common scrubbing liquid used for acid-gas
control.
★ The characteristics of sodium hydroxide include:

● High solubility for the gas with low vapor pressure

● Low viscosity
● Mass transfer limitations become unimportant with increased solubility of gases and organic
compounds by using water inter-phase.
● Non-corrosive as scrubbing liquid
● Able to control acid gases in the air pollution such as carbon dioxide

BACK
Pall Ring Packing
Advantage of Pall Ring :
● Excellent strength and stability when exposed to high temperature and high chemical
● Deliver high level of separation efficiency and operational flexibility

Material of Pall Ring:

● Kynar plastic material is a trade name for PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)
● A high purity engineering thermoplastic
● Excellent chemical resistance, abrasion resistance, flame resistance, and UV stability.
● Have highest compression strength
● Plastic type is most common used for application involving gas and liquid separation
● Able to withstand corrosion environments
● Other application such as for the CO2 absorption in water or caustics
Chemical design pathway Mechanical design pathway
Reactor

HE
HEAT EXCHANGER
FIXED TUBE

Fixed Tube Heat Exchanger is selected as

the heat exchanger for the process. A Fixed
Tube Sheet heat exchanger is the most
common type heat exchanger in all
industries, as there is absolutely no chance
for intermixing of fluids. The principal
advantage of the Fixed Tube Sheet Heat
Exchanger construction is its low cost due to
its simple construction. The tubes can be
cleaned mechanically after removal the
channel cover or bonnet, leakage the
shell-side is minimized since there are no
joints.
HEAT EXCHANGER
TEMA Designations

AEM
1) Front end header type

The A-type front header is the standard for dirty tube side fluids and the
B-type is the standard for clean tube side fluids. The tube side for E-108 is
cooling water which is categorized as dirty fluids. Thus, A-type is more
preferable. The A-type front header allows access to the tubes for cleaning
or repairing purposes without disturbing the pipework. It is easy to fix and
replace.

2) Shell type

The most common TEMA shell type is the E-shell as it is most suitable for
most industrial process cooling applications.

3) Rear end header type.

M-type which is fixed tubesheet exchangers are generally the most cost
effective design. The design is similar to the L-type rear header but slightly
cheaper.
HEAT EXCHANGER
Fluid Allocation
In term of corrosion and fouling, dibutyl phthalate is
not corrosive and are usually used as anti-fouling
material which is more suitable in shell-side. Cooling
water is generally kept on the tube-side because it
tends to corrode carbon steel and form scale. This
will give better control over the design fluid velocity,
and the higher allowable velocity in the tubes will
reduce corrosion and fouling. Also, the tubes will be
easier to clean. The process stream is more viscous
than cooling water fluid. A higher heat-transfer
coefficient will be obtained by allocating the more
viscous material to the shell-side, providing the flow
is turbulent.

the process stream fluid is on the shell side while

the coolant fluid is on the tube side.
HEAT EXCHANGER
MOC

The carbon steel is selected as the material

of construction due to its cost efficient as it
cost lower than stainless steel.
HEAT EXCHANGER
HEAD
CHEMICAL
DESIGN
MECHANICAL
DESIGN
 CHAPTER 10
ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS
CEPCI

(Chemengonline, 2021) CEPCI IN 2020 = 611.12

Purchased cost of equipment in maleic anhydride production

Total Module Cost

Grassroots Cost
CAPITAL COST INVESTMENT
Working Capital
Fixed Capital Investment (FCI)

Ref

Total Cost Investment

In Simons, S. J. R., & Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain),. (2019). Concepts of
chemical engineering for chemists.
COST OF LAND

the site and location chosen which is in

Gebeng Industrial Area, Pahang, the cost of
the land of 30 acres land size is RM
28,749,600.

Land selling price = RM 23.00 per square

feet

(PKNP., 2021) A Pahang State Development Corporation Initiative.

Cost of Operating Labour
COST OF RAW MATERIALS

Ref:
1. S&P Global Platts, Feb 2021
2. Alibaba, 2021
3. Alibaba, 2021
Cost of Utilities
Cost of Manufacturing
Revenue

Ref: Alibaba, 2021

The market price of maleic anhydride dropped
overall in June. International crude oil prices
fluctuated upward, causing domestic chemical
prices to rise. The operating rate of downstream
unsaturated resins was lowered, and the resin
market had a strong wait-and-see sentiment,
mainly based on just-needed purchases.

SunSirs, 2021
Taxation Rate
Project Life

The revenues made from the buildings and Forecasting demand over periods
operation of a plant are directly affected by taxes. over 20 or 30 years is challenging
In Malaysia, the taxation rate remains the same and often inaccurate, as demand
from 2015 to 2021 which is 24%. depends on many factors that
cannot be controlled by the project
company (Association of Southeast
Asian Nations, 2021)
DCFROR

DCFROR = 20.54%
 CHAPTER 11
PLANT SAFETY
 LIKELIHOOD OCCURRENCE

SEVERITY OF HARM

E O
 RISK ASSESSMENT

E
 HIRARC FORM

Overall plant

BACK L R
 HIRARC FORM

PACKED BED REACTOR

R101

L R BACK
 HIRARC FORM

ABSORPTION COLUMN
T101

L R BACK
 HIRARC FORM

DISTILLATION COLUMN
T102

L BACK
 HIRARC FORM

SEPARATOR V102

L BACK
 HIRARC FORM

FIRED HEATER H101

L
BACK
 HIRARC FORM

HEAT EXCHANGER
HEATER

L R BACK
 HIRARC FORM

HEAT EXCHANGER
COOLER

L R BACK
HAZOP study for Reactor

BACK
HAZOP study for Absorber

BACK
HAZOP study for Absorber

BACK
HAZOP study for Distillation Column

BACK
HAZOP study for Distillation Column

BACK
HAZOP study for Separator

BACK
HAZOP study for Fired Heater

BACK
HAZOP study for Heat Exchanger
(Heater)

BACK
HAZOP study for Heat Exchanger
(Cooler)

BACK
 BACK
ERP: In case of gas leakage ERP: In case of fire or explosion
 3D PLANT LAYOUT
Tank Farm Boiler house Emergency water system

Canteen
Waste treatment system
Administration
Office
Flare
Surau
Warehouse

Assembly
Utilities
point
2D PLANT LAYOUT (DURING EMERGENCY)
 DETAILS OF PLANT LAYOUT UNIT

Assembly point Quality control Tank farm Stores

➔ Keeping all persons ➔ Process that ➔ Storage of oil and/or ➔ Additional facility
well away from ensures the quality petrochemical equipment such as
flames and smoke is requirements are products in large chemical plant
paramount indeed met by tanks. cleaning items,
➔ To avoid debris from identifying and ➔ Segregated based paints, adhesives
collapsing correcting defects. on the service and etc.
structures. ➔ Samples of type of tank for ➔ Additional storage
➔ Location can be operation is taken economic reasons, area.
filled with all and measured. besides segregating
workers at a safe ➔ Located besides by the level of risk.
location during short control room for ➔ High hazard area.
period of time. accessibility.
 DETAILS OF PLANT LAYOUT UNIT

Flare Boiler house Utilities Emergency

water

➔ Provide the safe ➔ Generate steam that ➔ Required for

disposal of gaseous supplies heat or maintaining
➔ Occupational safety
waste. power for buildings adequate conditions
and health guide
➔ Extensive venting or industrial of a manufacturing
requires emergency
during start up or processes. unit.
equipment to be on
shut down. ➔ High hazard risk ➔ Houses various
hand.
➔ Venting of excess large compressors,
➔ To assist the
process plant gas. refrigeration
chemical plant
➔ Handling emergency systems, air
during water
releases. conditioning
deficiency.
systems, cooling
towers etc.